Traffic Enforcement Camera- Wikipedia

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Traffic enforcement camera

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected fromRoad-rule enforcement camera)

Gatsospeed camera

A traffic enforcement camera (alsored light camera,road safety camera, road rule camera, photo radar, photo

enforcement, speed camera, Gatso) is an automated ticketing machine. It may include acamerawhich may be mounted beside

on over ahighwayor installed in an enforcementvehicleto detect traffic regulation violations, includingspeeding, vehicles going

through a red traffic light, unauthorized use of a bus lane, for recording vehicles inside acongestion chargearea and others.

The latestautomatic number plate recognitionsystems can be used for the detection of average speeds and raise concerns over

loss of privacy and the potential for governments to establishmass surveillanceof vehicle movements and therefore by association

also the movement of the vehicle's owner. Vehicles owners are often required by law to identify the driver of the vehicle and a case

was taken to theEuropean Court of Human Rightswho found that theHuman Rights Act 1998was not being breached. Some

groups, such as theNational Motorists Associationin the USA, claim that systems "encourage ... revenue-driven enforcement"

rather than the declared objectives.[1]

Contents

[hide]

1 Types

o 1.1 Bus lane enforcement

o 1.2 Red light enforcement

o 1.3 Speed limit enforcement
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o 1.4 Stop sign enforcement

o 1.5 Number plate recognition systems

o 1.6 Other

2 Controversy

o 2.1 Legal issues

o 2.2 Surveillance

o 2.3 Revenue not safety

o 2.4 Unpopularity

o 2.5 Effectiveness

3 Avoidance/evasion

4 History

5 Gallery

6 See also

7 References

8 External links

[edit]Types

Automatic speed enforcement gantry or "Lombada Eletrnica" with ground sensors atBrasilia, D.F.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Speed_limit_enforcementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Speed_limit_enforcementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Stop_sign_enforcementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Stop_sign_enforcementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Number_plate_recognition_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Number_plate_recognition_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Otherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Otherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Controversyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Controversyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Legal_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Legal_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Revenue_not_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Revenue_not_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Unpopularityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Unpopularityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Effectivenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Effectivenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Avoidance.2Fevasionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Avoidance.2Fevasionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Galleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Galleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_speed_camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_speed_camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSB_04_2008_412_ETS.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSB_04_2008_412_ETS.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_speed_camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_speed_camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSB_04_2008_412_ETS.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSB_04_2008_412_ETS.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_speed_camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_speed_camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSB_04_2008_412_ETS.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSB_04_2008_412_ETS.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_speed_camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_speed_camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSB_04_2008_412_ETS.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSB_04_2008_412_ETS.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Galleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Avoidance.2Fevasionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Effectivenesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Unpopularityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Revenue_not_safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Legal_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Controversyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Otherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Number_plate_recognition_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#Stop_sign_enforcement


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Gatso Mobile Speed Camera, used in Victoria, Australia. The camera is mounted on the passenger side dash, whilst the

black box on the front is the radar unit.

[edit]Bus lane enforcement

Some bus lane enforcement cameras use a sensor in the road which triggers a number plate recognition camera which compares

the vehicle registation plate with a list of approved vehicles and records images of other vehicles.[2]

Other systems use a camera

mounted on the bus, for example inLondonwhere they monitorRed routes[3]on which stopping is not allowed for any purpose

(other thantaxisanddisabled parking permitholders).[4]

On Monday, February 23, 2009, New York City announced testing camera enforcement of bus lanes on 34th Street in Midtown

Manhattan where a New York City taxi illegally using the bus lanes would face a fine of $150 adjudicated by theNew York City Taxi

and Limousine Commission.[5]

[edit]Red light enforcement

It has been suggested thatRed light camerabemergedinto thisarticle or section. (Discuss)Proposed since February 2011.

Main article:Red light camera

Red light camera inSpringfield, Ohio, USA.

Ared light camerais a traffic camera that takes an image of a vehicle that goes through an intersection where the light is red. The

system continuously monitors the traffic signal and the camera is triggered by any vehicle entering the intersection above a preset

minimum speed and following a specified time after the signal has turned red.

[edit]Speed limit enforcement

Main article:Speed limit enforcement

Speed enforcement cameras are used to monitor compliance withspeed limitswhich may useDoppler,LIDARorAutomatic number

plate recognition. Other speed enforcement systems are also used which are not camera based.
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Fixed or mobile speed camera systems that measure the time taken by a vehicle to travel between two or more fairly distant sites

(from several hundred metres to several hundred kilometres apart) are calledautomatic number plate recognition(ANPR) cameras.

