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TRAFFIC ENGINEERING IP/GMPLS OVER WDM
SHARIFAH AZWA BINTI SHAAYA
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING IP/GMPLS OVER WDM
SHARIFAH AZWA BINTI SHAAYA
A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MALAYSIA IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE DEGREE
MASTER OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL-ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATIONS
PROJECT SUPERVISOR : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norsheila Fisal
APRIL, 2005
iii
To my parents and family
To my beloved fiancé
Thanks for being extremely supportive and understanding all this while.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like express my gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof
Dr Norsheila Fisal for all the guidance that has not only helps me in completing my
project but also in the development of my being.
Also, many thanks to Mrs. Norashidah Md Din, whom without her, I could
not have completed this project in time. Thank you for inviting me to the network
research group led by you in UNITEN which had pave a way for me in completing
my master project at more convenient way.
And last but not least, I want to thanks all my research collaborates: Siti
Fatimah Abdull Rahman, Husna Zainol Abidin, Zulkifli Ishak and Mr Zaini
Jamaludin. Many thanks for lending your hands when I am in need and to all the
suggestions and recommendations that have improved the output of this project.
May Allah the Almighty bless all of you.
v
ABSTRACT
Internet has very much impacted our life and daily activities. With rapid
growth in the numbers of users especially from the industries as well as the
development in optical technology, the need of better network with guaranteed
quality of service is highly demanded. One potential solution is to adapt Internet with
GMPLS network over WDM and is currently widely researched. The GMPLS over
WDM network is seen as the most promising network in servicing the users with the
capability of providing high quality of service in terms of the information throughput
and transfer speed. The project investigates the performance of an IP with GMPLS
network over WDM with a constraint, i.e. the availability of lambda. This is
conducted using simulation. The simulation work is done using a powerful open
sourced network simulator, known as NS-2. A GMPLS WDM network was modeled
and a performance study based on the throughput, end-to-end delay, jitter and
lambda utilization of the network are presented in this thesis.
vi
ABSTRAK
Internet telah memberi impak yang besar kepada kehidupan dan aktiviti
seharian kita. Dengan perkembangan pesat dalam jumlah pengguna terutamanya
daripada industri serta perkembangan teknologi optik, keperluan kepada rangkaian
yang lebih baik dengan kualiti perkhidmatan yang dijamin adalah amat dikehedaki.
Satu penyelesaian yang mungkin adalah mengadaptasi Internet dengan rangkain
GMPLS melalui WDM sedang dikaji di seluruh dunia. Rangkaian GMPLS melalui
WDM ini dilihat sebagai rangkaian yang terbaik dalam memberi perkhidmatan
kepada pengguna dengan kemampuan untuk menyediakan kualiti perkhidmatan yang
tinggi dari segi celusan maklumat dan kelajuan pindah. Projek ini menyiasat prestasi
satu rangkaian IP dengan GMPLS melalui WDM dengan kekangan, iaitu
kebolehsediaan lambda. Projek ini akan dijalankan menggunakan simulasi. Kerja-
kerja simulasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan simulasi rangkaian sumber terbuka
yang berkuasa, dikenali sebagai NS-2. Satu rangkaian GMPLS WDM telah
dimodelkan dan kajian prestasi berasaskan kecelusan, kelengahan hujung-ke-hujung,
keketaran dan kegunaan lambda akan dibentangkan dalam tesis ini.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV
ABSTRACT V
ABSTRAK VI
TABLE OF CONTENT VII
LIST OF TABLES X
LIST OF FIGURES XI
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS XII
LIST OF APPENDICES XIV
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Overview of Current Network 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objective 3
1.4 Project Scope 4
1.5 Thesis Structure 4
viii
2 MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING 6
2.1 Overview 6
2.2 MPLS Components and Mechanisms 7
2.3 MPLS Routing 10 2.3.1 LSR Forwarding Component 11 2.3.2 LSR Control Component 13 2.3.3 Constraint Based Routing 15
2.4 Migration From MPLS to GMPLS 16
2.5 GMPLS Network Hierarchy 16
2.6 Wavelength Density Multiplexing 17
3 SIMULATION OF MPLS/GMPLS NETWORK 20
3.1 Overview 20
3.2 Simulation Tool 20
3.3 Internet Traffic Model 21
3.4 Network Topology 22
3.5 Network Simulation in NS-2 24
4 SIMULATION STUDIES AND ANALYSIS 26
4.1 Overview 26
4.2 Definitions of QoS 26
4.3 QoS Metrics 27
4.4 Simulation and Results 28
4.5 Performance Analysis 34 4.5.1 Throughput 35 4.5.2 Lambda (Bandwidth) Utilization 36 4.5.3 End-to-end Delay 38 4.5.4 Jitter 39
ix
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 41
5.1 Conclusion 41
5.2 Recommendation 42
REFERENCES 43 APPENDIX A 48 APPENDIX B 58
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2.1 Attributes of an LSP 9
2.2 Single Forwarding Algorithm 13
2.3 Forwarding in Conventional Network Layer Routing 13
4.1 End-to-end delay for each Traffic 38
4.2 Jitter for each Traffic 40
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
2.1 Process Involved in Setting-up an LSP 8
2.2 Packet Forwarding in MPLS Domain Network 9
2.3 Separation of Control and Forwarding Components of
MPLS
11
2.4 MPLS Shim Header 12
2.5 Ingress LSR Functionality 14
2.6 Hierarchical GMPLS Network Domain 17
2.7 WDM Transmission System 18
3.1 GMPLS Network Model 23
3.2 GMPLS Network Model in NS-2 24
4.1 S0 Sends Information to D0 via Nodes 5-6-9 29
4.2 Traffic from S0 and S1 Share the same Route of 5-6-9 30
4.3 Setup Message to Setup the λLSP for S2 31
4.4 Reserve Message to Reserve the λLSP for S2 32
4.5 S3 Sends Information to D3 via Nodes 5-8-9 33
4.6 The Network Scenario when all Traffics are Flowing 34
4.7 Network Throughput 35
4.8 Lambda Utilization at Every Links 36
xii
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
CoS Class of Service
CR Constraint-based Routing
ER-LSP Explicit Route Label Switch Path
FEC Forwarding Equivalence Class
Gbps Gigabits per second
GMPLS Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching
i.e. That is
IP Internet Protocol
