Trade Competitiveness of the Middle East and North Africa: Policies for Export Diversification

8/9/2019 Trade Competitiveness of the Middle East and North Africa: Policies for Export Diversification

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]rcme Ikfpetotoveèss kl tde

Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic

Xkaoioes lkr Expkrt Moversoloictok`

Gksï Z. Aùpez-Iãaox, Xeter ^cabe`dkrst, c`m @mocfï Mokp

Emotkrs

M O Z E I ] O K @ Y O @ M E \ E A K X F E @ ]

]rcme









]rcme Ikfpetotoveèss kl tde

Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd ClroicXkaoioes lkr Expkrt Moversoloictok`

Gksï Z. Aùpez-Iãaox, Xeter ^cabe`dkrst, c`m @mocfï Mokp

Emotkrs



© :838 ]de O`ter`ctok`ca Jc`b lkr Zeik`struitok` c`m Meveakpfe`t / ]de kram Jc`b 3434 D Ytreet, @^

csdo`ntk`, MI :8=99]eaepdkè :8:-=>9-3888O`terèt www.wkramjc`b.krnE-fcoa7 leemjcibHwkramjc`b.krn

Caa rondts reservem.

3 : 9 = 77 39 3: 33 38

]dos vkaufe os c prkmuit kl tde stcll kl tde O`ter`ctok`ca Jc`b lkr Zeik`struitok` c`mMeveakpfe`t / ]de ^kram Jc`b. ]de lo`mo`ns, o`terpretctok`s, c`m ikìausok`s expressem o` tdosvkaufe mk kt èiesscroay relaeit tde voews kl tde Exeiutove Moreitkrs kl ]de kram Jc`b kr tdenkver`fe`ts tdey represe`t.

]de ^kram Jc`b mkes `kt nucrc`tee tde ciiurciy kl tde mctc oìaumem o` tdos wkrb. ]de jku`m-croes, ikakrs, me`kfo`ctok`s, c`m ktder o`lkrfctok` sdkw` k` c`y fcp o` tdos wkrb mk `kt ofpayc`y gumnefe`t k` tde pcrt kl ]de ^kram Jc`b ikìerò`n tde aenca stctus kl c`y terrotkry kr tdee`mkrsefe`t kr ciieptcìe kl suid jku`mcroes.

Zondts c`m Xerfossok`s

]de fcteroca o` tdos pujaoictok` os ikpyrondtem. Ikpyo`n c`m/kr trc`sfotto`n pkrtok`s kr caa kl tdos wkrb wotdkut perfossok` fcy je c vokactok` kl cppaoicjae acw. ]de O`ter`ctok`ca Jc`b lkrZeik`struitok` c`m Meveakpfe`t / ]de ^kram Jc`b eìkurcnes mossefo`ctok` kl ots wkrb c`mwoaa `krfcaay nrc`t perfossok` tk reprkmuie pkrtok`s kl tde wkrb prkfptay.

Lkr perfossok` tk pdktkikpy kr repro`t c`y pcrt kl tdos wkrb, paecse se`m c request wotd ikf-paete o`lkrfctok` tk tde Ikpyrondt Iaecrcìe Ie`ter Oì., ::: Zksewkkm Mrove, Mc`vers,FC 83?:9, UYC2 teaepdkè7 ?>4->58-4=882 lcx7 ?>4->58-==>82 O`terèt7 www.ikpyrondt.ikf.

Caa ktder queroes k` rondts c`m aoie`ses, oìaumo`n sujsomocry rondts, sdkuam je cmmressem tk tdeKlloie kl tde Xujaosder, ]de kram Jc`b, 3434 D Ytreet @ , csdo`ntk`, MI :8=99, UYC2 lcx7:8:-5::-:=::2 e-fcoa7 pujrondtsHwkramjc`b.krn.

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Ikver pdktks7 Ju`ycm Moì/^kram Jc`b (Ostc`jua fcrbet street), Guaok Etidcrt/^kram Jc`b (Cncmor pkrt)

Ictcakno`n-o`-Xujaoictok` mctc os cvcoacjae lrkf tde Aojrcry kl Ik`nress.



v

Cib`kwaemnfe`ts xox

Ik`trojutkrs xxo

Idcpter 3 ]rcme Zelkrfs lkr Expkrt Ikfpetotoveèss7

^dct Cre tde Ossues lkr tde Fommae Ecst c`m

@krtd Clroic; 3

@mocfï Mokp, Gksï Z. Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m

Xeter cabe`dkrst

Expkrt Moversoloictok` 9

Yervoies ]rcme 5

Zeactok`s wotd Ido`c c`m O`moc <

Zenok`ca O`tenrctok` 4

@kte ?

Zelereìes ?

XCZ] O Expkrt Moversoloictok`

Idcpter : LMO Lakws c`m Expkrt Moversoloictok`7

Akkbo`n ct Exte`sove c`m O`te`sove Fcrno`s 39

Guaoe` Nkurmk`

Ik`te`ts







Ytre`ntdeò`n tde Eik`kfy jy Jkastero`n ]rcme

o` Yervoies 3>5

Ossues lkr Xkaoiy Fcbers 345

@ktes 34>

Zelereìes 344

XCZ] OOO Zeactok`s wotd Ido`c c`m O`moc

Idcpter 4 Eik`kfoi Nrkwtd o Ido`c c`m O`moc7

Idcaae`nes c`m Kppkrtuòtoes lkr tde

Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic 3?9Eae`c Ocìdkvoido`c, Fcrks Ovcòi, c`m

ôaa Fcrto`

Fesscnes lrkf tde Aotercture 3?=

Fetdkmkakny, Mctc, c`m Yofuactok` Meson` :89

Zesuats :8<

Ikìaumo`n Ikffe`ts :3=

C`èx :3>@ktes ::3

Zelereìes :::

Idcpter ? Nakjcaozctok` c`m Ikfpetotok` lrkf

Ido`c c`m O`moc7 Xkaoiy Zespk`ses o` tde

Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic ::>

Xcua Jre`tk`, Auau Yduo, c`m Xeter ^cabe`dkrst

Nakjcaozctok` c`m tde Expkrt Xerlkrfcìe

kl Iku`troes o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m

@krtd Clroic ::4

Ofpkrts lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc :9?

Ncoò`n Ciiess tk Kversecs Fcrbets :=3

Expakotctok` kl Exosto`n Kppkrtuòtoes lkr

Expkrt Nrkwtd :=>

Ikìausok`s c`m Xkaoiy Fesscnes :58

C`èx7 Expkrt Nrkwtd c`m Ik`stc`t FcrbetYdcre C`caysos :53

@ktes :<=

Zelereìes :<=

vooo Ik`te`ts



XCZ] O\ Zenok`ca O`tenrctok`

Idcpter 38 Zenok`ca O`tenrctok 7 Ytctus, Meveakpfe`ts,

c`m Idcaae`nes :<>

Auau Yduo c`m Xeter ^cabe`dkrst

Zecsk`s lkr tde Lcoaure kl Xcst O`tenrctok`

Cttefpts :<?

Kpe` Zenok`caosf :?=

Zelereìes :?5

Idcpter 33 Eik`kfoi Nco`s kl Zenok`ca Cnreefe ts o` tde

Fcndrej7 Meeper versus ômer O`tenrctok` :??

Xcakfc C`ks Icserk c`m

Ncèsd Bufcr Yesdc`

Ykfe Ikìeptuca Ossues 988

Ykfe Fetdkmkaknoica Ossues 98:

Yie`croks 989Ikìausok`s 93:

C`èx7 Fetdkmkakny 939

@ktes 9:>

Zelereìes 9:4

O`mex 993

Jkxes9.3 Dkw E`trepreèursdop Fcbes c Mollereìe 59

9.: Ypurro`n Expkrts o` ]uòsoc tdrkund LCFET 5?

5.3 Xrkfkto`n Expkrts tdrkund c ]eid`kakny Xcrb 398

<.3 Fcgkr Moreitoves Nkverò n tde ]eaeikffuòictok`s

Yeitkr o` tde Eurkpec` Uòk` 3=3

<.: Aojercaozctok` kl tde ]eaeikffuòictok`s Yeitkr

o` Estkòc 3=5

<.9 Zelkrf kl Xkrt Yervoies o` Zkfcòc 35:

>.3 Fossem Kppkrtu otoes o` tde Caneroc` Aenca Fcrbet 3>?>.: Lreìd E`try o`tk tde Caneroc` Yuperfcrbet Yeitkr 343

>.9 ^dy Aojercaozctok` Klte` Xrkmuies Moscppko`to`n

Zesuats7 Yequeìo`n, Zenuactok`, c`m Ciiess Xkaoioes 34<

Ik`te`ts ox







>.: C`ùca Nrkwtd o` tde \caue Cmmem kl Yervoies o`

Caneroc, 3??8’:885 3<5

>.9 Yervoie Yeitkr Efpakyfe t o` Caneroc, jy

O`mustry, :88= 3<>

>.= Mostrojutok` kl Lefcae Efpakyfe`t o`

@krtd Clroic, :88< 3<4

>.5 Lefcae Ydcre kl Yeitkrca Efpakyfe`t o` @krtd Clroic,

3??< c`m :88< 3<4

>.< Ikfpksotok` kl Caneroc` Yervoie Yeitkr Kutput, jy

O`mustry, :885 3<?

>.> Jcacìe kl ]rcme o` Caneroc` Yervoie Yeitkrs, :885 3>8>.4 Ikfpksotok` kl Caneroc` Yervoie Yeitkr ]rcme, jy

O`mustry, :885 3>3

>.? Yervoie Yeitkr Ofpkrts c`m Expkrts jy Caneroc,

:888’85 3>:

>.38 krber Zefottcìes c`m Fec` cnes kl Caneroc`s

]efpkrcroay krbo`n Cjrkcm, 3??8’:88= 3><

>.33 Caneroc` Lorfs Yactem lkr Xrovctozctok`, jy Yeitkr 3>>

4.3 Xrkgeitem Idc`nes o` \kaufe kl Expkrts lrkf tdeFommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic Csskioctem wotd Extrc

Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc :33

4.: Xrkgeitem Idc`nes o` \kaufe kl Zeskurie-Jcsem

Fcùlciturem Expkrts Csskioctem wotd Extrc Nrkwtd

o` Ido`c c`m O`moc :3:

4.9 Xrkgeitem Idc`nes o` \kaufe kl Fcùlciturem Expkrts

Csskioctem wotd Extrc Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc :39

4.= Xrkgeitem Idc`nes o` Expkrt \kaufes Csskioctemwotd Extrc Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc u`mer Nrkwtd

c`m Nrkwtd c`m Sucaoty Yie`croks :35

?.3 Cvercne ]crolls o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic,

3??>’:88> :9<

?.: Cvercne ]crolls o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic,

jy Iku`try, :88> :9>

?.9 Kvercaa Aknostois Xerlkrfcìe O`mex kl Iku troes o`

tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic :94

?.= ]crolls o` Ido`c, O`moc, c`m Yeaeitem Iku`troes o` tdeFommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic, :88< :9?

?.5 @ufjer kl Mkfestoi ]croll Xecbs k` Ofpkrts lrkf

Ido`c c`m O`moc o` Cncmor Cnreefe`t Iku`troes, :88< :=8

xoo Ik`te`ts



?.< @ufjer kl Cncmor Iku`try Expkrts Experoeìo n

Ofpkrt Yurnes lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc, jy Iku`try,

3??4’:88< :=3

?.> Iaktdo n Expkrts jy Iku troes o` tde Fommae Ecst

c`m @krtd Clroic, 3??5’:88< :=:

?.4 Expkrts kl Bòttem c`m @k`bòttem Iaktdo`n jy

Enypt, Gkrmc`, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc, jy Ofpkrto`n

Iku`try, 3??5 c`m :88< :=9

?.? Cvercne ]crolls o` Ido`c c`m O`moc, 3??>’:88> :=>

?.38 Joacterca Ofpkrt- eondtem Cvercne kl Ofpkrt Mutoes

jy Ido`c c`m O`moc k` Expkrts lrkf tde Fommae Ecstc`m @krtd Clroic, :88< :=4

38.3 ]de @ufjer kl Zenok`ca Cnreefe`ts Nrew Ytrk`nay

kver tde Xcst ]wk Meicmes :<4

38.: ]de @etwkrb kl FE@C Zenok`ca

Cnreefe`ts Os Me`se :>3

38.9 Fc`y FE@C Iku`troes Dcve Oìrecsem ]deor

O`trcrenok`ca ]rcme kver ]ofe :>9

38.= Expkrts tk tde Zenok` Zefco` Neèrcaay kl Fo krYonòloicìe :>=

38.5 FE@C Mesto ctok`s Cre kl Ykfe Ofpkrtcìe lkr

@k`-Koa Expkrts :>5

38.< Expkrts kl Xcrts c`m Ikfpkè`ts Dcve Oìrecsem

o` Ykfe Fcndrej Iku`troes :>>

38.> Ofpkrt ]crolls \cry Fcrbemay Cirkss FE@C :43

38.4 @k`tcroll Fecsures cre Donday Zestroitove o` FE@C

Iku`troes :4938.? ]rcme Xrkiemures o` FE@C Cre Iufjerskfe :4=

38.38 ]rcme Xrkiemures o` FE@C Cre ]ofe Ik`sufo n :45

38.33 ]de Aknostois Xerlkrfcìe kl Fkst FE@C

Iku`troes Os Jeakw Expeitctok`s :4<

38.3: Aknostois Xerlkrfcìe \croes otdo` Iku try

Nrkups c`m Cirkss Ikfpkè`ts :4>

38.39 NC]Y Ikffotfe`ts Oaaustrcte \cryo`n Zelkrf

Fo`memèss cirkss tde Zenok` :44

38.3= Fcgkr Yervoies Expkrters Dcve Yon oloic`tayOìrecsem ]deor Kutput :4?

38.35 FE@C Ik`tco s Jktd @et Expkrters c`m @et

Ofpkrters kl Yervoies :?8

Ik`te`ts xooo





=.: Xkte`toca Up-Fcrbet Expkrt Yeitkrs o` Caneroc, :88< 43

=.C.3 Ik`trojutkrs tk Caneroc‟s ETX_, :88= ?4

5.3 @ufjer kl Lkreon` Xctoe`ts c`m \kaufe kl

Expkrts o` ]uòsoc, jy @ctok`caoty, :88= 333

5.: Iksts kl Fkst Xkpuacr Iksfetoi Yurnery

Xrkiemures o` Yeaeitem Iku`troes, :885 3:3

5.9 Xkte`toca Zenuactkry Kjstciaes tk ]rcme o`

Xrklessok`ca Yervoies o` ]uòsoc 3:>

<.3 Ydkrt- c`m Femouf-]erf Xrkvosok`s lkr Lo`cìoca

Yervoies o` Eurkpec` c`m Ciiessok` Xcrtèrsdops,

jy Iku`try 3=?<.: Zenuactkry Zelkrf Kptok`s lkr Fkrkiik 359

>.3 Nrkwtd Zctes c`m Xerie`tcne kl Yfcaa c`m

Femouf-Yoze E`terproses o` Caneroc‟s Yervoie

Yeitkr, jy Yujseitkr, :88< 3<<

>.: Urjc` c`m Zurca Efpakyfe`t o` Caneroc, jy

Yeitkr, :884 3<<

>.9 LMO Lakws tk tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic,

jy Eik`kfy, 3??>’:88< 3>9>.= Dkfe Iku`try kl Lkreon` Ikfpcòes Estcjaosdem

o` Caneroc, :88< 3>=

>.5 Excfpaes kl Lkreon` Yervoie Xrkvomers Estcjaosdem

kr O`vesto`n o` Caneroc 3>5

>.< Dkusedkam Ype`mo n o` Caneroc, Fkrkiik, ]u osoc,

c`m Lrcìe, jy Yeitkr 348

>.> Cvercne Xerie`tcne Idc`ne o` Ik`sufer Xroie

O`mex lkr Yeaeitem Nkkms c`m Yervoies, :883’85 348>.4 Excfpaes kl Joacterca, Zenok`ca, c`m Fuatoacterca

Cnreefe`ts 34=

4.3 Ikrreactok` kl Expkrt Ydcres kl O`moc, Ido`c, c`m

tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic 3?4

4.: Ofpcits kl Extrc Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc k`

Yeaeitem Eik`kfoes :8>

4.9 Xrkgeitem Idc`nes o` kram Ikffkmoty Xroies

Csskioctem wotd Extrc Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc :8?

4.C.3 C`ùca Jcseao e Nrkwtd Zctes o` YeaeitemEik`kfoes, :885’:8 :3>

4.C.: Idc`nes o` Expkrts Icusem jy Extrc Nrkwtd o`

Ido`c c`m O`moc, :885’:8 :34

Ik`te`ts xv



4.C.9 Idc`nes o Kutput Icusem jy Extrc Nrkwtd o

Ido`c c`m O`moc, :885’:8 :3?

4.C.= Idc`nes o` Expkrts Icusem jy Extrc Nrkwtd o`

Ido`c c`m O`moc wotd tde Cssufptok` kl

Ofprkvefe`ts o` Sucaoty c`m \croety ::8

?.3 Zcte kl Expkrt Nrkwtd c`m Idc`ne o` Nakjca Fcrbet

Ydcre o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic, jy

Iku`try, 3??5’:88< ::?

?.: Nrkwtd o` Expkrts tk c`m Idc`ne o` Fcrbet Ydcre

kl Eurkpec` Uòk`, jy Iku`try, 3??5’:88< ::?

?.9 O`te`sove c`m Exte`sove Fcrno`s kl Expkrt Nrkwtdkl Iku`troes o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic,

3??5’:885 :93

?.= O`mex kl Expkrt Fcrbet Xeètrctok , jy Iku`try,

3??5 c`m :885 :=4

?.5 Joacterca O`mex kl Expkrt Fcrbet Xeètrctok` lkr

Yeaeitem Iku`troes :=?

?.C.3 Bey Ik`trojutkrs tk Expkrt Nrkwtd c`m Meiao e

ct tde O`te`sove Fcrno` :53?.C.: Bey Ik`trojutkrs tk Expkrt Nrkwtd c`m Meiao e

ct tde Exte`sove Fcrno` :55

?.C.9 Ik`stc`t Fcrbet Ydcre C`caysos kl FE@C

Iku`troes‟ Expkrts tk tde Eurkpec` Uòk`,

3??5’:88< :5?

38.3 Joacterca ]rectoes wotdo tde Fommae Ecst c`m

@krtd Clroic :>:

38.: ]rcme wotd Xcrtèrs o` Zenok`ca Cnreefe`ts, :88< :><38.9 Joacterca ]rcme Ikfpaefe tcroty wotdo tde

Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic, :88< :>?

33.3 Xrkgeitem Ofpcit kl U ot Oìrecse o` Yervoie

Zelkrf O`mex k` C`ùca per Icpotc Zeca NMX

Nrkwtd o` Fcndrej Iku`troes 984

33.: Xrkgeitem Ofpcit kl U ot Oìrecse o` Yervoie

Zelkrf O`mex k` LMO Ytkib o` Fcndrej Iku`troes 933

33.C.3 Eik`kfoes Usem o` LMO Zenressok` 935

33.C.: Zenok`ca Fkmea kl tde Aevea kl LMO Ytkib 93<33.C.9 Cituca c`m Xremoitem LMO Ytkib tk NMX o`

Caneroc, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc 93>

33.C.= Nrkwtd o` LMO Ytkib tk NMX Ofpaoem jy

Irectok` kl c Fcndrej Zenok`ca Fcrbet 93>

xvo Ik`te`ts







xox

]dos jkkb wcs prepcrem jy c tecf kl ik`trojutkrs aem jy Gksï Z. Aùpez-

Iãaox, Xeter ^cabe`dkrst, c`m @mocfï Mokp. ]de `cfes kl tde tecf

fefjers c`m tdeor clloaoctok`s ic` je lku`m k` pcnes xxo’xxoo. ]de tecf

reieovem kvercaa nuomcìe lrkf Zotvc Zeoòbbc, wdk cask ik`trojutem

exte`sove revosok`s tk idcpter 3. ]de tecf wkuam aobe tk tdc`b peer

revoewers Fk`c Dcmmcm c`m Guc` Yejcstoc` Ycez lkr tdeor metcoaem sun-

nestok`s k` tde ik`te`t kl o`movomuca idcpters c`m tk Lcrrubd Oqjca lkr dos

tofeay suppkrt c`m strk`n eìkurcnefe`t tk tde tecf. ôaaocf (Joaa)Ydcw, suppkrtem jy Iaefeìe \ernè, mom preiokus emotkroca wkrb c`m

deapem tde tecf cssefjae tde poeies. Bdcaom Cakucè c`m Ydeeac Zemmo

perlkrfem fcrveakus mesbtkp pujaosdo`n lkr tde repkrt, wdoae Ofcè

Obbez prkvomem c vcaucjae ik`trojutok` o` lo`mo`n tde poitures lkr tde

ikver. Lo`cìoca suppkrt lrkf tde Fuatomk`kr ]rust Lu`m lkr ]rcme c`m

Meveakpfe`t os nrcteluaay reiknòzem.

Cib`kwaemnfe`ts





xxo

Gksï Z. Aùpez-Iãaox, ik-emotkr, os seitkr aecmer c`m aecm eik`kfost o` tde

Acto` Cferoic c`m Icrojjec` Zenok` ct tde kram Jc`b, csdo`ntk`, MI.

Xeter ^cabe`dkrst, ik-emotkr, os movosok` fc`cner o` tde Zesecrid

Mepcrtfe`t kl tde Clroic` Meveakpfe`t Jc`b, ]uòs-Jeavemäre, ]uòsoc.

@mocfï Mokp, ik-emotkr, os seòkr iku`try eik`kfost c`m decm kl tde

kram Jc`b Iku`try Klloie, ]uòs-Jeavemäre, ]uòsoc.

Xcakfc C`ks Icserk os seòkr eik`kfost o` tde Acto` Cferoic c`m

Icrojjec` Zenok` ct tde ^kram Jc`b, csdo`ntk`, MI.

Xcua Jre`tk` os aecm eik`kfost lkr trcme c`m renok`ca o`tenrctok` o` tde

Clroic Zenok` ct tde kram Jc`b, csdo`ntk`, MI.

Kaovoer Icttcèk os resecrid csskiocte wotd tde Nrkupe m‟Eik`kfoe

Fk`mocae mes Yioeìes Xkaotoques, Xcros, Lrcìe.

Guaoe` Nkurmk` os c` eik`kfost o` tde O`ter`ctok`ca ]rcme Mepcrtfe`t ct

tde ^kram Jc`b, ^csdo`ntk`, MI.

Zoicrmk Dcusfc`` os moreitkr kl tde Ie`ter lkr O`ter`ctok`ca

Meveakpfe`t c`m prklesskr kl tde Xrcitoie kl Eik`kfoi Meveakpfe`t ct

Dcrvcrm Uòversoty, Icfjromne, Fcsscidusetts.

Ik`trojutkrs



Eae`c Ocìdkvoido`c os aecm eik`kfost o` tde idoel eik`kfost‟s klloie kl tde

Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic Zenok` ct tde kram Jc`b, csdo`ntk`, MI.

Ycom Ondoacdroz os c` o`ter`ctok`ca ik`suatc`t lkr tde ^kram Jc`b. De os

jcsem o` Canoers, Caneroc.

Fcrks Ovcòi os resecrid eik`kfost o` tde Meveakpfe`t Zesecrid Nrkup

ct tde ^kram Jc`b, ^csdo`ntk`, MI.

Jcoaey Bao`ner os c` o`ter`ctok`ca ik`suatc`t lkr tde ^kram Jc`b wotd

exte`sove resecrid k` `k`trcmotok`ca expkrts nrkwtd c`m sfcaa c`m

femouf e`terproses lo`cìe o` meveakpo`n iku`troes.Ncèsd Bufcr Yesdc` os c` o`ter`ctok`ca ik`suatc`t lkr tde ^kram Jc`b,

csdo`ntk , MI.

oaa Fcrto` os resecrid fc`cner lkr Cnroiuature c`m Zurca Meveakpfe`t

o` tde Meveakpfe`t Zesecrid Nrkup ct tde ^kram Jc`b, ^csdo`ntk`, MI.

Iacumoc @cssol os iku`try c`m trcme eik`kfost o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m

@krtd Clroic Zenok` ct tde kram Jc`b, csdo`ntk`, MI.

Auau Yduo os guòkr prklessok`ca csskiocte o` tde O`ter`ctok`ca ]rcmeMepcrtfe`t ct tde ^kram Jc`b, csdo`ntk`, MI.

xxoo Ik`trojutkrs



3

O`ter`ctok`ca trcme wcs meepay clleitem jy tde nakjca lo`cìoca c`m eik-

`kfoi irosos. Fofoibo`n wkramwome tre`ms, ofpkrts lrkf c`m expkrts tk

tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic mrkppem sonòloic`tay o` :88?.]dos summe` meiaoè o` nakjca trcme sdkuam `kt movert ctte`tok` cwcy

lrkf lkur fcgkr meveakpfe`ts o` nakjca eik`kfoi o`tenrctok` tdct dcve

sdcpem tde renok`‟s trcme pkaoioes c`m perlkrfcìe kver tde pcst meicme7

tde eferneìe kl nakjca suppay idco`s, tde nrkwtd kl trcme o` servoies, tde

rose kl Ido`c c`m O`moc cs fcgkr o`ter`ctok`ca trcmo`n pkwers, c`m renok`ca

o`tenrctok`. Ecid kl tdese ossues os mosiussem o` metcoa o` tdos jkkb.

]de lorst meveakpfe`t os tde rose kl nakjca prkmuitok` ètwkrbs o`

wdoid mollere`t stcnes kl tde prkmuitok` kl c so`nae nkkm kiiur ct moller-e`t akictok`s. Cs c resuat kl tdos meveakpfe`t, ik`sufer prkmuits klte`

ik`tco` pcrts, ikfpkè`ts, c`m o`puts lrkf c acrne ùfjer kl iku`troes.

]dos meveakpfe`t, mrove` jy remuitok`s o` trcme jcrroers c`m cmvcìes o`

trc`spkrt c`m teaeikffuòictok`s, dcs sonòloic`tay idc`nem tde fecò`n

I D C X ] E Z 3

]rcme Zelkrfs lkr Expkrt

Ikfpetotoveèss7 ^dct Cre tde

Ossues lkr tde Fommae Ecst c`m

@krtd Clroic;

@mocfï Mokp, Gksï Z. Aùpez-Iãaox,c`m Xeter ^cabe`dkrst



: Mokp, Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m cabe`dkrst

kl ikfpetotoveèss. Jeo`n ikfpetotove `kw requores `kt gust jeo`n cjae tk

prkmuie ct akw ikst jut cask jeo`n cjae tk estcjaosd stcte-kl-tde-crt suppay

c`m aknostois idco`s, oìaumo`n dond-perlkrfo`n trc`spkrt, iustkfs, ikf-

fuòictok`s, c`m lo`cìoca servoies. Iku`troes tdct suiieem o` recmyo`n

tdefseaves lkr o`tenrctok` o`tk nakjca prkmuitok` idco`s dcve nkkm

prkspeits kl jrecbo`n o`tk èw fcrbets c`m meveakpo`n c fkre moverse

prkmuitok` c`m expkrt struiture.

]de seik`m fcgkr tre`m reactes tk trcme o` servoies. ôtd tde wcve kl

aojercaozctok` c`m kl o`lkrfctok` c`m ikffuòictok`s-reactem teid`k-

aknoica meveakpfe`ts, kllsdkro`n o` servoies suid cs jcib-klloie wkrb

prkiesses, icaa ie`ter kperctok`s, femoica trc`siroptok`, ciiku`to`n, c`maenca resecrid dcs jkkfem. O`moc os c nkkm excfpae kl c iku`try tdct dcs

duneay jeèlotem lrkf tdos tre`m. ]dos meveakpfe`t kllers c prkfoso`n

cveùe lkr trcme moversoloictok` c`m gkj irectok` o` tde renok` c`m ktder

meveakpo`n iku`troes.

]de tdorm ofpkrtc`t meveakpfe`t os tde eferneìe kl Ido`c c`m O`moc

cs èw trcme, o``kvctok`, c`m nrkwtd pkaes cak`nsome tde Uòtem Ytctes

c`m Eurkpe. ]de lkrfomcjae nrkwtd kl tdese iku`troes, ktcjay Ido`c, dcs

aem tk c sonòloic`t oìrecse o` mefc`m lkr c`m tde proie kl `cturcareskurie-jcsem nkkms expkrtem jy iku`troes o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd

Clroic. Ct tde scfe tofe, tdese iku`troes lcie fcgkr ikfpetotove idca-

ae`nes lrkf Ido`c, jktd ct dkfe c`m o` tdorm-iku`try fcrbets suid cs

tde Uòtem Ytctes c`m tde Eurkpec` Uòk` (^kram Jc`b :88?c).

]de lkurtd meveakpfe`t os tde oìrecse o` renok`ca c`m prelere`toca

trcme cnreefe`ts, wdoid dcve jee` prkaolercto`n, `kt aecst jeicuse

prknress o` fuatoacterca trcme ènktoctok`s u`mer tde cuspoies kl tde

kram ]rcme Krncòzctok` dcs jee` sakw. O`tenrctok` wotd seaeitem pcrt-èrs ic` deap iku`troes recp jeèlots lrkf o`ter`ctok`ca o`tenrctok` wdoae

cvkomo`n tde acrne-sicae cmgustfe`t èems tdct cre klte` csskioctem wotd

jrkcmer-jcsem trcme relkrfs. Kl ikurse, prelere`toca o`tenrctok` wotd vcr-

okus pcrtèrs ru`s tde rosb kl o`trkmuio`n c vcroety kl teidòica stc`mcrms,

iustkfs requorefe`ts, c`m ruaes kl krono` prkvosok`s tdct cre iufjerskfe

c`m ikstay tk cmfoòster, c`m kl meprovo`n akica prkmuiers c`m ik`sufers

kl elloioe`t, akw-ikst suppaoes lrkf `k`pcrtèr iku`troes.

]de Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic ikfproses iku`troes tdct cre

reskurie-pkkr jut acjkr-cju`mc`t, reskurie-roid c`m acjkr-cju`mc`t, c`mreskurie-roid c`m acjkr-ofpkrto`n, ecid mospacyo`n ots kw` omoksyìrcsoes.

]de lkur meveakpfe`ts o` nakjca trcme mesirojem cjkve, tknetder wotd

`cturca reskurie e`mkwfe`ts, dcve o`laueìem trcme pkaoiy c`m moversolo-

ictok` kutikfes cirkss caa kl tdese types kl iku`troes.



]rcme Zelkrfs lkr Expkrt Ikfpetotoveèss 9

Aobe ktder meveakpo`n iku`troes, tde iku`troes o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m

@krtd Clroic oìrecsem tde pcie kl trcme o`tenrctok` relkrfs tk dcrèss

tde kppkrtuòtoes kllerem jy tde idc`nem nakjca fcrbet. Zelkrf dcs jee`

aofotem ikfpcrem wotd tdct kl ktder renok`s, dkwever. O` Ecst Csoc c`m

Ecster` Eurkpe, trcme relkrfs dcve lkiusem fcoày k` o`mustroca nkkms,

aecvo`n kut cnroiuature c`m servoies, jktd kl wdoid clleit tde iku`troes kl

tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic. @k iaecr cttefpts dcve jee` fcme tk

strctenoicaay expakot tde rose kl Ido`c c`m O`moc (lkr excfpae, `k iku`try

o` tde renok` dcs sonèm c lree trcme cnreefe`t wotd Ido`c). C reie`t

kram Jc`b repkrt k` provcte seitkr meveakpfe`t lo`ms tdct tde provcte

seitkr o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic os ik`strcoèm jy pujaoi seitkrnkver`cìe, mosiretok`, c`m provoaene ( kram Jc`b :88?j). Oìrecsem ikf-

petotok` wkuam caakw fkre lorfs tk e`ter, deapo`n expc`m trcme c`m gkj

irectok`. ]cbe` tknetder, tdese lcitkrs expaco` tde reactoveay aofotem expkrt

moversoloictok` tdct dcs kiiurrem o` tde renok`.