These cameras time vehicles over a known fixed distance, then calculate the vehicle's average speed for the journey. The name

derives from the fact that the technology usesinfraredcameras linked to a computer to"read"a vehicle's registration number and

identify it inreal-time.[6]

[edit]Stop sign enforcement

See also:Stop sign

In 2007, the Mountains Recreation and Conservation Authority (MRCA), in California, installed the first stop sign cameras in the

United States. The five cameras are located in state parks such asFranklin Canyon ParkandTemescal Gateway Park. The

operator,Redflex Traffic Systems Inc., is paid $20 per ticket. The fine listed on the citation is $100.[7]In 2010 a class action suit was

filed against MRCA.[8]

[edit]Number plate recognition systemsMain article:Automatic number plate recognition

Automatic number plate recognitioncan be used for purposes unrelated to enforcement of traffic rules. In principle any agency or

person with access to data either from traffic cameras or cameras installed for other purposes can track the movement of vehicles

for any purpose.[9]

InAustralia's SAFE-T-CAM system, ANPR technology is used to monitor long distancetruckdrivers to detect avoidance of legally

prescribed driver rest periods.[10]

TheUnited Kingdom's police ANPR systemlogs all the vehicles passing particular points in the national road network, allowing

authorities to track the movement of vehicles and individuals across the country.[11][12]

In the UK an 80-year-old pensioner John Catt and his daughter Linda (with no criminal record between them) were stopped byCity

of London Policewhile driving inLondon,UK in 2005, had their vehicle searched under section 44 of theTerrorism Act 2000and

were threatened with arrest if they refused to answer questions. After they complained formally, it was discovered they were

stopped when their car was picked up by roadsideANPR CCTV cameras; it had been flagged in thePolice National

Computerdatabase when they were seen nearEDO MBM demonstrationsinBrighton. Critics point out that the Catts had been

suspected of no crime, however the UK'smass surveillanceinfrastructure allowed them to betargeted due to their association.[13]

[edit]Other

Congestion chargecameras to detect vehicles inside the chargeable area which have not paid the appropriate fee

High-occupancy vehicle lanecameras to identify vehicles violating occupancy requirements.[14]

Level crossingcameras to identifying vehicles crossingrailwaysat grade

Noise pollutioncameras that record evidence of heavy vehicles that break noise regulations by usingengine braking
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Canyon_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Canyon_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Canyon_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temescal_Gateway_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temescal_Gateway_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temescal_Gateway_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redflex_Holdingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redflex_Holdingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redflex_Holdingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-misuse-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-misuse-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-misuse-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police-enforced_ANPR_in_the_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police-enforced_ANPR_in_the_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police-enforced_ANPR_in_the_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-Project_Laser-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-Project_Laser-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-Project_Laser-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police-enforced_ANPR_in_the_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police-enforced_ANPR_in_the_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police-enforced_ANPR_in_the_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_National_Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_National_Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_National_Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_National_Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_EDO_Corporation#Protest_in_the_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_EDO_Corporation#Protest_in_the_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_EDO_Corporation#Protest_in_the_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_fallacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_fallacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestion_pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestion_pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_crossinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_crossinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-grade_intersectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-grade_intersectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-grade_intersectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-grade_intersectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_crossinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestion_pricinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_fallacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_EDO_Corporation#Protest_in_the_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_National_Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_National_Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police-enforced_ANPR_in_the_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-Project_Laser-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-Project_Laser-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police-enforced_ANPR_in_the_UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-misuse-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redflex_Holdingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temescal_Gateway_Park&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Canyon_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_signhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition


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Parking cameras which issue citations to vehicles which are illegally parked or which were not moved from a street at posted

times.[15]

Toll-booth cameras to identify vehicles proceeding through a toll booth without paying the toll

Turn cameras at intersections where specific turns are prohibited on red. This type of camera is mostly used in cities or heavy

populated areas.

Automatic number plate recognitionsystems can be used for multiple purposes, including identifying untaxed and uninsured

vehicles, stolen cars and potentiallymass surveillanceof motorists .[9]

Fixed camera systems can mounted in boxes or on poles beside the road or attached togantriesover the road, or

tooverpassesorbridges. Cameras can be concealed, for example in garbage bins.[16]

Mobile speed camerasmay be hand-held, tripod mounted, or vehicle-mounted. In vehicle-mounted systems, detection equipment

and cameras can be mounted to the vehicle itself, or simply tripod mounted inside the vehicle and deployed out a window or door. If

the camera is fixed to the vehicle, the enforcement vehicle does not necessarily have to be stationary, and can be moved either with

or against the flow of traffic. In the latter case, depending on the direction of travel, the target vehicle'srelative speedis either added

or subtracted from the enforcement vehicle's own speed to obtain its actual speed. Thespeedometerof the camera vehicle needs to

be accuratelycalibrated.

