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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

PPhhDD tthheessiiss:: TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooff BBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaaGGuussttaaaaff HHoouuttmmaann

PPhhDD ddeeggrreeee ccaannddiiddaattee,, 11999900

SScchhooooll ooff OOrriieennttaall aanndd AAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess,, LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy

GGuussttaaaaff HHoouuttmmaann

[[aavvaaiillaabbllee ffoorr ccoonnssuullttaattiioonn aatt tthhee SScchhooooll ooff OOrriieennttaall aanndd AAffrriiccaannSSttuuddiieess LLiibbrraarryy,, aanndd LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy SSeennaattee HHoouussee LLiibbrraarryy]][[ccoonnttaacctt tthhee aauutthhoorr vviiaa gghhoouuttmmaann@@tteessccoo..nneett]]

--11--

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

FFiigguurreess

FFiigg.. 11.. TThhee oorrddeerr ooff BBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee 1166FFiigg.. 22.. AA mmaapp ooff BBuurrmmaa 2277FFiigg.. 33.. MMaaggiicc ssqquuaarreess 116611

FFiigg.. 44.. TThhee oorrddeeaall ooff ffiirree 116622FFiigg.. 55.. TThhuu--yyaa--tthhaa--ddii MMee--ddaaww 116677FFiigg.. 66.. SShhiinn UU''ppaa--ggookk 116699FFiigg.. 77.. SSuuppeerrnnaattuurraall bbeeiinnggss 118833FFiigg.. 88.. TThhee sstteerreeoottyyppee ooff tthheebboo""ddaaww118844FFiigg.. 99.. AAnn aassttrroollooggiiccaall cchhaarrtt iinn tthhee hhaaggiiooggrraapphhyy ooff aa mmeeddiittaattiioonntteeaacchheerr 222244

PPhhoottooss

PPhhoottoo 11.. AA ppaaiinnttiinngg ooff WWMM kknnoowwlleeddggee.. 55

PPhhoottoo 22.. EEnntteerrttaaiinnmmeenntt aatt aa ccoonnvveennttiioonnaall nnoovviittiiaattiioonn cceerreemmoonnyy..111111

PPhhoottoo 33.. AA pprroocceessssiioonn aatt tthhee ccoonnvveennttiioonnaall nnoovviittiiaattiioonn cceerreemmoonnyy..111111

PPhhoottoo 44.. AA wwaatteerr lliibbaattiioonn cceerreemmoonnyy aatt tthhee MMaa--hhaa--ssii mmeeddiittaattiioonncceennttrree.. 111166

PPhhoottoo 55.. TThhee EEaarrtthh GGooddddeessss `ssaavveess'' tthhee BBuuddddhhaa bbyy iinntteerrcceessssiioonn..111166>>

PPhhoottoo 66.. IInn tthhee mmeeddiittaattiioonn cceennttrree vveerrssiioonn tthhee eeaarrtthh mmeerreellyy sshhooookk..111177

PPhhoottoo 77.. PPrriinnccee WWeeii--tthhaann--ddaa--rraa ggiivveess aawwaayy hhiiss ppoosssseessssiioonnss.. 111177

PPhhoottoo 88.. PPaaggooddaa ssyymmbboolliissmm.. 117799--44--

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

PPhhoottoo 11 ((ooff ppaaiinnttiinngg)):: `AA ddrraammaattiicc rreepprreesseennttaattiioonn ooff tthheeiinnttuuiittiivvee kknnoowwlleeddggee ooff ttrruuee pprraaccttiiccee.. TThhee ccaappttiioonn ttoo tthhee ppaaiinnttiinnggssaayyss:: ""AAss ffoorr wwii''ppaatt--tthhaa--nnaa:: wwhhiillee aalliivvee,, tthhiiss wwoorrlldd iiss ggoooodd ttoollooookk aatt,, bbuutt wwhheenn tthheerree iiss nnoo lliiffee,, tthheerree aarree oonnllyy sskkeelleettoonnss;;tthhaatt iiss wwii''ppaatt--tthhaa--nnaa.. WWii''ppaatt--tthhaa--nnaa iiss llooookkiinngg aatt iitt aanndd kknnoowwiinnggtthhee sskkeelleettoonnss..''