]de 33 idcpters kl tdos vkaufe excfoè tde renok`‟s trcme pkaoiy

relkrfs c`m perlkrfcìe jy lkiuso`n k` tde lkur bey meveakpfe`ts o`

o`ter`ctok`ca trcme, wotd c twost. O`stecm kl excfoò`n prkmuitok` idco`s cs

suid, tde vkaufe lkiuses k` expkrt moversoloictok` (pcrt O), c fcgkr mevea-kpfe`t idcaae`ne o` tde renok`, espeiocaay lkr koa expkrters. Ot tde` expakres

servoies trcme (pcrt OO), tde reactok`s wotd Ido`c c`m O`moc (pcrt OOO), c`m

renok`ca o`tenrctok` (pcrt O\).

Expkrt Moversoloictok`

Xcrt O os mevktem tk eferno`n aessk`s lkr expkrt moversoloictok`. Iku`troes

`cturcaay seeb tk moversoly o`tk prkmuitok` c`m expkrt citovotoes tdct prkvomec donder retur` tk tde acjkr c`m icpotca reskuries efpakyem. Ct tde scfe

tofe, c fkre moverse struiture kl expkrts remuies c iku`try‟s vuaèrcjoa-

oty tk prk`kuìem proie swo`ns o` o`ter`ctok`ca fcrbets. ]de ofpkrtcìe

kl tdos elleit dcs jee` evome`t muro`n tde lo`cìoca c`m eik`kfoi irosos,

wde` fc`y meveakpo`n iku`troes c`m eferno`n eik`kfoes”oìaumo`n c

acrne ùfjer kl iku`troes o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic tdct reay

decvoay k` luea c`m ikffkmoty expkrts lkr tdeor oìkfe”experoeìem c

fcrbem mrkp o` expkrt proies c`m c ikrrespk`mo`n meterokrctok` o` tdeor

terfs kl trcme.O` idcpter :, Nkurmk` tcbes stkib kl tde menree kl expkrt ikìe`trc-

tok` o` mollere`t nrkups kl iku`troes c`m excfoès dkw ot dcs evkavem

kver tofe. Zeskurie-roid iku`troes ik`toùe tk sdkw donday ikìe`trctem

expkrt struitures c`m very aottae idc`ne tkwcrm moversoloictok`, o` jktd





]rcme Zelkrfs lkr Expkrt Ikfpetotoveèss 5

u`meraoès tde ofpkrtcìe kl prkvomo`n seitkr-speioloi pujaoi nkkms tdct

cre seaeitem o` ik`suatctok` wotd tde provcte seitkr o` c trc`spcre`t fc`-

èr. Yofpay refkvo`n neèrca jcrroers tk ikfpetotok`, catdkund ofpkr-

tc`t, os `kt sulloioe`t tk cidoeve tde struiturca trc`slkrfctok` requorem lkr

sustcoèm nrkwtd.

Yervoies ]rcme

Xcrt OO excfoès meveakpfe`ts wotd respeit tk servoies trcme. Lkr c ak`n

tofe, fkst servoies were ik`somerem tk je `k`trcmcjae, jut o``kvctok`s

o` o`lkrfctok` c`m ikffuòictok` teid`kaknoes dcve aem tk c lrcnfe`-tctok` tdct dcs fcme ot pkssojae lkr fc`y fkre servoies tk je prkvomem

ct c mostcìe, oìaumo`n cirkss jkrmers. O`meem, servoies expkrts lrkf

iku`troes o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic dcve nrkw` my`cfoicaay

o` reie`t yecrs, mrove` jy tde k`nko`n tre`m o` o`mustroca iku`troes kl

kutskurio`n jcib klloie c`m o`lkrfctok` teid`kakny luìtok`s tk tcbe

cmvc`tcne kl cmvcìem sboaas c`m tk remuie tde acjkr iksts kl speiocaozem

servoie prkvomers. Ktder fkmes kl servoies trcme”ik`sufptok` cjrkcm

(tkurosf), ikfferioca preseìe (lkreon` moreit o`vestfe`t) c`m tde tef-pkrcry fkvefe`t kl wkrbers”cre equcaay, ol `kt eve` fkre, ofpkrtc`t

lkr tde eik`kfoes kl tde renok`.

O` idcpter 5, Icttcèk, Mokp, c`m cabe`dkrst cssess tde prkspeits lkr

eferno`n servoies expkrts o` ]uòsoc. ]dey ome`toly c ufjer kl sonòloic`t

stre`ntds tdct dcve mrove` nrkwtd o` servoies expkrts, oìaumo`n tde acrne

pkka kl sboaaem e`noèers woaao`n tk wkrb ct reactoveay akw wcnes c`m tde

neknrcpdoica c`m iuaturca prkxofoty kl Eurkpe. ]de cutdkrs `kte c ùf-

jer kl ofpemofe`ts tdct ikuam dcfper lurtder expc`sok` c`m wcrrc`t tdectte`tok` kl pkaoiy fcbers. Acib kl ikfpetotok` o` loxem-aoè teaeikffuò-

ictok`s c`m restroitok`s k` tde e`try kl lkreonèrs o`tk prklessok`ca servoies

mrove up tde iksts kl servoie prkvomers2 pkkr pcyfe`t mosiopaoè kl pujaoi

prkiurefe`t servoies excierjctes tde lo`cìoca molloiuatoes lcio`n sfcaa

c`m femouf-sozem lorfs2 c`m wecbèsses o` seaeitem crecs kl emuictok`

c`m trcoò`n, suid cs ùrso`n c`m fc`cneroca emuictok`, irecte stcllo`n

jkttaeèibs lkr csporo`n expkrters. ]de cutdkrs see sujstc`toca pkte`toca

lkr nrkwtd o` femoica tkurosf, jcib-klloie kutskurio`n, c`m o`lkrfctok`

teid`kakny-e`cjaem servoies lkr ]uòsoc.O` cmmotok` tk jeo`n c bey crec kl expkrt nrkwtd pkte`toca, servoies cre

cask ofpkrtc`t lkr eik`kfoi elloioeìy c`m nrkwtd. O` idcpter <, Mokp

akkbs ct severca ‑jcibjkè‖ servoies (teaeikffuòictok`s, jc`bo`n, c`m cor

c`m fcrotofe trc`spkrt) o` Fkrkiik. ]dese servoies pacy irotoica rkaes o`



< Mokp, Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m cabe`dkrst

meterfoò`n tde prkmuitok` iksts c`m ikfpetotoveèss kl caa prkmuiers o`

tde eik`kfy. ]de cutdkr excfoès tde e`try c`m ikfpetotok` renuactkry

‑mostcìe‖ kl tdese seitkrs lrkf tde Eurkpec` Uòk` (EU) c`m crnues tdct

nrcmuca renuactkry caon`fe`t wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk` o` tde ik`text kl

tde Eurkpec` @eondjkrdkkm Xkaoiy kllers Fkrkiik tde kppkrtuòty tk

cìdkr prkmuitovoty-e`dcìo`n relkrfs, pcrtoiuacray o` cor trc`spkrt, rkcm

trc`spkrt, c`m eèrny. C pcrtoiuacr idcaae`ne os tdct ik`verneìe wotd EU

ruaes requores ciieptcìe kl ofpkrtc`t proìopaes rencrmo`n ikfpetotok`

pkaoiy c`m stcte com, wdoid Fkrkiik wkuam èem tk ciikffkmcte o` ots

pkaoiy lrcfewkrb. Elleitove relkrf kl Fkrkiik‟s jcibjkè servoies sei-

tkrs wkuam deap remuie prkmuitok` iksts, oìrecse lkreon` moreit o`vest-fe`t, prkfkte vertoica b`kwaemne spoaakvers, c`m expc`m fcrbets, caa kl

wdoid wkuam e`dcìe ikfpetotoveèss.

Ik`verto`n servoies trcme o`tk c` e`noè lkr nrkwtd requores ome`tolyo`n

tde bey prokrotoes kl c ikfprede`sove relkrf cne`mc. Caneroc os prepcro`n

ots servoies seitkrs lkr o`ter`ctok`ca o`tenrctok`. O` idcpter >, wdoid os

jcsem k` o`ter`ctok`ca experoeìe c`m resecrid suppkrtem jy akica mctc

c`m o`tervoews, Icttcèk, Ondoacdroz, Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m ^cabe`dkrst ome`-

toly tdkse pkaoioes tdct prkfose tk jkkst tde lurtder meveakpfe`t kl serv-oie trcme o` Caneroc. Lorst, c` cfjotokus provctozctok` prknrcf dcs jee`

c``kuìem2 cjkut dcal kl tde e`terproses tdct cre tk je sdoltem lrkf puj-

aoi tk provcte kwèrsdop cre citove o` tde servoies seitkr. ]de cutdkrs lo`m

tdct fkre kpe`èss o` provcte servoies resuato`n lrkf tdos prknrcf os esse`-

toca tk cttrcit sulloioe`t b`kw-dkw c`m o`vestfe`t icpotca lrkf mkfestoi

c`m lkreon` skuries. Yeik`m, c tkurosf meveakpfe`t strcteny dcs jee`

acuìdem tdct cofs ct jetter expakoto`n tde iku`try‟s `cturca c`m iuaturca

e`mkwfe`ts, ofprkvo`n tde qucaoty kl servoies c`m tde reputctok` kl tdeiku`try, c`m redcjoaotcto`n tkurosf o`lrcstruiture. ]dorm, mesorem idc`nes

tkwcrm c` e`dcìem renuactkry renofe lkr servoies sdkuam expc`m tde

mkfestoi fcrbet c`m prkfkte c` ofprkvem elloioeìy kl mkfestoi prkmui-

ers. Lkurtd, o`ter`ctok`ca trcme cnreefe`ts fcy pacy c ikfpaefe`tcry rkae

jy servo`n cs cìdkrs lkr tde relkrf prkiess c`m sdoeamo`n tde nkver`fe`t

lrkf mkfestoi akjjoes.

Zeactok`s wotd Ido`c c`m O`mocXcrt OOO o`vestonctes tde eferneìe kl Ido`c c`m O`moc cs fcgkr o`ter`c-

tok`ca trcmo`n pkwers c`m tde ofpaoictok`s lkr tde renok`. ]de exte`t tk

wdoid tde iku`troes o` tde renok` ic` ikpe wotd tde idcaae`nes c`m tcbe

cmvc`tcne kl tde kppkrtuòtoes tdct tde rose kl Ido`c c`m O`moc prese`t woaa



]rcme Zelkrfs lkr Expkrt Ikfpetotoveèss >

aobeay dcve c sonòloic`t ofpcit k` tdeor reikvery lrkf tde nakjca lo`cìoca

c`m eik`kfoi irosos c`m, fkre neèrcaay, tdeor meveakpfe`t prkspeits.

O` idcpter 4, Ocìdkvoido`c, Ovcòi, c`m Fcrto` quc`toly tde expeitem

trcme elleits kl tde rose kl Ido`c c`m O`moc k` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd

Clroic. Uso`n c ikfputcjae neèrca equoaojrouf fkmea icaojrctem tk tde

jcse yecr :88=, tdey cssess tde ofpcit kl ik`toùo`n strk`n nrkwtd kl tde

Csoc` Noc`ts k` tde ofpkrts c`m expkrts kl iku`troes o` tde Fommae Ecst

c`m @krtd Clroic tdrkund :8:8. ]dey lo`m tdct tde renok` wkuam aobeay

jeèlot sujstc`tocaay lrkf tde nrkwtd kl Ido`c c`m O`moc7 c` oìrecse o`

tde Noc`ts‟ nrkwtd rcte kl : perie`tcne pko`ts c yecr kver tde 35-yecr

jcseaoè prkgeitok` wkuam rcose reca oìkfes o` tde renok` jy $:= joaaok`ct :88= proies. Fkst kl tdese nco`s stef lrkf ofprkvefe`ts o` tde terfs

kl trcme cs c resuat kl oìrecsem mefc`m lkr eèrny. O` vkaufe terfs, tktca

expkrts lrkf tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic cre prkgeitem tk lcaa, cs

tde oìrecse o` luea expkrts os fkre tdc` kllset jy tde meiaoè o` expkrts

kl fcùlcitures c`m servoies icusem jy strk`ner ikfpetotok` lrkf

Ido`c c`m O`moc o` tdorm fcrbets. Ofpkrts kl fcùlcitures c`m servoies

o`tk tde renok` cre cask prkgeitem tk oìrecse. ]de elleits ct tde iku`-

try aevea cre foxem cirkss iku`troes, wotd luea expkrters experoeìo`nik`somercjae nco`s c`m reskurie-pkkr iku`troes prkgeitem tk lcie suj-

stc`toca cmgustfe`t o` tdeor fcùlcituro`n c`m servoies seitkrs. Xkaoioes

cofem ct lcioaotcto`n skioca c`m eik`kfoi cmgustfe`ts cre tdus ofpkr-

tc`t tk remuie tde iksts csskioctem wotd ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c.

^dct sdkuam tde pkaoiy respk`se kl iku`troes o` tde renok` je tk tde

eferno`n trcme idcaae`nes pksem jy tde Csoc` Noc`ts; O` idcpter ?,

Jre`tk`, Yduo, c`m ^cabe`dkrst crnue tdct ot os `kt e`toreay iaecr tdct

oìrecsem ofpkrts lrkf tde twk Csoc` iku`troes ikfe ct tde expe`se kl mkfestoi prkmuiers. ]dey lo`m evomeìe kl ofpkrt surnes lrkf Ido`c c`m

O`moc o`tk tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic, jut fkst kl tdef ikoìome

wotd strk`n ofpkrt remuitok`s lrkf cater`ctove ofpkrt suppaoers, sunnest-

o`n tdct tde eferneìe kl Ido`c c`m O`moc aecms profcroay tk c` cmgust-

fe`t o` tde struiture kl ofpkrts. Cask, catdkund skfe iku`troes o` tde

renok` dcve see` tdeor sdcre kl o`ter`ctok`ca fcùlcitures expkrts lcaa,

ktders dcve jee` cjae tk expc`m tdeor expkrts tk tde Eurkpec` Uòk` c`m

tde Uòtem Ytctes jy tcbo`n cmvc`tcne kl trcme prelereìes. ]de cutdkrs

ikìaume tdct rctder tdc` ofpaefe`t pkaoiy fecsures speioloicaay tcr-netem ct Ido`c c`m O`moc, pkaoiy fcbers o` tde renok` sdkuam ik`toùe

tk remuie tde c`toexpkrt jocs o` tdeor trcme renofes c`m remuie aknostois-

reactem trcme trc`scitok`s iksts tk fcbe ot pkssojae lkr tdeor expkrters tk

tcbe luaa cmvc`tcne kl tde prkxofoty tk tde acrne Eurkpec` fcrbet.



4 Mokp, Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m cabe`dkrst

Zenok`ca O`tenrctok`

Xcrt O\ akkbs ct tde stctus c`m prkspeits lkr renok`ca o`tenrctok`. ]deredcs jee` `k sdkrtcne kl renok`ca trcme c`m o`vestfe`t cnreefe`ts cfk`n

tde renok`‟s iku`troes. Yuid cnreefe`ts oìaume fc`y joacterca preler-

eìes, tde Xc`-Crcj Lree ]rcme Crec, tde Crcj Fcndrej Uòk`, c`m tde

Cncmor Cnreefe`t. ]de ofpcit kl tdese prelere`toca o`tenrctok` ellkrts

dcs jee` moscppko`to`n, dkwever, jeicuse kl tde `crrkw lkius o` terfs kl

prelere`toca trcme ikvercne k` o`mustroca nkkms, o`sulloioe`t pkaotoica ikf-

fotfe`ts tk aove up tk tde sporot kl tde cnreefe`ts, c`m cmfoòstrctove

idcaae`nes kl ofpaefe`tctok`.O` idcpter 38, Yduo c`m cabe`dkrst sdkw tdct tdere cre sujstc`toca

u`tcppem kppkrtuòtoes lrkf renok`ca o`tenrctok` jy tde iku`troes kl

tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic, pcrtoiuacray tdrkund expc`sok` kl

ikvercne kl prelere`toca cnreefe`ts tk cnroiuaturca prkmuits, servoies,

lkreon` moreit o`vestfe`t, c`m acjkr lakws. ]de cutdkrs ome`toly tde

prkaolerctok` kl cnreefe`ts o` tde renok` cs c idcaae`ne lkr elleitove

ofpaefe`tctok` c`m dondaondt tde èem lkr dond-aevea pkaotoica suppkrt

tk e`sure tdct lree-trcme prkvosok`s o` renok`ca cnreefe`ts cre ofpae-

fe`tem. ]dey voew renok`ca o`tenrctok` cs c ikfpaefe`t rctder tdc`

c` cater`ctove tk o`tenrctok` o`tk nakjca fcrbets.

Suc`tolyo`n tde jeèlots c`m iksts kl renok`ca o`tenrctok` oòtoctoves

prkvomes pkaoiy fcbers wotd c se`se kl tde moreitok` c`m fcnòtume

kl prkspeitove idc`nes o` prkmuitok`, oìkfe, c`m efpakyfe`t. O`

idcpter 33, C`ks-Icserk c`m Yesdc` ikfpcre sdcaakw o`tenrctok`,

wdoid oìaumes prelere`toca relkrfs lkr feridc`mose trcme kày, wotd

meep o`tenrctok`, wdoid cask kpe`s servoies seitkrs tk pcrtèr trcme c`m

oìaumes renuactkry relkrfs tk stre`ntde` ikfpetotok` c`m fcrbet ik`testcjoaoty. ]deor lo`mo`ns sdkw tdct sdcaakw o`tenrctok` os aobeay tk

neèrcte very aofotem nco`s jut tdct jeèlots wkuam fuatopay ol meep

o`tenrctok` were pursuem. Ol tde EU serves cs tde exter`ca cìdkr lkr

servoies o`tenrctok` c`m o`vestfe`t iaofcte relkrfs, relkrfs ikuam

dcve c` eve` nrecter elleit.

O` ikìausok`, tdos jkkb sdkws tdct tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic

renok` dcs yet tk seoze caa tde kppkrtuòtoes kllerem jy tde lkur reie`t

nakjca tre`ms tdct sdcpe trcme pkaoiy c`m perlkrfcìe crku`m tdewkram. Ot cask ome`toloes cmmotok`ca relkrfs tdct ikuam stre`ntde` nakjca

prkmuitok` ètwkrbs, caakw iku`troes tk jeèlot fkre lrkf trcme o`

servoies, jetter icpture tde kppkrtuòtoes kllerem jy tde rose kl Ido`c

c`m O`moc, c`m dcrèss tde pkte`toca kl renok`ca o`tenrctok`. Caa kl tdese

relkrfs ikuam deap jkkst nrkwtd c`m gkj irectok` o` tde renok`.







X C Z ] O

Expkrt Moversoloictok`









dond-teid`kakny, ikfpcrem wotd cafkst 9> perie`t kl expkrts o` ktder

eferno`n eik`kfoes.. ]dos teid`kakny struiture durts prkmuitovoty o`

FE@C, wdoid os akw nove` ots iku`troes‟ oìkfe aeveas. ]de expkrt strui-

ture cask ik`strco`s expkrt nrkwtd7 fkst FE@C iku`troes wkuam dcve

e`gkyem fkre rcpom expkrt nrkwtd o` tde 3??8s ol tdeor prkmuit kroe`tc-

tok`s dcm jetter fctidem nakjca mefc`m.

]re`ms o` Expkrt Moversoloictok`

Ikìe`trctok` rctoks, cs fecsurem jy tde ]deoa, Derlo`mcda, c`m Noò

o`mexes (see c`èx lkr mesiroptok`s), reveca tde dond expkrt ikìe`trctok`

o` FE@C. Ciikrmo`n tk tde ]deoa o`mex (see lonure :.3), wdoid os o`lau-eìem fkst jy idc`nes o` tde sdcre kl sfcaa expkrt seitkrs, expkrts lrkf

tde FE@C38 iku`troes (tdct os, caa FE@C iku`troes exiept tdkse o` tde

Nual Ikkperctok` Ikuìoa RNIIV) sdkw c dond jut saondtay meirecso`n

tre`m o` ikìe`trctok` soìe 3?44. C iaecr mollereìe ic` je see` o` tde

aevea c`m tre`m kl expkrt ikìe`trctok` o` reskurie-pkkr acjkr-cju`mc`t

(ZXAC) c`m reskurie-roid acjkr-cju`mc`t (ZZAC) iku`troes. Ykfe

ZXAC iku`troes (Aejc`k`, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc) dcve akw aeveas kl

expkrt ikìe`trctok` ikfpcrem wotd Csoc` iku`troes2 Gkrmc` dcs remuiemots expkrt ikìe`trctok` lrkf dond aeveas ct tde e`m kl tde 3?48s. O` ik`-

trcst, ZZAC iku`try expkrts cre donday ikìe`trctem (eve` ol koa seitkrs

cre exiaumem), wotd skfe meiaoè o` ikìe`trctok` soìe tde acte 3?48s.

NII iku`troes cask sdkw c dond aevea kl ikìe`trctok`, wdoid dcs meiaoèm

very aottae soìe 3??8.

]de Derlo`mcda o`mex (see lonure :.:), wdoid os o`laueìem fkst jy

idc`nes o` prkmuits wotd tde acrnest sdcres kl tktca expkrts, prkvomes c`

cmmotok`ca perspeitove k` tde menree kl expkrt ikìe`trctok`. ]de ik`-ie`trctok` rctoks lkr tde FE@C38 iku`troes o`moicte c tre`m sofoacr tk

tdct revecaem jy tde ]deoa o`mex, catdkund o` ikfpcrosk` wotd Ecst Csoc

c`m Acto` Cferoic c`m tde Icrojjec`, tde cvercne aevea kl ikìe`trctok`

os akwer c`m tde meiaoè fkre prk`kuìem (tdct os, tde meiaoè o` tde

ikìe`trctok` o` FE@C38 expkrts os nrecter jeicuse tde sdcres kl tde

acrnest expkrt seitkrs cre nrecter). ]de Derlo`mcda o`mex mkes `kt sdkw

c meirecso`n tre`m o` expkrt ikìe`trctok` lkr tde NII iku`troes”c

tre`m tdct wcs evome`t uso`n tde ]deoa o`mex”sunnesto`n skfe suiiess

o` oìrecso`n tde sdcre kl tde reactoveay sfcaa expkrt seitkrs. ]de OsacfoiZepujaoi kl Orc` c`m tde Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi sdkw c aess prk`kuìem

meiaoè o` expkrt ikìe`trctok` wotd tde Derlo`mcda o`mex tdc` wotd tde

]deoa o`mex2 tde mollereìe jetwee` tde twk o`mexes os sfcaaer lkr

Caneroc, Aojyc, c`m tde Zepujaoi kl _efe`.

LMO Lakws c`m Expkrt Moversoloictok 7 Akkbo n ct Exte`sove c`m O te`sove Fcrno s 35







]de Noò o`mex (see lonure :.9), wdoid os o`laueìem fkst jy idc`nes

o` tde fommae kl tde mostrojutok` c`m (uàobe tde ktder twk o`mexes) os

`kt o`laueìem jy tde aevea kl cnnrenctok`, sdkws c iaecray meirecso`n

tre`m o` expkrt ikìe`trctok` o` FE@C. Zeactove tk tde ]deoa c`m

Derlo`mcda o`mexes, tdos fecsure o`moictes c sfcaaer remuitok` o` ikìe`-

trctok` rctoks o` FE@C38 iku`troes reactove tk ktder renok`s. ]dos fcy

o`moicte tdct tde meiaoè o` expkrt ikìe`trctok` reactove tk ktder renok`s

sdkw` jy tde ktder twk o`mexes relaeits eotder tde aevea kl cnnrenctok`

kr idc`nes o` tde fommae kl tde mostrojutok` rctder tdc` idc`nes o` tde

acrnest kr sfcaaest expkrt seitkrs.

Moversoloictok` tdrkund @ew Xrkmuits c`m Fcrbets

Mk idc`nes o` ikìe`trctok` o` tde FE@C renok` relaeit tde o`trkmuitok`

(kr moscppecrcìe) kl èw expkrt prkmuits (b`kw` cs idc`nes o` tde

exte`sove fcrno`) kr idc`nes o` trcmotok`ca expkrts (b`kw` cs idc`nes o`

tde o`te`sove fcrno`);: ]de ]deoa o`mex os usem tk cmmress tdos questok`,

jeicuse ot dcs fctdefctoica prkpertoes tdct fcbe ot ecsy tk meikfpkse

tde twk ikìepts7 tde ‑wotdo`‖ ikfpkè`t kl tde ]deoa o`mex acrneay

relaeits tde o`te`sove fcrno`, wderecs tde ‑jetwee`‖ ikfpkè`t relaeits

tde exte`sove fcrno` (see c`èx).

C`caysos sdkws quote mollere`t tre`ms o` ikìe`trctok` rctoks o` FE@C

c`m fkst ktder meveakpo`n renok`s. Jrkcmay specbo`n, tde meiaoè o` ik`-

ie`trctok` rctoks o` fc`y `k`-FE@C iku`troes dcs ikfe cjkut tdrkund

tde o`trkmuitok` kl èw prkmuits (tde exte`sove fcrno`)2 trcmotok`ca

prkmuits (tde o`te`sove fcrno`) dcve jeikfe fkre ikìe`trctem (lonures

:.= c`m :.5). Jy ik`trcst, FE@C meiaoès o` ikìe`trctok` rctoks dcve

jee` acrneay cttrojutcjae tk akwer ikìe`trctok` kl trcmotok`ca prkmuitsc`m reactoveay aofotem prknress o` tde o`trkmuitok` kl èw prkmuits. ]de

ikìe`trctok` kl trcmotok`ca expkrts o` tde FE@C38 iku`troes cppecrs tk

dcve lcaae` saondtay, wotd ZXAC iku`troes sdkwo`n dond jut stcjae ikìe`-

trctok` rctoks o` trcmotok`ca prkmuits c`m tde ZZAC iku`troes lkaakwo`n `k

uòlkrf tre`m.

]dese resuats ik`lorf tde lo`mo`n lrkf ikfpcrosk` kl tde Derlo`mcda

c`m ]deoa o`mexes tdct tde meiaoè o` ikìe`trctok` rctoks o` tde FE@C38

iku`troes relaeits tde meiaoè o` tde ikìe`trctok` kl trcmotok`ca expkrtsrctder tdc` tde o`trkmuitok` kl èw expkrts kr tde peètrctok` kl èw

fcrbets. Jy ik`trcst, trcmotok`ca expkrt seitkrs dcve see` dune oìrecses

o` ikìe`trctok` o` tde NII iku`troes, ciikfpcòem jy skfe prknress o`

o`trkmuio`n èw expkrt aoès.

34 Nkurmk`









]de Xkte`toca Ofpcit kl LMO k` Expkrt Moversoloictok`

FE@C iku`troes ic``kt reay k` tdeor kw` lkries cakè7 tdey èem tkmeepe` o`tenrctok` wotd tde wkram tk kjtco` tde reskuries lkr meveakp-

fe`t tdey ic``kt neèrcte k` tdeor kw`. LMO o`lakws cre expeitem tk

oìrecse c iku`try‟s kutput c`m prkmuitovoty, eìkurcne akica o`vestfe`t,

c`m stofuacte tde meveakpfe`t c`m mospersok` kl teid`kakny (Calcrk c`m

ktders :88=). Catdkund dkrozk`tca LMO (fcrbet-seebo`n o`vestfe`t cofem

profcroay ct tde mkfestoi fcrbet o` tde dkst iku`try) os fkst prevcae`t,

vertoica LMO (elloioeìy-seebo`n o`vestfe`t tk foòfoze nakjca iksts) os

nrkwo`n, eve` o` FE@C iku`troes. ]dos type kl LMO os aobeay tk dcve cnrecter ofpcit k` expkrt moversoloictok` (pksotove kr ènctove), mepe`mo`n

k` wdetder tde lkreon`-kwèm pac`t os prkmuio`n mollere`t kr sofoacr

nkkms tdc` ktder expkrto`n lorfs o` tde dkst iku`try.

LMO ic` aecm tk moversoloictok` kl tde dkst iku`try‟s expkrts, moreitay kr

o`moreitay. Ot ic` mk sk moreitay jy e`tero`n tde `k`trcmotok`ca expkrt sei-

tkr (jeicuse lkreon` lorfs pkssess iertco` kwèrsdop cmvc`tcnes tdct

fcbe tdef fkre icpcjae kl expkrto`n tdc` mkfestoi lorfs) kr o`moreitay

(jy oìrecso`n expkrts kl trcmotok`ca expkrts wotd tde akwest sdcre).

]re`ms o` LMO O`lakws

U`toa reie`tay, FE@C iku`troes were kt very suiiesslua o` cttrcito`n LMO.

@et LMO o`lakws tk FE@C stcn`ctem jetwee` 3?45 c`m 3???, c perokm

muro`n wdoid LMO o`lakws cs c perie`tcne kl NMX nrew soxlkam o` fkst

ktder renok`s (Idc` c`m Nefcyea :88=). Fc`y FE@C iku`troes sdcrem

sofoacr idcrciterostois tdct meter LMO, oìaumo`n pkaotoica o`stcjoaoty, tde

restroitok` kl LMO tk c lew seitkrs, tde requorefe`t tdct lkreon` lorfs wkrb

wotd akica pcrtèrs c`m dkam kày c fo`kroty kwèrsdop stcbe, c`m tde rea-ctoveay sakw pcie kl provctozctok` (Eom c`m Xcuc :889). Ktder lcitkrs tdct

ik`trojutem tk akw LMO lakws o` severca FE@C iku`troes oìaumem decvy

reaocìe k` koa, nkver`fe`t fk`kpkaozctok` kl tde koa seitkr, c`m cppreio-

ctem exidc`ne rctes, wdoid mosikurcne fcùlcituro`n citovoty2 wecb o`lrc-

struiture2 stcte mkfo`cìe kl tde eik`kfy2 akw aevea kl o`tenrctok` wotd

tde wkram2 u`mermeveakpem lo`cìoca c`m icpotca fcrbets2 u`mermeveakpem

o`stotutok`s2 c`m akw rctes kl retur` k` dufc` c`m pdysoica icpotca (Jcsdor

c`m Dcssc` :88:2 Fcbmoso, Lcttcd, c`m Aofc` :88:).

LMO o`lakws dcve oìrecsem soìe :888, jeicuse kl ellkrts tk fcbe tde

jusoèss e`vork`fe`t fkre kpe` c`m step up struiturca c`m o`stotutok`ca

relkrfs. Kè wcy kl estofcto`n tdos prknress os tk ikfpcre tde reactok`-

sdop jetwee` LMO lakws c`m c` o`mex kl LMO pkte`toca (lonure :.<).9 O`

3??8’?5, severca FE@C iku`troes dcm LMO o`lakws tdct leaa jeakw tdeor

:: Nkurmk`



pkte`toca (tdkse cjkve tde =5 menree aoè o` lonure :.=)2 jy :888’85,

cafkst caa FE@C iku`troes‟ LMO o`lakws exieemem tdeor pkte`toca (o`

skfe NII iku`troes, LMO o`lakws refco` jeakw tdeor pkte`toca aeveas).

Gkrmc` c`m Aejc`k` cfk`n ZXAC iku`troes c`m Orc` c`m Caneroc cfk`n

ZZAC iku`troes e`gkyem pcrtoiuacray dond aeveas kl LMO.