Some number plate recognition systems can be used from vehicles.[17]

[edit]Controversy

This section needs additionalcitationsforverification. Please helpimprove this articleby

addingreliable references. Unsourced material may bechallengedandremoved.(May 2010)

[edit]Legal issues

There are a number of legal issues which arise as a result depending on local laws and the procedures used by the enforcing

bodies. Various legal issues arise from such cameras and the laws involved in how cameras can be placed and what evidence is

necessary to prosecute a driver varies considerably in different legal systems.[18]

One issue is the potentialconflict of interestwhen private contractors are paid acommissionbased on the number of tickets they

are able to issue. Pictures from theSan Diegored light camera systems were ruled inadmissible ascourtevidencein September

2001. The judge said that the "total lack of oversight" and "method of compensation" made evidence from the cameras "so

untrustworthy and unreliable that it should not be admitted".[19]

Some U.S. states andprovinces of Canadasuch asAlbertaoperate "owner liability" where it is the registered owner of the vehicle

who must pay all such fines regardless of whether he was driving at the time of the offense, although they do release the owner

from liability if he signs a form identifying the actual driver and that individual pays the fine.[20]These states do not issuedemerit

pointsfor camera infractions, which has been criticized by some as giving a "license to speed" to those who can more easily afford

speeding fines.[citation needed]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-misuse-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-misuse-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-misuse-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantry_(road_sign)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantry_(road_sign)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantry_(road_sign)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_speed_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_speed_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibratedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibratedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibratedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_(remuneration)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_(remuneration)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_(remuneration)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diegohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diegohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diegohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerit_pointshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerit_pointshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerit_pointshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerit_pointshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerit_pointshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerit_pointshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diegohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_(remuneration)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibratedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_speed_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantry_(road_sign)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-misuse-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-14


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In a few U.S. states (including California), the cameras areset up to get a "face photo" of the driver;.[21]This has been done because

in those states, red light camera tickets are criminal violations, and criminal charges must always name the actual violator. In

California, that need to identify the actual violator has led to the creation of a unique investigatory tool, the fake "ticket."[22][23]

InAlbuquerque,New Mexico, the city government attempted to bypass the legal issue of a defendant's right to cross-examine his

accuser, as well as the issue of verifying the driver's identity. Automated red-light and speeding offenses are classed aspublic

nuisancesand fined to the vehicle's registered owner as civil violations, not as criminal offenses.[citation needed]

In April 2000 two motorists who were caught speeding in the United Kingdom challenged theRoad Traffic Act 1988which required

the keeper of a driver to identify the driver at a particular time[24]as being in contradiction to theHuman Rights Act 1998on the

grounds that it amounted to a 'compulsory confession', also that since the camera partnerships included the police, local authorities,

Magistrates Courts Service (MCS) and Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) which had a financial interest in the fine revenue that they

would not get a fair trial. Their plea was initially granted by a judge then overturned but was the heard by theEuropean Court of

Human Rights(ECtHR), and theEuropean Court of Justice(ECJ). In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights found there was no

breach of article 6 in requiring the keepers of cars caught speeding on camera to provide the name of the driver.[24]

Where verification photos are recorded on a time sequence, allowing the calculation of actual speed, these have been used to

challenge the accuracy of speed cameras in court. Motorists in Prince George County, Maryland, have successfully challenged

tickets from Optotraffic speed cameras where they were incorrectly ticketed at over 15 mph over the limit.[25]

[edit]Surveillance

Main article:Automatic number plate recognition

Policeandgovernmenthave been accused of "Big Brothertactics" in over-monitoring of public roads, and of "revenueraising"

in applying cameras in deceptive ways to increase government revenue rather than improve road safety.[26]

[edit]Revenue not safety

In 2010 a campaign was set up against a speed camera on adual carriagewayinPoole, Dorsetin a 30 mph area in theUnited

Kingdom. which had generated 1.3m of fines every year since 1999. The initialFreedom of informationrequest was refused

and the information was only released after an appeal to theInformation Commissioner.[27][28]

In May 2010 the new Coalition government said that the 'Labour's 13-year war on the motorist is over' and that the new

government 'pledged to scrap public funding for speed cameras'[29]In JulyMike Penning, the Road safety minister reduced the

