Training Assessment & Grading - NJCTLcontent.njctl.org/courses/teaching-methods/assessment... · 2014. 11. 11. · Summative Assessment Used to test what the students actually know

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New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning

New Paradigm Methods Training

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Training

Assessment & Grading

www.njctl.org

2012-11-06

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· Summative Assessment· What We Grade & Retakes

Click on the topic to go to that section

· Grading Assessments· Grading Correlation

· Formative Assessment

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Formative Assessment

Return toTable ofContents

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Formative Assessment

Drives instruction through the use of students' zone of proximal development.

Zone of Proximal Development- L.S. Vygotsky

"the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration

with more capable peers"

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Types of Formative Assessment

After each short segment of direct instruction, there are student response questions embedded in the presentation.

Students may work with their peers to answer the question, but each student is responsible for entering their own answers on the student responders.

Embedded Student Response Questions

http://www.njctl.org





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Types of Formative Assessment

As students are engaging in social constructivism with their peers, the teacher is walking around and listening to the conversations that students are having.

Class Discussion

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Summative Assessment


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Summative Assessment

Used to test what the students actually know and can do independently.

Types of Summative Assessment Quizzes

Tests Quests - Used in science courses

Labs for science courses

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Types of Summative Assessment

Students are given quizzes frequently. This serves as a formative assessment tool for teachers to see how well students are understanding the material.

It serves as a summative assessment tool for students to measure how well they are independently able to demonstrate their knowledge of a particular topic.

Quizzes are closely aligned to the homework tasks.

Quizzes

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Sample Clicker Question

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Sample Homework Question

19. What is the primary structure of a protein?

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Sample Quiz Question

4. Describe the primary structure of a protein.

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Use of Quizzes

Return graded quizzes the following day.

Quizzes are designed to take anywhere from 5-20 minutes. When most students are finished give an announcement for the remaining time that you will allow other students.

Answer any homework questions the students may have before the quiz.

Only answer questions about general misunderstanding of what the quiz question is asking, not questions about how to answer the question.

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Advantages for use of Quizzes

Keeps students on their toes.

Allows teachers to recognize those students who are continually struggling.

Positive re-enforcement for students that continue to do well or who may do poorly on one quiz, but well on the next.

Multiple and frequent opportunities for students to show their understanding.

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1 Quizzes are closely linked to the homework questions.

True

False

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Students are given tests at the end of each unit. These tests are modeled after the end of course assessment for which that course was designed.

Students are given similar review problems to complete prior to the test day.

Tests

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Use of Tests

Return graded tests within two days.

Tests generally take a whole 40 minute period.

Only answer questions about general misunderstanding of what the test question is asking, not questions about how to answer the question.

Make modifications and accommodations necessary for any special education or 504 plan students.

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Advantages for use of Tests

Tests are designed at a rigorous level to model the types of questions that students will see on their end of course assessment.

All the knowledge and skills from the current unit and previous units can be applied to answer more comprehensive questions.

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When a unit is shorter in length or less complex in the information, then a quest may be used in place of a test. A quest unit may or may not also contain quizzes prior to the quest.

Like a test, the quest is administered at the end of the unit. The questions found on the quest are a mix of the types found on quizzes and tests.

Advantages and use of quests are similar to those of quizzes and tests.

Quests - Used in Science

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The science courses have a lab component that is also used for summative assessment.

The teacher is assessing the in-class performance of the lab in addition to the lab analysis.

None of our science courses have formal lab write-ups.

Labs

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2 Which of the following is true about tests?

A They are given at the end of 2-3 units.

B Tests are worth double a quiz grade.

CStudents will see new types of questions on the test.

D Tests are designed to model the format of end of course or AP tests.

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3 Which of the following is not a form of summative assessment?

A SMART response questions

B Tests

C Labs

D Quests

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4 Timely return of graded tests is essential to the pedagogy of our courses.

True

False

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What We Grade & Retakes


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What do we grade?

Only summative assessment tasks are graded: quizzes, tests, quests, and labs .

There are no grade points awarded for: participation, attendance, class work, or homework.

There is no extra credit work.

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Why only grade summative assessment?

By only grading summative assessment tasks, we are grading that work which shows each student's independent demonstration of their knowledge, application, and understanding.

This creates an objective grade increasing the correlation of the student's grade with the end of course test.

This also allows the grades of students to be compared from teacher to teacher and from school to school.

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5 Which of the following do we not award students grade points for?

A Quizzes

B Homework

C Labs

D Tests

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6 By grading students only on the knowledge they demonstrate through labs, quizzes, and tests we are maintaining ______________ grading.