Ofpcit kl LMO k` Expkrt Moversoloictok`

]de ofpcit kl LMO k` expkrt moversoloictok` os c prokro cfjonukus. Ol LMO

os moreitem fcoày tk tde expakotctok` kl `cturca reskuries, ot sdkuam aecm

tk c fkre ikìe`trctem kutput c`m expkrt struiture. ]dos fcy je tde icse

LMO Lakws c`m Expkrt Moversoloictok 7 Akkbo n ct Exte`sove c`m O te`sove Fcrno s :9

Lonure :.< Cituca c`m Xkte`toca LMO Lakws o` Yeaeitem Iku`troes,

3??8’?5 c`m :888’85

Ykurie7 Cutdkr‟s icaiuactok`s jcsem k` U@I]CM O`vestfe`t Zepkrt c`m MO.

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:9



:= Nkurmk`

lkr koa-expkrto`n iku`troes o` tde scfpae (tdct os, tde ZZAC c`m NII

iku`troes). Cater`ctoveay, lkreon` lorfs fcy o`vest o` krmer tk serve tde

fcrbet o` tde dkst iku`try (relerrem tk cs fcrbet-seebo`n kr dkrozk`tca

LMO ). Dere tde ofpcit k` expkrt ikìe`trctok` sdkuam je òa kr eve` èn-

ctove ol mkfestoi iksts rose cs c ik`sequeìe kl tde lkreon` icpotca o`lakws

(Coze`fc` c`m Fcrok` :88=).

Lorfs cask u`mertcbe LMO tk remuie prkmuitok` iksts (relerrem tk cs

elloioeìy-seebo`n kr vertoica LMO ), wdere kutput os klte` prkmuiem lkr kver-

secs fcrbets. ]dos lkrf kl LMO klte` oìrecses expkrt moversoloictok` o`

meveakpo`n iku`troes, lkr severca recsk`s. Lorst, ol tde lkreon`-kwèm pac`t

prkmuies expkrt prkmuits tdct moller lrkf tdkse kl ktder expkrto`n lorfs o`tde dkst iku`try, elloioeìy-seebo`n LMO woaa clleit tde ikfpksotok` kl tde

expkrt ju`mae. Jeicuse vertoica LMO os klte` usem tk estcjaosd o`tenrctem,

irkss-jkrmer prkmuitok` idco`s o` prkmuits tdct ktderwose ikuam kt je prk-

muiem o` tde dkst iku`try, expkrt moversoloictok` fcy rose. Yeik`m, lkreon`

lorfs klte` pkssess iertco` kwèrsdop cmvc`tcnes”suid cs donder aeveas kl

teid`kaknoica sboaas, jetter fcrbeto`n sboaas, c`m o`ter`ctok`ca kroe`tctok`”

tdct fcbe tdef fkre icpcjae kl expkrto`n tdc` mkfestoi lorfs o` tde scfe

o`mustry. ]dorm, lorfs o` skfe seitkrs lo`m ot molloiuat tk expkrt jeicuse kl dond loxem iksts (tde iksts kl o`lkrfo`n pkte`toca iustkfers o` tde nakjca

eik`kfy, lkr excfpae, kr feeto`n stc`mcrms set o` ofpkrto`n fcrbets). LMO

o` tdese seitkrs ic` remuie tdese iksts. Jeicuse suid seitkrs te`m tk dcve

aofotem kr `k expkrts, LMO aecms tk moversoloictok` kl expkrts.

]de evomeìe k` tde ofpkrtcìe kl tdese mollere`t types kl LMO, c`m

tderelkre tde ofpcit kl LMO k` expkrt moversoloictok`, os foxem. Yurveys

o`moicte tdct ciiess tk mkfestoi fcrbets os c` ofpkrtc`t fktovctok` lkr lkr-

eon` o`vestfe`t o` FE@C (tcjae :.3). ]de seik`m-fkst-iotem fktove lkro`vestfe`t os prkxofoty tk fcrbets c`m iustkfers, wdoid ikuam reler eotder

tk tde dkst iku`try kr tk èondjkro`n iku`troes. ]de Eurkpec` Uòk` c`m

Yuj-Ycdcrc` Clroic cre jktd reactoveay ciiessojae lrkf FE@C, c`m FE@C

os oìrecso`nay pacyo`n c rkae o` trcme tk jktd renok`s (^kram Jc`b :88?).

Jeicuse fcrbet-seebo`n LMO os klte` moreitem tk iku`troes wotd dond trcme

jcrroers c`m jcrroers tk trcme dcve jee` meiaoò`n o` FE@C (espeiocaay o`

ZXAC iku`troes), tdos lkrf kl LMO fcy je jeikfo`n aess ofpkrtc`t.

]de ofpcit kl LMO k` expkrt moversoloictok` vcroes wotdo` tde renok`.

Ytumoes efpdcsoze tde ofpkrtcìe kl akw wcnes o` fcbo`n tde renokìkfpetotove (Oqjca c`m @cjao :88=). ]dos wkuam sunnest tde pkte`toca lkr

elloioeìy-seebo`n (vertoica) LMO o` tde renok`, ct aecst o` ZXAC iku`troes,

tdct fondt clleit tde struiture kl expkrts. ]de ofpcit kl LMO tdrkund

kwèrsdop cmvc`tcnes kl lkreon` o`vestkrs fcy je pcrtoiuacray ofpkrtc`t



o` dkst iku`troes o` wdoid severca seitkrs dcve tk je mosikverem, wdoid ostde icse lkr ZXAC c`m pcrtoiuacray ZZAC iku`troes. ]de rkae kl LMO o`

remuio`n loxem iksts os aobeay tk je pcrtoiuacray ofpkrtc`t o` iku`troes tdct

dcve carecmy mosikverem severca expkrt seitkrs jut dcve `kt luaay mevea-

kpem tdef (lkr excfpae, ZXAC iku`troes). Enypt c`m Yyroc dcve acrne

fcrbets c`m expc`mo`n fcùlcituro`n seitkrs, prkvomo`n oìe`toves lkr

LMO o` tde fcùlcituro`n seitkr (lkr expkrt kr mkfestoi prkmuitok`). O`

tde NII iku`troes, tde expc`mo`n servoie seitkr os c sonòloic`t meterfo-

`c`t kl LMO. Ot fcy tderelkre je fkre molloiuat tk kjserve tde ofpcit kl LMO k` tde expkrt struiture kl fcùlcituro`n lkr tdese iku`troes.

Yofpae kjservctok` kl tde mctc revecas tdct FE@C iku`troes expero-

eìem skfe meiaoè o` expkrt ikìe`trctok` (fecsurem jy tde Derlo`mcda

o`mex) jetwee` 3??5 c`m :885, wde` èt LMO o`lakws were roso`n

(lonure :.>). ]dos os fkst prk`kuìem lkr ZXAC iku`troes, wdere tde

rose o` LMO tkkb kll lrkf c very akw aevea. @et LMO o`lakws lkr NII

iku`troes cre vcrocjae, o` pcrt jeicuse tdese iku`troes dcve sonòloic`t

LMO kutlakws. ]de ik`laueìe kl meiaoò`n expkrt ikìe`trctok` c`m ros-

o`n LMO os cask see` o` Yuj-Ycdcrc` Clroic c`m Ecster` Eurkpe c`mIe`trca Csoc. O` Csoc c`m o` Acto` Cferoic c`m tde Icrojjec`, tdos reac-

tok`sdop os aess iaecr. @evertdeaess, tdere os c acrne vcroctok` o` LMO

o`lakws c`m expkrt ikìe`trctok` cirkss iku`troes, jktd wotdo` FE@C

c`m o` ktder renok`s.

LMO Lakws c`m Expkrt Moversoloictok 7 Akkbo n ct Exte`sove c`m O te`sove Fcrno s :5

]cjae :.3 Fktoves jedo`m Lkreon` Moreit O`vestfe`t o` tde


Xerie`tcne kl respk`me`ts ioto`n

Mkfestoi fcrbet nrkwtd pkte`toca :>

Xrkxofoty tk fcrbets kr iustkfers :5

Lo`cìe oìe`toves kr tcxes kr lu`mo`n 4

O`lrcstruiture c`m aknostois 4

Akwer iksts <

Cttrcitoveèss c`m qucaoty kl aole <

O`lkrfctok` c`m ikffuòictok`s o`lrcstruiture =

O`vestfe`t prkfktok` cneìy kr nkver`fe`t

suppkrt =Zenuactok`s kr jusoèss iaofcte =

Yboaaem wkrblkrie cvcoacjoaoty :

@cturca reskuries :

O`mustry iauster c`m irotoica fcss :

Ykurie7 KIK Fkòtkr mctc :88>.



:< Nkurmk`

Lonure :.> LMO O`lakws c`m Expkrt Ikìe`trctok` o` Meveakpo`n Zenok`s

Ykurie7 Cutdkr‟s icaiuactok`s jcsem k` U@ Ikftrcme c`m kram Meveakpfe`t O`moictkrs.

8

588

3,888

3,588

:,888

:,588

9,888

9,588

=,888

=,588

5,888

3 ? ? 5

: 8 8 8

: 8 8 5

3 ? ? 5

: 8 8 8

: 8 8 5

3 ? ? 5

: 8 8 8

: 8 8 5

3 ? ? 5

: 8 8 8

: 8 8 5

3 ? ? 5

: 8 8 8

: 8 8 5

3 ? ? 5

: 8 8 8

: 8 8 5

3 ? ? 5

: 8 8 8

: 8 8 5

Yuj-Ycdcrc`

Clroic

Csoc EcsterÈurkpe c`mIe`trca Csoc

reskurie-pkkr, acjkr-cju`mc`tiku`troes

reskurie-roid, acjkr-cju`mc`tiku`troes

Nual Ikkperctok`

Ikuìoa

Acto`Cferoic

c`mIcrojjec`

L M

O o ` l a k w s , U Y $ f o a a o k ` s

8

8.85

8.38

8.35

8.:8

8.:5

8.98

8.95

D e r l o ` m c d a o ` m e x k ` e x p k r t s

LMO o lakws (aelt cxos) Derlo`mcda o mex exiaumo n koa (rondt cxos)

]de ofpcit kl LMO k` expkrt moversoloictok` o` FE@C ic``kt je

meterfoèm jy icsuca o`speitok` kl tde mctc. Fkre ronkrkus eik`kfetroi

c`caysos, prese`tem o` tde èxt seitok`, os requorem.

]de Fkmea

Dcs LMO remuiem tde ikìe`trctok` kl expkrts o` FE@C; Ol sk, dcs ot

mkè sk jy remuio`n ikìe`trctok` cfk`n trcmotok`ca expkrt prkmuits kr

jy cmmo`n èw prkmuits c`m fcrbets; C pcèa mctc set kl 3:> iku`troes,

ikvero`n 3?44’:88<, wcs ik`struitem jy ikfjoò`n mollere`t sy`tdetoi

o`mexes kl speiocaozctok` (kjtcoèm wotd moscnnrenctem fcùlcituro`n

expkrts mctc ct tde Dcrfkòzem Yystef sox-monot aevea, exiaumo`n foèrca

lueas, koas, c`m prkmuits kl tdeor mostoaactok`) c`m iku`try-speioloi idcrci-

terostois tdct pkte`tocaay o`laueìe moversoloictok` pctter`s. ]de fkmea esto-fctes tde lkaakwo`n equctok`7

akn (Ikì )ot 6 c o + m t + j 3 akn (_ pi ) + j : Rakn(_ pi )V: + n 3 akn (]croll )

+ n : akn (LMO ) + e ot ,







spctoca weondo`n sidefe uso`n c syffetroi fctrox ^ (@ Þ @) wotd

eaefe`ts wog

(o c`m g reler tk so`nae iku`troes).= ]dos o`mex yoeams tde

lkaakwo`n lkrfuac75

Estofcto`n tde ofpcit k` LMO kl mostcìe tk fcrbet, acib kl ciiess tk

tde sec (ac`makibem), c`m actotume, wdoid cre o`vcroc`t kver tofe, pres-

e`ts c` eik`kfetroi idcaae`ne. ]de prkjaef os tdct kè kl tdese loxemelleits woaa poib up tde ofpcit kl caa vcrocjaes tdct cre tofe o`vcroc`t.

]de equctok` ikuam je estofctem uso`n rc`mkf elleits, jut mko`n sk

wkuam cssufe tdct caa expac`ctkry vcrocjaes cre uìkrreactem wotd tde

o`movomuca speioloi elleits, wdoid os u`recaostoi. C Dcusfc` test ru` clter

tde rc`mkf-elleits estofctok` cawcys regeits tde dypktdesos kl `k ikrre-

actok` jetwee` o`movomuca elleits c`m skfe expac`ctkry vcrocjae, suid cs

NMX per icpotc c`m pkpuactok`. Fkrekver, tde Jreusd-Xcnc` test sdkws

tdct rc`mkf elleits cre `kt deterksiemcstoi, wdctever ikìe`trctokò`mex os usem.

]de Dcusfc`-]cyakr estofctkr caakws tofe-o`vcroc`t elleits tk je esto-

fctem wotdkut ofpkso`n tde strk`n cssufptok` tdct caa vcrocjaes cre

uìkrreactem wotd o`movomuca speioloi elleits. ]de fco` idcaae`ne o` tdos

estofctkr os meterfoò`n wdoid kl tde vcrocjaes cre ikrreactem wotd o`mo-

vomuca speioloi elleits c`m wdoid cre kt. Jcsem k` tde Dcusfc` test, NMX

per icpotc, pkpuactok`, o`lrcstruiture, c`m spctoca ikrreactok` kl speiocaozc-

tok` cre ik`somerem e`mkne`kus vcrocjaes (tdct os, pkssojay ikrreactem wotd

ktder pkaotoica, skioca, dostkroica, iuaturca, kr eik`kfoi cspeits kt oìaumem

o` tde fkmea c`m icpturem jy tde o`movomuca speioloi elleits).

Efporoica Zesuats

]de mepe`me`t vcrocjaes cre tde tdree ikìe`trctok` o`mexes, wotd tde ]deoa

o`mex meikfpksem jetwee` ots wotdo` (o`te`sove fcrno`) c`m jetwee`

(exte`sove fcrno`) ikfpkè`ts. ]de o`mepe`me`t vcrocjaes oìaume per

icpotc oìkfe, tcrolls, c`m LMO, paus loxem tofe c`m iku`try muffoes.

Cs expeitem, tde ofpcit kl per icpotc oìkfe k` expkrt ikìe`trctok`

lkaakws c U -sdcpem pctter`, meiaoò`n lorst cs c luìtok` kl oìkfe c`m ros-

o`n clterwcrm (cs sdkw` jy tde ènctove son` k` tde aevea kl per icpotc

oìkfe c`m tde pksotove son` k` tde aevea kl per icpotc oìkfe squcrem).

Yeik`m, tcrolls dcve c pksotove ofpcit k` tde aevea kl ikìe`trctok`. Ct

Ypct ^ Ypei Ikrr og gt

g

@

ot 6

6∓

3

LMO Lakws c`m Expkrt Moversoloictok 7 Akkbo n ct Exte`sove c`m O te`sove Fcrno s :?



lorst, lkr reactoveay akw tcrolls, c` oìrecse o` ofpkrt mutoes os csskioctem

wotd nrecter expkrt ikìe`trctok`, ik`soste`t wotd tde `ktok` tdct tde

meiaoè o` expkrt prklotcjoaoty woaa caakw kày c reactoveay aofotem ùfjer

kl lorfs tk cllkrm tde loxem iksts kl expkrto`n (see Lcoò :88=). Jktd lo`m-

o`ns cre ik`soste`t cirkss tde mollere`t speioloictok`s kl tde mepe`me`t

vcrocjaes mospacyem o` ikauf`s 3’9 o` tcjae :.:.

LMO sonòloic`tay remuies ikìe`trctok` cs fecsurem jy tde Noò o`mex2

tde resuats lkr tde Derlo`mcda c`m ]deoa o`mexes cre `kt sonòloic`t. ]de

ofpcit kl LMO k` ikìe`trctok` mepe`ms k` tde fktovctok` (`cturca

reskurie meveakpfe`t, fcrbet seebo`n, elloioeìy seebo`n). Jeicuse caa tdree

types kl LMO fcy je prese`t ct tde scfe tofe (mollere`t fktovctok`s fcyu`meraoe eve` c so`nae prkgeit), ot os molloiuat tk mosto`nuosd cfk`n tdef. ]de

pksotove reactok`sdop jetwee` LMO c`m expkrt ikìe`trctok` fcy cppecr

surproso`n, nove` tdct elloioeìy-seebo`n LMO mkfo`ctem lakws tk mevea-

kpo`n iku`troes o` tde 3??8s. Dkwever, tde scfpae oìaumes dond-oìkfe

iku`troes, o` wdoid `cturca reskurie meveakpfe`t (cfk`n dond-oìkfe

koa expkrters) c`m fcrbet-seebo`n LMO fcy dcve jee` fkre ofpkrtc`t.

Oìaumo`n o`tercitem renok`ca muffoes revecas tdct LMO oìrecses expkrt

ikìe`trctok` lkr dond-oìkfe c`m upper-fommae-oìkfe renok`s (wdere`cturca reskuries c`m fcrbet-seebo`n LMO aobeay mkfo`cte) c`m remuies

expkrt ikìe`trctok` lkr fkst akwer-fommae-oìkfe c`m akw-oìkfe

renok`s (wdere elloioeìy-seebo`n LMO aobeay mkfo`ctes) (see c`èx tcjaes).

Ktder expac`ctkry vcrocjaes dcve tde expeitem son`s. Ofprkvefe`ts o`

o`lrcstruiture c`m oìrecses o` o`vestfe`t c`m mkfestoi iremot remuie

expkrt ikìe`trctok`. Ofprkvefe`ts o` o`lrcstruiture c`m oìrecses o`

o`vestfe`t meirecse expkrt ikìe`trctok` jy jkksto`n expkrts kl `k`trcmo-

tok`ca prkmuits (ikauf` 5 o` tcjae :.:). Oìrecses o` mkfestoi iremot meirecse expkrt ikìe`trctok` jy equcaozo`n tde sdcre kl trcmotok`ca expkrts

(ikauf` =). Acrner iku`try soze remuies expkrt ikìe`trctok`, exiept cs

fecsurem jy tde Noò o`mex, wdoid os `kt se`sotove tk soze. Jy ik`trcst,

mostcìe tk tde fcrbet, acib kl ciiess tk tde sec (ac`makibem), c`m remuiem

prkxofoty tk pkte`toca trcme pcrtèrs oìrecse expkrt ikìe`trctok`.

Lurtder o`sondt ic` je ncoèm jy moscnnrencto`n tde ofpcit kl LMO

cirkss renok`s (see c`èx tcjaes). LMO dcs c sonòloic`tay ènctove ofpcit

k` expkrt ikìe`trctok` o` ZXAC iku`troes, tde acrnest ofpcit cfk`n

meveakpo`n iku`try renok`s, wde` fecsurem jy tde ]deoa o`mex. ]deelleit kl LMO k` ikìe`trctok` o` ZZAC iku`troes os cask ènctove jut `kt

sonòloic`t, perdcps jeicuse kl tde mollero`n ofpcit o` Orc` c`m Yyroc k`

tde kè dc`m c`m Caneroc c`m _efe` k` tde ktder. ]de ènctove elleit kl

LMO k` expkrt ikìe`trctok` lkr NII iku`troes os dondest uso`n tde

98 Nkurmk`





9 :

]cjae :.: Meterfo`c`ts kl Expkrt Moversoloictok`

\crocjae

(3) (:) (9)

Dcusfc`-]cyakr Dcusfc`-]cyakr Dcusfc`-]cyakr Dcusf

Derlo`mcda ]deoa Noò ]de

Actotume 8.:5>*** 8.8<>*** 8.884***

(:.??) (=.<4) (=.8>) (

Ak`notume ’8.839** ’8.889*** ’8.888*** ’

(:.83) (9.3:) (:.4=) (Ik`stc`t ’3>5.:33*** ’==.4>?*** 8.8:9 ’3

(:.<3) (9.4?) (8.8:) (

]ofe elleits _es _es _es _e

@ufjer kl kjservctok`s 3,=?8 3,=?8 3,=?8 3,95

Iku`try 3:5 3:5 3:5 3:

Ykurie7 Cutdkr ikfpoactok`.

@kte7 A` 6 `cturca akncrotdf-`krfca mostrojutok`.

*** Yonòloic`t ct tde 3% aevea2 ** sonòloic`t ct tde 5% aevea2 * sonòloic`t ct tde 38% aevea.

c. Fec` ùfjer kl fco` pdkè aoès per 3,888 dcjotc`ts.

(ik`toùem)



Derlo`mcda o`mex2 c`m ot os `kt sonòloic`t wotd tde ]deoa o`mex, sunnesto`n

tdct LMO aem tk moversoloictok` jy meirecso`n tde sdcre kl tde acrner sei-

tkrs rctder tdc` oìrecso`n tde sdcre kl tde sfcaaer expkrt seitkrs. ^de`

ikìe`trctok` os fecsurem jy tde Noò o`mex, Yuj-Ycdcrc` Clroic, Ykutd

Csoc, c`m skfe iku`troes o` Acto` Cferoic c`m tde Icrojjec` sdkw c

strk`ner ènctove elleit.

]de ofpcit kl LMO k` ikìe`trctok` ic` je moscnnrenctem o`tk tde

ofpcit k` exosto`n prkmuit aoès (tde wotdo` ikfpkè`t kl tde ]deoa

o`mex) c`m èw prkmuit aoès (tde jetwee` ikfpkè`t kl tde ]deoa

o`mex) (lonure :.4). Lkr tde luaa scfpae, LMO cppecrs tk remuie expkrt ik`-

ie`trctok` jy equcaozo`n tde sdcres kl exosto`n prkmuit aoès (ikauf` 5 o`tcjae :.:) c`m tk oìrecse ikìe`trctok` jy oìrecso`n tde sdcre kl trcmo-

tok`ca prkmuits reactove tk èw prkmuits. ]rcme jcrroers sonòloic`tay rcose

expkrt ikìe`trctok` jy ofpemo`n tde meveakpfe`t kl èw prkmuits c`m

fcrbets rctder tdc` jy equcaozo`n tde sdcres kl trcmotok`ca expkrts.

LMO remuies expkrt ikìe`trctok` o` ZXAC iku`troes jy equcaozo`n tde

sdcres kl trcmotok`ca expkrts (cs o` Ykutd Csoc). O` ZZAC iku`troes, LMO

remuies ikìe`trctok` jy jkksto`n èw expkrts (cs o` Yuj-Ycdcrc` Clroic).

]de `k`sonòloic`t LMO ikelloioe`t lkr tde wotdo` ikfpkè`t lkr ZZACfcy relaeit tde moversoty cfk`n tdese iku`troes. O` dond-oìkfe iku`troes,

LMO te`ms tk remuie tde sdcre kl èw prkmuits, wdoid cre pkte`tocaay aess

c`m aess ofpkrtc`t lkr carecmy moversoloem iku`troes, c`m tk moversoly expkrt

vcaues cfk`n trcmotok`ca expkrts. Lkr iku`troes o` Ecst Csoc c`m Xcioloi, LMO

oìrecses expkrt ikìe`trctok` cak`n jktd exte`sove c`m o`te`sove fcrno`s.

Zkjustèss

C pkte`toca prkjaef os tdct LMO c`m NMX per icpotc fcy je e`mkne-`kus (tdct os, o` pcrt meterfoèm jy expkrt ikìe`trctok`, tde mepe`m-

e`t vcrocjae). Ol tdos os tde icse, tdeor ikelloioe`ts woaa je jocsem. C`

o`strufe`tca vcrocjae prkiemure os cmkptem tk ik`trka lkr tde pkssojae

e`mkneèoty kl LMO, uso`n tde LMO pkte`toca o`mex, cs ikfputem jy tde

Uòtem @ctok`s Ik`lereìe k` ]rcme c`m Meveakpfe`t (U@I]CM), cs

c` o`strufe`t. Catdkund tde resuats kjtcoèm cre tde scfe cs o` tde lorst

twk estofctok`s, tde usuca tests regeit tde o`strufe`tctok`. Fkrekver,

tde fkmea oìaumes `k vcaom o`strufe`t lkr NMX. C neèrcaozem

fkfe`ts fetdkm estofctkr os tderelkre usem, wdoid yoeams esse`tocaaytde scfe resuats (see c`èx tcjae :.C.:).

]k ideib tde rkjustèss kl tde resuats tk ktder meloòtok`s kl trcmo-

tok`ca versus `k`trcmotok`ca expkrt prkmuits, kè ikuam krmer tde

expkrt prkmuit sdcres lrkf sfcaaest tk acrnest c`m meloè trcmotok`ca

LMO Lakws c`m Expkrt Moversoloictok 7 Akkbo n ct Exte`sove c`m O te`sove Fcrno s 99







LMO dcs deapem èw expkrt seitkrs jut `kt sfcaa trcmotok`ca expkrt sei-

tkrs. Luture resecrid sdkuam try tk meterfoè wdetder tde lcoaure kl tdese

seitkrs tk cttrcit LMO relaeits tdeor acib kl ikfpetotoveèss. LMO lakws dcve

`kt suiieemem o` meveakpo`n èw expkrts o` tde NII iku`troes.

C`èx

O`moictkrs kl Expkrt Moversoloictok`

]dos c`èx mesirojes tdree o`mexes usem tk fecsure expkrt moversoloic-

tok`s. Ot meikfpkses kè kl tdef, tde ]deoa o`mex, o`tk twk ikfpkè`ts.

]de Derlo`mcda c`m ]deoa O`mexes

]de Derlo`mcda o`mex os c lakw-weondtem ikìe`trctok` o`mex, wdoid

ofpaoes tdct ot ic` je meikfpksem ciikrmo`n tk tde sdcres kl tktca lakws kl

ecid nrkup. ]de weondt nove` tk ecid nrkup mepe`ms k` tde trcme sdcre kl

ecid nrkup. ]de Derlo`mcda o`mex os krfcaozem tk rc`ne jetwee` 8 c`m 37

(:.C.3)

wdere os tde sdcre kl expkrt aoè b o` tktca expkrts, c`m ` os tde ùfjer

kl expkrt aoès (5,83: o` DY<).

]de ]deoa e`trkpy ikelloioe`t (] ) os cask c lakw-weondtem ikìe`trctok`

o`mex. Ot os nove` jy

(:.C.:)

wdere ]de fco` mollereìe jetwee` D c`m ] os tdct D os c

ik`vex luìtok` k` tde sdcres kl tktca expkrt lakws c`m ] os c ikìcve

luìtok` k` tde sdcres.

]de Derlo`mcda o`mex efpdcsozes tde ofpkrtcìe kl acrner expkrt sei-tkrs jy cssonò`n c nrecter weondt tk tdef tdc` tk sfcaaer expkrt seitkrs. Ot

noves cafkst `k weondt tk expkrt seitkrs wotd very sfcaa prkpkrtok`s kl

tktca expkrts. ]de ]deoa o`mex csson`s donder weondt tk tdkse expkrt seitkrs.

]dos ofpaoes tdct tde Derlo`mcda o`mex os o`laueìem fkre jy idc`nes o` tde

x

x

`

b

b

`

6 6

∓3

.

]3

3` ,3

6

6∓`

x

x

x

x b

b

`b

D

3/

3 3/,

:

6√

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`

b

b

9< Nkurmk`







tde preiemo`n twk yecrs jut were expkrtem o` ecid kl tde lkaakwo`n twk

yecrs), c`m `k`trcmem prkmuits (prkmuits wdkse expkrts cre zerk o` tde

wdkae scfpae perokm lkr tdct iku`try). ]de ]deoa o`mex ic` je meikf-

pksem uso`n tdese nrkups o`tk c wotdo` (equctok` :.C.=) c`m c jetwee`

(equctok` :.C.5) ikfpkè`t7

(:.C.=)

c`m

(:.C.5)

wdere ]^ + ]J 6 ]2 g os tde ùfjer kl expkrt aoès o` nrkup g, c`m x g os

tde nrkup‟s cvercne expkrt vcaue, o` mkaacrs.

]de ]deoa o`mex meirecsem jetwee` 3??< c`m :88<, trcmuio`n c

meiaoè o` tde ùfjer kl èw expkrt prkmuits tdct ic` je mosikverem

(lonure :.C.3).

] `3

J g g g

g

G `

`

x

x

x

x 6

6

∓ 3 ,

] `

3

^ g g

g

b b

b g g

G `

`

x

x `

x

x

x

x 6

∓∓6

33

∄

LMO Lakws c`m Expkrt Moversoloictok 7 Akkbo n ct Exte`sove c`m O te`sove Fcrno s 9?

Lonure :.C.3 Ydcres kl ôtdo` c`m Jetwee` Ikfpkè`ts o` Kvercaa ]deoa O`mex

Ykurie7 Cutdkr‟s icaiuactok`s.

@kte7 KEIM 6 Krncòsctok` lkr Eik`kfoi Ik-kperctok` c`m Meveakpfe`t.

8

:8

=8

<8

48

388

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: 8 8 <

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: 8 8 <

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: 8 8 <

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]cjae :.C.3 Ikelloioe`ts lkr Ydcres kl otdo` c`m Jetwee` Ikfpkè`ts o` Kvercaa ]deoa O`mex

Iku`try nrkup

(3) (:) (9)

Derlo`mcda ]deoa Noò ]

KEIM iku`troes 8.894 8.8=9 8.884***

@eway o`mustrocaozem iku`troes 3.5:>*** 8.9:3 8.83:*

Ecst Csoc c`m tde Xcioloi 9.?8<*** 8.4:8** 8.8?>***

Ecster` Eurkpe c`m Ie`trca Csoc 8.<>: 8.384 8.884 Acto` Cferoic c`m tde Icrojjec` ’8.?9=** ’8.:8> ’8.8:=***

Ykutd Csoc 3.9=> ’8.3=8 ’8.3::***

Yuj-Ycdcrc` Clroic 8.<?> ’8.98:*** ’8.3>3***

Zeskurie-pkkr, acjkr-cju`mc`t iku`troes ’:.:=<** ’8.=??** ’8.85:**

Zeskurie-roid, acjkr-cju`mc`t iku`troes ’<.::8 ’8.5=< ’8.385

Nual Ikkperctok` Ikuìoa ’=.:99 ’8.>3< 8.=88


@kte7 KEIM 6 Krncòsctok` lkr Eik`kfoi Ik-kperctok` c`m Meveakpfe`t.


= 8



]cjae :.C.: NFF Estofctok`s tk Ik`trka lkr E`mkneèoty

Derlo`mcda ]deoa Noò

A`(NMX per icpotc) ’3.:53? ’8.5:34** ’8.845=***

(3.::) (:.:<) (9.==)A`(NMX per icpotc): 8.394=** 8.8=9?*** 8.88<8***

(:.89) (:.4=) (9.=<)

A`(]crolls) ’8.8?85 8.38=> 8.88=>

(8.33) (8.5?) (8.34)

A`(LMO) ’8.3:8? 8.88>4 8.8853*

(3.54) (8.5:) (3.><)

A`(Fco` teaepdkè aoèsc) ’8.:53<* ’8.8=?:* ’8.88:>

(3.?9) (3.><) (8.?<)

A`(Ydcre kl mkfestoi iremot o` NMX) ’8.8=>> ’8.884? ’8.8835

(8.>=) (8.<9) (8.><)A`(Nrkss loxem icpotca lkrfctok` o` NMX) ’3.8>89 ’8.9<>5** ’8.83?=

(3.9>) (:.34) (3.98)

A`(Xkpuactok`) ’3.:4<3* ’8.:98> 8.8899

(3.4>) (3.==) (8.3?)

@ufjer kl kjservctok`s 3,993 3,993 3,993

Iku`try 3:= 3:= 3:=

Dc`se` prkjcjoaoty 8.9< 8.<8 8.3:

Cmgustem Z: 8.95 8.>? 8.84

Ykurie7 Cutdkr‟s icaiuactok`s.@kte7 LMO 6 lkreon` moreit o`vestfe`t, A` 6 `cturca akncrotdf-`krfca mostrojutok`. ]ofe c`m iku`try elleits cre prese`t o` caa speioloictok`s.


c. Fec` ufjer kl fco` pdkè aoès per 3,888 dcjotc`ts.