--55--

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

eeqquuiivvaalleennttss aanndd tthheeiirr aapppprrooxxiimmaattee EEnngglliisshh mmeeaanniinnggss.. IInn ssoo ffaarr aassppoossssiibbllee,, tthhee ttrraannssccrriippttiioonn iiss bbaasseedd oonn tthhee pprroonnuunncciiaattiioonniinnddiiccaatteedd iinn tthhee GGoovveerrnnmmeenntt''ss BBuurrmmeessee ddiiccttiioonnaarryy ((MMAAAA 11998800))..

QQuuootteess ffrroomm ssoouurrcceess uussiinngg ddiiffffeerreenntt rroommaanniissaattiioonn ssyysstteemmss hhaavvee,,wwhheerreevveerr ppoossssiibbllee,, bbeeeenn ssuuffffiixxeedd iinn ssqquuaarree bbrraacckkeettss aatt ffiirrsstt

ooccccuurrrreennccee wwiitthh oouurr ttrraannssccrriippttiioonn ssyysstteemm.. TThhee ttrraannssccrriippttiioonn hhaassnnoott bbeeeenn aapppplliieedd ttoo wwoorrddss aallrreeaaddyy wwiiddeellyy kknnoowwnn bbyy aa ddiiffffeerreennttrroommaanniissaattiioonn ssyysstteemm ((ee..gg.. nnoott YYaann--ggoonn,, bbuutt RRaannggoooonn)).. II ddiiffffeerrffrroomm OOkkeellll''ss rreeccoommmmeennddaattiioonn oonnllyy bbyy sseettttiinngg ttrraannssccrriibbeedd BBuurrmmeesseeiinn iittaalliiccss ((hhee rreeccoommmmeennddeedd rroommaann)),, wwiitthh tthhee eexxcceeppttiioonn ooff BBuurrmmeesseeppeerrssoonnaall aanndd ppllaaccee nnaammeess..--88--

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

na-maw"ta'tha ba-ga-wa'taw" a-ra'ha'taw" tha-ma-than-bok-da'tha(P. namo tassa Bhagavato arahato samm_sambuddhassa)

`PPrraaiissee ttoo tthhaatt oonnee wwhhoo iiss bblleesssseedd,, wwoorrtthhyy,, ffuullllyy aanndd ccoommpplleetteellyy eennlliigghhtteenneedd''11--1122--

11 AAnn aabbbbrreevviiaattiioonn ooff tthhee PPaallii sseenntteennccee ppllaacceedd aatt tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff eeaacchh bbooookk iinn tthhee BBuuddddhhiisstt ssccrriippttuurreess,, bbuutt aallssoo ffoouunndd iinn

ccoonntteemmppoorraarryy BBuurrmmeessee aanndd PPaallii wwoorrkkss ccoommmmuunniiccaattiinngg oonn rreelliiggiioouuss mmaatttteerrss..

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

PPAARRTT IITTHHEE HHIISSTTOORRYY OOFF BBUUDDDDHHIISSTT PPRRAACCTTIICCEE

IINN BBUURRMMAA

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

--2277--

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

SSmmiitthh ((11996655::116677)) pprroocceeeeddeedd ttoo aarrgguuee tthhaatt ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt ooffffiicciiaallss `aassssuummeedd aann aallmmoosstt iinnddiissppeennssiibbllee rroollee iinn tthheeooppeenniinngg cceerreemmoonniieess ooff pprraaccttiiccaallllyy aallll rreelliiggiioouuss ffeessttiivvaallss'',, aanndd tthhaatt `ooffffiicciiaall ppaarrttiicciippaattiioonn iinn rreelliiggiioouusscceerreemmoonniieess ggeenneerraallllyy ssttrreennggtthheenneedd ttrraaddiittiioonnaall ccoonncceeppttiioonnss ooff rraatthheerr mmeecchhaanniiccaall mmeerriitt--mmaakkiinngg''.. BByy tthhiiss hheemmeeaanntt,, ffoorr eexxaammppllee,, tthhee vveenneerraattiioonn ooff rreelliiccss rraatthheerr tthhaann tthhee pprraaccttiiccee ooff mmeeddiittaattiioonn,, wwhhiicchh `mmuusstt ssuurreellyy bbeerreeggaarrddeedd aass oonnee ooff tthhee nnoonn--rraattiioonnaall eelleemmeennttss iinn ttrraaddiittiioonnaall BBuuddddhhiissmm''.. FFiinnaallllyy,, SSmmiitthh sshheedd ddoouubbtt oonnGGoovveerrnnmmeenntt pprriioorriittiieess iinn rreessppeecctt ooff mmeeddiittaattiioonn,, bbyy

