Training Material_WCDMA Radio Network Planning Principles and Workflow

8/6/2019 Training Material_WCDMA Radio Network Planning Principles and Workflow

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ContentsContentsContentsContents

WCDMA Radio Network Planning

Principles


Workflow


Strategy and Guidelines


Solution for Typical Scenarios


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Frequ

ency

Time

Power

Frequ

ency

Time

Power

Frequ

ency

Time

Power

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

FDMA Traffic channels allocated to different usersin different frequency band, e.g, TACS, AMPS.

TDMA Traffic channels allocated to different usersin different time, e.g, GSM, DAMPS.

CDMA All users access the traffic channels at thesame time and frequency, using different

channel code, e.g.,WCDMA, CDMA.

Multiple Access Technology


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Self-interference of WCDMA SystemSelf-interference of WCDMA System

3x3 reuse of cell

f1

f1f2 f2f3

f1

f1f3

f2f1f3

f1f3f2

f2f1f3

f3f2

f3f2

FDMA / TDMA

f1

f1f1 f1f

1f1

f1f1f1f1

f1

f1f1f1

f1f1

f1

f1f1

f1f1

WCDMAWCDMA system is self-

interfered Source of self-interferenceSharing frequency spectrum, multi-

path transmission spreading codeand scrambling code not ideally

orthogonal, not ideal planning

Self-interference phenomenonPower rise, soft capacity

Solution

Power control, admission control,

load control, fine planning

The target of WCDMA network planning is

to minimize the system interference

through a reasonable method


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46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

46

user number

TxPower

(dBm)

Power Rise

Common CH.Common CH.

2 users2 users

1 user1 user

3 users3 users

...

...

DL PWRDL PWR

UL noise rise increase

with user number non-

linearly

DL Node B power

increase with user

number non-linearly

User #

RTW

PofNodeB


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WCDMA Soft Capacity

interferenceinterference

WCDMA Soft Capacity Breathe effect of WCDMA cells

WCDMA system capacity decided by not only

hardware configuration, but also the system

interference level

In WCDMA system,

capacity coverage quality are coupled,

need a trade off during the planning

Cell breathe embodies the influence of cellload to cell coverage


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WCDMA System DL /UL Coverage and Capacity

135

140

145

150

155

160

1002003004005006007008009001000110012001300Load per sector [kbps]

Max.al l

owed

pathlos

s[dB]

Better

coverage

DLloadDLload

ULloadULload

Normally,

Coverage is UL limitedCapacity is DL limited

Capacity couples with coverageDL /UL coverage relationship decided by system load


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Power Control

Signal for one user is noise forothers. Power should becontrolled at a reasonable level tokeep good quality but not causeinterference to others.

Near far problem Signal from UEs near Node Bcan easily drown the signal ofUEs at the edge of cell.

Received power for all UEshould be kept at same level,

the noise in cell be optimized. Power control period is 0.66ms (1500 Hz)

De-spread

Near far effdct

Node B

De-spread

Power control

Node B

TPC isbasis

Tx PwrMinimized

Enhance systemcapacity


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Soft Handover

UE at cell edge can receivesignals from multiple cells Under control of RNC, UE can

receive information from severalcells, each DL use differentscrambling code

Softer handover Communication with two

cells of same Node B Soft handover

Communication with two ormore Node Bs

Hard handover (inter frequency) UE switch to different

frequency


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Multiple services supportedMultiple services supported

High speed data serviceHigh speed data service Asymmetric serviceAsymmetric service

Bearer service with high capacityBearer service with high capacity

and flexibilityand flexibility

Mixed servicesMixed services

Various of WCDMA Services


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UMTS UDD:

384 kb/s

Radius = 0.56R

UMTS LCD: 64

kb/s

Radius = 0.73R

UMTS Voice:

12.2 kb/s

Radius = 0.87R

UMTS Voice: 8 kb/s

Radius = R

UMTS LCD:

144 kb/s

Radius = 0.60RUMTS UDD:

64 kb/s

Radius = 0.78R

UMTS UDD:

144 kb/s

Radius = 0.64R

UMTS LCD:

384 kb/s

Radius = 0.49R

UMTS UDD:

384 kb/s

Radius = 0.56R

UMTS LCD: 64

kb/s

Radius = 0.73R

UMTS Voice:

12.2 kb/s

Radius = 0.87R

UMTS Voice: 8 kb/s

Radius = R

UMTS LCD:

144 kb/s


64 kb/s

Radius = 0.78R

UMTS UDD:

144 kb/s

Radius = 0.64R

UMTS LCD:

384 kb/s

Radius = 0.49R

UMTS LCD: 64

kb/s

Radius = 0.73R

UMTS Voice:

12.2 kb/s

Radius = 0.87R

UMTS Voice: 8 kb/s

Radius = R

UMTS LCD:

144 kb/s


64 kb/s

Radius = 0.78R

UMTS UDD:

144 kb/s

Radius = 0.64R

UMTS LCD:

384 kb/s

Radius = 0.49R

Different services withdifferent data rate, and

also different coverage

and capacity

Different services with

different data rate, and

also different coverage

and capacity

Different proportion and

mixture of services lead to

different system capacity.

Different proportion and

mixture of services lead to

different system capacity.

Challenges from Mixed Service

For WCDMA system, coverage,capacity, quality are tightly coupled


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To satisfy the requirements from operator on

coverage, capacity demand, and service quality, by

performing the network dimensioning, design andsimulation, so that the maximized benefits can be

gained from the network.

Network planning should have a prediction of

future development, and be ready for future

construction.

TasksTasks

as s an arge or e wor Planning

Achieves the good coverage to the most extent in

terms of time and location.

Minimize system self-interference to the most

extent so as to get the desired quality. Optimize radio parameters to get the best of

system performance.

With the precondition that capacity and quality

requirements are met, reduce the hardware

expenditure and system total cost.

TargetTarget


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Principles


Workflow

WCDMA Radio Network Planning Strategy

and Guidelines

WCDMA Radio Network Planning Solution

for Typical Scenarios


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WCDMA network planning Flow

Requirement analysis

dimensioning

Pre-planning simulation

Site survey

Site evaluation

Topology design

simulation

Requirements satisfied

Output planning report

Propagation model test

Propagation model tuning

Parameter planning


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Flow Requirements Analysis

Coverage, capacity, QoS

Clutter of planning area

population and average income of planning

area

Existing mobile network in planning area

Planning requirementsPlanning requirements


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Area type Features

Dense urban Buildings are densely distributed with narrow distance, much of them arehigh buildings. Average height and density is higher than other areaobviously.

Mean urban Distance between buildings are wider, street or green land can be clearly seen

between buildings. Standalone high buildings may appear. Towns withdeveloped economy and much buildings are also treated as mean urban.

Suburban Open environment, clear layout of streets, plants and standalone houses areeasy to be found, sparse distribution of buildings, often low ones.

Rural Very sparse distribution of buildings, with large area of open land.

Aim accurate network design and layoutDifferent area has different geographical

environment, plant distribution, building

density, etc.

Different area needs different number of base

stations to provide desired coverage

Area classificationArea classification


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Different area with different coverage and servicerequirements

Different coverage and service requirements result

in different number of base stations

Coverage requirementsCoverage requirements64 k CS

144k PS data

384k PS data



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Subscriber prediction, distribution, traffic model

Capacity requirementsCapacity requirements


Data user

proportion

Dense

urban

Mean

urbansuburban

High end user

middle end user

Low end user

Total


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Increased cell load leads to shrunk cell

coverage and instable system.

Cell loadCell load

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

Loading

NoiseRi s

e

Stable

systemJ

usts

table

systemU

nstable

syste

m



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Important buildings in planning area

Important street and transportation in planning area

Important towns in planning area

Other informationOther information



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Addition of fast and slow fading

Tune the model using middle value of

received filed strength

Lee theorem: 36 50samples/40

Using limited test samples to predict the

propagation model of the whole planning area.

Flow Propagation Model Tuning

PrinciplesPrinciples

According to 3GPP suggestion, propagation

environment can be classified as dense urban,

mean urban, suburban and rural

Radio Environment

Classification

Radio Environment

Classification

Received power

Fast fading

Slow fading


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Test site should be in typical propagationenvironment

Use three or more sites for each typical

environment

Try to cover as much clutter as possible

No obstacle nearby is allowed. Test antenna

height should be approximate to real sites. Appropriate test route around test site.