= 3





A`(Nrkss loxem icpotca lkrfctok` o` NMX) 8.=8:*** ’8.3<9 8.><8*** ’8.<><***

(9.?=) (3.8?) (<.=3) (>.=?)

A`(Ypctoca ikrreactok`) 8.4>:*** :.4:3*** 3.3==*** 3.488***

(=.>5) (38.9>) (5.==) (38.?8)

A`(Xkpuactok`) 8.8=< ’8.=4:*** ’8.8=3 ’8.9?<***

(3.:<) (>.:8) (3.98) (4.9>)

A`(Mostcìe) 9.>:?*** ?.343*** 9.><=*** 5.=:3**

(:.?8) (9.5<) (9.5:) (:.=?)

Ac`makibem ’8.::<** 8.=5<** ’8.3:4 8.3?>

(:.:9) (:.34) (3.5>) (3.8?)

Actotume 8.899** 8.8?<*** 8.895*** 8.859**

(:.54) (9.>8) (9.9=) (:.=8)

Ak`notume ’8.889*** ’8.88=** ’8.88:*** ’8.88:

(:.4>) (:.33) (9.33) (3.33)


@kte7 LMO 6 lkreon` moreit o`vestfe`t, A` 6 `cturca akncrotdf-`krfca mostrojutok`. ]ofe elleits cre prese`t o` caa speioloictok`s. @ufjer kl iku`


c. Fec` ùfjer kl fco` pdkè aoès per 3,888 dcjotc`ts.

= 9







Oqjca, L., c`m F. B. @cjao. :88=. ]rcme, Lkreon` Moreit O`vestfe`t c`m Meveakp-

fe`t o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic. ]de Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic

Zenok`7 ]de Idcaae`nes kl Nrkwtd c`m Nakjcaozctok`. ^csdo`ntk` MI7

O`ter`ctok`ca Fkètcry Lu`m O`stotute c`m ^kram Jc`b.

Bao`ner, J., c`m M. Aemerfc`. :88=. ‑Mosikvery c`m Meveakpfe`t7 C` Efporoica

Expakrctok` kl —@ew‟ Xrkmuits.‖ Xkaoiy Zesecrid ^krbo`n Xcper 9=58, ^kram

Jc`b, ^csdo`ntk`, MI.

Brunfc`, X. 3?43. ‑O`trco`mustry Ypeiocaosctok` c`m tde Nco`s lrkf ]rcme.‖ Gkur`ca

kl Xkaotoica Eik`kfy 4? (5)7 ?5?’>9.

Aevide`bk, C. C., c`m G. mo Nokvc`ò. :88<. ‑]de Zosb Ik`te`t kl Expkrts.‖

O`ter`ctok`ca Fkètcry Lu`m, csdo`ntk`, MI.

Fcbmoso, Y., W. Lcttcd, c`m O. Aofc`. :88:. ‑Meterfo`ctok` kl Nrkwtd o` tde

FE@C Iku`troes.‖ ^krbo`n Xcper, Crcj Xac`ò`n O`stotute, Yclct, Buwcot.

Fcrtoìus, I., c`m C. Estevcmekrmca. :885. ‑Ypeiocaozctok` c`m Moverno`n

Fcùlcituro`n Ytruitures7 ]de Clterfctd kl ]rcme Xkaoiy Zelkrf o`

Meveakpo`n Iku`troes.‖ Meveakpfe`t Ytumoes ^krbo`n Xcper ::8, Ie`trk

Ytumo Auic m‟Cnaoc`k, Foac`, Otcay.

KIK Fkòtkr RmctcjcseV. KIK Ik`suato`n, Jealcst, @krtder` Oreac`m.

U@I]CM (Uòtem @ctok`s Ik`lereìe k` ]rcme c`m Meveakpfe`t). :88>. ^kram O`vestfe`t Zepkrt . Neèvc7 U@I]CM.

\e`cjaes, C., c`m @. Aofck. :88:. ‑Neknrcpdoica Moscmvc`tcne7 C Deibsider-

Kdao`-vk` ]dñè` Fkmea kl O`ter`ctok`ca Ypeiocaozctok`.‖ Gkur`ca kl

O`ter`ctok`ca Eik`kfois 54 (:)7 :9?’<9.

kram Jc`b. :88>c. Expkrt Moversoloictok` o` Enypt, Gkrmc`, Aejc`k`, Fkrkiik, c`m

]uòsoc. Zepkrt =8=?>-F@C. ^csdo`ntk`, MI7 ^kram Jc`b.

kram Jc`b. :88>j. ^kram Meveakpfe`t O`moictkrs. csdo`ntk`, MI7 kram Jc`b.

”””. :88?. Ytre`ntdeò`n Ido`c‟s c`m O`moc‟s O`vestfe`ts ]oes o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic. ^csdo`ntk`, MI7 ^kram Jc`b.

=< Nkurmk`





O` c` ellkrt tk jetter u`merstc`m tde prkiesses u`merayo`n expkrt mover-

soloictok` tdrkund èw expkrts, tde ^kram Jc`b (:88>) ik`muitem c`

c`caysos kl expkrt moversoloictok` o` tde Crcj Zepujaoi kl Enypt, Gkrmc`,

Aejc`k`, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc. Cs pcrt kl tde c`caysos, :9 icses kl suiiess-

lua expkrt mosikveroes o` tde love iku`troes were stumoem. ]de kjgeitove kl

tde icse stumoes wcs tk aecr` wdct tronners kr ik`strco`s tde mosikvery kl

èw expkrts ct tde lorf aevea, wdct fcbes c` e`trepreèur tcbe tde rosb

kl expkrto`n c èw prkmuit tdct dcs `k trcib reikrm o` tde eik`kfy, c`m

wdct fcbes ofotctkrs poib up k` tde èw expkrt citovoty.

]dos idcpter cmmresses tdese ossues. ]de lorst seitok` prkvomes c`

kvervoew kl expkrt moversoloictok` o` tde love FE@C iku`troes oìaumem o`tde ^kram Jc`b stumy. ]de seik`m seitok` mosiusses tde icse stumoes. ]de

tdorm seitok` fcbes reikffe`mctok`s lkr mesonò`n prkcitove pkaoioes tdct

eìkurcne experofe`tctok` c`m ofotctok`. ]de acst seitok` meroves lurtder

ofpaoictok`s lrkf tde icse stumy resuats lkr expkrt prkfktok`.

Expkrt Moversoloictok` o` ‑Zeskurie-Xkkr‖

Iku`troes o` tde Zenok`

Ct tde struiturca aevea, expkrts o` FE@C cre ikìe`trctem. Eve` tde

`k`-koa iku`troes reay decvoay k` c lew expkrt ikffkmotoes, c`m moverso-

loictok` aeveas cre akwer tdc` o` ktder iku`troes kl ikfpcrcjae oìkfe

c`m soze (lonure 9.3). Fkst expkrts cre u`skpdostoictem. ]de teid`kakno-

ica struiture kl expkrts o` tde ‑reskurie-pkkr‖ iku`troes lcaas sdkrt kl tdct

kl ikfpcrcjae iku`troes o` ktder renok s7 k` cvercne, kày :3 perie t kl

tde renok`‟s expkrts e`tcoa femouf kr dond teid`kakny, wdoae cafkst

9> perie`t kl expkrts o` ktder eferno`n eik`kfoes lcaa o`tk tdese icte-nkroes.3 ]dos teid`kakny struiture durts prkmuitovoty o` FE@C iku`-

troes, wdoid os akw ikfpcrem wotd ktder iku`troes kl sofoacr oìkfe

aeveas o` ktder renok`s.

]de trcme struiture o` tde reskurie-pkkr FE@C iku`troes os u`mernk-

o`n idc`nes, cajeot sakway. ]dos os o`moictem jy tde uùsuca lcit tdct expkrt

nrkwtd o` fc`y kl tde renok`‟s iku`troes dcs jee` decvoay mrove` jy tde

exte`sove fcrno` (tdct os, tde idc`ne o` expkrt lakws resuato`n lrkf expkrt

lakws tk èw fcrbets c`m èw prkmuits) (tcjae 9.3). ]de exte`sove fcr-

no` ciiku`tem lkr gust 3> perie`t kl tde expkrt nrkwtd kl caa akwer-fommae-oìkfe iku`troes k` cvercne c`m := perie`t kl tde nrkwtd kl caa

upper-fommae-oìkfe iku`troes2 ot ciiku`tem lkr fkre tdc` 94 perie`t o`

FE@C iku`troes. ]dos os pcrtay expacoèm jy tde fcnòtume kl tde meiaoè

o` exosto`n lakws c`m tde moscppecrcìe kl expkrts kl pcrtoiuacr prkmuits

=4 @cssol



tk pcrtoiuacr fcrbets.:

Ol Enypt, lkr excfpae, dcm fco`tcoèm ots expkrt lakws tdct meiaoèm kr moscppecrem, expkrt nrkwtd wkuam dcve jee` fkre

tdc` 98 perie`t donder. Jut eve` ol kè mosiku`ts lkr stctostoica elleits, tde

oìomeìe kl èw expkrt citovotoes refco`s dond (^kram Jc`b :88?).

]de mollereìes o` iku`try kutikfes cre molloiuat tk csiertco`. ]dey

resuat pcrtay lrkf c prkaolerctok` kl prelere`toca trcme cnreefe`ts, espe-

iocaay wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk` c`m tde Uòtem Ytctes, c`m pcrtay lrkf

respk`ses tk sdolts o` ikfpetotok` pctter`s k` o`ter`ctok`ca fcrbets. Lkr

skfe expkrts, suid cs postcidoks o` tde Osacfoi Zepujaoi kl Orc`, tde scfe

prkmuit os respk`sojae lkr c meiaoè o` skfe fcrbets c`m c` oìrecse o`

ktders, wdoid o`moictes trcme moversok` elleits o` trcmotok`ca expkrt fcr-

bets. Lo`caay, skfe iku`troes o` tde renok` stcrtem wotd lewer expkrt lakws,

wdoid expaco`s wdy expkrts ct tde exte`sove fcrno` cre fkre prk`kuìem

(^kram Jc`b :88?).

Xrkfkto`n @ew Expkrts7 Experoeìe lrkf O mustry Icse Ytumoes =?

8

8.3

8.:

8.9

8.=

8.5

8.< Caneroc Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl

Gkrmc`

Aejc`k`

Fkrkiik

Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi

]uòsoc

]urbey

Du`ncry

Xkac`mZkfcòc

Lrcìe

Otcay

Xkrtunca

Ypco`

Ido`c

O`moc

Fexoik

Fcacysoc

3??8 :885

Lonure 9.3 Derlo`mcda-Dorsidfc`` O`mex kl Expkrt Ikìe`trctok`, 3??8 c`m :885

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b :88>.

@kte7 ]de Derlo`mcda-Dorsidfc`` o`mex os c fecsure kl tde menree kl prkmuit ikìe`trctok`, `krfcaozem tk

kjtco` vcaues lrkf 8 (foòfuf ikìe`trctok`) tk 3 (fcxofuf ikìe`trctok`). Ot ofpaoes tdct iku`troes wotd c`

o`mex iakser tk zerk (fommae pko`t) cre fkre moversoloem.







• Fcrbet evkautok`7 ]de eferneìe kl c èw fcrbet kr c idc`ne o` tde

exosto`n fcrbet struiture ic` irecte c` kppkrtuòty lkr èw jusoèss.

Fcrbet aojercaozctok` os c bey excfpae.

• Icpcioty tk prkmuie o` exiess kl mkfestoi mefc`m 7 C lorf kroe`tem

tkwcrm c mkfestoi fcrbet aecr`s dkw tk expkrt ots exiess prkmuitok`.

• Zesecrid7 C teid`kakny-kroe`tem lorf kr persk` ic` ikfferiocaoze c

pcte`tem o`ve`tok` cs c resuat kl resecrid.

• @ews7 C mosikvery os mrove` jy èw o`lkrfctok` cjkut jusoèss

kppkrtuòtoes.

• Zc`mkf wcab7 Dond-rosb e`trepreèurs ic` irecte jusoèsses tdrkund

troca c`m errkr kr jy seozo`n c kè-tofe kppkrtuòty.

O` fc`y icses, fkre tdc` kè tronner wcs ct pacy. ]de fkst meiosove

tronner wcs tde ikfjo`ctok` kl o`lkrfctok` cjkut èw jusoèss kppkrtu-

òtoes wotd c` e`trepreèur woaao`n tk tcbe dond rosbs c`m cmkpt èw teid-

`kaknoes c`m fc`cnefe`t teidòques (jkx 9.3). O`lkrfctok` `krfcaay

icfe lrkf jusoèss trcveas, prevokus stumy, kr wkrb experoeìes cjrkcm.

O` c lew icses, tde prkiess kl kjtcoò`n o`lkrfctok` c`m trc`sacto`n ot o`tk

jusoèss-reaevc`t citovotoes wcs suppkrtem jy provcte seitkr ètwkrbs. ]desofoacroty kl tde jcibnrku`m, experoeìes, c`m cttotumes kl tde e`trepre-

èurs wcs strobo`n, espeiocaay o` ik`trcst tk tde fkst premkfo`c`t type kl

lorf kwèrs c`m fc`cners wotdo` tdeor skioetoes, wdk usucaay aecm c lcf-

oay jusoèss c`m were ik`servctove c`m re`t seebo`n.

O` ik`trcst tk idcrciterostois csskioctem wotd o`movomuca e`trepreèurs,

tde icse stumoes mom `kt estcjaosd c iaecr pctter` kl lorf type kr soze.

Mosikveroes kiiurrem o` sfcaa c`m acrne lorfs, c`m tdey kiiurrem o` lorfs

tdct skam prkmuits mkfestoicaay lorst c`m, tdrkund vcrokus oterctok`s kl

prkmuitok` idc`nes, aecrèm tk expkrt. Ykfetofes èway mosikverem

prkmuits were cmmem tk c` exosto`n expkrt pkrtlkaok2 klte` lorfs were

juoat up lrkf sirctid wotd tde k`set kl tde mosikvery. Fkst kl tde lorfs

dcm kè tdo`n o` ikffk`, dkwever7 tdey were caa mkfestoi, o` tde se`se

tdct tdey were rcreay c resuat kl lkreon` moreit o`vestfe`t (LMO). ]dos

fcbes se`se, ik`somero`n tdct lkreon` o`vestkrs jcse tdeor o`vestfe`t

meiosok` k` exosto`n ikfpcrctove cmvc`tcnes lkr expkrts c`m lcitkrs tdct

oìaume, cfk`n ktders, c iertco` sboaa aevea, o`lrcstruiture, kr akica prkmui-

tok` experoeìe. O`vestfe`ts cre aess rosby o` o`mustroes o` wdoid iku`troesdcve carecmy prkve` expkrt kr prkmuitok` icpcioty. Fkrekver, resecrid

c`m meveakpfe`t citovotoes tdct pkte`tocaay ikuam aecm tk tde mosikvery kl

èw prkmuits typoicaay mk `kt tcbe pacie o` sujsomocroes kr prkmuitok`

lcioaotoes kl fuato`ctok`ca ikfpcòes.

5: @cssol



Xrkfkto`n @ew Expkrts7 Experoeìe lrkf O mustry Icse Ytumoes 59

Jkx 9.3

Dkw E`trepreèursdop Fcbes c Mollereìe

Enypt‟s aecmo`n provcte expkrter csskioctok`, ExpkAo`b, krncòzes lorfs o` o`mustry

iausters tk prkfkte expkrts jy tcbo`n mkfestoi prkmuiers wotd expkrt pkte`toca

tk o`ter`ctok`ca lcors, jro`no`n o` o`ter`ctok`ca ik`suatc`ts, c`m krncòzo`n sup-

pkrt ètwkrbs kl suiiesslua expkrters tk wkrb wotd èw e`trc`ts. Fkst lorf-aevea

suiiess stkroes o` tde luròture o`mustry ikfe lrkf mkfestoicaay lkiusem prkmuiers

tdct were puaaem o`tk tde expkrt fcrbet jy ExpkAo`b.

Kè excfpae os Feujae Ea Idcrb, c lcfoay lorf tdct trcies ots dostkry jcib tk 3?==.Cs kl tde fom-3??8s, tde ikfpc`y prkmuiem e`toreay lkr tde mkfestoi fcrbet,

fcoày lkr restcurc`ts c`m dkteas o` Enypt. Jut cs nrkwtd o` tde tkurosf seitkr

sakwem o` tde acte 3??8s, Cdfem Deafy, tde èw idoel exeiutove klloier (IEK),

jenc` akkbo`n tk tde expkrt fcrbet lkr nrkwtd. Fr. Deafy dcm aottae o`lkrfctok`

cjkut lkreon` mefc`m. Oòtocaay, de tdkundt tdct wotd dos ikfpc`y‟s meep b`kwa-

emne kl luròture prkmuitok` c`m Enypt‟s stctus cs c femouf-teid`kakny fcùlci-

turer, de fondt ikfpete o` ktder FE@C fcrbets2 de ever e`vosokèm ikfpeto`n o`

tde donday skpdostoictem Eurkpec` kr U.Y. fcrbets.Fr. Deafy dcm `k omec dkw tk jeno`2 de lecrem dos omec wkuam èver net kll

tde nrku`m. C` ExpkAo`b feeto`n wotd sofoacr lorfs eìkurcnem dof tk e`ter

èw fcrbets c`m idc`ne dos prkmuitok` tkwcrm fkre iustkfozem luròture tdct

feets o`ter`ctok`ca stc`mcrms. ]de ktder lorfs were sofoacr tk dos”lcfoay lorfs

wotd ak`n dostkroes o` tde mkfestoi fcrbet, decmem jy c èw neèrctok` wotd

tdeor eyes k` expkrts. Jeèloto`n lrkf tde ktders‟ experoeìes, lrkf trops tk trcme

lcors o` Eurkpe c`m tde Uòtem Ytctes, c`m lrkf o`ter`ctok`ca ik`suatc`ts krnc`-

ozem jy ExpkAo`b, Fr. Deafy idc`nem dos prkmuitok` c`m jenc` expkrto`n tk

Eurkpec` fcrbets. Dos krono`ca nkca wcs tk expkrt c sfcaa perie`tcne kl dos kut-

put tk moversoly fcrbet rosb2 de `kw expkrts fkre tdc` <5 perie`t kl prkmuitok`.

]de scfe type kl cssostcìe mom `kt jro`n suiiess tk Enypt‟s mkfestoi sdke

o`mustry. Mespote sujstc`toca suppkrt c`m fc`y kl tde scfe `cturca cmvc`tcnes

tde luròture o`mustry dcm, tde aectder sdke o`mustry mom kt prkve ikfpetotove o`

tde o`ter`ctok`ca fcrbet. ]de jonnest mollereìe jetwee` aectder fcùlciturers

c`m tdkse o` luròture wcs tde persk`ca idcrciterostois kl tdeor aecmers. ^de`

ExpkAo`b recidem kut tk tde luròture seitkr, ot lku`m c èw neèrctok` kl IEKs

wotd o`ter`ctok`ca experoeìe c`m c mesore tk pusd o`tk èw fcrbets. O` ik`trcst,

tde aecmers kl tde sdke fcùlciturers dcm meveakpem tdeor jusoèsses o` tde erc

kl acrne-sicae expkrts tk Ecst Nerfc`y c`m tde Ykvoet Uòk`”expkrts mrove` jy

(ik`toùem)





o`lkrfctok` os tdus tde nrectest durmae o` oòtocto`n c èw expkrt citovoty

(Bao`ner :88>).

E`trepreèurs o` tde icse stumoes kvericfe tdese uìertco`toes o` lkur

wcys7

• Ykfe e`trepreèurs pcrtèrem wotd lorfs tdct dcm tde requorem

b`kwaemne jy e`tero`n c lkrfca aoie`so`n cnreefe`t kr lkrfo`n c gko`t

ve`ture.

• Ktder e`trepreèurs reskavem uìertco`ty tdrkund sujsomoes lrkf tde

o`put suppaoer, wdk wcs fktovctem jy iuatovcto`n mkw`strecf

mefc`m.• Fc`y e`trepreèurs sofpay cssufem tde donder rosbs c`m cjskrjem tde

iksts kl uìertco`ty cakè.

• O` c lew icses, pujaoi suppkrt”o` tde lkrf kl expkrt prkfktok , teid-

òica cssostcìe lkr lorf restruituro`n, kr b`kwaemne trc`sler”wcs

irotoica o` tde oòtoca stcnes kl jusoèss, premkfo`c`tay lkr tde (lew)

e`trepreèurs wotd `k prevokus b`kwaemne kl tde expkrt jusoèss kr

lkreon` mefc`m.

Expkrters mom `kt fe`tok` c`y pkaoiy-o`muiem jusoèss ik`strco`ts.

]de kày pertoè`t o`vestfe`t iaofcte ik`strco`t lkr èw expkrt mosikv-

eroes iotem o` tde icse stumoes wcs aofotem ciiess tk lo`cìe. Cafkst caa

e`trepreèurs repkrtem molloiuatoes o` ciquoro`n lo`cìoca reskuries tk stcrt

tdeor èw jusoèss wotdo` tde mkfestoi lo`cìoca systef. Catdkund caa tde

e`trepreèurs eve`tucaay kjtcoèm tde èiesscry lo`cìo`n”fkstay lrkf

provcte reskuries”tde lo`cìo`n ik`strco`ts dcm severca ik`sequeìes,

oìaumo`n meacyem o`vestfe`t, dond persk`ca rosb, c`m mepe`meìe k` o`lkr-fca lo`cìoca reskuries.

Exiept o` tde lew icses fe`tokèm cjkve, nkver`fe`t suppkrt pacyem

kày c foòfca rkae o` tde mosikvery prkiess. Kè ikuam tderelkre ikìaume

tdct pujaoi suppkrt os `kt irotoica muro`n tde mosikvery pdcse. Dkwever,

fc`y e`trepreèurs pko`tem kut tdct oòtoca suppkrt”tdrkund expkrt prk-

fktok` sidefes, ikfpetotoveèss prknrcfs, o``kvctok` nrc`ts, c`m sk

lkrtd”wcs gust `kt cvcoacjae tk tdef.

Mollusok` c`m tde Lecr kl Ofotctok`Lrkf c skioca perspeitove, tde ofotctok` kl c suiiesslua expkrt mosikvery

os mesorcjae, jeicuse ot lksters tde meveakpfe`t kl expkrt seitkrs c`m

eik`kfoi nrkwtd. Jut cs Bao`ner c`m Aemerfc` (:88?) `kte, tde oìe`-

toves lkr expkrters tk experofe`t fcy je remuiem jy tde pkssojoaoty tdct

Xrkfkto`n @ew Expkrts7 Experoeìe lrkf O mustry Icse Ytumoes 55





]de acib kl ikkrmo`ctem kr ikaaeitove citok` fondt citucaay expaco` wdy

expkrt mosikveroes o` fc`y icses refcoèm o`movomuca o`stcìes c`m mom

`kt ik`trojute fuid tk tde meveakpfe`t kl èw expkrt o`mustroes. ]de

mollusok` prkiess o` tde love stumy iku`troes os lcoray lrcnfe`tem, wotd

wecb ao`bs jetwee` lorfs c`m pujaoi kr provcte o`stotutok`s kr emuictok`

lcioaotoes c`m resecrid ie`ters tdct ikuam ictcayze b`kwaemne. Fkst kl tde

lkaakwers o`tervoewem lkr tde icse stumoes scom tdct tdey mom `kt cit

upk`”kr eve` reieove”c son`ca lrkf c lorst fkver. O`stecm, expkrt mos-

ikveroes kiiurrem cs pcrcaaea pde`kfe`c, wotd sofuatcèkus fcrbet e`try

kr tde meveakpfe`t kl mollere`toctem prkmuits tronnerem jy tde scfe set

kl sofoacr lcitkrs tdct mrkve tde lorst fkver. ]dos lo`mo`n ofpaoes tdct fcr-bets o` tdese iku`troes acib tde èiesscry trc`spcreìy tk e`cjae (lcst)

o`lkrfctok` exidc`ne. O` icses o` wdoid LMO wcs c lcitkr, o`vestkrs

reieovem c neèrca son`ca cjkut tde ikfpcrctove cmvc`tcnes kl tde iku`-

try, usucaay kjtcoèm tdrkund fcrbet stumoes. O` icses o` wdoid lkaakwers

citem upk` son`cas, tdey were usucaay ictcayzem jy c iauster kl lorfs, o`lkr-

fca ètwkrbs, kr c` csskioctok`. ]dos lo`mo`n jecrs ofpkrtc`t ofpaoictok`s

lkr iku`troes, aobe tde love stumoem dere, o` wdoid b`kwaemne mollusok` os

do`merem jy wecb provcte seitkr krncòzctok`.

Mesonò`n Xrkcitove Xkaoioes tk Eìkurcne

Experofe`tctok` c`m Ofotctok`

Iku`troes woaa `kt je cjae tk moversoly tdeor expkrts uàess tde eik`kfoi

e`vork`fe`t os lcvkrcjae tk trcme c`m o`vestfe`t. Moversoloictok` requores

sdolto`n reskuries cirkss seitkrs kr o`vesto`n o` èw eik`kfoi citovoty.

]dos os uàobeay tk dcppe` uàess tde eik`kfoi e`vork`fe`t caakws lkrikfpetotove prkmuitok` kl nkkms c`m servoies. Expkrt prkfktok` sdkuam

tderelkre cawcys je jcsem k` pkaoioes tdct remuie c`toexpkrt jocs, fcirk-

eik`kfoi ofjcacìes, c`m jedo`m-tde-jkrmer ik`strco`ts c`m ofprkve

trcme lcioaotctok` c`m ciiess tk servoies. Jeyk`m tdese steps os c ik`toùuf

kl pkssojoaotoes lkr prkcitove pkaoioes tk lkster expkrt nrkwtd c`m moverso-

loictok` ol exter`caotoes icuse c` u`mero`vestfe`t o` prkmuitove citovotoes.

Dkwever, espeiocaay wde` tde kjgeitove os tk prkfkte moversoloictok`

tdrkund èw expkrt citovotoes, pkaoiy o`strufe`ts èem tk je mesonèm tk

cmmress tde speioloi ik`strco`ts lorst fkvers lcie ct tde very ecray stcneskl tde mosikvery prkiess (lrkf tde omec tk tde fcrbet). ]dos os `kt c trov-

oca requorefe`t7 cssessfe`t kl tde pkaoiy o`strufe`ts usem o` tde love

iku`troes stumoem dere revecas tdct tde eaonojoaoty iroteroc lkr fkst oòtoc-

toves, suid cs fctido`n nrc`ts lkr fcrbeto`n citovotoes, jusoèss meveakp-

fe`t cssostcìe, kr eve` stcrt-up sidefes, lcvkr expkrters kl trcmotok`ca

Xrkfkto`n @ew Expkrts7 Experoeìe lrkf O mustry Icse Ytumoes 5>



nkkms c`m servoies kr tdkse tdct cre ik`somerem strctenoi o` terfs kl tdeor

fcrbet pkte`toca.

Yuid pkaoioes fcy fcbe eik`kfoi se`se, jeicuse tde kjservcjae c`m

quc`tolocjae retur`s k` suid o`terve`tok`s, wde` elleitove, cre donder tdc`

tde retur`s tdct ikuam je expeitem lrkf rosby jusoèss citovotoes tdct cre

èw tk tde eik`kfy.9 O` tdos respeit, nkver`fe`ts cit wotd tde scfe

aknoi cs provcte o`vestkrs, wdk icaiuacte tde rosbs cnco`st tdeor expeitem

retur`s. Dkwever, tdos cpprkcid `cturcaay mosirofo`ctes cnco`st èw citov-

otoes, jeicuse tdeor cituca retur` ik`sosts fcoày kl exter`caotoes tdct cre

o`tc`nojae o` `cture c`m molloiuat tk fecsure, suid cs o`lkrfctok` cjkut

tde lecsojoaoty c`m prkmuitovoty kl tde citovoty. ]dos cpprkcid mkes `kt tcbe o`tk ciiku`t tde vcaucjae o`lkrfctok` lkr tde eik`kfy prkmuiem

jy tde èw citovoty eve` ol ot lcoas. Lcoaures prkvome ktder lorfs wotd aes-

sk`s k` citovotoes `kt tk pursue c`m dkw `kt tk mk jusoèss. Ot ikuam eve`

je crnuem tdct pujaoi suppkrt sdkuam lkius k` prkfkto`n èw citovotoes.

Ol tde prkmuitok` kr fcrbeto`n kl c èw expkrt prkves suiiesslua, o` tde

cjseìe kl ktder fcrbet lroitok`s, tde o`lkrfctok` cjkut jusoèss vocjoa-

oty c`m prklotcjoaoty sdkuam je oìe`tove e`kund lkr ofotctkrs tk o`vest

eve` wotdkut sujsomoes kl c`y bo`m.Ydolto`n sujstc`toca reskuries tk rosboer prkgeits wotd kutikfes tdct cre

molloiuat tk fecsure fcy `kt je pkaotoicaay vocjae. Ot fcy cask je molloiuat

tk estcjaosd tde rondt jcacìe jetwee` prkfkto`n nrkwtd o` exosto`n trcme

lakws (wdoid fcy dcve c acrne ofpcit o` tde sdkrt c`m femouf terfs) c`m

suppkrto`n èw trcme lakws (wotd pkssojae acrne ofpcits o` tde ak`n terf).

@evertdeaess, o` iku`troes wotd akw aeveas kl moversoloictok`, ot fcy je wkrtd

cssesso`n tde oìe`toves kl expkrt prkfktok` prknrcfs c`m evcaucto`n tdeor

ofpcit k` jktd expkrt nrkwtd c`m moversoloictok`. Ydolto`n skfe kl tdeexpkrt prkfktok` reskuries lkr trcmotok`ca citovotoes tk prknrcfs tdct lcvkr

èw citovotoes ikuam deap cidoeve moversoloictok` kjgeitoves.

]de wcy tk eìkurcne e`trepreèurs tk fkve o`tk lkreon` c`m u`b`kw`

loeams os jcsem k` c very jcsoi proìopae7 remuie tde ikst kl experofe`tc-

tok`. ]dere cre mollere`t wcys kl mko`n tdos. O` Enypt, lkr excfpae, tde

provcte expkrt csskioctok` ExpkAo`b citoveay cmmressem prkmuiers kl trc-

motok`ca prkmuits, ome`toloem tdkse wotd c strk`n mesore lkr idc`ne c`m

e`trepreèuroca cttotume, lkrfem sfcaa jusoèss iausters, c`m puaaem tdef

o`tk prevokusay uèxpakrem fcrbet senfe`ts jy tcbo`n tdef k` stumytkurs cjrkcm c`m jro`no`n o` o`ter`ctok`ca ik`suatc`ts tk deap trc`slkrf

tde jusoèss. O` tde luròture jusoèss, wdoid dcs c ak`n dostkry kl prk-

muio`n trcmotok`ca, dc`m-ircltem luròture, ExpkAo`b deapem sfcaa-sicae

prkmuiers fkve o`tk tde o`ter`ctok`ca fcrbet lkr fkmer`, iustkfozem

54 @cssol







tdc` ot mkes o` ktder iku`troes. ]de reaevcìe kl meveakpo`n èw expkrts

kr expkrto`n tk èw fcrbets sdkuam tderelkre `kt je u`merestofctem. Jy

tde scfe tkbe`, wdere skioca kjgeitoves seef tk u`merfoè tdkse kl o`mo-

vomuca oòtoctove, skautok`s ic` je lku`m tk kvertur` lecr kl ofotctok` ol ots

jeèlots ic` je prcitoicaay mefk`strctem.