--4499--

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

bbyy aannootthheerr ffaaccttoorr ttoo ccoovveerr rreelliiggiioouuss eexxppeennddiittuurree bbyy rreegguullaarr yyooggiiss.. WWMM,, eexxpprreesssseedd iinn wweesstteerrnn eeccoonnoommiicctteerrmmss,, hhaass ggrroowwnn iinnttoo oonnee ooff BBuurrmmaa''ss kkeeyy nnaattiioonnaall sseerrvviiccee iinndduussttrriieess..--5544--

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

TThhee ddiiffffeerreennccee iinn aattttiittuuddee bbeettwweeeenn WWii''tthhuu''ddaa''ss cchhaarraacctteerriissaattiioonn ooff tthhiiss cceennttuurryy aass aa `mmuusseeuumm ppeerriioodd''aanndd KKoo LLeeii"" aass aa `ppuurriittyy ppeerriioodd'' sshhoouulldd nnooww bbee cclleeaarr..9922 BBootthh rreeffeerr ttoo tthhee ssaammee ddiissccoonnttiinnuuiittyy iinn BBuuddddhhiissmm iinnwwhhiicchh tthhee ffoorreeiiggnneerr ppllaayyeedd ssuucchh aann iimmppoorrttaanntt rroollee,, bbuutt wwhhiillee WWii''tthhuu''ddaa ttrreeaatteedd tthhee nnoovviittiiaattiioonn cceerreemmoonnyyssttiillll aass tthhee mmoosstt iimmppoorrttaanntt eevveenntt iinn llaayy BBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee,, KKoo LLeeii"" wwaass mmoottiivvaatteedd ttoo sseeee tthhee nnoovviittiiaattiioonncceerreemmoonnyy,, aanndd mmuucchh ooff ttrraaddiittiioonnaall BBuuddddhhiissmm `hhaannddeedd ddoowwnn ffrroomm ffaatthheerr aanndd mmootthheerr'' aass bbeeiinngg ffuullll ooffiilllleeggiittiimmaattee ffoorreeiiggnn iiddeeaass,, aanndd

--6655--

9922 SSeeee aallssoo eenndd--nnootteess `mmuusseeuumm ccuullttuurree''..

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

ssccrriippttuurraall//ccoommmmeennttaarriiaall `PPaallii'' mmeeaanniinnggss wwee aattttrriibbuuttee ttoo PP.. ss__ssaannaa.. IItt hhaass bbeeeenn ssuuggggeesstteedd ttoo mmee110099 tthhaatt iinnBBuurrmmeessee vveerrnnaaccuullaarr tthhee tteerrmm tthhaa--tthhaa--nnaa iiss uusseedd iinn ttwwoo wwaayyss:: iinn iittss ssttaannddaarrdd `BBuuddddhhiisstt'' wwaayy ((ii..ee.. PPaallii ss__ssaannaa))wwhhiicchh iiss iinntteelllliiggiibbllee wwiitthhoouutt tthhee nneeeedd ffoorr ffuurrtthheerr eexxppllaannaattiioonn aaccrroossss BBuuddddhhiisstt ccoommmmuunniittiieess,, aanndd iinn aaBBuurrmmeessee wwaayy.. TThhee ffiirrsstt iinncclluuddeess aallll tthhee ssttaannddaarrdd ddeeffiinniittiioonnss nnootteedd aabboovvee.. EExxaammpplleess ooff tthhee sseeccoonndd mmiigghhtt bbeewwhheenn tthhee tteerrmm `tthhiiss iinnssuullttss tthhee tthhaa--tthhaa--nnaa'' ((tthhaa--tthhaa--nnaa ssaaww kkaa"" ddee)) iiss uusseedd ffoorr MMuusslliimmss wwhhoo hhaanngg oouutt aawwoommaann''ss ddrreessss ((hhttaa--mmeeiinn)) oonn tthhee mmoonnaasstteerryy ffeennccee iinn MMoouullmmeeiinn ((tthhiiss hhaass hhaappppeenneedd iinn rreecceenntt yyeeaarrss wwhhiicchh

hhaass ggrreeaattllyy aannggeerreedd BBuurrmmeessee BBuuddddhhiissttss)).. IIff ssuucchh eexxpprreessssiioonn aanndd iittss uunnddeerrllyyiinngg iiddeeaa hhaavvee nnoo pprreecceeddeenntt iinntthhee ssccrriippttuurreess,, tthheenn tthhiiss llaatttteerr mmeeaanniinngg mmaayy bbee ccllaassssiiffiieedd aass `BBuuddddhheennddoomm'' ((bbookk--ddaa''bbaa--tthhaa)) wwhhiicchh iiss bbeessttuunnddeerrssttoooodd iinn iittss BBuurrmmeessee ccoonntteexxtt..