LDP Label Distribution Protocol
LER Label Edge Router
LIB Label Information Base
LSC Labda Switch Based
LSP Label Switch Path
LSR Label Switch Router
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
OSPF Open Shortest Path First
PSC Packet Switch Based
QoS Quality of Service
RIP Routing Information Protocol
RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SONET Synchronous Optical network
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
TE Traffic Engineering
xiii
TTL Time to Live
VPN Virtual Private Network
WDM Wavelength Density Multiplexing
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A GMPLS NETWORK SOURCE CODE IN NS-2 48
B CALCULATING END-TO-END DELAY AND
JITTER SOURCE CODE: A.CC & B.CC
58
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview of Current Network
The current data network that enables us to communicate with our family and
friends is based on the Internet Protocol (IP) technology. This network that is known
as the Internet was initially meant for communication between researchers for the
development of their research work [27]. As such the Internet is specifically limited
in scope to provide the functions necessary to deliver packets from a source to a
destination over an interconnected system. There is no service guarantee in the
Internet. There are also no mechanisms to augment end-to-end data reliability, flow
control, sequencing or other services commonly found in host-to-host protocol [13].
IP, a connectionless protocol, forwards packets of data using best effort
method via the shortest path between the source and the destination. The shortest
path is determined using the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol [22].
However, since all packets will be routed on the shortest path, burst of traffic could
cause congestion in the path and gradually resulting in dropping of packets from the
network. With best effort protocol, IP thus has no guarantee over the packets it
serves, thus it has no quality of service (QoS).
2
On the other hand, the Service Provider backbone infrastructure provides
multiple services such as TDM leased lines, ATM, Frame Relay, Voice, video and
Internet service. ATM backbones are currently the most favored one due to their
reliability and versatility in offering multiple service types [27].
Current data networks typically have four network layers:
• IP, for carrying applications and services
• ATM, for traffic engineering and quality of service (QoS)
• SONET/SDH, for multiplexing and transport reliability
• WDM, to provide large capacity over fiber strands.
1.2 Problem Statement
From 2000 until 2005, the world has recorded an increase of 146.2 percent of
Internet users’ growth [16]. With this high increment across all continents, and more
service in demand such as video and voice transfer, a network that could provide
better and faster transmission as well as more reliable is highly required.
As stated before, with IP, congestion could occur at the shortest path. With
more users to be allocated along the shortest path at the same time, the higher the
probability of congestion to occur, hence more calls or packets will be dropped off
during transmission. Congestion occurs due to inefficient traffic resource allocation,
and this can be addressed by Traffic Engineering (TE) [9]. Therefore the need of a
protocol that could engineer the traffic is crucial in improving the quality of service
(QoS) of the network. Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), a hybrid protocol
3
resulted from combining IP routing with ATM switching like facility seems to cater
to this need. With explicit routing, MPLS allows traffic to be offloaded from a
congested path and routed to underutilized path in order to reduce the congestion at
the shortest path.
However, as network grows bigger, so does the complexity and hierarchy of
the network. Thanks to development of optical technology, the speed of transmission
can significantly speed up. This also has encouraged the networking people to
implement the concept of MPLS to not only packet-based switching, but also to the
time-division multiplexing (TDM), wavelength (lambda) and physical (fiber) based
switching. Since MPLS lacks the ability to provide common control and traffic
engineering for other media, hence a more general protocol known as GMPLS is
provisioned.
1.3 Objective
GMPLS is a label switching protocol that extends common control and traffic
engineering to other media besides packet switch domain [14]. It promises to
provide more quality of service to a network. The main objective of this project is to
investigate the performance of the QoS parameters of a MPLS/GMPLS network with
an applied constraint. The proposed network should provide:
(i) Acceptable end-to-end delay and jitter
(ii) High packet throughput
(iii) Optimum bandwidth utilization
4
1.4 Project Scope
The scope of this project is to analyze the performance of a GMPLS network
with a constraint using a simulation tool. The constraint applied here is the
bandwidth or lambda requirement of a traffic and available bandwidth.
The analysis will be carried out to measure the performance of the GMPLS
network in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, lambda utilization and jitter. The
network however will be limited to only the lambda switching network domain.
Analysis of the network performance was carried out using simulation based
discrete event technique. The simulation tool used for this project is the Network
Simulator version 2 (NS-2) [26].
1.5 Thesis Structure
This report comprises of 6 chapters. The first chapter briefly overviews the
trend of current Internet, objectives and scope of this project. Chapter 2 describes the
basics of label switching that can be categorized into MPLS and GMPLS and
followed by a brief explanation on WDM.
The use of NS-2 in the simulation of MPLS/GMPLS network is discussed in
Chapter 3. This is then followed with Chapter 4 that looks into the simulation studies
and the analysis of the performance. The QoS parameters investigated for this
network model will also be presented and discussed here.
5
Finally, the findings and discussions from the previous chapter will be
concluded and some suggestions have been proposed in order to improve the
performance of GMPLS and the work of this project.
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