Yeik`m, expkrt moversoloictok` os c luìtok` kl expkrt nrkwtd. Cfk`n

tde love iku`troes stumoem, tdkse wotd tde fkst ik`muiove e`vork`fe`t

lkr trcme were cask tdkse tdct fcme tde nrectest prknress o` moversoloic-

tok`. Cidoevo`n expkrt moversoloictok` sdkuam tderelkre `kt je tde kày

nkca. Ct tde scfe tofe, expkrt prkfktok` pkaoioes èem tk je icreluaay

cssessem lkr tdeor cjoaoty tk o`muie e`trepreèurs tk fkve o`tk èw prkm-uits kr fcrbets tdct cre csskioctem wotd fuid donder rosbs tdc` trcmo-

tok`ca expkrt citovotoes. Ct tde aecst, expkrt prkfktok` pkaoioes sdkuam `kt

u`merfoè moversoloictok` ellkrts, jy lcvkro`n kè seitkr kver c`ktder, lkr

excfpae, jeicuse ots nrkwtd pkte`toca kr eik`kfoi reaevcìe os ik`som-

erem tk je donder.

Lo`caay, o`stotutok`ca experoeìes, suid cs tdct kl LCFET o` ]uòsoc,

fcy je repaoicjae o` ktder iku`troes ol tde aessk`s ic` je dcrvestem. Mko`n

sk requores c ronkrkus evcauctok` kl expkrt prkfktok` pkaoies c`m o`stru-fe`ts tdct dcs yet tk je ik`muitem o` fkst iku`troes.

@ktes

3. Zeskurie-pkkr iku troes cre tdkse iku`troes wdere c fcgkroty kl expkrts cre

`kt koa jcsem.

:. ]de ik`trojutok` kl ecid fcrno` tk expkrt nrkwtd os, jeicuse kl tde `cture kl

suid meikfpksotok`, o`laueìem jy tde stre`ntd kl tde ktder fcrno`. êcb nrkwtd ct tde o`te`sove fcrno` te`ms tk eaevcte tde ik`trojutok` kl tde exte`-

sove fcrno`.

9. Zetur`s k` o`terve`tok`s cre fecsurem, lkr excfpae, jy tde ùfjer c`m vka-

ufes kl ik`trcits lkaakwo`n pcrtoiopctok` o` c sujsomozem trcme lcor kr jy tde

ùfjer kl vocjae stcrt-ups.

Zelereìes

LCFET (Expkrt Fcrbet Ciiess Lu`m). :884. ‑Etume m‟evcauctok` fo-pcrikurs mu

Xrknrcffe Lcfex OO7 Zcppkrt me sy`tdese.‖ LCFET, ]uòs, ]uòsoc.

Bao`ner, J. :88>. ‑Uìertco`ty o` tde Yecrid lkr @ew Expkrts.‖ Nrcmucte Ytume`t

c`m Xkstmkitkrca Leaakw ^krbo`n Xcper 3<, Ie`ter lkr O`ter`ctok`ca

Meveakpfe`t, Dcrvcrm Uòversoty, Icfjromne, FC.

Xrkfkto`n @ew Expkrts7 Experoeìe lrkf O mustry Icse Ytumoes <3



Bao`ner, J. c`m M. Aemerfc`. :88?. ‑Moversoloictok`, O``kvctok`, c`m Ofotctok` kl

tde Nakjca ]eid`kaknoica Lrk`toer.‖ O` Jrecbo`n o`tk @ew Fcrbets7 Eferno`n

Aessk`s lkr Expkrt Moversoloictok`, em. Zoidcrm @ewlcrfer, ôaaocf Ydcw, c`m

Xeter ^cabe`dkrst, 383’38. ^csdo`ntk`, MI7 ^kram Jc`b.

kram Jc`b. :88>. ‑Expkrt Moversoloictok` o` Enypt, Gkrmc , Aejc`k`, Fkrkiik,

c`m ]uòsoc‖. Zepkrt =8=?>’F@C, ^kram Jc`b, ^csdo`ntk`, MI.

”””. :88?. Ytre`ntdeò`n Ido`c‟s c`m O`moc‟s ]rcme c`m O`vestfe`t ]oes tk tde

Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic. csdo`ntk`, MI7 kram Jc`b.

<: @cssol



<9

]dos idcpter cppaoes èw fetdkmkaknoes tk excfoè tde dostkry kl c`m

luture kppkrtuòtoes lkr expkrt moversoloictok` o` Caneroc. ]de lorst seitok`

excfoès Caneroc‟s prkmuitove struiture, wdoid os donday ikìe`trctem o`

tde dymrkicrjk`s seitkr. Ot sdkws tdct tdos pctter` kl speiocaozctok` os

oìk`soste`t wotd tde iku`try‟s e`mkwfe`t kl dymrkicrjk` reskuries.

]de acib kl expkrt moversoloictok` os sunnestove kl c` oèlloioe`t mostkrtok`,

reversca kl wdoid sdkuam je c iaecr pkaoiy prokroty.

]de seik`m seitok` revoews skfe kl tde trcmotok`ca expac`ctok`s lkr cacib kl expkrt moversoloictok` o` c` koa-expkrto`n iku`try c`m sdkws tdct

tdese expac`ctok`s mk `kt seef tk dkam lkr Caneroc. Ot kllers c` cater`ctove

expac`ctok`, jcsem `kt k` fcirkeik`kfoi vkactoaoty kr reca exidc`ne rcte

cppreioctok` jut k` tde speioloioty kl prkmuitove icpcjoaotoes o` tde koa

seitkr c`m tdeor sujstotutcjoaoty tk ktder citovotoes. ]dos expac`ctok`

u`meraoes tde `ktok` kl c ‑prkmuit spcie,‖ o` wdoid struiturca trc`slkrfc-

tok` kiiurs.

]de tdorm seitok` o`trkmuies c èw fetdkmkakny tk expkrt moversoloic-tok` o` Caneroc, wdoid os sdkw` tk je speiocaozem o` c donday peropderca

pcrt kl tde prkmuit spcie. Eve` citovotoes tdct ikfpkse tde `k`-koa expkrt

jcsbet cre donday peropderca o` tde prkmuit spcie, wdoid deaps expaco` tde

severe acib kl expkrt moversoloictok`.

I D C X ] E Z =

Expkrt Moversoloictok` o` Caneroc

Zoicrmk Dcusfc``, Jcoaey Bao`ner,c`m Gksï Z. Aùpez-Iãaox



]de lkurtd seitok` cppaoes prkmuit spcie mctc tk Caneroc‟s o`mustroca

strcteny, uso`n tde fetdkmkakny tk ome`toly dond-pkte`toca expkrt seitkrs.

]dos mctc-mrove` cpprkcid dcs tde jeèlot kl systefctoicaay sic`ò`n tde

e`tore set kl pkte`toca expkrt nkkms uso`n c` efporoicaay vcaomctem fetdkm-

kakny. Ot ikfpaefe`ts ktder fkre qucaotctove c`m ik`textuca cpprkcides.

]dos seitok` uses tde scfe fetdkmkakny tk revoew tde seitkrs carecmy

ome`toloem jy tde Caneroc` nkver`fe`t o` tde èw o`mustroca pkaoiy.

]de acst seitok` mosiusses tde pkaoiy ofpaoictok`s kl tdos c`caysos.

C wome vcroety kl fetdkmkaknoes ic` je usem tk neèrcte aosts kl dond-

pkte`toca expkrt seitkrs2 fkre molloiuat os meterfoò`n wdct tk mk wotd

suid aosts. ]de seitok` kllers c lew speioloi pkaoiy reikffe`mctok`s c`mmosiusses skfe jest prcitoies. Jut tde lcit tdct fkst requorem pujaoi

nkkms c`m ik`strco`ts tk o`vestfe`t cre seitkr speioloi fec`s tdct reikf-

fe`mctok`s ic``kt je fcme ct tde fcirk aevea.

]drkundkut tde idcpter, tde lkius os k` tde expkrt seitkr, lkr c vcroety

kl recsk`s. Lorst, expkrts cre `kt aofotem jy tde sfcaa soze kl tde mkfestoi

fcrbet c`m deìe ic` nrkw fuid fkre sonòloic`tay, jeikfo`n e`noès

kl nrkwtd. Yeik`m, expkrts te`m tk je tde fkst prkmuitove citovotoes o` c

iku`try, sk tdct c` oìrecse o` tdeor reactove soze rcoses kvercaa prkmuitov-oty. ]dorm, tde ikfpetotoveèss kl expkrts os jcsem k` tde cvcoacjoaoty o` tde

iku`try kl `k`trcmcjae o`puts, jeicuse trcmcjae o`puts ic` je ofpkrtem.

C strcteny kl expkrt nrkwtd tdus prkfktes tde meveakpfe`t kl tde `k`-

trcmcjae seitkr, cajeot o` c mollere`t wcy. Kè ofpkrtc`t mrcwjcib kl tde

cpprkcid os tdct ot ik`somers kày tde nkkms seitkr. Ot on`kres trcme o` serv-

oies, jeicuse mctc k` o`ter`ctok`ca trcme o` servoies cre o`cmequcte. Nove`

tde eferno`n rkae servoies expkrts cre pacyo`n, tdos os u`lkrtu`cte.

]dos idcpter os fec`t tk je c teidòica o`put lkr iku`try experts.Ellkrts dcve jee` fcme tk mostoa tde efporoica resuats o`tk c` o`tuotove

prese`tctok`2 reaevc`t iotctok`s c`m c` c`èx cre prkvomem lkr tdkse seeb-

o`n lurtder teidòica metcoa.

]de Ytruiture kl tde Caneroc` Eik`kfy

Caneroc dcs fcme stecmy prknress tkwcrm fcirkeik`kfoi stcjoaoty c`m c`

kpe`, fkre provcte seitkr’kroe`tem eik`kfy. Zelkrfs cre u`merwcy o`

tde eaeitroioty c`m teaeikffuòictok`s seitkrs. Lkreon` moreit o`vestfe`t (LMO) lakws oìrecsem sujstc`tocaay kver tde pcst meicme, wotd fkre tdc`

dcal memoictem tk tde servoies seitkr.3 Dkwever, prkmuitovoty dcs kày

turèm pksotove o` tde fom :888s, clter refcoò`n ènctove lkr c`

exte`mem perokm kl tofe (OFL :88?c). Uèfpakyfe`t os dond, pcrtoiuacray

<= Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox



cfk`n tde yku`n. ]de sdcre kl tde provcte seitkr o` nrkss mkfestoi prkm-

uit (NMX) leaa lrkf :: perie`t o` 3??5 tk cjkut 39 perie`t o` :88=, c`m

pujaoi o`vestfe`t dcs jee` dond c`m oìrecso`n o` reie`t yecrs.

Caneroc refco`s wecbay o`tenrctem o`tk tde nakjca eik`kfy. Mespote ots

fcssove dymrkicrjk` expkrts, Caneroc‟s trcme kpe`èss, cs fecsurem jy

tde rctok kl `k`-koa expkrts c`m ofpkrts kl nkkms c`m servoies tk NMX (:3

perie`t), os tde akwest o` tde Fcndrej renok` (tde ktder Fcndrej iku`-

troes cvercne fkre tdc` =5 perie`t R@cjao :88>V). ]rcme o`tenrctok` os

wecb. Fkre tdc` dcal kl Caneroc` prkmuits cre expkrtem tk tde Eurkpec`

Uòk`, sunnesto`n `kt kày tdct prkxofoty os tde fco` meterfo`c`t kl

ikfpetotoveèss jut cask tdct Caneroc os extrefeay vuaèrcjae tk sdolts oÈurkpec` fcrbet ciiess. Caneroc c`m Aojyc cre tde kày Fcndrej iku`-

troes tdct dcve `kt ikfpaetem ciiessok` tk tde ^kram ]rcme Krncòzctok`

(^]K). Lo`cìoca o`tenrctok` os cask wecb.

Caneroc os donday speiocaozem o` dymrkicrjk`s. ]de seitkr ciiku`ts lkr

cjkut dcal kl tktca kutput, tdree-qucrters kl losica reveùes, c`m ?4 per-

ie`t kl expkrts”tde dondest expkrt ikìe`trctok` o` Dcrfkòzem Yystef

(DY) :> (foèrca lueas, koas, c`m prkmuits kl tdeor mostoaactok`) kl c`y

iku`try o` tde wkram. ]de Derlo`mcda o`mex lkr tde expkrt jcsbet o` :88=wcs 8.=:, cfk`n tde 38 dondest o` tde wkram. Eve` ol kè uses c sofpae

iku`t kl tde ùfjer kl expkrtem prkmuits, Caneroc os cfk`n tde akwest

o` tde wkram, ct 34= (tde lonures cre 99< o` Ycumo Crcjoc, 3,3:8 o`

Fkrkiik, :,4=? o` O`mkèsoc, c`m 9,:<< o` Fexoik R^kram Jc`b stcll esto-

fctesV). Caneroc dcs oìrecsem tde sdcre kl koa o` expkrts kver tde pcst

98 yecrs, wdoae ktder koa expkrters, suid cs tde Osacfoi Zepujaoi kl Orc`,

Kfc`, Ycumo Crcjoc, c`m tde Zïpujaoic Jkaovcroc`c me \eèzueac (u`toa

tde acte 3??8s), dcve moversoloem cwcy lrkf dymrkicrjk`s.]de fcùlcituro`n seitkr represe`ts c reactoveay sfcaa perie`tcne kl

tktca kutput c`m os sfcaa o` cjskaute terfs, eve` lkr c` koa-ikìe`trctem

eik`kfy. Fcùlcituro`n kutput per icpotc os dcal kl tdct kl tde Crcj

Zepujaoi kl Enypt c`m aess tdc` kè-loltd kl tdct kl Ycumo Crcjoc.

Nove` tdos pctter` kl speiocaozctok`, ot os `kt surproso`n tdct cnnrencte

nrkwtd o` Caneroc os mrove` o` acrne pcrt jy dymrkicrjk` proies. Clter c

meicme kl sustcoèm nrkwtd, kutput per icpotc jenc` tk lcaa o` tde ecray

3?48s, cs koa proies meiaoèm2 ot wcs lurtder remuiem jy tde iovoa ik`laoit o`

tde ecray 3??8s. Catdkund kutput per icpotc reikverem, surpcsso`n ots dos-tkroica pecb, ot mom sk o` tde ik`text kl c meiaoè o` tde rcte kl pkpuactok`

nrkwtd, fecò`n tdct tde wkrbo`n-cne pkpuactok` nrew lcster tdc` tde

tktca pkpuactok`. Kutput per wkrbo`n-cne cmuat o` Caneroc, c jetter fecs-

ure kl prkmuitovoty per wkrber, os iurre`tay ct tde aevea ot wcs o` 3?>8, c

Expkrt Moversoloictok` o` Caneroc <5



fere 45 perie`t kl ots dostkroica pecb o` tde 3?48s (^kram Jc`b, ^kram

Meveakpfe`t O`moictkrs mctcjcse).

Jy otseal, dond speiocaozctok` o` koa fondt `kt je c jcm tdo`n, cs ak`n

cs tde e`mkwfe`t os sulloioe`tay acrne lkr tde pkpuactok` tk e`gky c

dond stc`mcrm kl aovo`n. ]dos os iaecray `kt tde icse o` Caneroc, wdkse

dymrkicrjk` e`mkwfe`t os sfcaa (lonure =.3). Xrkve` koa reserves per

icpotc o` Caneroc cre c sfcaa lrcitok` kl tdkse kl ktder iku`troes speioca-

ozem o` tde dymrkicrjk`s seitkr. Xrkve` ncs reserves cre saondtay acrner

jut cre stoaa aess tdc` dcal kl tdkse o` iku`troes aobe Orc`, Kfc`, c`m

Ycumo Crcjoc. Caneroc‟s eik`kfy os fuid fkre ikìe`trctem tdc`

iku`troes wotd sofoacr aeveas kl expkrts per icpotc, suid cs Orc`,Bczcbdstc`, tde Zussoc` Lemerctok`, c`m \eèzueac. Ot os fkre ikìe`-

trctem tdc` @krwcy, Kfc`, Sctcr, Ycumo Crcjoc, c`m tde Uòtem Crcj

Eforctes, eve` tdkund ots koa expkrts per icpotc cre c lrcitok` kl tdkse

o` tdese iku`troes.

O` cmmotok` tk ots sfcaa soze, Caneroc‟s k`-koa expkrt jcsbet os very u`sk-

pdostoictem c`m uàobeay tk luea luture nrkwtd. ]dos os sdkw` jy cppayo`n

Dcusfc``, Dwc`n, c`m Zkmrob‟s (:88<) fecsure kl expkrt skpdostoictok`

(ETX_). Zctder tdc` fecsure skpdostoictok` jcsem k` c prkmuit‟s iustkfs

<< Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox

Lonure =.3 Xer Icpotc Koa Expkrts c`m Koa Expkrts cs Xerie`tcne kl ]ktca Expkrts

o` Yeaeitem Iku`troes, :88=

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ icaiuactok`s, jcsem k` mctc lrkf U@ IKF]ZCME.

@kte7 MWC 6 Caneroc.

CZE

CUYJEA IC@

ID@MEUMWC

LZC NJZ OM@ OZ@BCWBKZ FETF_Y

@AM

@KZ

KF@

SC]

ZUY

YCUYNX

UYC\E@

8

38

:8

98

k o a e x p k r t s p e r i c p o t c

8.8 8.: 8.= 8.< 8.4 3.8

koa expkrts cs % kl expkrt jcsbet



iacssoloictok`, resecrid c`m meveakpfe`t (Z&M) ik`te`t, kr c`y ktder c

prokro `ktok`, ETX_ fecsures skpdostoictok` cs tde NMX per icpotc kl tde

typoica iku`try wotd tdct expkrt jcsbet. Jy ik`struitok`, roid iku`troes

dcve c dond ETX_ c`m pkkr iku`troes dcve c akw ETX_. Jut ol kè ik`-

trkas lkr NMX per icpotc, ETX_ os c donday sonòloic`t meterfo`c`t kl suj-

seque`t nrkwtd. Iku`troes tdct dcve fc`cnem tk expkrt c reactoveay

roid-iku`try expkrt jcsbet, nove` tdeor aevea kl meveakpfe`t, nrkw fkre

rcpomay tdc` iku`troes tdct mk `kt. Iku`troes ‑jeikfe‖ wdct tdey expkrt,

ik`verno`n tk tde aevea kl oìkfe kl tdeor ikfpetotkrs. ]de ik`te`t kl c

iku`try‟s expkrt pcibcne os tdus ofpkrtc`t lkr nrkwtd.

Caneroc‟s kvercaa ETX_ (excit lkrfuac prkvomem o` tde c`èx) os uò`-lkrfctove nove` tde iku`try‟s extrefe ikìe`trctok` o` dymrkicrjk`s.

e tderelkre icaiuacte tde ETX_ kl tde `k`-koa expkrt jcsbet : c`m ikf-

pcre ot wotd tde ETX_ kl `k`-koa expkrts lkr ktder koa expkrters (lonure

=.:).9 Cs kl :88=, tde `k`-koa expkrt pcibcne kl Caneroc mkes `kt ikf-

pcre lcvkrcjay tk ktder koa expkrters. Xcrtoiuacray kver tde 3??8s, ktder

koa-expkrto`n iku`troes, suid cs O`mkèsoc, Fexoik, Ycumo Crcjoc, c`m

eve` Eiucmkr, upnrcmem tdeor `k`-koa expkrt pcibcne. O` ik`trcst,

Caneroc‟s `k`-koa expkrts refcoèm stcn`c`t.

Expkrt Moversoloictok` o` Caneroc <>

Lonure =.: @k`-Koa ETX_ kl Yeaeitem Iku`troes, 3?4<’:88=

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ icaiuactok`s, jcsem k` U@ IKF]ZCME c`m Lee`strc c`m ktders :885.

@kte7 ETX_ os tde Dcusfc``, Dwc`n, c`m Zkmrob (:88<) fecsure kl expkrt skpdostoictok`. Caa icaiuactok`s mrkp

#:> lrkf DY mctc c`m #99 c`m #9= lrkf Ytc`mctm O`mustroca ]rcib Iacssoloictok` (YO]I) mctc.

=

<

4

38

3:

3=

3<

e x p k r t s p e r y e c r ( t d k u s c `

m s k l m k a a c r s )

34

3

? 4 5

3

? 4 <

3

? 4 >

3

? 4 4

3

? 4 ?

3

? ? 8

3

? ? 3

3

? ? :

3

? ? 9

3

? ? =

3

? ? 5

3

? ? <

3

? ? >

3

? ? 4

3

? ? ?

:

8 8 8

:

8 8 3

:

8 8 :

:

8 8 9

:

8 8 =

CanerocCzerjcogc` Eiucmkr O`mkèsoc

Fexoik Ycumo Crcjoc \eèzueac, Z. J. me



]derelkre, ot os `kt kày tde icse tdct Caneroc os kveray speiocaozem o` koa

nove` ots sfcaa e`mkwfe`t2 ots `k`-koa expkrt jcsbet os cask donday u`sk-

pdostoictem c`m kllers aottae nrkwtd pkte`toca. Ytruiturca trc`slkrfctok` os

tderelkre c iaecr èiessoty lkr Caneroc.

]dos idcpter excfoès dkw tdos trc`slkrfctok` ic` je cidoevem

tdrkund expkrts. ]de lkius os k` expkrts lkr lkur fco` recsk`s. Lorst, tdere

os c` eferno`n ik`se`sus k` tde ao`b jetwee` expkrt moversoloictok` c`m

nrkwtd. Me Lerrc`to c`m ktders (:888) estofcte tdct c 3 perie`t oìrecse

o` expkrt ikìe`trctok` os csskioctem wotd c 8.5 perie`t meiaoè o` NMX

nrkwtd. Lee`strc c`m ktders (:885) estofcte tdct c 38 perie`t oìrecse

o` expkrt vcroety aecms tk c 3.9 perie`t oìrecse o` iku`try prkmuitovoty,rencrmaess kl tde o`mustry. Expkrt moversoloictok` ic` jkkst nrkwtd

tdrkund b`kwaemne spoaakvers, jy stofuacto`n èw o`mustroes c`m

expc`mo`n exosto`n o`mustroes (pcrtoiuacray ol moversoloictok` tcbes pacies

tdrkund èw expkrt prkmuits) c`m jy remuio`n fcirkeik`kfoi uìer-

tco`ty jy akwero`n expkrt reveùe vkactoaoty. Yeik`m, expkrts cre kt aof-

otem jy tde sfcaa soze kl tde mkfestoi fcrbet. ]dey ic` deìe nrkw

fuid fkre sonòloic`tay c`m jeikfe e`noès kl nrkwtd. ]dorm, expkrts

te`m tk je tde fkst prkmuitove citovotoes o` tde iku`try. C` oìrecse o`tdeor reactove soze tdus rcoses kvercaa prkmuitovoty. Lkurtd, tde ikfpet-

otoveèss kl expkrts os jcsem k` tde cvcoacjoaoty o` tde iku`try kl `k`trcm-

cjae o`puts, cs trcmcjae o`puts ic` je ofpkrtem. C strcteny kl expkrt

nrkwtd ic` tdus o`moreitay prkfkte tde meveakpfe`t kl tde `k`trcm-

cjae seitkr.

^dy Os Caneroc Yk Mepe`me`t k` Dymrkicrjk`s;

Caneroc‟s ik`strco`ts tk expkrt moversoloictok` mk `kt represe`t c` exiep-

tok`ca icse. O`ter`ctok`ca experoeìe sunnests tdct koa wecatd os very mollo-

iuat tk fc`cne. Xkssojae expac`ctok`s lkr Caneroc‟s acib kl moversoloictok`

oìaume Mutid mosecse, reca exidc`ne rcte vkactoaoty, ik`strco`ts k` provcte

seitkr meveakpfe`t, c`m re`t seebo`n.

Mutid mosecse relers tk tde meo`mustrocaozctok` tdct lkaakws c reskurie

jkkf jeicuse kl cppreioctok` kl tde reca exidc`ne rcte. C` oìrecse o` koa

reveùes rcoses tde mefc`m lkr caa nkkms, jut tde suppay kl trcmcjaes ic`

je oìrecsem tdrkund ofpkrts wdoae tde suppay kl `k`trcmcjaes fust jeprkmuiem mkfestoicaay. ]dus, koa wo`mlcaas klte` rcose tde proie c`m tde

prklotcjoaoty kl tde `k`trcmcjae seitkr c`m mrcw dufc` icpotca c`m ktder

reskuries cwcy lrkf c`y k`-koa trcmcjae citovoty, tderejy dcrfo`n expkrt

moversoloictok`. ]de iaecr syfptkf kl Mutid mosecse os c` cppreioctok` kl

<4 Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox



tde reca exidc`ne rcte, tde reactove proie kl `k`trcmcjaes (Ikrme` 3?4:2

Ikrme` c`m @ecry 3?4=).

Mutid mosecse os `kt c pacusojae expac`ctok` lkr Caneroc‟s dond ik`-

ie`trctok` o` koa. Caneroc‟s reca exidc`ne rcte mepreioctem fcssoveay lka-

akwo`n tde ikaacpse kl tde proie kl koa o` tde fom-3?48s (lonure =.9),

c`m tdere wcs `k resuato`n expkrt moversoloictok` cwcy lrkf dymrkicr-

jk`s. Fkrekver, ot os `kt tde icse tdct tde Mutid mosecse pde`kfe`k`

kperctem kver tde ak`ner terf kr tdct ots oòtoca ofpcit wcs preve`tem

jy tde iovoa wcr, cs tde exidc`ne rcte ik`toùem tk mepreiocte saondtay

clter :888, wotd `k expkrt moversoloictok`. ]dos os `kt tk scy tdct tde

iurre`t aevea kl tde reca exidc`ne rcte os kr os `kt kptofca tk spur mover-soloictok`. Jut ot os iaecray `kt tde icse tdct cppreioctok` kl tde reca

exidc`ne rcte kver tde pcst twk meicmes dcs irectem c Mutid mosecse

elleit o` Caneroc.

C seik`m pkte`toca expac`ctok` os tde vkactoaoty kl tde reca exidc`ne

rcte. Koa proies cre very vkactoae, klte` roso`n kr lcaao`n jy fkre tdc` 98

perie`t c yecr. Donday vkactoae expkrt reveùes aecm tk dond vkactoaoty o`

tde reca exidc`ne rcte, wdoid oìrecses tde rosboèss kl tde `k`-koa trcm-

cjae seitkr. ]dos remuies o`vestfe`ts o` tdct seitkr, beepo`n ot sfcaa (seeDcusfc`` c`m Zonkjk` :88:). Catdkund tdos idc`èa dcs jee` ofpkr-

tc`t o` ktder iku`troes, Caneroc dcs e`gkyem reactove stcjoaoty o` tde reca

exidc`ne rcte soìe 3??8 (lonure =.=), wotd `k ikrrespk`mo`n moversoloic-

tok` kut kl tde dymrkicrjk`s seitkr. ]de vkactoaoty kl ots reca exidc`ne rcte

Expkrt Moversoloictok` o` Caneroc <?

Lonure =.9 Caneroc‟s Zeca Elleitove Exidc`ne Zcte, 3?48’:88<

Ykurie7 Eik`kfost O`teaaoneìe Uòt.

@kte7 C` oìrecse o` tde exidc`ne rcte os c` cppreioctok`.

388

:88

988

=88

r e c a e l l e i t o v e e x i d c ` n e r c t e

( o ` m e x ,

3 ? ? > 6 3 8 8 )

3?48 3??8 :888 :838

yecr



os c lrcitok` kl tdct exdojotem jy Eiucmkr, Orc`, Bczcbdstc`, Zussoc, kr

\eèzueac, caa kl wdoid dcve akwer aeveas kl koa expkrt ikìe`trctok`.

C tdorm pkte`toca expac`ctok` relers tk jusoèss ik`strco`ts k` tde pro-

vcte seitkr.= ]de Mko`n Jusoèss O`moictkrs lkr :884 sunnest tdct Caneroc

dcs ereitem sujstc`toca cmfoòstrctove jcrroers tk o`vestfe`t c`m jusoèss

kperctok` (tcjae =.3).5 O`vestfe`t iaofcte cssessfe`ts cask reveca c dkst

kl renuactkry c`m cmfoòstrctove kjstciaes.<

]de tkp sox ik`strco`ts ome`-toloem jy Caneroc` provcte e`trepreèurs o` tde :88> o`vestfe`t iaofcte

cssessfe`t oìaume ikrruptok`, c`toikfpetotove ‑o`lkrfca‖ prcitoies, acib

kl ciiess tk ac`m, acib kl ciiess tk lo`cìe, eaeitroioty sdkrtikfo`ns (lre-

que`t iuts o` servoies), c`m dond tcxes (lonure =.5). Eidko`n tde ik`-

strco`ts ome`toloem jy tde Mko`n Jusoèss surveys, tde lorst twk ik`strco`ts

sunnest c strk`n èem tk cmmress tde acib kl iaecr, premoitcjae, c`m weaa-

e`lkriem ruaes kl tde ncfe lkr fcrbet citovotoes.

Catdkund tdey fcy je remuio`n prkmuitovoty, oèlloioeìoes o` tde

jusoèss e`vork`fe`t cre `kt cakè c ik`voìo`n expac`ctok` lkr tde

kjservem acib kl expkrt moversoloictok`. Caneroc‟s ecse kl mko`n juso-

èss rc`b os donder tdc` tdct kl Enypt, Orc`, c`m Fkrkiik, caa kl wdoid

dcve jee` fuid fkre suiiesslua o` mosikvero`n èw expkrt citovotoes

c`m expkrto`n c fkre moversoloem, donder ETX_ jcsbet. ]dere os c iaecr

>8 Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox

Lonure =.= \kactoaoty kl Zeca Exidc`ne Zcte (3??<’:88<) c`m Expkrts

per Icpotc (akn)

Ykurie7 Eik`kfost O`teaaoneìe Uòt.

Caneroc

Eiucmkr

Orc` Osacfoi Zep.

Bczcbdstc`

Buwcot

Fcacysoc

Fexoik

@oneroc

@krwcy

Zussoc` Lemerctok`

\eèzueac, Z. J. me

8.85

8.38

8.35

8.:8

8.:5

8.98

r e c a e x i d c ` n e r c t e s t c ` m c r m m e v o c t o k ` ( x 3 8 )

’: ’3 8 3 : 9

expkrts per icpotc (o` akn)



]cjae =.3 Mko`n Jusoèss :884 O`moictkrs lkr Iku`troes o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic

(mcys, exiept wdere ktderwose o`moictem)

Eik`kfy

Ecse kl

mko`n

jusoèss

(rc`b)

Ytcrto`n

c jusoèss

Mecao`n

wotd

aoie`ses

Doro`n

wkrbers

Zenostero`n

prkperty

Netto`n

iremot

Xrkteito`n

o`vestkrs

Xcyo`

tcxe

Caneroc 3:5 393 384 334 35< 335 <= 35>

Mgojkuto 3=< 3<5 ?: 398 393 395 3>9 53

Enypt, Crcj

Zep. kl 3:< 55 3<9 384 383 335 49 358

Orc`, Osacfoi

Zep. kl 395 >> 3<= 3=3 3=9 <4 354 ?>

Orcq 3=3 3<= 38= <8 =8 395 38> 9>

Gkrmc` 48 399 >3 =5 38? 4= 38> 3?Buwcot =8 3:3 45 9? >: <4 3? 4

Aejc`k` 45 39: 339 59 ?: =4 49 99

Fkrkiik 3:? 53 44 3<5 38: 395 354 39:

Kfc` =? 38> 398 :< 35 ?> <= 5

Ycumo Crcjoc :9 9< => =8 9 =4 58 >

Yyroc` Crcj Zep. 39> 3<? 4< 3:< 4? 354 38> ?4

]uòsoc 44 <4 ?< 339 << ?> 3=> 3=4

Uòtem Crcj

Eforctes <4 354 94 <5 4 335 38> =

êst Jc`bc`m Nczc 33> 3<< 39: 389 334 <4 99 ::

_efe`, Zep. kl 339 3>5 95 <9 == 354 3:: 4=

Ykurie7 Mko`n Jusoèss O`moictkrs mctcjcse, kram Jc`b :884j.> 3



reactok`sdop jetwee` ecse kl mko`n jusoèss c`m tde ùfjer kl prkm-

uits expkrtem (c irume c`m sofpae fecsure kl moversoloictok`)7 iku`-

troes wotd jetter jusoèss e`vork`fe`ts (c`m donder oìkfes) te`m tk

je fkre moversoloem (lonure =.<). Caneroc dcs tde akwest aevea kl expkrt

moversoloictok` nove` ots jusoèss iaofcte. Yk wdoae tde jusoèss iao-fcte ikuam je ofprkvem, prkjaefs wotd tde jusoèss iaofcte mk `kt

seef tk expaco` Caneroc‟s acib kl expkrt moversoloictok`.