--7755--

110099 II aamm ggrraatteeffuull ttoo DDrr.. KKhhiinn NNyyoo ffoorr tthhiiss tthhoouugghhtt..

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

111

--110066--

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

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ttwwoo pphhoottooss--111111--

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

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pphhoottooss ooff lliibbaattiioonnss cceerreemmoonnyy--111166--

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

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pphhoottooss ooff MMaarraa aanndd VVeessssaannttaarraa--111177--

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

129

Chapter 5

The meditation centre:lay association or monastery?

IInn cchhaapptteerr 44 II ddrreeww aatttteennttiioonn ttoo aann aarrgguummeenntt bbeettwweeeenn ttwwoo rreellaattiivveess ooff aa bbooyy oovveerr wwhheetthheerr hhiiss nnoovviittiiaattiioonnsshhoouulldd ttaakkee ppllaaccee iinn aa ccoonnvveennttiioonnaall mmoonnaasstteerryy oorr iinn tthhee ssaammee ppllaaccee tteemmppoorraarriillyy ccoonnvveerrtteedd iinnttoo aa mmeeddiittaattiioonncceennttrree.. TThhiiss cchhaapptteerr hhaass ttwwoo mmaaiinn aaiimmss.. TThhee ffiirrsstt iiss ttoo sshhooww tthhaatt tthhee pprroocceessss ooff ddeecciissiioonn--mmaakkiinngg iinn tthheemmeeddiittaattiioonn cceennttrree hhaass bbeeeenn `bbuurreeaauuccrraattiisseedd'';; tthhaatt iiss,, ddeecciissiioonnss aabboouutt aacccceessss,, ddaayy--ttoo--ddaayy rruunnnniinngg,,mmaaiinntteennaannccee,, eettcc,, nnoorrmmaallllyy tthhee pprreerrooggaattiivvee ooff aa ccoouuppllee ooff sseenniioorr mmoonnkkss iinn tthhee ccoonnvveennttiioonnaall mmoonnaasstteerryy,, hhaavveebbeeeenn uussuurrppeedd bbyy ccoommpplleexx nneettwwoorrkkss ooff llaayy ttrruussttss,, ccoommmmiitttteeeess,, aanndd ssuubb--ccoommmmiitttteeeess..

TThhee sseeccoonndd aaiimm iiss ttoo eellaabboorraattee tthhee ppooiinnttss ffiirrsstt mmaaddee iinn cchhaapptteerrss 22 aanndd 33.. IInn cchhaapptteerr 22 II ccoonncclluuddeedd tthhaatt ttoossppeeaakk ooff WWMM aass aa `llaaiicciisseedd'' BBuuddddhhiissmm tthhee wwaayy tthhiiss hhaass bbeeeenn ddoonnee bbyy ssoommee wweesstteerrnn sscchhoollaarrss ccaann bbee

ddeecceeppttiivvee,, aanndd tthhaatt tthhee ddiissccoouurrssee ooff tthhee WWMM mmeeddiittaattoorr iiss hhiigghhllyy `mmoonnaassttiicciisseedd''.. IInn cchhaapptteerr 33 II ddiissppuutteedd tthheevviieeww tthhaatt WWMM ccoonnssttiittuutteess aa `mmeeddiittaattiioonnaall rreevvoolluuttiioonn''--112244--

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

148

--114422--

`TThhuuss,, tthhee oorrggaanniizzaattiioonn wwhhiicchh UU NNuu hhaadd ccrreeaatteedd ttoo pprroommoottee tthhee rreevviivvaall ooff BBuuddddhhiissmm iinn BBuurrmmaa wwaassddeessttrrooyyeedd bbyy aa ssttrrookkee ooff NNee WWiinn''ss ppeenn..''