A subjective

B objective

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Retakes

Students are allowed to retake all quizzes, quests, and tests.

Retakes of all assessments are provided on our website www.njctl.org

Students can retake an assessment as many times as necessary, however most students only need one retake and only one retake is posted on the website.

The highest grade earned replaces the lower grade. The grades are not averaged together.

Once graded, return to students for them to see their grade, however students should not keep these retakes.

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Retakes are not given during class time. It is best to offer retakes during the designated after school tutoring time.

In an Elementary school, students may not be able to stay afterschool to retake quizzes. In this case, teachers can use class time to remediate and requiz - since in most cases there are times within the day that this is possible (centers, basic skills/ inclusion teacher support, etc.)

Retakes

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Why do we give retakes?

The timing of when a student understands a concept is less important than their ability to eventually understand that concept.

Since each student's zone of proximal development varies, the teacher can move the class at the pace of the majority of the class instead of having to slow down to that of the learner having the most difficulty.

This pacing allows those who are grasping the concepts more quickly to stay challenged, and the retakes allow those that need more help and time to continue to work towards achieving the same skills at their own pace.

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Why do we give retakes?

The use of retakes also maintains a positive learning environment for students because they are aware that their grade is based solely on that which they can demonstrate their knowledge of and they are given multiple opportunities.

Students do not feel as though they have done too poorly already to bother to continue trying.

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7 How can students improve their grade in the course?

A They cannot improve their grade once assessments are graded

B Extra Credit

C Daily participation points

D By retaking assessments

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8 When are retakes given?

A During a free period or study hall

B After school

C During lunch

D During class

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9 The grade on a retake

AReplaces the original grade, only if the retake grade is higher

B Is averaged with the original grade

C Replaces the original grade

D Counts as an additional grade for the student

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10 Retakes help maintain student motivation

True

False

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11 The use of retakes allows the teacher to move at the pace of the top students.

True

False

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Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What if a student is absent the day before a test or quiz?

A: They still must take the test or quiz with the rest of the class, as they are allowed to do retakes.

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Q: What if a student is absent the day of the test or quiz?

A: As long as you haven't returned the graded assessment they can take the first version, otherwise you can give the retake version.

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Q: Why do students do their homework?

A: Students quickly realize the connection between the homework questions and the quiz questions and understand that it is to their benefit to do their homework.

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Q: What's to stop a student from just retaking assessments until they get a good grade?

A: If you feel that students are not preparing themselves for the retake, then you can require your students to show you that they have completed the corresponding homework assignment before taking the retake.

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Q: What if a student wants to review the answers to the first quiz/test before taking the retake?

A: Allow them to review and ask questions on their own at home and during the after school tutoring time.

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Q: Is there a deadline for when students have to do the retake by?

A: No, this would be opposed to our idea that it is more important that students learn the concept rather than when they learn the concept.

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Q: Do students need to retake the whole test or only the portion they had incorrect?

A: When a test has both a free response and a multiple choice component, it is ok for students to only retake the portion they did poorly on but they must complete that whole portion.

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Q: Can students retake the midterm or the final?

A: No, there are no retakes for the midterm or the final. This is an opportunity for students to practice a testing situation similar to that of the end of course exam.

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12 Even if a student is absent the day before a quiz or test, they still need to take the assessement.

True

False

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13 How many times can a student retake an assessment?

A As many times as they wish

B 1

C 2

D 3

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14 When retaking a test, students must retake

A The whole test

B The free response portion

C The multiple choice portion

D Only the portion they have done poorly on

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15 When retaking a quiz, students must retake

A There are no retakes for a quiz

B The whole quiz

C All of the questions that they had incorrect

D Only the odd or even numbered questions

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16 Students may retake the midterm and final.

True

False

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Grading Assessments


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How is each assessment graded?

Quizzes are generally 10-25 points each.

Quests are generally 50 points each.

Tests are 100 points each.

Labs are usually equivalent to a quiz grade.

Many of the assessments posted have corresponding answer keys that show point break downs. There are also general point guidelines specific to different types of problems in different courses.

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Student's Earned Grade to Date

Students appreciate knowing what their grade is at all times, so it is helpful for teacher to not only put the grade of the assessment on top of a paper when handing it back but also the student's grade to date.

A student's grade to date can change if they take retakes.

student's grade = points earned total points possible

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Student's Grade for the Year

The model used to determine this may vary slightly from school to school depending on what the administration allows.

While students are given a grade for each marking period or term, this grade is only a grade to date and not used for determining the final average. This allows students to retake any assessment at any point throughout the year.