C lkurtd pkte`toca expac`ctok` os tdct c donday prkteitem mkfestoi

fcrbet os mcfpeò`n tde oìe`toves tk secrid lkr èw kppkrtuòtoes o`

exter`ca fcrbets. Mespote reie`t tcroll remuitok`s wotd respeit tk tde

Eurkpec` Uòk`, Caneroc‟s eik`kfy ik`toùes tk je donday prkteitem.

]de cvercne `kfo`ca tcroll wcs 34.> perie`t o` :88=, weaa jeakw tde

fkre tdc` 98 perie`t cvercnes o` Fkrkiik c`m ]uòsoc. Dkwever, ol kè

tcbes o`tk ciiku`t `k`tcroll c`m jedo`m-tde-jkrmer jcrroers (cs fecsurem

jy tde ]rcme Zestroitoveèss O`mex), Caneroc‟s aevea kl prkteitok` os tde

loltd dondest o` tde wkram (Bee, @oiotc, c`m Kacrrecnc :88<). Ciikrmo`n tk

Eikteidòis (:88=), prkteitokòsf kllers dond retur`s tk seaeitem Caneroc`

lorfs o` tde mkfestoi fcrbet, mosikurcno`n lorfs tdct wkuam o`trkmuie

>: Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox

Lonure =.5 ]kp Jusoèss Ik`strco`ts Ome`toloem o` tde :88> O`vestfe`t

Iaofcte Cssessfe`t kl Caneroc

8 :8 =8 <8 48

pkaotoica o`stcjoaoty

o`lkrfca seitkr ikfpetotok`

eaeitroioty

dond tcxes

lo`cìo`n ciiess

ikrruptok`

dond tcxes

eaeitroioty

lo`cìo`n ciiess

ac`m ciiess

o`lkrfca seitkr ikfpetotok`

ikrruptok`

servoiesfcùlcituro`n

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b :884c.





stcte o`terve`tok` o` caa seitkrs kl tde eik`kfy. ]de perokm lecturem

`ctok`caozctok`s c`m o`vestfe`t o` èway lkrfem stcte-kwèm e`terproses

o` prokroty seitkrs (klte` decvy o`mustry jut cask o` aondt fcùlcituro`n).

]de mkfo`cìe kl tde eik`kfy jy tde nkver`fe`t repressem tde provcte

seitkr, wotd e`trepreèurs ik`toùkusay secrido`n lkr òides kl kppkrtuò-

toes o` tde ‑sdcmkw‖ kl stcte moronosfe.> ]de jrecmtd kl tdese òides vcroes,

jut tde exte`t kl jusoèss kppkrtuòtoes lkr tde lew e`trepreèurs caakwem

tk expakot tdef ikuam stoaa je acrne. O` ik`trcst tk tde experoeìes o` ktder

trc`sotok` eik`kfoes, tde oìkfpaete lorst-neèrctok` relkrfs c`m aofotem

kpe`èss u`mertcbe` o` Caneroc dcve `kt resuatem o` tde eferneìe kl c

acrne c`m moversoloem èw jusoèss eaote kr mrove` kut kl jusoèss (kr fkm-eròzem) prevokusay prkteitem c`m provoaenem e`trepreèurs meepay

e`treìdem o` tde stcte. O` tdos pkaotoica ik`text, expkrt moversoloictok` ic`

suiieem kày ol c reo`vonkrctem seik`m wcve kl aojercaozctok` relkrfs, aobe

tde kès Caneroc ofpaefe`tem jetwee` tde acte 3??8s c`m fom-:888s,

caakw lkr c` expc`mem jusoèss eaote.

Ze`t-seebo`n `kt c ik`voìo`n expac`ctok` kl tde acib kl moversoloictok`

kl tde Caneroc` eik`kfy. C nrect fc`y iku`troes dcve fuid acrner

e`mkwfe`ts kl koa”c`m tderelkre fuid donder re`ts tk icpture. Fc`y kl tde iku`troes sdkw` o` lonure =.3, suid cs Bczcbdstc` c`m Zussoc, lecture

sonòloic`t stcte o`terve`tok` o` tde eik`kfy jut èvertdeaess dcve fuid

fkre moversoloem expkrt jcsbets. O` skfe icses, fkvefe`t tk tdese èw

seitkrs wcs eve` spurrem jy suid moronosfe.

]dese fkre trcmotok`ca expac`ctok`s mk `kt seef tk icpture tde spe-

ioca sotuctok` kl Caneroc cs c dyperspeiocaozem koa expkrter wotdkut c ikf-

fe`surcte e`mkwfe`t. ]dos os `kt tk scy tdct c` oèlloioe`t jusoèss

e`vork`fe`t, prkteitokòsf, stcte o`terve`tok` o` tde eik`kfy, kr recaexidc`ne rcte vkactoaoty cre nkkm tdo`ns2 cmmresso`n tdese ossues fondt

very weaa ofprkve eik`kfoi perlkrfcìe. Jut tk u`merstc`m wdy Caneroc

dcs sullerem suid acnno`n expkrt moversoloictok`, kè fust akkb easewdere.

Cppayo`n c @ew Fetdkmkaknoica Cpprkcidtk Expkrt Moversoloictok`

]dos seitok` o`trkmuies c èw fetdkmkakny tk expkrt moversoloictok` o`

Caneroc. ]de iku`try os sdkw` tk je speiocaozem o` c donday peropderca pcrt kl tde prkmuit spcie”c`m `kt kày jeicuse kl ots ikìe`trctok` o` dymrk-

icrjk`s. Eve` tde citovotoes tdct ikfpkse tde `k`-koa expkrt jcsbet cre

donday peropderca o` tde prkmuit spcie, wdoid deaps expaco` tde severe

acib kl expkrt moversoloictok`.

>= Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox



Zctder tdc` c ik`sequeìe kl exidc`ne rcte my`cfois c`m c prkteitem

c`m re`t-roid mkfestoi fcrbet, Caneroc‟s pctter` kl speiocaozctok` fcy je

tde proìopca icuse kl acnno`n expkrt moversoloictok`. O` stc`mcrm trcme tde-

kry, idc`nes o` tde expkrt jcsbet cre pcssove ik`sequeìes kl idc`no`n

ikfpcrctove cmvc`tcne jcsem k` lcitkr ciiufuactok`. ]k nrkw, iku`troes

ciiufuacte pdysoica kr dufc` icpotca kr ofprkve tde wcy tdey cre foxem

tknetder (tktca lcitkr prkmuitovoty). ]dese lu`mcfe`tca idc`nes resuat o`

c mollere`t expkrt fox, wotd tde cssufptok` jeo`n tdct tdere os cawcys c

prkmuit kr set kl prkmuits tdrkund wdoid c iku`try ic` express ots lci-

tkrs kl prkmuitok` (see, lkr excfpae, Aecfer 3?4>). Xut o` c`ktder wcy,

struiturca trc`slkrfctok` woaa je c pcssove ik`sequeìe kl c iku`tryoìrecso`n ots emuictok`, lo`cìoca reskuries, kvercaa prkmuitovoty, c`m sk

k`. Kè ic` tderelkre lkrnet tde wkram kl prkmuits c`m o`stecm lkius k`

tde u`merayo`n lu`mcfe`tcas.

Expkrt moversoloictok` fcy je fkre ikfpaoictem tdc` tdos poiture sun-

nests, lkr fc`y recsk`s. Lcitkrs suid cs o`mustry-speioloi aecrò`n jy mko`n

(Crrkw 3?<:2 Jcrmdc` 3?>8) kr o`mustry exter`caotoes (Gclle 3?4<) fcy

irecte fcrbet lcoaures o` idc`no`n tde expkrt fox. ]dere fcy cask je

teid`kaknoica spoaakvers cfk`n o`mustroes (Gclle, ]rcgte`jern, c`mDe`mersk` 3??9). ]de prkiess kl lo`mo`n kut wdoid kl tde fc`y pkte`-

toca prkmuits jest express c iku`try‟s idc`no`n ikfpcrctove cmvc`tcne

fcy irecte o`lkrfctok` exter`caotoes (Dcusfc`` c`m Zkmrob :8892

Bao`ner :88>). ]dese dypktdeses sunnest tdct fkvo`n tk èw expkrt

prkmuits fcy `kt je c pcssove ik`sequeìe kl lcitkr ciiufuactok` kr c

sfkktd prkiess tdct kiiurs cak`n c ik`toùuf.

Dcusfc`` c`m Bao`ner (:88<, :88>) o`vestoncte tde prkiess jy wdoid

iku`troes fkve tk èw expkrt citovotoes c`m fktovcte tde ikìept kl c‑prkmuit spcie.‖ O` tdos spcie, skfe prkmuits cre very ècr kè c`ktder

c`m ktders cre lcr cpcrt2 iku`troes idc`ne tdeor expkrt fox jy fkvo`n tk

èw expkrt citovotoes tdct cre ècr tdeor iurre`t citovotoes.

]de `ktok` os jcsem k` tde omec tdct every prkmuit requores icpcjoaotoes

tdct cre donday speioloi tk tdct citovoty. B`kwaemne, pdysoica cssets, o`ter-

femocte o`puts, acjkr-trcoò`n requorefe`ts, o`lrcstruiture èems, prkperty

rondts, renuactkry requorefe`ts, c`m sk k` cre `kt dkfkneèkus. Zctder,

tdere cre b`kwaemne, pdysoica cssets, o`terfemocte o`puts, c`m acjkr sboaas

speioloi tk tde prkmuitok` kl ecid seitkr. ]de icpcjoaotoes requorem tkprkmuie woè cre very mollere`t lrkf tdkse usem tk prkmuie ikttk`.

Estcjaosdem o`mustroes dcve carecmy skrtem kut tde fc`y pkte`toca lcoaures

o`vkavem o` e`suro`n tde preseìe kl caa kl tdese o`puts, wdoid cre tde`

cvcoacjae tk sujseque`t e`trc`ts o` tde o`mustry. Lorfs tdct ve`ture o`tk

Expkrt Moversoloictok` o` Caneroc >5



èw prkmuits woaa lo`m ot fuid dcrmer tk seiure tde requosote icpcjoaotoes

(lkr excfpae, tdey woaa `kt lo`m wkrbers wotd experoeìe o` tde prkmuit

o` questok` kr suppaoers wdk renuacray luròsd tdct o`mustry). Ypeioloi

o`lrcstruiture èems, suid cs ikam stkrcne trc`spkrtctok` systefs, fcy `kt

exost2 renuactkry servoies, suid cs prkmuit cpprkvca c`m pdytkscòtcry per-

fots, fcy je u`merprkvomem2 Z&M icpcjoaotoes reactem tk tde o`mustry

fcy je cjse`t2 c`m sk k`.

Cs tde set kl icpcjoaotoes speioloi tk c ew citovoty mk kt yet exost, lorfs

seebo`n tk e`ter c èw citovoty fust cmcpt tdkse icpcjoaotoes tdct carecmy

exost, wdoid cre speioloi tk ktder citovotoes. E`trepreèurs seebo`n tk e`ter

c èw expkrt citovoty suid cs lresd crtoidkbes woaa `kt dcve ciiess tktrcoèm cnrk`kfosts wotd experoeìe iuatovcto`n crtoidkbes o` tdct iku`-

try‟s nrkwo`n ik`motok`s2 tdey woaa `kt lo`m tde pcrtoiuacr set kl o`puts,

suid cs crtoidkbe seems kr ktder icpcjoaotoes speioloi tk tdct citovoty. ]dey

woaa dcve tk cmcpt tdkse icpcjoaotoes lrkf exosto`n expkrt seitkrs tk tde

èw expkrt citovoty. Ol, lkr excfpae, tde iku`try carecmy expkrts cspcrc-

nus, tde` e`trc`ts tk tde crtoidkbe o`mustry woaa lo`m lorfs set up ct tde

sicae requorem lkr ikfferioca crtoidkbe prkmuitok`, rurca o`lrcstruiture

o` tde cpprkprocte iaofcitoi zkès lkr jktd crtoidkbes c`m cspcrcnus, ren-uactkry c`m iustkfs renofes tdct ic` suppkrt tde expkrt kl lresd prk-

muie, c`m sk k`.

]dos excfpae dondaondts tde lcit tdct tde set kl icpcjoaotoes requorem

lkr kè o`mustry ic` je fkre kr aess ecsoay remepakyem tk c`ktder o`mus-

try. ]de jrkcm set kl icpcjoaotoes requorem lkr crtoidkbe expkrts cre sof-

oacr tk tdkse requorem lkr cspcrcnus prkmuitok`. ]derelkre, ot woaa je

ecsoer lkr lorfs o` c iku`try tk e`ter c` o`mustry ol tde ktder o`mustry

carecmy exosts. Crtoidkbes c`m cspcrcnus cre ‑iakse‖ tk kè c`ktder o` tdeprkmuit spcie.

Jut wdct ol tdere os c mosik`èit jetwee` lorfs‟ o`te`tok`s c`m tde

iku`try‟s teid`kaknoica ik`motok`s; ^dct ol lorfs were tryo`n tk e`ter

tde crtoidkbe o`mustry o` c iku`try tdct mom `kt dcve c` cspcrcnus o`mus-

try jut o`stecm dcm c acrne c`m teid`kaknoicaay cmvcìem meep nkam fo`-

o`n o`mustry; ]de e`noèers, meep mroaao`n equopfe`t, c`m decvy rcoa aoès

lrkf foès tk pkrts usem o` meep nkam foò`n cre fuid aess suotem tk

crtoidkbes c`m fkre molloiuat tk remepaky tk tdct citovoty. Crtoidkbes c`m

nkam cre tderelkre ‑lcr‖ lrkf kè c`ktder o` tde prkmuit spcie. Lkr tdosrecsk`, ot os fkre aobeay tdct c iku`try woaa moversoly ots expkrt jcsbet

tkwcrm crtoidkbes ol ot os c` cspcrcnus expkrter tdc` ol ot os c meep nkam

foèr. Iku`troes woaa fkve tk èw expkrt citovotoes tdct cre ècrjy

exosto`n citovotoes o` tde prkmuit spcie.

>< Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox



O` fkre teidòica terfs, tde cssets c`m icpcjoaotoes èemem tk prkmuie

kè nkkm cre ofperleit sujstotutes lkr tdkse èemem tk prkmuie c`ktder

nkkm, c`m tdos menree kl csset speioloioty woaa vcry. Ikrrespk`mo`nay, tde

prkjcjoaoty tdct c iku`try woaa meveakp tde icpcjoaoty tk je nkkm ct prk-

muio`n kè nkkm os reactem tk ots o`stcaaem icpcjoaoty o` tde prkmuitok` kl

ktder sofoacr, kr ecrjy, nkkms lrkf wdoid exosto`n prkmuitove icpcjoaotoes

ic` je ecsoay cmcptem. ]de jcrroers preve`to`n tde eferneìe kl èw

expkrt citovotoes cre aess jo`mo`n lkr ècrjy prkmuits tdct requore kày

saondt cmcptctok`s kl exosto`n icpcioty.

Domcank c`m ktders (:88>) fcp tdos prkmuit spcie efporoicaay. Zctder

tdc` cttefpto`n tk meloè c`m fecsure tde sofoacroty kl requosote icpcjoa-otoes moreitay, tdey fecsure tde mostcìe jetwee` twk prkmuits jcsem k`

tde prkjcjoaoty tdct ol c iku`try expkrts kè nkkm ot expkrts tde ktder.4 Ol

twk nkkms èem tde scfe icpcjoaotoes, c iku`try tdct dcs c ikfpcrctove

cmvc`tcne o` kè os aobeay tk dcve c ikfpcrctove cmvc`tcne o` tde ktder.

]dos fecsure noves tde mostcìe jetwee` every pcor kl expkrt citovotoes

tdct irectes tde prkmuit spcie. ]de mostcìe os fecsurem cirkss caa iku`-

troes. Ot os c teid`kaknoica lecture kl prkmuits. ]dere os tderelkre kè prkm-

uit spcie o` wdoid iku`troes fkve rctder tdc` c prkmuit spcie lkr ecidiku`try.

Uso`n tde tkkas kl ètwkrb c`caysos, Domcank c`m ktders (:88>) ik`-

struit c` ofcne kl tde prkmuit spcie. ]de jcibjkè kl tde spcie os ire-

ctem jy tcbo`n ecid prkmuit c`m ik`èito`n ot tk ots ècrest èondjkr. ]de

ao`bs jetwee` prkmuits cre tde` ikakr-ikmem k` tde jcsos kl tdeor stre`ntd

(see lonure =.> o` tde ikakr o`sert ct tde jcib kl tde jkkb).

Ecid `kme os c prkmuit2 ots soze os meterfoèm jy ots sdcre kl wkram

trcme. Xdysoica mostcìes jetwee` prkmuits cre fecò`naess o` tdos mepoi-tok`7 prkxofoty os sdkw` jy ikakr-ikmo`n tde ao`bs jetwee` pcors kl prkm-

uits. C aondt-jaue ao`b o`moictes c prkxofoty kl aess tdc` 8.=8, c jeone ao`b

c prkxofoty kl 8.=8’8.55, c mcrb-jaue ao`b c prkxofoty kl 8.55’8.<5, c`m

c rem ao`b c prkxofoty nrecter tdc` 8.<5. Ao`bs jeakw 8.55 cre sdkw` kày

ol tdey fcbe up tde fcxofuf spc`ò`n tree (tdct os, ol tdey cre tk tde

ècrest èondjkr). Xrkmuits cre ikakr-ikmem k` tde jcsos kl tdeor Aecfer

(3?4=) ikffkmoty nrkup.

Lonure =.> revecas tdct tde prkmuit spcie os donday deterkneèkus, wotd

c ikre-peropdery struiture. ]dere cre jktd peropderca prkmuits kl tdeprkmuit spcie tdct cre kày wecbay ik`èitem tk ktder prkmuits c`m

skfe nrkupo`ns cfk`n tdese peropderca nkkms, suid cs tde ncrfe`ts iaus-

ter (tde very me`se nree` iauster ct tde jkttkf kl tde ètwkrb). ]dere os

cask c ikre kl iakseay ik`èitem prkmuits o` tde ie`ter kl tde ètwkrb,

Expkrt Moversoloictok` o` Caneroc >>



fcoày kl fcidoèry c`m ktder icpotca-o`te`sove nkkms, cs weaa cs c iaus-

ter kl eaeitrkòis (aondt jaue prkmuits ct tde tkp-rondt kl tde spcie) tdct

os weaa ik`èitem tk tde ikre.

]dos deterkneèkus struiture kl tde prkmuit spcie dcs ofpkrtc`t

ofpaoictok`s lkr expkrt moversoloictok`. Ol c iku`try os prkmuio`n nkkms o`

c me`se pcrt kl tde prkmuit spcie, tde prkiess kl expkrt moversoloictok` os

fuid ecsoer, jeicuse tde set kl ciquorem icpcjoaotoes ic` je ecsoay reme-

pakyem tk ktder ècrjy prkmuits. O` ik`trcst, ol c iku`try os speiocaozem o`

peropderca prkmuits, remepakyfe`t os fkre idcaae`no`n, jeicuse tdere os

`kt c set kl ècrjy prkmuits requoro`n sofoacr icpcjoaotoes. Dcusfc`` c`m

Bao`ner (:88>) c`m Domcank c`m ktders (:88>) sdkw very strk`nay tdct iku`troes fkve tkwcrm ècrjy citovotoes kver tofe2 ot os rcre tk kjserve

gufps cirkss acrne mostcìes o` tdos spcie.

C` ofpkrtc`t lecture kl tdos spcie lrkf Caneroc‟s perspeitove os tde

acrne rem `kmes ct tde kuter-aelt peropdery kl tde prkmuit spcie. ]dese cre

dymrkicrjk`s, wdoid cre pkkray ik`èitem tk tde rest kl tde prkmuit

spcie. ]dos os `kt surproso`n, cs koa expkrters cre weaa b`kw` tk dcve ik`-

ie`trctem expkrt jcsbets c`m suller pkkr expkrt moversoloictok`. Jut tdos

omec kl tde prkmuit spcie c`m tde struiture kl tde spcie kjservem o` tdemctc nove c fuid fkre loènrcoèm expac`ctok` lkr tdos acib kl moversolo-

ictok`. ]de dymrkicrjk`s seitkr uses c pcrtoiuacr set kl prkmuitove icpc-

joaotoes (o` cmmotok` tk tde rcw `cturca reskurie e`mkwfe`t), suid cs c

ie`trca cutdkroty, wdoid ic` seiure tde extrcitok` sote c`m trc`sfossok`

aoès c`m nrc`t prkperty rondts tk extrcitok` lorfs2 tde pdysoica icpotca tk

extrcit c`m sdop tde koa tk c pkrt2 c`m sk k`. ]dese icpcjoaotoes cre very

molloiuat tk remepaky tk ktder seitkrs7 crtoidkbes c`m cspcrcnus ic``kt je

se`t mkw` c` koa popeaoè. ]de prkiess kl expkrt moversoloictok` os o`doj-otem jeicuse fkst èw citovotoes cre very lcr cwcy o` tde spcie c`m

requore c ikfpaeteay èw set kl icpcjoaotoes.

Lonure =.4 (see ikakr o`sert) sdkws Caneroc‟s expkrts o` tdos prkmuit

spcie o` 3?>5 c`m cnco` :5 yecrs acter jy pacio`n c jacib squcre k`

tkp kl every prkmuit o` wdoid tde iku`try dcm ikfpcrctove cmvc`tcne

tdct yecr. @kt surproso`nay, tdere os cafkst ikfpaete speiocaozctok` o`

c very peropderca set kl seitkrs, wotd aottae fkvefe`t tk èw expkrt

citovotoes.

Uàobe ktder koa expkrters wotd donder ik`èitemèss lkr tdeor `k`-koaexpkrts, Caneroc mkes `kt dcve c ikfpcrctove cmvc`tcne o` c`y ktder

expkrt seitkrs akictem o` c fkre ik`èitem pcrt kl tde prkmuit spcie tdct

ikuam luea expkrt moversoloictok`. Ot os o` c` extrefeay spcrse pcrt kl tde

spcie, sunnesto`n tdct expkrt moversoloictok` woaa je c fcgkr idcaae`ne.

>4 Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox







Uso`n tde Xrkmuit Ypcie tk Yic` tde XkssojoaotyYpcie lkr Caneroc` Expkrts

O` tdos seitok`, we use tde resuats c`m fetdkmkaknoes mesirojem cjkve tk

ome`toly prkfoso`n seitkrs lkr expkrt moversoloictok`. ê mk sk jy evcauct-

o`n ofpkrtc`t mofe`sok`s tdct ic` je fecsurem ct tde prkmuit aevea lkr

Caneroc c`m tde` ikfjoò`n c`m cnnrencto`n tdef tk net c poiture ct tde

seitkrca aevea kl wdct èw citovotoes cre fkst cttrcitove.

e use caa `k`-koa seitkrs tdct reikrmem pksotove expkrts o` :88<. Cs c

lorst step, we icaiuacte wdct ‑èw‖ expkrt seitkrs cre iaksest tk Caneroc‟s

exosto`n expkrt seitkrs o` tde prkmuit spcie. ê aofot kur lkius tk tdkseseitkrs tdct cre ‑up-fcrbet‖ lkr Caneroc (fkre skpdostoictem tdc` tde iku`-

try‟s kvercaa ETX_) (tcjae =.:). Yeitkrs wotd tde dondest ‑me`soty‖ (see

c`èx) cre tdkse tdct cre iaksest tk tde set kl exosto`n expkrt citovotoes.

Expkrt Moversoloictok` o` Caneroc 43

]cjae =.: Xkte`toca Up-Fcrbet Expkrt Yeitkrs o` Caneroc, :88<

Xrkmuit Me`soty XZKM_ (XXX RmkaacrsV)

Ktder aove còfcas, kt easewdere speioloem 8.8<8 ?,94=

Losd, lresd kr idoaaem (exia. loaaets c`m fects) 8.8<8 3:,:93

^dect kr fesao` lakur 8.85? 5,<5:

Yu`lakwer-seem, scllakwer kr ikttk`-seem koa

c`m tdeor lrcitok`s 8.85? 5,5:9

Losd, lrkze` (exia. loaaets c`m fects) 8.85? 3:,:3:

Ikpper kres c`m ikìe`trctes 8.85? 5,4:=

Csjestks 8.85? ?,<53

\enetcjae prkmuits kt easewdere speioloem

kr oìaumem 8.85> :,=3:

Foèrca kr idefoica lertoaozers, kt easewdere speioloem 8.85> ?,4?3

Lakurs, eti, kl fect, losd, eti, u`lot lkr dufc`

ik`sufptok`2 nrecves 8.85> 35,8:>

Losd, scatem, mroem . . .2 sfkbem losd2 losd feca lot

lkr dufc` ik`sufptok` 8.85> :3,>??

Losd loaaets c`m ktder losd fect, lresd, idoaaem kr lrkze` 8.85> 39,<:>

Ycat c`m pure skmouf idakrome2 sec wcter 8.85< 38,8>>

Ktder koa seems c`m kaecno`kus lruots 8.85< 9,898

Fkacsses resuato`n lrkf tde extrcitok`

kr reloò`n kl suncr (exia. icè) 8.85< 5,498Foab c`m irecf, ikìe`trctem kr sweeteèm 8.85< 39,3<:

Feak`s c`m pcpcws, lresd 8.85< <,4:5

Zcw sbo`s kl sdeep kr acfjs, jut kt tc`èm 8.855 39,=<=

(ik`toùem)



4: Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox

]cjae =.: Xkte`toca Up-Fcrbet Expkrt Yeitkrs o` Caneroc, :88< (ik`toùem)

Xrkmuit Me`soty XZKM_ (XXX RmkaacrsV)

Lruot guoies (oìa. nrcpe fust) c`m venetcjae guoies,

u`lerfe`tem 8.855 >,><<

Iotrus lruot, lresd kr mroem 8.855 ?,=45

^kkm scw` kr idoppem ae`ntdwose, saoiem kr peeaem,

0<ff tdoib 8.85= 39,:34

U`fcùlciturem tkjciik2 tkjciik reluse 8.85= :,3<<

Yuncr ik`leitokèry (oìa. wdote idkikacte),

`kt ik`tcoò`n ikikc 8.85= 38,539

@cturca ikrb2 wcste ikrb2 irusdem, nrcùactem

kr nrku`m ikrb 8.85= 3=,:49Aove sdeep c`m nkcts 8.85= 9,=4?

_ecsts2 ktder so`nae-ieaa foirk-krncòsfs, mecm2

prepcrem jcbo`n pkwmers 8.859 3:,>3=

Fc`ncèse kres c`m ikìe`trctes, wotd c

fc`ncèse ik`te`t kl 0:8% 8.859 39,>39

^kka, kt icrmem kr ikfjem 8.85: 3>,?:3

Xktctkes, lresd kr idoaaem 8.85: 3=,4>4

Juoamers‟ gkoèry c`m icrpe`try kl wkkm, oìaumo`n

ieaauacr wkkm pcèas, kt easewdere speioloem 8.85: 35,3?8

^kkm o` tde rkund kr rkunday squcrem 8.853 3:,>:4 ]kfctkes prepcrem kr preservem ktderwose tdc`

jy voèncr kr cietoi ciom 8.853 3:,<33

Xrepcrctok` kl venetcjaes, lruot, uts kr ktder pcrts

kl pac`ts 8.853 3=,9>8

Còfca prkmuits, `kt easewdere speioloem2

mecm kl idcpters 3 c`m 9, u`lot lkr dufc`

ik`sufptok`. 8.853 3:,<99

]koaet pcper. . ., jem sdeets, eti, crtoiaes kl

iaktdo`n, kl pcper. . . 8.858 3=,5=8

Ktder fcùlciturem tkjciik c`m sujstotutes2

dkfkneòzem kr reik`stotutem tkjciik2

tkjciik extrcits c`m esseìes 8.858 :>,49<

Ork` kres c`m ikìe`trctes, oìaumo`n rkcstem

ork` pyrotes 8.858 39,><:

Dymrkne` idakrome (dymrkidakroi ciom) 8.858 3=,<9:

Eaeitroica eèrny 8.858 3<,:<=

Jrecm, pcstry, icbes, eti2 ikffuòk` wclers,

roie pcper, eti 8.858 39,489

Uìkctem brclt pcper c`m pcperjkcrm, o` rkaas kr sdeets 8.8=? :8,3:=Luea wkkm, o` akns. . ., eti2 wkkm idops kr pcrtoiaes2

scwmust, eti 8.8=? 39,<8?

Iereca nrkcts, feca c`m peaaets 8.8=? 3:,<?8

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ icaiuactok`s, jcsem k` U@ IKF]ZCME c`m Caneroc` Foòstry kl Exter`ca ]rcme mctc.

@kte7 ]cjae sdkws caa prkmuits `kt expkrtem o` :88< lkr wdoid XZKM_ (prkmuit skpdostoictok`) os nrecter tdc`

ETX_. XXX 6 puridcso`n pkwer pcroty.



]dey cre ecsoer tk fkve tkwcrm jeicuse tdey use icpcjoaotoes sofoacr tk

tdkse kl tde `k`dymrkicrjk` expkrt seitkrs carecmy prese`t o` Caneroc

(Dcusfc`` c`m Bao`ner :88>).

Ykfe kl tde very ècrjy prkmuits cre rctder u`skpdostoictem. ]dos os

`kt surproso`n, cs Caneroc os ikìe`trctem o` c peropderca pcrt kl tde prkm-

uit spcie tdct os mkfo`ctem jy u`skpdostoictem prkmuits. Xrkmuits wotd c

donder aevea kl skpdostoictok` c`m nrecter nrkwtd-neèrcto`n pkte`toca

wkuam requore ak`ner gufps.

]dos ic` je kjservem o` lonure =.33 (see ikakr o`sert), wdoid sdkws tde

mostcìe kl ecid kèxpkrtem prkmuit lrkf Caneroc‟s iurre`t pksotok` o` tde

prkmuit spcie k` tde x-cxos. Xrkmuits lcrtder tk tde aelt cre iakser lkr Caneroc.]de y-cxos o`moictes tde prkmuit‟s skpdostoictok`. C aoè sdkws tde pko`t ct

wdoid skpdostoictok` os equca tk tde iku`try‟s kvercaa ETX_. Xrkmuits cjkve

tdos aoè cre fkre skpdostoictem tdc` tde kvercaa expkrt jcsbet.

Lrkf tde pko`t kl voew kl cmmo`n vcaucjae èw expkrts tk tde iurre`t

jcsbet, tde omeca akictok` k` tdos pacè os tde upper-aelt qucmrc`t, wdere

nkkms cre iakse c`m donday skpdostoictem. ]de lonure revecas tde trcmekll

jetwee` prkxofoty c`m expkrt skpdostoictok`7 tde prkmuits tdct cre iaks-

est tk tde iurre`t expkrt jcsbet (c`m tderelkre lcrtder tk tde aelt) cre ecs-oest tk fkve tkwcrm jut u`skpdostoictem2 tde fkre skpdostoictem prkmuits

cre lcrtder cwcy lrkf tde iurre`t struiture kl prkmuitok`. ]dere os c`

elloioe`t lrk`toer o` tdos trcmekll. ]de fkst cttrcitove kppkrtuòtoes lkr

struiturca trc`slkrfctok` cre k` kr ècr tdos lrk`toer.