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

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BBuutt ddeessppiittee tthhee oovveerraallll ssuucccceessss ooff tthhee MMaa--hhaa--ssii''ss mmoonnaassttiiccaallllyy eevvoollvveedd mmeeddiittaattiioonn mmeetthhoodd aanndd tthhee

mmoonnaassttiicc uunnddeerrppiinnnniinnggss ooff tthhee mmeeddiittaattiioonn cceennttrree;; tthhee cchhaarraacctteerriissttiicc ooff pprreesseennttddaayy mmeeddiittaattiioonn cceennttrreessrreemmaaiinnss tthheeiirr pprreeddoommiinnaanntt oorriieennttaattiioonn ttoo tthhee lliivveess ooff tthhee uunnoorrddaaiinneedd.. IItt iiss iinn tthhiiss rreessppeecctt tthhaatt tthhee mmeeddiittaattiioonncceennttrree iiss ddiiffffeerreenntt ffrroomm tthhee ttrraaddiittiioonnaallllyy rraarree mmoonnaasstteerriieess ssppeecciiaalliizziinngg iinn mmeeddiittaattiioonn ((wwii''ppaatt--tthhaa--nnaa dduu--rraa''kkyyaauunngg"")) oovveerr ssccrriippttuurraall lleeaarrnniinngg ((ppaa--rrii''yyaatt--ttii'' dduu--rraa'' kkyyaauunngg"")).. EEvveenn iinn tthhee mmoosstt mmoonnkk--oorriieenntteedd ooff mmeeddiittaattiioonn

cceennttrreess,, tthhee MMaa--hhaa--ssii TThhaa--tthhaa--nnaa'' YYeeiikk--tthhaa,, oonnllyy oonnee iinn ffoouurryyaaww""ggii wweerree mmoonnkkss.. BBuutt tthhee ddiissccoouurrssee ooff tthheesseeuunnoorrddaaiinneedd tteennddss ttoowwaarrddss tthhee mmoonnaassttiicc bbyy vviirrttuuee ooff aaccccoommpplliisshhmmeenntt iinn pprraaccttiiccee.. TThhee eevviiddeennccee aabboovvee,, aattlleeaasstt,, ssuuggggeessttss tthhaatt BBuurrmmeessee BBuuddddhhiissmm ttooddaayy iiss nnoott iinnccrreeaassiinnggllyy `llaaiicciisseedd'',, bbuutt rraatthheerr tthhaatt tthhee llaaiittyy iissiinnccrreeaassiinnggllyy `mmoonnaassttiicciisseedd'',, aanndd iinnccrreeaassiinnggllyy ccoonncceeiivvee ooff tthheemmsseellvveess aass aanndd aaddoopptt tthhee llaanngguuaaggee ooff tthheetthhaann--ggaa..

--115588--

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

165

PART IIIBUDDHIST PRACTICE AND

THE CONCEPT OF PERSON

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

242

8.On the dilemma of multiple `texts' and `contexts'401

440011 II aamm ggrraatteeffuull ttoo PPrrooff.. CChhaarrlleess HHaalllliisseeyy ffoorr hhiiss ccoommmmeennttss oonn aa ffiinnaall ddrraafftt ooff tthhiiss cchhaapptteerr,, iinn wwhhiicchh hheeppooiinntteedd oouutt tthhaatt tteexxttss hhaavvee ccoonntteexxttss ttoooo.. IInn tthhee lliigghhtt ooff hhiiss ccoommmmeennttss II hhaavvee sshhaarrppeenneedd uupp tthhee aarrgguummeennttssaabboouutt tteexxtt aanndd ccoonntteexxtt iinn tthhee iinnttrroodduuccttiioonn aanndd tthhee ccoonncclluussiioonn ttoo tthhiiss cchhaapptteerr,, aanndd aalltteerreedd ssoommee ppaarraaggrraapphhssiinn tthhee mmaaiinn bbooddyy..