Road Safety Grant for the current year to Local Authorities from 95 million to 57 million saying that local authorities had

relied too heavily on safety cameras for far too long and that he was pleased that some councils were now focusing on other

road safety measures. It is estimated that the as a result the Treasury is now distributing 40 million less in Road Safety Grant

than is raised from fines in the year.[30]Dorset and Essex announced plans to review camera provision with a view to possibly

ending the scheme in their counties,[31]however Dorset strongly affirmed its support for the scheme, albeit reducing financial

contributions in line with the reduction in government grant.[32]Seven counties also announced plans to turn off some or all of
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rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-war-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-war-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-war-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Penninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Penninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Penninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Penninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-war-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Officehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole,_Dorsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriagewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(1984)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-opto-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-HumanRights-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-HumanRights-23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_Traffic_Act_1988&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_nuisancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_nuisancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-20


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their cameras,[31][33][34]amidst warnings from the country's most senior traffic policeman that this would result in an increase in

deaths and injuries.[35]

Gloucestershire cancelled plans to update cameras and has reduced or cancelled maintenance

contracts.[36]

In August 2010, the Oxfordshire, UK speed cameras had been switched off because of lack of finance due to government

funding policy changes. The cameras were switched back on in April 2011 after a new source of funding was found for

them.[37]Following rule changes on the threshold for offering "Speed Awareness Courses" as an alternative to a fine and

licence points for drivers, and given that the compulsory fees charged for such courses go directly to the partnerships rather

than directly to central government as for the fine revenues, the partnership will be able to fund their operations from course

fees.[37]Compared with the same period in the previous year with the cameras still switched on, the number of serious injuries

that occurred during the same period with the cameras switched off was exactly the same - at 13 - and the number of slight

injuries was 15 more at 70, resulting from 62 crashes - 2 more than when the cameras were still operating.[37]There were no

fatalities during either period.[37]

[edit]UnpopularityUse of cameras is opposed by some motorists and motoring organisations. They have also be rejected in some places by

referendum.

The first speed camera systems in the USA was inFriendswood, Texasin 1986 andLa Marque, Texasin 1987.[38]Neither

program lasted more than a few months before public pressure forced them to be dropped.[citation needed]

In 1991 cameras have been rejected by voters in referenda inPeoria, Arizonavoters were the first to reject cameras by a 2-1

margin. Speed cameras have since been installed on the highways in the Phoenix area since 2007.

In 1992 cameras have been rejected by voters in referenda inBatavia, Illinois.[39]

Anchorage, Alaskarejected cameras in a 1997 referendum

In 2002 the state ofHawaiiexperimented with speed limit enforcement vans but they were withdrawn months later due to

public outcry.[40]

In 2005, theVirginialegislature declined to reauthorize itsred light cameraenforcement law after a study questioned their

effectiveness,[41]

only to reverse itself in 2007 and allow cameras to return to any city with a population greater than

10,000.[citation needed]

Steubenville, Ohiorejected cameras in a 2006 referendum.[citation needed]

In 2009, a petition was started in the town ofCollege Station, Texaswhich requested that all red light cameras be dismantled

and removed from all of the town's intersections. Enough signatures were captured to put the measure on the November 2009

general election ballot. After an extensive battle between the College Station city council and the opposing sides, both for and

against red light cameras, the voters voted to eliminate the red light cameras throughout the entire city. By the end of

November the red light cameras were taken down. However, all citations issued are still valid and must be paid by the

offenders.[citation needed]
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dedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Station,_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steubenville,_Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_light_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavia,_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria,_Arizonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Marque,_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendswood,_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-bbc_20110401-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-bbc_20110401-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-bbc_20110401-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-bbc_20110401-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-30


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On May 4, 2010 an ordinance authorizing the use of speed cameras in the town of Sykesville, Maryland was put to a

referendum, in which 321 out of 529 voters (60.4%) voted against the cameras. The turnout for this vote was greater than the

number of voters in the previous local Sykesville election for mayor where 523 residents voted.[42]

Arizona decided to not renew their contract with Redflex in 2011 following a study of their statewide 76 photo enforcement

cameras.[43]Reasons given included less than expected revenue due to improved compliance, mixed public acceptance and

mixed accident data.[44]

[edit]Effectiveness

The town ofSwindonabandoned the use of fixed cameras in 2009, questioning their cost effectiveness with the cameras being

replaced by vehicle activated warning signs and enforcement by police using mobile speed cameras:[45]in the nine months

following the switch-off there was a small reduction in accident rates which had changed slightly in similar periods before and

after the switch off (Before: 1 fatal, 1 serious and 13 slight accidents. Afterwards: no fatalities, 2 serious and 12 slight

accidents).[31]The journalistGeorge Monbiotclaimed that the results were notstatistically significanthighlighting earlier

findings across the whole of Wiltshire that there had been a 33% reduction in the number of people killed and seriously injured

generally and a 68% reduction at camera sites during the previous 3 years.[46]

In January 2011 Edmonton, Alberta cancelled all 100,000 "Speed On Green" tickets issued in the previous 14 months due to

concerns about camera reliability.[47][48]

[edit]Avoidance/evasion

AGPSmap showing speed cameraPOIinformation overlaid onto it

To avoid detection or prosecution drivers may:

Brake just before a camera in order to travel past its sensor below the speed limit. This is however a cause of collisions.