Site selection for propagation model testSite selection for propagation model test

laptop

transmitt

er

receiver

antenna



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8style or spiral testroute

Grid of street

Test data in different distance and direction

At least 4~5 test data in each distance

Pass through as much clutter as possible

Try not to drive on special streets like highway

or viaduct

Avoid street effect

Route selectionRoute selection



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Lon/lat collected accords with digital map Avoid street effect

Enough samples for each clutter type Test radius should as large as possible, while keep

the weakest CPICH Ec at less than -120dBm middle speed, stable drive

Meets Lee theorem requirement Avoid repeat route as much as possible When car stopped, data record should be paused

Data collectionData collection Ensure the effective and even weight

of collected data

Filter by distance Filter by strength

Filter out street effect

Filter out apparently abnormal data

GPS correction

Test data pre-processTest data pre-process



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K1 attenuation constant

K2 distance attenuation constant

K3, K4 mobile antenna height correction

factor K5, K6 base station antenna height

correction factor

K7 Diffraction correction factor

Clutter loss clutter attenuation correction value

d distance of mobile and station (km)

Hms mobile antenna effective height (m)

Heff station antenna effective height (m)

Propagation model choicePropagation model choice

sClutterlosnlossdiffractioK

dHeffKHeffKHmsKHmsKdKKPathLoss

++

++

+++=

)(7

)log()log(6)log(5)log(43)log(21

Set default K1 K7 for test frequency, or values for similar clutter

Iterative tuning of model parameters according to bias between DT data and predicted data using the

tuning software

When mean and standard error of predicted data and DT data is minimized, the tuning is finished

Propagation model tuningPropagation model tuning



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Coverage estimation

Capacity estimation

Get number of base stations that satisfy

requirements on coverage, capacity, quality

DimensioningDimensioning

Flow Dimensioning


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Input:: system load and coverage

requirement

UL coverage

estimate

DL coverage

estimate

UL capacity

estimate

# of NodeB# of NodeB # of NodeB

Provided channel # B

Pick bigger one

Finish

Required channel # A

A


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Scale estimation caseScale estimation case

Step 1:Step 1:

Step 2:Step 2:

Step 4:Step 4:

Step 3:Step 3:

Flow Dimensioning


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Flowpre-planning simulation

Verify scale of estimation

Guideline for the topology design

Guideline for site survey and selection

purposepurpose

Existing site info.

propagation model

traffic model


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Get input for planning & simulation

Know about geographic and radio environment of

site

Know about conditions of civil work

Traffic distribution in planning area

Provide candidate sites in planning area

site surveysite survey

Flow site survey


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Flow site survey

Coverage, civil work, cost

Transportation, power supply, anti-lightning and grounding,

floor load, environment, room occupancy

At initial stage of rollout, not too much sites constructed, VIP

user area and dense traffic area should be covered first

Using existing sites as much as possible, equipment room,

power, and tower, etc., can be reused

Sites near radar station should be avoided, if must, interference

and safety should be considered

Sites on high mountain or jungles should be avoided

If site coverage is possible to be affected by future building,

better consider change another one

Site selection principlesSite selection principles


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Flow site survey

Different Node B has different performance, coverage capacity cost,

deploy scenario and installation condition, need composite planning

Sites with no

equipment room

Small capacity

Dense urban

Mean urban

Big capacityMiddle capacity

Mean urban

Hotspot

Suburban and rural

street

Indoor coverage

Indoor coverage

Suburban and rural

street


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Comparison of multiple plan by simulation

Simulation result gives a preferred planning

scheme

simulationsimulation

Flow simulation filtering


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Best server

coveragecoverage



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CPICH_Ec/Io



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CPICH_Ec



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The number of pilot polluters



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Voice service coverage rate

Service coverage

rate

Service coverage

rate



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Uplink Load

capacitycapacity



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simulation statisticssimulation statistics



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Flowparameter planning

Power allocation for DL channels

scrambling code planning

Handover parameter planning

Frequency allocation


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OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline


Principles


Workflow


Strategy and Guidelines

WCDMA Radio Network Planning Solution

for Typical Scenarios

Planning Strategy


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Planning Strategy

Ensure the global target of network planning

Holistic planning can reduce influence of expansion to running system

Reduce complexity, easy to construct and maintain

Holistic planningHolistic planning

For consideration of cost, its not feasible to provide full coverage in onestep

Firstly, coverage in important area is provided, later coverage depends ontraffic expansion and operation policy.