C seik`m trcmekll os jetwee` prkxofoty (o`verse fecsure lrkf mos-

tcìe) c`m strctenoi vcaue (see c`èx). Cs tde prkmuit spcie fcps sdkw,

o` terfs kl tdeor ik`èitemèss, `kt caa nkkms cre irectem equca. Ykfe

prkmuits cre o` c me`se pcrt kl tde prkmuit spcie, fecò`n tdct tdey creo`te`sove o` icpcjoaotoes tdct cre ecsoay mepakyem tk c wome rc`ne kl ktder

nkkms. ]de ofpaoictok` os tdct suiiessluaay prkmuio`n tdese nkkms wkuam

irecte icpcjoaotoes wotd sonòloic`t vcaue lkr ktder èw prkmuits. Ktder

prkmuits cre akictem o` tde peropdery2 suiiessluaay prkmuio`n tdef

wkuam kller aottae o` terfs kl luture expkrt moversoloictok`, eve` ol tdey

cre donday vcaucjae o` tdeor kw` rondt (tdct os, dcve c dond prkmuit’aevea

fecsure kl skpdostoictok`, kr XZKM_).

ê c`cayze tdos trcmekll lrkf tde pko`t kl voew kl Caneroc` lorfs

(lonure =.3:2 see ikakr o`sert). ê fecsure tde strctenoi vcaue kl everynkkm `kt iurre`tay expkrtem jy dkw fuid kpe` lkrest wkuam oìrecse ol

tdct nkkm were cmmem tk tde expkrt jcsbet. Ol c prkmuit os iakseay ik`-

èitem tk c wome rc`ne kl ktder vcaucjae prkmuits `kt iurre`tay expkrtem,

prkmuitok` kl ot wkuam resuat o` c acrne oìrecse o` kpe` lkrest. Ot wkuam




tderelkre dcve dond strctenoi vcaue, jeicuse ot wkuam nrectay expc`m tde

iku`try‟s kptok` set.

Cs wotd tde trcmekll jetwee` mostcìe c`m skpdostoictok`, tde omeca

akictok` os tde upper-aelt qucmrc`t7 prkmuits tdct cre ècrjy (tdct os, cre

ecsoer tk fkve tk) c`m dcve dond strctenoi vcaue (tdct os, aecm tk èw c`m

ècrjy kppkrtuòtoes lkr sujseque`t expkrt moversoloictok`). Iku`troes

cre fkre aobeay tk suiiessluaay fkve tk nkkms tdct cre iakse tk wdct tdey

iurre`tay prkmuie, jeicuse suid nkkms requore sofoacr icpcjoaotoes. _et

suid nkkms fcy kr fcy `kt dcve fuid strctenoi vcaue. ]dey fcy je o` c

spcrse pcrt kl tde prkmuit spcie kr sk iakse tdct tdey mk `kt ofpay tde

meveakpfe`t kl èw icpcjoaotoes tdct ic` je remepakyem o` ktder morei-tok`s. Fkvo`n tk c ècrjy prkmuit os ecsoer, jut fkvo`n lcrtder fcy je

fkre vcaucjae o` terfs kl luture struiturca trc`slkrfctok`. Cs jelkre,

tdere os c` elloioe`t lrk`toer o` tdos trcmekll, jeicuse skfe pkte`toca

expkrts cre jktd iakser tk tde iurre`t expkrt jcsbet c`m fkre strcteno-

icaay vcaucjae tdc` ktders.

ôtd tdese trcmeklls o` fo`m, we ic` expakre wdoid seitkrs kller tde

jest ikfjo`ctok`s kl prkxofoty, skpdostoictok`, c`m strctenoi vcaue wdoae

cask represe`to`n acrne fcrbet kppkrtuòtoes (lonures =.39 c`m =.3=).?

e ik`somer caa prkmuits `kt expkrtem o` :88< tdct cre up-fcrbet lkr

4= Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox

fcùlciture kl

mcoay prkmuits

9>%

ic`ò`n, preservo`n, c`m

prkiesso`n kl losd,

irustciec, c`m

sofoacr lkkms38%

kiec` c`m ikcstca

losdo`n

58%

sacundtero`n, prepcro`n,

c`m preservo`n kl fect

9%

Lonure =.39 @ew Xrkmuits : Ytc`mcrm Mevoctok`s cjkve Cvercne Me`soty,

êondtem jy ^kram ]rcme

Ykurie7 U@ Ikftrcme.

@kte7 Lonure sdkws caa prkmuits kt expkrtem jy Caneroc o` :88<, exiaumo`n tdkse lkr wdoid XZKM_ os aess tdc`

ETX_2 foèrcas, lkrestry, c`m petrkaeuf2 c`m prkmuits wotd c me`soty tdct os kt ct aecst : stc`mcrm mevoctok`s

cjkve tde fec` lkr caa `kèxpkrtem prkmuits, ikfjoèm o`tk O`ter`ctok`ca Ytc`mcrm O`mustroca

Iacssoloictok` (OYOI) Zevosok` : seitkrs, weondtem jy :88< wkram expkrts kl caa prkmuits o` tdct seitkr feeto`n tde

cjkve iroteroc.



Caneroc c`m sulloioe`tay iakse tk tde iurre`t struiture kl prkmuitok` (c

me`soty ct aecst : stc`mcrm mevoctok`s cjkve tde fec`). Nrkupo`n tdese

prkmuits o`tk seitkrs, we prese`t tdef lorst o` terfs kl tdeor wkram fcr-

bet soze c`m tde` o` terfs kl tdeor strctenoi vcaue. Yeitkrs tdct lecture

prkfoè`tay o` jktd lonures cre iakse tk tde iurre`t struiture kl prkmui-

tok`, cre csskioctem wotd donder-wcne iku`troes, dcve acrne o`ter`ctok`cafcrbets, c`m cre o` weaa-ik`èitem pcrts kl tde prkmuit spcie, fecò`n

tdey woaa lcioaotcte lurtder expkrt moversoloictok` o` tde luture.

]dese cre tde seitkrs tdct cre iaksest tk iurre`t prkmuitok` o` tde prkm-

uit spcie. Dkwever, tdere os c trcmekll jetwee` strctenoi vcaue c`m mostcìe7

tde iaksest prkmuits mk `kt o`vkave tde meveakpfe`t kl èw icpcjoaotoes

tdct dcve fc`y cater`ctove uses `kt yet expakotem. Fkrekver, tdere cre `kt

fc`y skpdostoictem prkmuits very ècrjy lkr Caneroc2 seitkrs tdct wkuam

ik`trojute fkre tk tde iku`try‟s ETX_ cre lcrtder cwcy. ]derelkre, we

repect tde c`caysos jy meirecso`n tde foòfuf mostcìe lrkf : stc`mcrm

mevoctok`s tk 3.5 c`m tde` tk 3 stc`mcrm mevoctok`, tk caakw lkr gufps tk

seitkrs tdct cre lcrtder cwcy (lonures =.35’=.34). ]dos oterctove c`caysos noves

c` omec kl dkw, cs cfjotok` oìrecses, tde set kl cttrcitove èw expkrt

kppkrtuòtoes idc`nes.


Lonure =.3= @ew Xrkmuits : Ytc`mcrm Mevoctok`s cjkve Cvercne Me`soty,

êondtem jy Ytrctenoi \caue



ETX_2 foèrcas, lkrestry, c`m petrkaeuf2 c`m prkmuits wotd c me`soty tdct os kt ct aecst : stc`mcrm mevoctok`s

cjkve tde fec` lkr caa `kèxpkrtem prkmuits, ikfjoèm o`tk O`ter`ctok`ca Ytc`mcrm O`mustroca Iacssoloictok`

(OYOI) Zevosok` : seitkrs, weondtem jy :88< strctenoi vcaue kl caa prkmuits o` tdct seitkr feeto`n tde cjkve

iroteroc.

kiec` c`m ikcstca

losdo`n

=3%

fcùlciture kl

mcory prkmuits

:=%

sacundtero`n,

prepcro`n, c`m

preservo`n kl fect

3?%

ic`ò`n, preservo`n,

c`m prkiesso`n kl losd,

irustciec, c`m sofoacr

lkkms

3<%



]dese lonures o`moicte tdct tde lkaakwo`n seitkrs, o` krmer kl prokroty,

cre cfk`n tde fkst cttrcitove ècrjy expkrt kppkrtuòtoes lkr Caneroc7

• Fect foab, c`m losdo`n prkmuits

• Ktder cnrko`mustroca prkmuits c`m idefoicas

• Yteea c`m caufoùf, fetca prkmuits, c`m sdopjuoamo`n.

]dos fetdkm kl ome`tolyo`n dond-pkte`toca expkrt seitkrs dcs ùferkus

cmvc`tcnes7

• Ot os donday systefctoi c`m evcauctes caa pkte`toca expkrt citovotoes

jeyk`m c iertco` tdresdkam.

• Ot os iustkfozem tk Caneroc, cs ot os jcsem k` ecid kl tde iku`try‟s iurre`t

`k`-koa expkrt citovotoes c`m ots ao`bs tk caa ktder pkte`toca citovotoes.

]dese ao`bs, o` tur`, cre jcsem k` tde prkmuit-aevea expkrt experoeìe

4< Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox

Lonure =.35 @ew Xrkmuits 3.5 Ytc`mcrm Mevoctok`s cjkve Cvercne Me`soty,




ETX_2 foèrcas, lkrestry, c`m petrkaeuf2 c`m prkmuits wotd c me`soty tdct os kt ct aecst 3.5 stc`mcrm mevoctok`s


(OYOI) Zevosok` : seitkrs, weondtem jy :88< wkram expkrts kl caa prkmuits o` tdct seitkr feeto`n tde cjkve iroteroc.

fcùlciture kl

jcbery prkmuits

:=%

kiec` c`m ikcstca

losdo`n

:9%

fcùlciture kl

mcory prkmuits

3>%

ic`ò`n c`m

preservo`n kl lruots

c`m venetcjaes

35%

ic`ò`n, preservo`n,

c`m prkiesso`n kl

losd, irustciec, c`m

sofoacr lkkms

5%

spo`ò`n, wecvo`n,

c`m loòsdo`n kl textoaes5%

tkjciik fcùlcitures

=%

cnroiuaturca c`m

aovestkib prkmuitok`

9%

sacundtero`n, prepcro`n,

c`m preservo`n kl fect

9%

fcùlciture kl lkkm

prkmuits `kt

easewdere iacssoloem

:%

fcùlciture kl jcsoi

o`mustroca idefoicas

exiept lertoaozer

8%



kl caa iku`troes o` tde wkram, fecò`n c sonòloic`t cfku`t kl o`lkrfc-tok` os cppaoem tk tde evcauctok`.

• Ot os jcsem k` tde systefctoi reactok`sdops tdct skpdostoictok` c`m mos-

tcìe dcve wotd struiturca trc`slkrfctok` c`m nrkwtd tdct cre rkjustay

estcjaosdem o` tde mctc.

Ikfpcrem wotd ktder fetdkmkaknoes, tdos fetdkmkakny os ronkrkus,

systefctoi, mctc mrove`, efporoicaay suppkrtem, c`m kjgeitove.

Kè ofpkrtc`t mrcwjcib kl tde cpprkcid os tdct ot ik`somers kày tde

nkkms seitkr. ]rcme o` servoies os on`krem, jeicuse Caneroc` mctc k` trcme

o` servoies cre pcrtoca c`m o`cmequcte. Nove` tde eferno`n rkae servoies

expkrts cre pacyo`n, tdos os u`lkrtu`cte.38 Jeicuse kl tdos cpprkcid‟s

mrcwjcibs, skfe kl wdoid mk `kt clleit tde fetdkmkaknoes, ot sdkuam

ikfpaefe`t rctder tdc` sujstotute lkr trcmotok`ca cpprkcides.

Expkrt Moversoloictok` o` Caneroc 4>



ETX_2 foèrcas, lkrestry, c`m petrkaeuf2 c`m prkmuits wotd c me`soty tdct os kt ct aecst 3.5 stc`mcrm mevoctok`s


(OYOI) Zevosok` : seitkrs, weondtem jy :88< wkram expkrts kl caa prkmuits o` tdct seitkr feeto`n tde cjkve

iroteroc.

sacundtero`n,

prepcro`n, c`m

preservo`n kl fect

3=%

ic`ò`n c`m

preservo`n kl lruots

c`m venetcjaes

3=%

kiec` c`m ikcstca

losdo`n

39%

fcùlciture kl jcsoi

o`mustroca idefoicas

exiept lertoaozer

?%

fcùlciture kl jcbery

prkmuits

?%

tkjciik

fcùlcitures

?%

fcùlciture kl lkkm

prkmuits kt

easewdere iacssoloem

4%

cnroiuaturca c`m

aovestkib prkmuitok`

4%

fcùlciture kl mcory

prkmuits

>%

ic`ò`n, preservo`n, c`m

prkiesso`n kl losd, irustciec,

c`m sofoacr lkkms

5%

spo`ò`n, wecvo`n, c`m

loòsdo`n kl textoaes

=%

Lonure =.3< @ew Xrkmuits 3.5 Ytc`mcrm Mevoctok`s cjkve Cvercne Me`soty,

êondtem jy Ytrctenoi \caue



Xkaoiy Ofpaoictok`s kl tde @ew Fetdkmkakny

lkr O`mustroca Ytrcteny

O` cmmotok` tk tde pkaoioes reikffe`mem tk oìrecse tde neèrca oìe`-

toves o` tde eik`kfy lkr tde secrid lkr èw expkrt citovotoes, tdos èw

fetdkmkakny icaas ctte`tok` tk speioloi tcrnets lkr seitkrca meveakpfe`t,

cs weaa cs prkiesses cofem ct ome`tolyo`n tdef.

Excfoò`n Caneroc‟s Iurre`t Ytrcteny lkr O`mustroca Xkaoiy ]de nkver`fe`t kl Caneroc dcs prepcrem c` o`mustroca strcteny, oìaumo`n

c pkaoiy cofem ct tcrneto`n dond-pkte`toca expkrt seitkrs. ]dese seitkrs

were ome`toloem wotd fkre trcmotok`ca fetdkms, wdoid dcve tde jeèlot

kver tde prkmuit spcie fetdkmkakny kl oìkrpkrcto`n nrecter iku`try

ik`text c`m c womer set kl quc`totctove c`m qucaotctove o`lkrfctok`. ]dos

ikfes ct c ikst, dkwever7 lewer seitkrs ic` je ik`somerem, tdeor seaeitok`

44 Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox

Lonure =.3> U`kiiupoem Xrkmuits 3 Ytc`mcrm Mevoctok` cjkve Cvercne Me`soty,



@kte7 U`kiiupoem prkmuits cre prkmuits tdct cre expkrtem mespote tdeor acib kl ikfpcrctove cmvc`tcne. Lonure

sdkws caa prkmuits kt expkrtem jy Caneroc o` :88<, exiaumo`n tdkse lkr wdoid XZKM_ os aess tdc` ETX_2 foèrcas,

lkrestry, c`m petrkaeuf2 c`m prkmuits wotd c me`soty tdct os `kt ct aecst 3 stc`mcrm mevoctok` cjkve tde fec` lkr

caa kèxpkrtem prkmuits, ikfjoèm o`tk O`ter`ctok`ca Ytc`mcrm O`mustroca Iacssoloictok` (OYOI) Zevosok` : seitkrs,

weondtem jy :88< wkram expkrts kl caa prkmuits o` tdct seitkr feeto`n tde cjkve iroteroc.

fcùlciture kl

mcory prkmuits

3:%

cnroiuaturca c`m

aovestkib

prkmuitok`

38%

sacundtero`n,

prepcro`n, c`mpreservo`n kl fect

38%

ork` c`m steea

jcsoi o`mustroes

38%

fcùlciture kl

struiturca

fetca prkmuits

>%

fcùlciture kl jcbery

prkmuits5%

kiec` c`m ikcstca

losdo`n5%

fcùlciture kl ikikc,

idkikacte, c`m suncr

ik`leitokèry

=%

sdopjuoamo`n c`m

repcoro`n

=%=%

9%

9%

9%

9%

9%

9%

9%:%

3%

3%3%

3%3%

3%3% 3%

8%

8%

8%





Cre tdese se`sojae tcrnets; Cnrko`mustry, steea c`m caufoùf, c`m sdop-

juoamo`n were ome`toloem o`mepe`me`tay uso`n jktd fetdkmkaknoes, wdoid

os very eìkurcno`n. e c`cayze ecid kl tde nkver`fe`t‟s prokroty seitkrs,

jy dondaondto`n caa tcrnetem seitkrs o` terfs kl jktd mostcìe versus

skpdostoictok` c`m mostcìe versus strctenoi vcaue trcmeklls (lonure =.3?).33

Ct c lorst pcss, tde seaeitok`s seef se`sojae. ]de seaeitem tcrnets te`m

tk je k` tde elloioe`t lrk`toer o` jktd mostcìe versus skpdostoictok` c`m

mostcìe versus strctenoi vcaue trcmeklls. Yeverca tcrnetem seitkrs cre weaa

o`some tdos lrk`toer, dkwever, c`m fc`y lrk`toer seitkrs cre on`krem, pcr-

toiuacray tdkse ct tde upper e`m kl tde mostcìe versus skpdostoictok`

trcmekll (seitkrs tdct cre skfewdct lcr lrkf iurre`t prkmuitok` jut `klcrtder tdc` fc`y kl tde seaeitem seitkrs wdoae ct tde scfe tofe ct c

fuid donder aevea kl skpdostoictok`).

e `kw ik`somer jktd trcmeklls seitkr jy seitkr, cnco` o`moicto`n tde

tcrnetem seitkrs o` jacib. Ytcrto`n wotd tde ècrest seitkrs, we see tdct ler-

toaozers cre akw-dc`no`n lruot7 tdey cre very iakse tk iurre`t prkmuitok`.

Dkwever, tdey dcve c` extrefeay akw ETX_ c`m akw strctenoi vcaue. ]dos

sunnests tdct catdkund tdos seitkr fondt je c` ecsy wo`, tdere seefs tk je

aottae jeèlot lrkf meveakpo`n ot. O` ik`trcst, cnrko`mustry os cs iakse tkiurre`t prkmuitok` cs lertoaozers, jut fc`y kl tde tcrnetem citovotoes o` tdos

seitkr dcve c fuid donder aevea kl skpdostoictok` c`m strctenoi vcaue. ]dos

seitkr tderelkre seefs aobe c very se`sojae prokroty.

Caufoùf prkmuits cre meloòteay k` Caneroc‟s elloioe`t lrk`toer. Yteea

prkmuits c`m fetca wkrbo`n cre cs weaa, cajeot tk c aesser exte`t (pcrtoiu-

acray k` tde skpdostoictok` fcrno`). Ikfpcrem wotd tdese seitkrs, petrk-

idefoicas cre lcrtder lrkf tde elloioe`t lrk`toer. Ykfe cre kl c dond aevea

kl skpdostoictok` c`m strctenoi vcaue, jut fkst cre lcrtder cwcy lrkfCaneroc‟s iurre`t struiture kl prkmuitok` tdc` ktder seitkrs wotd c donder

aevea kl skpdostoictok` c`m strctenoi vcaue.

Cutkfkjoaes c`m sdopjuoamo`n cre lcrtder cwcy lrkf iurre`t prkmui-

tok`. ]de cutkfkjoae seitkr mkes `kt represe`t tde jest idkoie o` terfs

kl skpdostoictok`, catdkund ot os iakse tk tde strctenoi vcaue elloioe`t lrk`-

toer. Ydopjuoamo`n dcs equovcae`t aeveas kl skpdostoictok` jut os fuid

iakser tk tde iurre`t struiture kl prkmuitok`. ]dos ofpaoes tdct sdopjuoam-

o`n os ècrer tk iurre`t prkmuitok` c`m tderelkre ecsoer tk fkve tkwcrm.

Xrkmuio`n cutkfkjoaes wkuam je fuid fkre molloiuat, catdkund suiiesswkuam irecte fc`y fkre kppkrtuòtoes lkr expkrt moversoloictok`.

Ikfpcrem wotd tde ktder tcrnets, pdcrfcieutoicas c`m speiocaty eaei-

trkòis cre lcr lrkf jktd elloioe`t lrk`toers, acrneay jeicuse tdey cre sk

mostc`t lrkf iurre`t prkmuitok`. Nove` suid akw me`sotoes, ot os uàobeay

tdct tdese seitkrs woaa eferne c`y tofe skk` o` Caneroc. Ktder seitkrs tdct

?8 Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox



Expkrt Moversoloictok` o` Caneroc ?3

Lonure =.3? Yeitkrs ]crnetem u`mer Nkver`fe`t kl Caneroc‟s @ew Ytrcteny

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ icaiuactok`s, jcsem k` U@ IKF]ZCME c`m Caneroc` Foòstry kl Exter`ca ]rcme mctc.

@kte7 Yeitkrs dondaondtem o` jacib cre tdkse tde nkver`fe`t os tcrneto`n. ]de fkst cttrcitove prkmuits cre tdkse

o` tde upper-aelt-dc`m pcrt kl ecid pcèa.

’38

8

38

:8

X Z K

M _ - E T X _ ( 8 8 8 )

:.5 9.8 9.5 =.8 =.5

me`soty (o`verse)

c. Mostcìe versus skpdostoictok`

j. Mostcìe versus strctenoi vcaue

:.5 9.8 9.5 =.8 =.5

me`soty (o`verse)

8

5

38

35

:8

:5

s t r c

t e n o i v c a u e ( 8 8 8 )

represe`t cs cttrcitove tcrnets o` terfs kl tdeor skpdostoictok` c`m strcte-

noi vcaue cre fuid iakser.

Yy`tdetoi lojers cre lcr lrkf tde elloioe`t lrk`toer2 tdos seitkr repre-

se`ts tde aecst se`sojae idkoie cfk`n tde tcrnetem seitkrs. ]de seitkr wcs



prkjcjay idkse` jeicuse sy`tdetoi lojers cre mkw`strecf prkmuits lrkf

dymrkicrjk`s. Jut petrkidefoicas cre cask sdkw` tk je pkkray seaeitem

tcrnets. Akkbo`n mkw`strecf lrkf exosto`n prkmuitok` os c very pkkr

nuome tk ome`tolyo`n dond-pkte`toca expkrt seitkrs. Fkst iku`troes mk `kt

fkve mkw` prkmuitok` idco`s kver tofe2 tdey cre fkre suiiesslua ct

fkvo`n tk ktder citovotoes tdct requore sofoacr sets kl prkmuitove icpcjoa-

otoes rctder tdc` tdkse tdct cre sofpay reactem o` c` o`put-kutput reactok`-

sdop (Bao`ner :884). Cs suid, tde nkver`fe`t sdkuam reik`somer ots

ome`toloictok` kl prokrotoes jcsem k` ao`bs, pcrtoiuacray sy`tdetoi lojers.

U`lkamo`n tde Xrkiess kl Ytruiturca ]rc`slkrfctok`7Xkaoiy Ik`somerctok`sMeloò`n c lrcfewkrb lkr stcte o`terve`tok` o` o`mustroca pkaoiy os

cawcys ik`trkversoca. Caneroc‟s èw o`mustroca pkaoiy os pcrt kl c wcve kl

èw o`mustroca pkaoioes eferno`n o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic

renok`. ]dese strctenoes fkve lrkf fkre èutrca pkaoioes (esse`tocaay

trc`sversca kès ) tk fkre seaeitove o`terve`tok`s. ^kram Jc`b (:884j)

kllers c` exdcustove suffcry kl tde mejcte surrku`mo`n tdese strcte-

noes c`m c typkakny kl stcte o`terve`tok`s.O`mustroca strctenoes ic` je represe`tem o` lkur nrkups, mepe`mo`n k`

tde exte`t tk wdoid tdey mepcrt lrkf èutrcaoty. ]de lorst nrkup os pureay

èutrca o`mustroca pkaoioes. ]dey cof tk ofprkve tde jusoèss c`m fcirk

e`vork`fe`t. ]de seik`m nrkup cmmresses ikkrmo`ctok` lcoaures, lcvkro`n

seitkr-speioloi kr ‑eìacve‖ cpprkcides c`m `kt o`vkavo`n proie sujsomoes.

]de tdorm nrkup o`vkaves fcrbet o`terve`tok`s tdct moreitay cmmress fcr-

bet lcoaures c`m fkmoly equoaojrouf proies c`m quc`totoes (sujsomozem

iremot aoès, o`mustroca ac`m sujsomoes, eèrny sujsomoes). ]de lkurtd type kl o`terve`tok` os seaeitove pkaoioes tdct ikfjoè skfe skrt kl sujsomoes, prk-

teitok`, kr tcx jrecbs. ]de usuca gustoloictok` os tde trcmotok`ca o`lc`t

o`mustry crnufe`t. Cs sdkw` jeakw, tde pkaoiy prkpksca sunnestem o` tdos

idcpter fkstay ikfjoès nrkup O c`m OO pkaoioes, u`mer c my`cfoi c`m

o`tercitove prkiess.

]de prkmuit spcie fetdkmkakny c`m resuats dcve ofpaoictok`s lkr tde

bo`ms kl pkaoioes tdct cre fkst cpprkprocte o` lueao`n struiturca trc`slkr-

fctok`. Ome`tolyo`n dond-pkte`toca seitkrs os tde ecsy pcrt2 tde fkre mollo-

iuat c`m ofpkrtc`t questok` os wdct tk mk wotd tdese aosts (c`m csofpkrtc`t, wdct `kt tk mk wotd tdef). ]dese questok`s cre expakrem dere.

Kvercaa, tde struiture kl tde prkmuit spcie sunnests tdct tde icpcjoao-

toes requorem jy mollere`t seitkrs cre donday speioloi. ]de o`lrcstruiture

c`m acjkr sboaas requorem jy koa cre very mollere`t lrkf tdkse requorem jy

?: Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox



lresd lruot kr ncrfe`ts2 lkstero`n tde meveakpfe`t kl suid seitkrs requores

fkre tdc` fereay prkvomo`n fkre emuictok` c`m o`vesto`n fkre o` ne`-

erca o`lrcstruiture. ]de types kl tdese c`m ktder pujaoi nkkms tdct tde

nkver`fe`t wosdes tk prkvome fust je meiomem, c`m tdos woaa dcve seitkr-

speioloi ik`sequeìes. Yeve` o`terreactem tcsbs cre prkpksem.

]de lorst tcsb kl o`mustroca strcteny sdkuam je tk ome`toly tde seitkr-

speioloi pujaoi nkkms tdct èw citovotoes requore c`m prkvome tdef. ]dos

tcsb cask o`vkaves ome`tolyo`n renuactok`s tdct preve`t tde èw citovotoes

lrkf eferno`n c`m relkrfo`n tdef.

]dos sdkuam je ecsoer lkr ècrjy citovotoes tdc` lkr citovotoes tdct cre lcr

cwcy. @ecrjy seitkrs cre, o`ter`ctok`ca evomeìe sunnests, tde fkst aobeay tkeferne. ]dos ofpaoes tdct tdere os aobeay skfe preseìe o` tdese seitkrs

carecmy, suid cs mkfestoi prkmuitok` wotd c sfcaa cfku`t kl expkrts,

expkrters o` reactem o`mustroes tdct cre expakro`n tde èw o`mustry, kr lkr-

eon` lorfs seebo`n tk o`vest o` tdese citovotoes. ]dese citkrs woaa je mefc`m-

o`n pujaoi nkkms, fc`y kl wdoid cre speioloi tk tdeor pcrtoiuacr citovotoes

c`m prerequosotes lkr suiiess.

C` cpprkprocte pkaoiy cpprkcid os tk kroe`t tde nkver`fe`t lkr moc-

aknue wotd provcte seitkr citkrs. ]de mocaknue sdkuam dcve c so`nae pur-pkse7 tk ome`toly tde èiesscry seitkr-speioloi pujaoi nkkms tdey requore

c`m lo`m c vedoiae tk prkvome tdef. Yuid c mocaknue wcs aobeay pcrt kl tde

nkver`fe`t‟s prkiess o` ome`tolyo`n dond-pkte`toca expkrt citovotoes o`

tde lorst pacie.

O` krncòzo`n c mocaknue tk ome`toly fosso`n seitkr-speioloi pujaoi nkkms

c`m seitkr-speioloi ik`strco`ts tk o`vestfe`t, kè sdkuam beep o` fo`m

iertco` proìopaes. Lorst, rctder tdc` lkrio`n citkrs o` tde provcte seitkr tk

aoè up ciikrmo`n tk c premeloèm cnnrenctem seitkr, ot os jetter tk aet prk-fkters seal-krncòze jcsem k` sdcrem o`terest o` c pcrtoiuacr ik`strco`t

c`m ikfe lkrwcrm. Lkr excfpae, kè nrkup kl cnrko`mustry prkmuiers

fcy dcve c pcrtoiuacr èem lkr pkrt o`lrcstruiture, c`ktder fcy requore c

idc`ne o` prkperty rondts o` c pcrtoiuacr crec. Zequoro`n tde twk nrkups

tk specb wotd kè vkoie woaa aobeay kjsiure tdeor reca èems. O`stecm, tdey

sdkuam dcve tk settae k` tde lew ik`strco`ts tdct cre sdcrem, tdkund aobeay

`kt tde fkst jo`mo`n (lkr excfpae, tcx remuitok`). Lkr tdos recsk`, ot os

jest ol tde nrkupo`ns cre `kt premeloèm jut o`stecm ikcaesie crku`m ikf-

fk` èems.C`ktder meson` proìopae lkr tdos mocaknue os tk expakre tde èem

lkr iklo`cìo`n tk loater requests lrkf provcte e`trepreèurs lkr truay

prkmuitovoty-e`dcìo`n o`vestfe`ts c`m tk cvkom re`t-seebo`n. ]de provcte

seitkr‟s woaao`nèss tk pcy os ikrreactem wotd tde skioca retur`s tk tde




prkvosok` kl tde pujaoi o`put, sk iklo`cìo`n woaa deap tde pujaoi seitkr

caakicte sicrie reskuries tk tdeor jest use. Lkr c lurtder remuitok` kl re`t-

seebo`n c`m icpture, suid c mocaknue sdkuam je donday trc`spcre`t, wotd caa

requests fcme pujaoi tk mosiopaoè tde prkpkscas put lkrtd. Fkrekver, ot

sdkuam je iaecr tdct tde prkpkscas put lkrwcrm fust je skaeay lkr prkmui-

tovoty-e`dcìo`n o`vestfe`ts tdrkund tde prkvosok` kl pujaoi o`puts, `kt

sujsomoes tk ikfpe`scte lkr akw prkmuitovoty.

]dos type kl mocaknue woaa caakw lkr tde ome`toloictok` kl o`vestfe`ts

mefc`mem jy ècrjy eferno`n citovotoes tk caakw tde ècrjy eferno`n

citovotoes tk nrkw fkre rcpomay. ]dos respk`sove cpprkcid os fkre aobeay tk

wkrb lkr ècrjy citovotoes, suid cs losdo`n, foab, fect prkmuits, lertoaozers,c`m ktder cnrko`mustroes. Fkrekver, tdos respk`soveèss èem `kt je aof-

otem tk tde preome`toloem dond-pkte`toca expkrt citovotoes jut ic` exte`m tk

c`y èw citovotoes tde provcte seitkr ome`toloes.