UseGPSnavigation devices which contain databases of known camera locations to alert them in advance. These databases

may in some cases be update in near-realtime. The use of GPS devices to locate speed cameras is illegal in some

jurisdictions.

Install passivelaser detectorsorradar detectorsthat detect when the vehicle's speed is being monitored and warn the driver.

Use of these devices may be illegal in some jurisdictions.
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in the late 1960s usedfilm camerasto take their pictures. Gatsometer introduced the first red light camera in 1965, the firstradarfor

use with roadtrafficin 1971 and the first mobile speed traffic camera in 1982;[55]

From the late 1990s,digital camerasbegan to be introduced. Digital cameras can be fitted with a network connection to transfer

images to a central processing location automatically, so they have advantages over film cameras in speed of issuingfines,

maintenance and operational monitoring. However, film-based systems may provide superior image quality in the variety of lighting

conditions encountered onroads, and are required by courts in some jurisdictions. New film-based systems are still being sold, but

digital pictures are providing greater versatility and lower maintenance and are now more popular with law enforcement agencies.[57]

[edit]Gallery

A red-light and speed camera inDarwin,Northern Territory,Australia

Dazzle camouflagedspeed camera in Loipersdorf, Austria

A red-light camera in use inBeaverton,Oregon,USA

[edit]See also
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-GHist-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-GHist-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-GHist-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_(penalty)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_(penalty)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_(penalty)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazzle_camouflagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazzle_camouflagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverton,_Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverton,_Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverton,_Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redlightcamera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dazzle_camouflage_radar.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darwin_redlight_and_speed_camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redlightcamera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dazzle_camouflage_radar.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darwin_redlight_and_speed_camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redlightcamera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dazzle_camouflage_radar.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darwin_redlight_and_speed_camera.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaverton,_Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazzle_camouflagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_enforcement_camera&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_(penalty)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road-rule_enforcement_camera#cite_note-GHist-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_camera


11/14

Road traffic safety

Road traffic control

Speed limit enforcement

Road speed limit enforcement in Australia

Safety Camera Partnership

Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution-which has been used to limit use of speed cameras in the USA.

HOTA

Radar gun

[edit]References

1. ^"National Motorists Association Issues". National Motorists Association.

2. ^"Bus Lane Enforcement". PIPS Technology. Retrieved 2010-04-26.

3. ^"Bus lane enforcement". jai. Retrieved 2010-04-26.

4. ^"Road markings".direct.gov. Retrieved 2010-04-01.

5. ^New York City Department of Transportation:Commissioner Sadik-Khan, MTA Executive Director

Sander, Chairman Daus announce camera enforcement of bus lanes to speed transit, February 23, 2009

6. ^"Basic Concept of Operation".Sensor Dynamics. Retrieved 2008-05-31.

7. ^Pool, Bob (2007-07-12). Los Angeles Times.http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/12/local/me-cameras12.

8. ^http://www.palisadespost.com/news/content.php?id=5646

9. ^abJohn Lettice (2005-09-15)."Gatso 2: rollout of UK's '24x7 vehicle movement database' begins".The

Register. Retrieved 2008-10-14.

10. ^"Safe-T-Cam".Roads and Traffic Authority. May 29, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-31.

11. ^"Launch of Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) Strategy for the Police Service 2005/2008".

Association of Chief Police Officers. 2005-03-22. Retrieved 2007-09-12.

12. ^Chris Williams (2008-09-15)."Vehicle spy-cam data to be held for five years".The Register. Retrieved

2008-10-15.

13. ^"Watching You... In Big Brother Britain"

14. ^HOV at Photocop.com

15. ^"Street-sweeper cameras eye illegal parking"

16. ^"Hidden speed camera".ControlRadar.

17. ^"Vyper Mobile ANPR System".Sensor Dynamics. Retrieved 2008-05-31.

18. ^"U.S. DOT Red Light Camera Systems Operational Guidelines".

19. ^State of Californiavs John Allen, et al., (The statute contemplated that it would be a governmental

agency that operated the system, not private enterprise. The potential conflict created by a contingent
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Documents

Traffic Enforcement Camera- Wikipedia