The final average is determined by the total points a student earns through the whole of the school year divided by the total points possible with this counting as 80% of the final grade.

10% of the final grade is the midterm & 10% is the final.

Best Recommendation

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Student's Grade for the Year

The model used to determine this may vary slightly from school to school depending on what the administration allows.

Good Recommendation

Each of the student's marking period or term grades counts for 20% of the final grade for the year. 10% of the final grade is the midterm & 10% is the final.

With this recommendation, teachers need to be sure to give the students adequate time to complete retakes from a marking period before the end of that marking period.

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17 How many total points are tests worth?

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18 How many total points is a quiz minimally worth?

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19 How many total points in a quest worth?

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20 How is a student's grade to date determined?

ABy averaging the percentages of each assessment together

B By calculating the total points earned

CTotal points earned divided by the total points possible

D Test grades count for 60% of the final average and quiz grades count for 40%

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21 The best way to determine a student's end of year grade is to have

AThe grade to date be continuous throughout the year and count for 80% of the final grade

BEach marking period grade count for 20% of the final grade

C The continuous grade to date count for 50%, the midterm count for 25%, and the final count for 25%

D The grade to date be continuous throughout the year and be the year end grade

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Calculating Test & Quest Grades

Tests and quests generally have both a multiple choice and a free response component for Science.

Unit Tests for Math have multiple choice, short constructed response and extended constructed response sections.

Most assessments do not have points that add up to a clean whole number of 100 or 50 points, therefore it is necessary to keep this in mind when determining a student's grade on an assessment.

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Math: Multiple Choice = 70% of the total grade on the test and Short Constructed together with Extended Constructed = 30% of the total grade on the test.

Math Colorado grades 6-10: Multiple Choice = 52%; Free Response = 48%

Science :

Test & Quest Grade Breakdowns

Multiple Choice Free Response

Physics 50% 50%

Chemistry 50% 50%

Biology 60% 40%

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Sample: Using 60% weight on the free response and 40% on the multiple choice.

A student earns 21/25 points possible on the free response and 26/30 points possible on the multiple choice.

21= 0.84( 0.6) = 0.504(100) = 50.425

26 = 0.87(0.4) = 0.348(100) = 34.830

50.4 + 34.8 = 85.2 and because this is a test the percentage is 85.2%

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22 A student receives a 20/25 on the multiple choice section of a test and an 18/20 on the free response section. Determine the student's points earned if the multiple choice section is worth 60% of the weight and the free response is worth 40%.

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25 A student receives a 24/25 on the multiple choice section of a quest and an 20/20 on the free response section. Determine the student's points earned if the multiple choice section is worth 50% of the weight and the free response is worth 50%.

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Grading Correlation


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Sample: Using 60% weight on the free response and 40% on the multiple choice.


21= 0.84( 0.6) = 0.504(100) = 50.425

26 = 0.87(0.4) = 0.348(100) = 34.830

50.4 + 34.8 = 85.2%

This is not the student's final grade for this assessment! Next we have to use a grading correlation..

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Why We Use a Correlation

Each unit test is designed to be as rigorous as the end of course exam. Using questions with this high level of rigor helps to ensure that students are adequately prepared for the exam and are not surprised by what they see.

End of course exams such as the AP test provide a high standard for student achievement and it is possible that struggling students will perform poorly and likely fail.

The AP exam grants a 5, the highest grade possible, for any score equivalent to 65% or higher on the exam. In a traditional classroom setting, a score of 65% would be considered failing or a sign of poor performance.

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Where struggling students will fail in the traditional model, high performing students will appear to be performing below average.

Students who fail tend to lose motivation, which impacts their ability to persevere and continue learning. This leads to many students losing interest in taking challenging courses.

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Colleges often grant college credits to students who pass AP exams while other schools view taking and passing an AP exam as proof that a student took a challenging course.

If colleges and universities place value on these results, then student grades should reflect the same level of success. Therefore, if unit tests are at the same level of rigor as the AP exam or end of course exam, then students should receive a grade that aligns with their performance on the test.

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How We Apply a CorrelationWe address the challenge of maintaining rigor, student motivation, and grades with meaning by correlating each student's grade to the equivalent on the appropriate AP or end of course exam.

Using a piece-wise function that mimics the approach used by The College Board, creator of AP. This piece-wise function creates a compression curve that is the mechanism used to correlate a raw score to a grade.

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How We Apply the CorrelationAs a student's raw grade increases, the effect of the correlation is reduced. This is done since students who perform very well need less to correlate their raw scores to the grade they receive while students who perform poorly require a significant change to correlate their raw scores.

Makes student achievement clear to the students instead of punishing them for what should be considered success.