SSoo ffaarr II hhaavvee ssoouugghhtt ttoo ddeessccrriibbee tthhee hhiissttoorriiccaall,, iinnssttiittuuttiioonnaall aanndd bbiiooggrraapphhiiccaall aassppeeccttss ooff tthhee BBuurrmmeesseettrraaddiittiioonnss ooff BBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn tteerrmmss ooff oouurr ffiivvee iimmppoorrttaanntt ccoonncceeppttuuaall ooppppoossiittiioonnss ffiirrsstt eexxppoouunnddeedd iinn tthheeiinnttrroodduuccttiioonn ttoo tthhiiss tthheessiiss:: `BBuuddddhheennddoomm'' vvss `BBuuddddhhiissmm'';; `ssccrriippttuurraall lleeaarrnniinngg'' vvss `pprraaccttiiccee'';; `uullttiimmaattee ttrruutthh''vvss `ccoonnvveennttiioonnaall ttrruutthh'';; `mmeeddiittaattiioonn'' vvss `mmoorraalliittyy//cchhaarriittyy'';; aanndd bbeettwweeeenn WWMM vvss `ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn''.. II nnooww wwiisshhttoo ttaakkee ffuurrtthheerr oonnee ooff tthheessee ffiivvee ooppppoossiittiioonnss pprreesseenntt tthhrroouugghhoouutt tthhiiss tthheessiiss iinn oorrddeerr ttoo mmaakkee aa ppooiinntt aabboouutttthhee rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp bbeettwweeeenn ccoonntteexxtt aanndd tteexxtt:: II sshhaallll llooookk aatt tthhee ooppppoossiittiioonn bbeettwweeeenn BBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee aannddssccrriippttuurraall lleeaarrnniinngg..

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

264

AAPPPPEENNDDIIXX AA.. LLiiffeessppaannss ooff BBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee tteeaacchheerrss

BBiirrtthh DDeeaatthh NNaammee

11778866 11886600 TThhii--lloonn"" HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11779988 11888800 HHttuutt--hhkkaauunngg HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11881144 11888822 HHssaa--yyaa KKiinn""

11882222 11889933 SShhwweeii--ggyyiinn HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11883311 11991100 HHnnggeett--ddwwiinn"" HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11883322 11990088 HHppoonn""ddaaww--ggyyii"" UU"" TThhii--llaa''

11884466 11992233 LLee--ddii HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11886600 11992277 KKyyaauunngg--bbaann"" HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11886644 11993333 NNyyaauunngg--lluunn'' HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11886699 11995544 MMiinn""gguunn"" HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11887711 11993377 TThheeiikk--cchhaa''ddaauunnggHHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11887733 11996644 MMoo""hhnnyyiinn HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11887733 11994466 HHssaa--yyaa TThheett--ggyyii""

11887788 11995522 SSuunn""lluunn"" HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11888866 11995599 HHaann--tthhaa--wwaa''ddiiHHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11889944 11998866 HHkkaann--ddii"" HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11889966 11998800 MMyyaatt TThheeiinn"" HHttuunn""

11889966 11997777 WWeeii--bbuu HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11889977 11997700 TTaauunngg--ppuu--lluu''

11889999 11997711 BBaa'' HHkkiinn

11889999 11998800 MMoo""ggookk HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11990011 11998800 NNyyaa--nnaa''ssaa--ggii HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11990011 11997733 TThhee""iinn""gguu HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11990044 11996655 KKaa--tthhiitt--wwaaiinngg HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

11990044 11998822 MMaa--hhaa--ssii HHssaa--yyaa--ddaaww

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HHoouuttmmaann,, GGuussttaaaaff.. TTrraaddiittiioonnss ooffBBuuddddhhiisstt pprraaccttiiccee iinn BBuurrmmaa.. PPhhDD tthheessiiss ((uunnppuubblliisshheedd)).. LLoonnddoonn:: SScchhooooll ooffOOrriieennttaall aannddAAffrriiccaann SSttuuddiieess ((LLoonnddoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy)),, 11999900..

301

11997711 118811997722 8811997733 7711997744 112211997755 1100

11997766 9911997777 8811997788 226611997799 116611998800 1144

yyeeaarr ccuummuullaattiivvee ttoottaall nnuummbbeerr ooffmmeeddiittaattiioonn cceennttrreess iinn eexxiisstteennccee11993388 1111994466 2211994477 5511994488 66

11994499 112211995500 116611995511 224411995522 334411995533 447711995544 555511995555 559911995566 668811995577 779911995588 886611995599 9966

11996600 11002211996611 11008811996622 11112211996633 11113311996644 11119911996655 11225511996666 11332211996677 11440011996688 11444411996699 11551111997700 11669911997711 11887711997722 11995511997733 22002211997744 22114411997755 22224411997766 22333311997777 22441111997788 226677

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