Implementation by

stages

Implementation bystages

Non-important area,

gradual coverageNon-important area,

gradual coverage

Important area,

One step coverageImportant area,

One step coverage

CoverageService

Cost

G d C K t S


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Good Coverage: Key to Success

NTT DoCoMo fulfilled coverage for 98% of national residents in 2years

3G subscriber increased rapidly since 2004, at end of 2005/9,

15,878k registered subscribers for FOMA service.

Good coverage including indoor coverage is important reasonfor the increase

Node12003/9 sub.

Beyond

1000k Node22004/2 sub.

Beyond2000k

NTT DoCoMo FOMANTT DoCoMo FOMA

2001/10 3G

launched inTokyo

2003/9 97%

resident

covered

2004/3 99.9%

resident covered

Resident coverage rate

3G launched in Japan


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Indoor Coverage 60 80% 3G subscriber indoor

3G indoor coverage disadvantage: compared with2G system, more than 6.6dB loss due to frequency

Indoor/outdoor influence: DL power increase up to

12% capacity decrease down to 13%

Outdoor coverage first at initial stage, indoorsystem for only important buildings

G d Eff ti CG d Eff ti C


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Good, Effective CoverageGood, Effective Coverage

Driven by traffic, classify target

coverage area

Classify plan area type according to

propagation model and traffic density

Different plan area has different

target of coverage

Make clear traffic coverage

requirement for different coverage

area

Effective Coverage

Principle

Effective Coverage

Principle

Voice 12.2 kbps Data 64 kbps Data 384 kbpsBTS

Continuous coverage for basic

service

Important area provide with high

speed service coverageCertain level of indoor coverage

Certain level of pilot strength and

quality for coverage area

Flexible usage of series of NodeBand coverage enhancing technology

Good Coverage

Principle

Good Coverage

Principle

Reasonable Traffic Prediction andReasonable Traffic Prediction and


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easo ab e a c ed ct o a d

Capacity DesignCapacity Design

Traffic map from statistics of current network, know about hotspot

distribution

According to design goal, predict traffic model

Differentiated system load design normally UL load 50 DL

load 75 for suburban and rural, load can be low down

Design combined with capacity expansion scheme

Capacity design principleCapacity design principle

Sit C t tiSite Constr ction


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Site ConstructionSite Construction

Similar height for sites in

same area, high site

avoided

Avoid circular layout of

sites, reduce pilot

pollution

Near hotspot

Re-use of old sites

Site selectionSite selection

Indoor macro 3 cell site to

provide coverage

framework

When hard to get indoor

resource, may use

outdoor, micro cell, RRU,etc

Special coverage

scenario uses series of

NodeB

Suburban and rural area,

OTSR, omni site also can

be used

Usage of coverage

enhancing technology

Configuration design

principle

Configuration design

principle

In urban area, suggested

antenna with 2 6 degree

fixed electrical down tilt or

electrical adjustable antenna.

65 degree beam width to

control interference

In open area like

suburban rural, mechanical

down tilt antenna

For special coverage demand,

may use zero-filled antenna or

beam-formed antenna

For highway coverage, may

use narrow beam width

antenna with high gain

Antenna selection

principle

Antenna selection

principle

C t C t lCost Control


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Cost ControlCost Control

WCDMAmodel

RNS, equipment and facilities,transmission contributes 85% ofinvestigation

Reduce RNS related cost is key tocost control

Key re-use current resource

According to traffic requirements,

determine coverage area and

coverage level, implement prioritized

coverage

Implement by stages

Flexible usage of series of NodeB

Coverage and capacity enhancing

technology

Cost control

principle

Cost control

principle

RNS

40%Facilities

30%

nsmission 15%

CN

10%

Service platform5%

Tool S pportTool Support


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Tool SupportTool Support

simulation

test

Analysis of test data

Omc data

analysis


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Principles


Workflow

WCDMA Radio Network Planning Strategy

and Guidelines


Solution for Typical Scenarios

C St dCase Study


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Case StudyCase Study

Typical propagation environment includes:

Dense commercial areaDense residential area

Coastal area

viaduct

Main road

tunnel

Scenic spot

others

Dense Commercial


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Environment feature

High buildings all around, dense distribution of hotels and malls

Narrow street, surround with high buildings, obstacle to signal propagation, may cause street effect andforms overshoot of coverage

Concentrated traffic, high demand to capacity

coverage solution

Using macro site along street to provide coverage antenna main lobe has an angle with street directionto avoid street effect. High building acts as obstacle to avoid overshoot.

Using small power micro NodeB or RRU to provide coverage for blind area or hotspot

Area

Dense Residential AreaDense Residential Area


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Dense Residential AreaDense Residential Area

Environment feature

Not so high building (mainly 5-6 floor residential building), but very densely distributed.

Some streets belongs to trading area, large number of tradesman and local residents

Propagation environment very poor, big penetration loss, easy to appear coverage blind area

Coverage solution

Penetration loss and shadow fading margin values differs from other environments

When doing site survey, may use denser sites, and use coverage enhancing technology like TMA

For small poor coverage area, using micro station or RRU as complementary technology

High Building


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Environment feature

Height oddly distributed

High buildings are commonly malls or hotels, have certain traffic demands

Coverage solution

Indoor distribution system

Using hierarchical cell structure, use different outdoor antenna to provide coverage for higher and lower

part of building

g gCoverage

River CoverageRiver Coverage


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River CoverageRiver Coverage

Environment feature

open area ideal propagation environment for radio wave, easy to have pilot pollution.Subscriber sparsely distributed, and has mobility property

Coverage Solution

Sites deployed along river, may use high gain antenna or TMA

When necessary, use RRU along river to provide belt area coverage

Lake or Sea CoverageLake or Sea Coverage


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Environment feature

Open area ideal propagation environment, easy to form pilot pollution

Little traffic, coverage is main demand

Coverage solution

High outdoor site at shore, using high power and high gain antenna configuration

Use coverage enhancing technology like TMA

Lake or Sea CoverageLake or Sea Coverage

Subway or Tunnel CoverageSubway or Tunnel Coverage


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Environment feature

Enclosed room, long distance, continuous coverage needed

Coverage solution

May use solution as B09/ BBUA B03R distributed antenna

Distributed antenna system may use co-axis distributed antenna system or leakage cable

Tunnel has less capacity demand, using B03R + repeater to provide coverage with low cost

Subway or Tunnel CoverageSubway or Tunnel Coverage

Viaduct CoverageViaduct Coverage


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Environment feature

Long and narrow environment, with corners

Propagation environment above and below bridge differs a lot, easy to have blind coverage

Cars and subscribers distributed as belt, middle traffic demand, with high mobility

Coverage solution

Coverage with low antenna down tilt to avoid pilot pollution to other area

Use RRU or micro cell to compensate blind and weak coverage area

Viaduct CoverageViaduct Coverage

Arterial Road CoverageArterial Road Coverage


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Environment feature

Arterial includes railway and highway

Bending corner constrained by geographical factors

Small propagation loss, open land

Coverage solution

Comprehensive consideration of economy and feasibility, flexibly use macro, micro,

repeater or OTSR

Mainly use outdoor site and tower to construct faster and save cost.

Arterial Road CoverageArterial Road Coverage

Large Scenic Spot CoverageLarge Scenic Spot Coverage


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Environment feature

High demand for coverage, traffic varies with seasons, low revenue

with high cost

Hard to find sites

Coverage solution

Use B09/B09A at scenic area edge to provide wide coverage

Use B06C, B03R which are easy to be installed and has little room

requirement, to avoid affection to scene

Large Scenic Spot CoverageLarge Scenic Spot Coverage


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Documents

Training Material_WCDMA Radio Network Planning Principles and Workflow