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Using the Correlation for ScienceSince unit tests assess a smaller number of concepts than the AP exam, the unit test is not at the same level of rigor, so students are not eligible for the full effect of the correlation.

If students are tested on all the concepts within a course then they should receive the same level of correlation.

The following values, and any value in between, can be used in the correlation program developed by CTL.

Quiz Quest Test Midterm/ Final

Modifier 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 Note: It is individual assessment grades that have the correlation applied, not the final grade in the course.

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Using the Correlation for Grades 4-12 Math

Since unit tests assess a smaller number of concepts than the AP exam or an end of course assessment, the unit test is not at the same level of rigor, so students are not eligible for the full effect of the correlation.

If students are tested on all the concepts within a course then they should receive the same level of correlation.

Quizzes - no correlation is appliedUnit Tests - 0.25 to 0.5 of the correlation is applied

These values can be used in the correlation program developed by CTL.

Note: It is individual assessment grades that have the correlation applied, not the final grade in the course.

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Using the Correlation for K-3 Math

So far, schools using PMI for grades K-3 have not used the grading correlation. Teachers are finding that the students are passing the unit tests without it.

This can be a school decision as to what to do.

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Special Note:

The previous slides on the grading correlation are all recommendations made by CTL. We believe strongly that teachers agree on how to apply the correlation to their school, so that consistency is maintained within the building.

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Using the Correlation

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Using the CorrelationCase Study: Bergen Technical Schools in Teterboro use of the curve for students in AP Physics B

Found that there was a correlation factor of 0.8 between grades in AP Physics B and student achievement on the AP Physics B exam.

This means that students who get an "A" in the class will likely receive a 4 or 5 on the AP exam, those who get a "B" will likely receive a 3 or 4, etc.

This result creates a very accurate predictor for students and sends a strong message that success in their course will translate into success on the exam.

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26 Which best describes why PSI/PMI use a correlation?

A because the AP test doesB to keep students motivatedC to create a more even grade distribution

Dbecause the assessments are as rigorous as the AP/EOC assessments and should be graded as such

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27 You always have to use a correlation for a quiz.

True

False

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28 You always have to use a correlation for a quest.

True

False

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29 You always have to use a correlation for a test.

True

False

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30 What is the highest correlation a unit test is given? (answer in decimal form)

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31 What is the lowest correlation a unit test is given? (answer in decimal form)

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32 What correlation is given on the midterm and final assessment? (answer in decimal form)

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33 Teachers in the same school can give different correlations on the same assessments.

True

False

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Calculating with the CorrelationSample: Using 60% weight on the free response and 40% on the multiple choice.


21= 0.84( 0.6) = 0.504(100) = 50.425

26 = 0.87(0.4) = 0.348(100) = 34.830

50.4 + 34.8 = 85.2%

This is the grade that is correlated. Assuming that this was a unit test and you choose to assign a 0.75 correlation, then the student's actual test grade would be a 92%. This was determined using the grade correlation chart.

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Calculating with the CorrelationSample: Using 60% weight on the free response and 40% on the multiple choice.


21/25= 0.84 X 0.6 = 0.504 X 100 = 50.4

26/30= 0.87 X 0.4 = 0.348 X 100 = 34.8

50.4 + 34.8 = 85.2%

Curved Grade = 92%

These are the scores that you would write on a student's test. In addition you would also put their grade to date in the course.

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Calculating with the Correlation

* Both the MC and FR were each out of 20 possible points.

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What goes in the gradebook?

If the correlated grade on a test was 92%, then because a test is worth 100 points the teacher would say the student received 92 out of 100 possible points in their gradebook.

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What goes in the gradebook?Consider the following for a quiz:

A student earns 22/30 points possible on the quiz

= 0.733 X 100 = 73.3%

Correlated Grade = 78%

= .78 X 30 = 23.4

In your gradebook, you would write that the students scored 23.4 points out of 30 possible points. One decimal place is enough.

2230

78100

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34 A student received a 25/30 on their quiz. You want to give a .25 correlation, what percentage score would you write on the student's quiz?

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35 A student received a 25/30 on their quiz. You want to give a .25 correlation, what score would you write in your gradebook?

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36 A student received an 84% on their test prior to the correlation. You want to give a .5 correlation, what percentage would you write on the student's test?

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37 A student received an 84% on their test prior to the correlation. You want to give a .5 correlation, what score would you write in your gradebook?

Documents

Training Assessment & Grading - NJCTLcontent.njctl.org/courses/teaching-methods/assessment... · 2014. 11. 11. · Summative Assessment Used to test what the students actually know