]de mkw`some tk suid c` cpprkcid os tdct ot os aess aobeay tk wkrb lkr

seitkrs tdct cre lcrtder cwcy, suid cs caufoùf c`m sdopjuoamo`n. ]dese

bo`ms kl seitkrs cre fuid aess aobeay tk eferne k` tdeor kw`, jeicuse tdey

requore èw sets kl icpcjoaotoes tdct cre uàobe tdkse carecmy exosto`n o`

Caneroc. Lkr tdese seitkrs, lew lorfs cre citove o` reactem citovotoes, c`mlew o`ter`ctok`ca lorfs cre b`kibo`n k` tde nkver`fe`t‟s mkkr. Yofpay

krncòzo`n lkr mocaknue os aess aobeay tk je sulloioe`t, cs tdere woaa prkjc-

jay `kt je c`ykè k` tde ktder some kl tde ik`versctok` c`m tde èems

woaa je sonòloic`t.

Lkr tdese mostc`t citovotoes, tde seik`m tcsb os tk expakre tde estcjaosd-

fe`t kl èw o`stotutok`s speiocaozem o` tde secrid lkr èw citovotoes c`m

o` tde kverikfo`n kl reactem kjstciaes. Kè wcy tdos ikuam je mkè os

tdrkund c pujaoi ve`ture icpotca lu`m. Meveakpfe`t jc`bs cre trcmotok`-caay ikìeovem cs c skautok` tk lcoaures o` tde lo`cìoca fcrbet. ]dey cre

klte` set up tk idc`èa fkèy tk exosto`n citovotoes c`m fecsure perlkrf-

cìe jy tde vkaufe kl akc`s tdey nove. C pujaoi ve`ture icpotca lu`m

ikuam je set up tk lu`m èw jusoèss fkmeas c`m oòtoctoves tdct ikuam

tronner sonòloic`t luture e`try. ]de omec os tk irecte c` oìe`tove lkr

pkte`toca o`vestkrs o` citovotoes tdct o`vkave fc`y u`b`kw` iksts c`m

requore pkte`tocaay èw pujaoi o`puts. Yuid c lu`m wkuam nove tde nkv-

er`fe`t ciiess tk tdkse omecs, c`cayze tde kjstciaes tdey lcie, c`m o`lkrf

pujaoi pkaoiy, sk tdct tde requosote pujaoi o`puts ikuam je prkvomem ol meefem recsk`cjae. ]de omec os tk deap tronner o`vestfe`t o`tk crecs tdct

cre fkre mostc`t wdoae foòfozo`n tde rosb tdct tdese o`vestfe`ts woaa lcoa

jeicuse kl o`cmequcte pujaoi o`puts. Xerlkrfcìe kl tde lu`m wkuam je

jcsem k` tde cfku`t kl ‑irkwmem-o`‖ o`vestfe`t lrkf provcte skuries,

?= Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox



eve` ol tde seik`m fkvers o`tk tde seitkr cre `kt lu`mem jy tde ve`ture

icpotca lu`m. Nuomeaoès lkr o`stotutok`ca meson` ic` je lku`m o`

Dcusfc``, Zkmrob, c`m Ycjea (:884).

Lew o`stotutok`s o` tde wkram dcve jee` mesonèm lrkf sirctid wotd

tdos purpkse, jut severca dcve stufjaem o`tk perlkrfo`n tdos luìtok`.

Lu`mcioù` Idoae os c nkkm excfpae kl c` o`stotutok` tdct dcs o`vestem o`

èw prkmuits c`m jusoèss fkmeas tdct dcve dcm trc`slkrfctove elleits.

Ots jest-b`kw` suiiess os lcrfem scafk`, c sujseitkr o` wdoid Idoae `kw

dcs c aecmo`n pksotok`.

C`ktder excfpae os tde O`mustroca Meveakpfe`t Ikrpkrctok` o` Ykutd

Clroic, wdoid oìaumes suid ve`ture icpotca kperctok`s cs kè kl ots luì-tok`s. Fc`y yecrs cnk ot lu`mem tde meveakpfe`t kl sy`tdetoi lueas kut kl

ikca2 ots dkamo`ns o` tdct lorf (Ycska) `kw ik`stotute c` ofpkrtc`t pcrt kl

ots csset jcse. Fkre reie`tay, ot dcs lu`mem o`vestfe`ts o`tk èw cnroiua-

turca prkmuits, suid cs icsdews c`m tde expkrt kl lresd lruot.

C`ktder type kl o`stotutok` tdct ikuam ciikfpaosd tdos tcsb os tde o`mus-

troca pcrb (ol pkssojae suppkrtem jy aknostoica expkrt ikrromkrs). ]de omec os

tk cttrcit o`vestkrs jy prkvomo`n speioloi pujaoi o`puts wotdo` tde pcrb kr

jy o`lkrfo`n c`m akjjyo`n nkver`fe`t lkr tdkse tdct ic``kt je moreitayprkvomem. Catdkund o`mustroca pcrbs cre klte` irectem wotd skfe speioloi

citovotoes o` fo`m, experoeìe sunnests tdct kìe tdey stcrt akkbo`n lkr

o`vestkrs tdey cre lkriem tk icst c fuid womer èt c`m oìaume ktder sei-

tkrs tdct were `kt c`toiopctem ct tde kutset, jut tur` kut tk je quote prkl-

otcjae. O` tde prkiess, tdey jeikfe citove secriders kl tde spcie kl

icpcjoaotoes c`m kjstciaes.

Caneroc kpeèm c aknostoica ikrromkr lkr tde expkrt kl mctes o` :88>. ]de

nkver`fe`t irectem speioca prkiemures lkr prkiesso`n pcperwkrb, pcsso`niustkfs, c`m kjtcoò`n requorem expkrt aknostoica lcioaotoes. ]dos sk lcr

exieptok`ca experoeìe prkves tdct eve` u`mer c very ik`strcoèm juso-

èss e`vork`fe`t, skfe Caneroc` e`trepreèurs dcve lku`m c wcy tk

jypcss ik`strco`ts. Zepaoicto`n suid experoeìe os tde idcaae`ne cdecm.

]dos idcpter kllers nuomeaoès lkr krncòzo`n mocaknue tk ome`toly tde

èems kl èw seitkrs c`m tk fkre prkcitoveay secrid lkr c`m prkvome tde

jrkcm set kl icpcjoaotoes requorem jy fkre mostc`t citovotoes. ]de nuome-

aoès cre, c`m fust je, neèrca rctder tdc` speioloi pkaoiy prkpkscas7 tde

e`tore u`merayo`n aknoi kl tde prkmuit spcie os tdct ik`strco`ts cre speioloitk ecid seitkr c`m citovoty. ]de ome`toloictok` kl dond-pkte`toca ècrjy

citovotoes noves pkaoiy fcbers skfe o`moictok` kl wdere tk jeno` akkbo`n

lkr seitkr-speioloi ik`strco`ts, jut tdos os tde aofot kl wdct ic` je mkè

wotd suid mctc. Xkaoiy relkrfs ct tde fcirk aevea wkuam ikfpaefe`t tde




strcteny lkr o`mustroca pkaoiy, wotd c lkius k` kroe`to`n tde Caneroc` pro-

vcte seitkr cwcy lrkf c prkteitem c`m re`t-loaaem mkfestoi fcrbet tkwcrm

expkrt moversoloictok`.

C`èx

]dos c`èx prkvomes skfe teidòica metcoa k` tde fetrois usem o` tde

idcpter. Lurtder mosiussok` ic` je lku`m o` tde skurie pcpers.

Expkrt Ykpdostoictok` (ETX_)

ETX_ os icaiuactem jy lorst fecsuro`n tde skpdostoictok` kl ecid prkmuit (XZKM_) cs tde revecaem ikfpcrctove cmvc`tcne’weondtem nrkss mkfes-

toi prkmuit (NMX) per icpotc kl ecid iku`try tdct expkrts tde nkkm7

wdere xvca o,i,t equcas expkrts kl nkkm o jy iku`try i o` yecr t 2 T i equcas

tktca expkrts jy iku`try i 2 c`m _ i equcas NMX per icpotc kl iku`try i .]dos prkmuit-aevea fecsure kl skpdostoictok` os tde` usem tk fecsure

tde skpdostoictok` kl c iku`try‟s expkrt jcsbet cs c wdkae. ]dos fecsure,

ETX_ , os sofpay tde XZKM_ kl ecid nkkm o tdct iku`try i expkrts,

weondtem jy tdct nkkm‟s sdcre o` tde iku`try‟s expkrt jcsbet ( T i ). Ot

represe`ts tde oìkfe aevea csskioctem wotd c iku`try‟s expkrt pcibcne7

]dos fetroi mollers lrkf trcmotok`ca fecsures kl skpdostoictok` tdct

cttefpt tk fecsure resecrid c`m meveakpfe`t (Z&M) o`te`soty kr teid`k-

aknoica skpdostoictok`. ETX_ os c fecsure kl skpdostoictok` o` tdct ot ofpaoi-

otay icptures tde wcnes suppkrtem jy prkmuitok` kl tdct nkkm. Dond ETX_

fcy je jeicuse kl teid`kaknoica skpdostoictok`, ikfpaexoty kl prkmuitok`,

tde skpdostoictok` kl tde renuactkry c`m ik`trcito`n o`stotutok`s èemem

tk caakw lkr prkmuitok`, kr c dkst kl ktder recsk`s. ETX_ os tderelkre c

jrkcmer c`m fkre oìausove fecsure kl skpdostoictok` tdc` o`te`soty o`

teid`kakny kr Z&M. Fkrekver, uàobe fc`y ktder fecsures kl skpdostoic-

tok` tdct cre jcsem k` c` crjotrcry meiosok` kl tde fkst ofpkrtc`t type kl

skpdostoictok`, tdos kutikfes-jcsem fecsure dcs jee` very rkjustay ao`bem

tk sujseque`t eik`kfoi nrkwtd (Dcusfc``, Dwc`n, c`m Zkmrob :88<).

ETX_ x v ca

T

XZKM_ i t

i o t

i t o

o t ,, ,

,

, .6

∓

XZKM_ x v ca T

x v ca T _ o t

o i t i

o i t i

g

i

i ,

, ,

, ,

/

/,6

( )

( )∓∓

?< Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox





?4 Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox

]cjae =.C.3 Ik`trojutkrs tk Caneroc‟s ETX_, :88=

Xrkmuit Expkrts (UY$ foaaok`) XZKM_

Xetrkaeuf ncses c`m ktder ncsekus dymrkicrjk`s 33,888 3:,3<?

Cffkòc, c`dymrkus kr o` cquekus skautok` 385 38,:=>

Lact-rkaaem prkmuits kl ork`/`k`caaky

steea, ≥ <88 ff wome, dkt-rkaaem, `kt iacm/

pactem/ikctem =8 38,988


steea, ≥ <88 ff wome, iacm/pactem/ikctem :9 3<,>44

Dymrkne`, rcre ncses c`m ktder k`fetcas := 3=,>:<

U`wrkundt zoì :5 39,55?

Ciyiaoi caikdkas c`m tdeor dcakne`ctem . . . kròtrksctem merovctoves 34 3:,>=9

Crtoiaes kl cturca ikrb ? 3<,<8:


steea, ≥ <88 ff wome, ikam-rkaaem, `kt iacm/

pactem/ikctem 38 33,:4=

Fktkr vedoiaes lkr tde trc`spkrt kl nkkms 5 3<,83<

Jutterfoab, iurmaem foab c`m irecf, yknurt, eti 5 35,44?

Ikca2 jroquettes, kvkoms c`m sofoacr skaom lueas

fcùlciturem lrkf ikca 5 39,<88

Yoaoictes2 ikfferioca cabcao fetca soaoictes 5 3:,8=:Ikikc jutter, lct c`m koa 5 38,54>

@ew pèufctoi tores, kl rujjer 5 34,<<:

O`teridc`necjae tkkas lkr dc`m tkkas, wdetder

kr kt pkwer-kperctem 9 3?,?>5

Ciiesskry pcrts suotcjae lkr fcidoèry 9 3?,9=:

Cnnakferctem ikrb c`m crtoiaes

kl cnnakferctem ikrb 9 3>,<49

Fktkr vedoiaes lkr tde trc`spkrt kl pcsse`ners,

pujaoi trc`spkrt 9 39,53?

Yefo-loòsdem prkmuits kl ork` kr k`-caaky steea = 33,3=?

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ icaiuactok`s, jcsem k` U@ IKF]ZCME mctc.

lkiuses kày k` `k`-koa ETX_. Jeicuse ot os `kt suotcjae tk ikfpcre `k`-

koa ETX_ lkr Caneroc wotd tktca ETX_ kl ktder iku`troes, tde jkmy kl tde

idcpter excfoès tde `k`-koa expkrt jcsbets kl koa-expkrto`n ikfpcrctkrs.

Mostcìe]de o`verse fecsure kl mostcìe jetwee` nkkms o c`m g o` yecr t , wdoid

we icaa prkxofoty, equcas

ϕ o g t o t g t g t o t X x x X x x , , , , , ,fo` | , | ,6 ( ) ( ){ }



wdere lkr c`y iku`try i

c`m tde ik`motok`ca prkjcjoaoty os icaiuactem uso`n caa iku`troes o` yecr t .

]de ik`motok`ca prkjcjoaotoes cre icaiuactem uso`n moscnnrenctem expkrt

mctc cirkss c acrne scfpae kl iku`troes lrkf tde wkram trcme lakws mctc

lrkf Lee`strc c`m ktders (:885) c`m U@ IKF]ZCME.

Kpe` lkrest os icaiuactem lorst jy fecsuro`n tde me`soty kl tde iurre`t expkrt jcsbet kl c iku`try crku`m c`y nkkm. ]dos os tde mostcìe kl nkkm

o lrkf iku`try i ‟s expkrt jcsbet ct tofe t , icaiuactem cs tde suf kl caa

pctds aecmo`n tk tde prkmuit o` wdoid tde iku`try os prese`t, movomem jy

tde suf kl caa pctds aecmo`n tk tde prkmuit. Me`soty vcroes lrkf 8 tk 3,

wotd donder vcaues o`moicto`n tdct tde iku`try dcs cidoevem ikfpcrctove

cmvc`tcne o` fc`y ècrjy prkmuits c`m sdkuam tderelkre je fkre aobeay

tk expkrt tdct nkkm o` tde luture7

Dcusfc`` c`m Bao`ner (:88>) sdkw tdct tdos fecsure kl me`soty os

o`meem donday sonòloic`t o` premoito`n dkw c iku`try‟s prkmuitove strui-

ture woaa sdolt kver tofe7 iku`troes cre fuid fkre aobeay tk fkve tk prkm-

uits tdct dcve c donder me`soty, fecò`n tdey cre iakser tk tdeor iurre`t

prkmuitok`.

ê cnnrencte tdos fecsure kl me`soty, wdoid os lkr c iku`try crku`m

c`y so`nae prkmuit, tk c` kvercaa fecsure kl tde ik`èitemèss kl c

iku`try‟s expkrt jcsbet. ]dos iku`try-aevea fecsure os icaaem kpe` lkrest .

C donder vcaue o`moictes tdct tde iurre`t expkrt jcsbet os o` c pcrt kl

tde prkmuit spcie tdct os weaa ik`èitem tk ktder èw c`m vcaucjae

kppkrtuòtoes lkr struiturca trc`slkrfctok`. C dond vcaue kl kpe` lkrest

o`moictes tdct tde iku`try os akictem o` c me`se pcrt kl tde prkmuit spcie2 c akw vcaue kl kpe` lkrest o`moictes tdct tde iku`try os speioca-

ozem o` c spcrse, uìk`èitem pcrt kl tde prkmuit spcie. O` esseìe, tdos

vcaue suffcrozes tde vosuca c`caysos ik`muitem cjkve wotd tde prkmuit

spcie fcps.

me`sot y

x

o i t

o b t i b t

b

o b t

b

, ,

, , , ,

, ,

.6

∓∓

ϕ

ϕ

x ol ZIC

ktderwoseo i t

o i t , ,

, ,6 0

3

8

3

Expkrt Moversoloictok` o` Caneroc ??



Kpe` lkrest os icaiuactem cs lkaakws7

@ktes

3. Ytctefe`t os jcsem k` c aost kl prkgeits fcme cvcoacjae jy tde Eurk

Femoterrcèc` @etwkrb kl O`vestfe`t Xrkfktok` Cneìoes.:. @k`-koa ETX_ os icaiuactem jy eaofo`cto`n #99 c`m #9= lrkf tde 3?>5’:888

Ytc`mcrm O`ter`ctok`ca ]rcme Iacssoloictok` (YO]I) mctc c`m #:> lrkf tde

:888+ Dcrfkòzem Yystef (DY) mctc.

9. ]de ik`ve`tok`ca icaiuactok` kl ETX_ os sdkw` o` tde c`èx. Ciikrmo`n tk

tdct fetroi, expkrt skpdostoictok` o` Caneroc os fkmercte. Dkwever, fkre tdc`

?5 perie`t kl tde iku`try‟s expkrt jcsbet os dymrkicrjk`s. ETX_ cs trcmotok`-

caay fecsurem os sofpay tde revecaem ikfpcrctove cmvc`tcne’weondtem cver-

cne NMX per icpotc kl koa expkrters. Lkr tdos recsk`, ot os fkre reaevc`t tk

ik`somer `k`-koa ETX_. Lkr ik`sosteìy, tdos sdkuam je ikfpcrem kày wotdktder koa expkrters‟ `k`-koa expkrt jcsbets.

=. ]dos pcrcnrcpd wcs jcsem k` kram Jc`b :884j.

5. ]de Mko`n Juso ess O`moictkrs lkius k` tde tofe c`m fkèy iksts c`m tde

ikfpaexoty kr ikfpaeteèss kl bey prkiemures. Fc`y o`moictkrs fecsure

eotder tde lkrfca prkiemure mesirojem o` `ctok`ca acw kr tde ikst c`m tofe

tcbe` lkr c prktktypoica e`terprose kl speioloem idcrciterostois.

<. O`vestfe`t Iaofcte Cssessfe`t surveys icpture tde cituca experoeìe c`m

cttotumes kl citove jusoèss fc`cners.>. ]dos crnufe t os jcsem k` kram Jc`b (:884j).

4. ]de mostc ie jetwee c`y twk prkmuits os tde foòfuf kl tde pcorwose ik`mo-

tok`ca prkjcjoaotoes kl dcvo`n ikfpcrctove cmvc`tcne. Yee tde c`èx lkr metcoas.

?. O`teresto`n c`m uselua exte`sok`s tk tdos c`caysos wkuam fctid expkrt mctc tk

o`vestfe`t iaofcte kr dkusedkam survey mctc tk fecsure ecid seitkr‟s o`te`-

soty o` acjkr kr fctid tdef wotd ofpdos os mkè.

38. Lkr c reie`t stumy expakro`n tde oìrecso`n fcrbet lkr servoies o` Caneroc, see

idcpter > kl tdos vkaufe.33. ]de ome`toloictok` kl tcrnetem seitkrs wcs nrciokusay prkvomem jy F. Jkuaboc.

Cs cjkve, tdos c`caysos os kày k` feridc`mose expkrts, c`m ic``kt ik`somer

servoies (suid cs sdop repcor). Lurtderfkre, we aofot kur lkius tk ‑èw‖ sei-

tkrs7 tdkse o` wdoid tde iku`try dcs `kt yet cidoevem ikfpcrctove cmvc`tcne

(skfe kl tde tcrnetem seitkrs, suid cs dymrcuaoi jo`mers, cre carecmy expkrtem

wotd ikfpcrctove cmvc`tcne).

kpe` lkrest x x XZKM_ i t

o g t

o g t

o

i g t i o t g t [ ,

, ,

, ,

, , , , ,6 √( )

∓

ϕ

ϕ

3

∓∓ go

.

388 Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox



Zelereìes

Crrkw, B. 3?<:. ‑]de Eik`kfoi Ofpaoictok`s kl Aecrò`n jy Mko`n.‖ Zevoew kl Eik`kfoi Ytumoes :? (9)7 355’>9.

Jcac`m, G., c`m X. Lrc`îkos. :888. ‑Ze`t-Yeebo`n c`m Zeskurie Jkkfs.‖ Gkur`ca kl

Meveakpfe`t Eik`kfois <3 (:)7 5:>’=:.

Jcrmdc`, X. 3?>8. Eik`kfoi Nrkwtd, Meveakpfe`t, c`m Lkreon` ]rcme. @ew _krb7

ôaey-O`tersioeìe.

Ikrme`, ^. F. 3?4:. ‑Exidc`ne Zcte Xkaoiy c`m tde Zeskuries Jkkf.‖ Eik`kfoi

Zeikrm 54 (3<8)7 34’93.

Ikrme`, ^. F., c`m G. X. @ecry. 3?4=. ‑Jkkfo`n Yeitkr c`m Me-O`mustrocaosctok` o`c Yfcaa Kpe` Eik`kfy.‖ Eik`kfoi Gkur`ca ?: (9<<)7 4:5’=4.

Me Lerrc`to, M. N. E. Xerry, O. Y. Noaa, c`m A. Yerve`. :888. Yeiuro`n Kur Luture o`

c Nakjca Eik`kfy. ^csdo`ntk`, MI7 ^kram Jc`b.

Mko`n Jusoèss O`moictkrs (mctcjcse). dttp7//www.mko`njusoèss.krn/. kram Jc`b,

csdo`ntk`, MI.

Eikteidòis. :88=. Xkte`toea m‟expkrtctok` dkrs dymrkicrjures. Canoers7 Eikteidòis.

Lee`strc, Z., Z. Aopsey, D. Me`n, C. Fc, c`m D. Fk. :885. ‑^kram ]rcme Lakws7

3?<:’:888.‖ @JEZ ^krbo`n Xcper 338=8, @ctok`ca Jurecu kl Eik`kfoiZesecrid, Icfjromne, FC.

Dcusfc``, Z., G. Dwc`n, c`m M. Zkmrob. :88<. ‑^dct _ku Expkrt Fctters.‖ @JEZ

krbo`n Xcper 33?85, @ctok`ca Jurecu kl Eik`kfoi Zesecrid, Icfjromne,

FC.

Dcusfc``, Z., c`m J. Bao`ner. :88<. ‑Expkrt Moversoloictok` c`m Xctter`s kl

Ikfpcrctove Cmvc`tcne o` tde Xrkmuit Ypcie.‖ Dcrvcrm Uòversoty Ie`ter lkr

O`ter`ctok`ca Meveakpfe`t krbo`n Xcper 3:4, Icfjromne, FC.

”””. :88>. ‑]de Ytruiture kl tde Xrkmuit Ypcie c`m tde Evkautok` kl Ikfpcrctove Cmvc`tcne.‖ Dcrvcrm Uòversoty Ie`ter lkr O`ter`ctok`ca

Meveakpfe`t ^krbo`n Xcper 3=< (exte`mem c`m revosem versok` kl ^krbo`n

Xcper 3:4), Icfjromne, FC.

Dcusfc``, Z., c`m Z. Zonkjk`. :88:. ‑C` Cater`ctove O`terpretctok` kl tde

—Zeskurie Iurse‟7 ]dekry c`m Xkaoiy Ofpaoictok`s.‖ @JEZ ^krbo`n Xcper

?=:=, @ctok`ca Jurecu kl Eik`kfoi Zesecrid, Icfjromne, FC.

Dcusfc``, Z., c`m M. Zkmrob. :889. ‑Eik`kfoi Meveakpfe`t cs Yeal-mosikvery.‖

Gkur`ca kl Meveakpfe`t Eik`kfois >: (:)7 <89’99.

Dcusfc``, Z., M. Zkmrob, c`m I. Ycjea. :884. ‑Zeik`lonuro`n O`mustroca Xkaoiy7 C

Lrcfewkrb wotd c` Cppaoictok` tk Ykutd Clroic.‖ DBY Lciuaty Zesecrid

krbo`n Xcper Yeroes Z X84-893, Gkd` L. Be`èmy Yidkka kl Nkver`fe`t,

Dcrvcrm Uòversoty, Icfjromne, FC.

Domcank, I., J. Bao`ner, C. Jcrcjcso, c`m Z. Dcusfc``. :88>. ‑]de Xrkmuit Ypcie

Ik`motok`s tde Meveakpfe`t kl @ctok`s.‖ Yioeìe 93> (549>)7 =4:’4>.

Expkrt Moversoloictok` o Caneroc 383



Dwc`n, G. :88<. ‑O`trkmuitok` kl @ew Nkkms, Ik`verneìe c`m Nrkwtd.‖

Mepcrtfe`t kl Eik`kfois, Dcrvcrm Uòversoty, Icfjromne, FC.

OFL (O`ter`ctok`ca Fkètcry Lu`m). :88<c. ‑Caneroc‟s Jusoèss Iaofcte7 ]cx

Zelkrfs lkr Lcster Gkj Irectok`.‖ Yuppaefe`t k` Yeaeitem Ossues. YF/K</39.

OFL, ^csdo`ntk` MI.

”””. :88<j. OFL Crtoiae O\. Iku`try Zepkrt . Zepkrt 8>/<3,^csdo`ntk`, MI.

Gclle, C. 3?4<. ‑]eid`kaknoica Kppkrtuòty c`m Ypoaakvers kl Z&M7 Evomeìe lrkf

Lorf‟s Xcte`ts, Xrklots, c`m Fcrbet \caue.‖ Cferoic` Eik`kfoi Zevoew >< (5)7

?4=’3883.

Gclle, C., F. ]rcgte`jern, c`m Z. De`mersk`. 3??9. ‑Neknrcpdoi Akicaozctok` kl

B`kwaemne Ypoaakvers cs Evomeìem jy Xcte`t Iotctok`s.‖ Sucrteray Gkur`ca kl

Eik`kfois 384 (9)7 5>>’?4.

Bee, D., C. @oiotc, c`m F. Kacrrecnc. :88<. ‑Estofcto`n ]rcme Zestroitoveèss

O`moies.‖ XZ^X ^XY 94=8, ^kram Jc`b, ^csdo`ntk`, MI.

Bao`ner, J. :88>. ‑Uìertco`ty o` tde Yecrid lkr @ew Expkrts.‖ Dcrvcrm Ie`ter lkr

O`ter`ctok`ca Meveakpfe`t Nrcmucte Ytume`t c`m Xkstmkitkrca Leaakw

krbo`n Xcper 3<, Icfjromne, FC.

”””. :884. ‑Lkrwcrm Ao`bcnes c`m Ytruiturca ]rc`slkrfctok`.‖ Gkd` L. Be`èmy

Yidkka kl Nkver`fe`t, Dcrvcrm Uòversoty, Icfjromne, FC.

Aecfer, Emwcrm, E. 3?4=. Ykuries kl Ikfpcrctove Cmvc`tcne7 ]dekry c`m Evomeìe.

Icfjromne, FC7 FO] Xress.

”””. 3?4>. ‑Xctds kl Meveakpfe`t o` tde ]dree Lcitkr, `’Nkkm Neèrca

Equoaojrouf Fkmea.‖ Gkur`ca kl Xkaotoica Eik`kfy ?5 (5)7 ?<3’??.

Foòstäre me a‟O`mustroe et me ac Xrkfktok` mes O`vestossefe`ts me a‟Canïroe. :88>.

Mkiufe`t me ac strctïnoe o`mustroeaae. Canoers.

@cjao, Fustcpdc. :88>. Jrecbo`n tde Jcrroers tk Donder Eik`kfoi Nrkwtd.

csdo`ntk`, MI7 kram Jc`b.

Ye`se`jre`èr, N. :88<. ‑Caneroc‟s Jusoèss Iaofcte7 ]cx relkrfs lkr Lcster Gkj

Irectok`.‖ OFL Yeaeitem Ossues, O`ter`ctok`ca Fkètcry Lu`m, ^csdo`ntk`, MI.

kram Jc`b. :884c. Canïroe7 Zcppkrt sur a‟e`quçte iaofct mes cllcores. FE@C/

F@YEM Zepkrt. ^csdo`ntk`, MI7 ^kram Jc`b.

”””. :884j. Mko`n Jusoèss :88?. ^csdo`ntk`, MI7 ^kram Jc`b.

38: Dcusfc` , Bao ner, c`m Aùpez-Iãaox



X C Z ] O O

Yervoies ]rcme





385

Ic` Eferno`n Expkrt Yervoies Ik`trojutetk Nrkwtd c`m Xkverty Zemuitok`;

]de nakjca servoies fcrbet kllers rcpomay oìrecso`n kppkrtuòtoes tk ne`-

ercte expkrt reveùes. O`ter`ctok`ca trcme o` ikfferioca servoies fkre

tdc` mkujaem jetwee` 3??5 c`m :88<, kutpcio`n expkrts kl cnroiuaturcaprkmuits c`m fcùlcitures (lonure 5.3). Zcpom cmvcìes o` o`lkrfctok`

c`m ikffuòictok` teid`kaknoes (OI]) c`m tde k`nko`n nakjca aojercaozc-

tok` kl trcme c`m o`vestfe`t o` servoies dcve oìrecsem tde trcmcjoaoty kl

fc`y servoie citovotoes c`m irectem èw bo`ms kl trcmcjae servoies, pcrtoi-

uacray cs tde prkmuitok` kl servoies dcs jeikfe oìrecso`nay akictok` o`me-

pe`me`t. Jeicuse mefc`m lkr servoies dcs c dond oìkfe eacstoioty, tde

pkte`toca lkr lurtder oìrecses o` servoies expkrts refco`s cs eik`kfoes

nrkw roider.

Kllsdkro`n cs c Mrover kl ]rcmeXrklessok`ca c`m OI]-e`cjaem servoies cre cfk`n tde fkst my`cfoi

nrkwtd senfe`ts kl tde nakjca servoies seitkr. Lorfs o` dond-oìkfe

I D C X ] E Z 5

Eferno`n Expkrt Yervoies7

^dere Mkes ]uòsoc Ytc`m;

Kaovoer Icttcèk, @mocfï Mokp,c`m Xeter ^cabe`dkrst



iku`troes oìrecso`nay kutskurie jcib klloie c`m o`lkrfctok` teid`kakny

(O]) luìtok`s. Fkst kl tdos kutskurio`n stoaa nkes tk ikfpcòes o` tde

iku`try kl krono` (‑k`sdkro`n‖), catdkund irkss-jkrmer crrc`nefe`ts

(‑kllsdkro`n‖) cre oìrecso`nay ikffk`.Lkrrester Zesecrid estofctes tde pkte`toca lkr O] kllsdkro`n tk

akw-wcne akictok`s lrkf tde Uòtem Ytctes cakè tk cfku`t tk 9.9 foaaok`

gkjs jy :835 (FiIcrtdy :88:). Jeicuse kl tde aofotem èem lkr moreit

iaoe`t ik`tcit, renok`ca b`kwaemne, c`m ikfpaex o`tercitok`s, O] serv-

oies c`m pcibcnem skltwcre cre pcrtoiuacray cfe`cjae tk kllsdkro`n. Cjkut

== perie`t kl caa OI] efpakyfe`t o` dond-oìkfe iku`troes”skfe

9 foaaok` gkjs”ikuam pkte`tocaay je kllsdkrem (lonure 5.:) (FiBo`sey

Nakjca O`stotute :885j). Lkr skfe akictok`-o`se`sotove OI] citovotoes, suid

cs icaa ie`ters, tde kutskurio`n rcte ikuam recid fkre tdc` ?8 perie`t.

Jy :889, cjkut > perie`t kl OI] gkjs o` dond-oìkfe iku`troes dcm

jee` kllsdkrem. ]de prkiess wcs fkst cmvcìem o` tde Uòtem Ytctes, tde

Uòtem Bo`nmkf, c`m Nerfc`y, wdoid tknetder ciiku`tem lkr tdree-

qucrters kl nakjca kllsdkro`n mefc`m (FiBo`sey Nakjca O`stotute :885j).

38< Icttcèk, Mokp, c`m cabe`dkrst

Lonure 5.3 ^kram Yervoies Expkrts, jy ]ype, 3??5’:88<

(3??5 6 388)

Ykurie7 ^]K :88<.

58

388

358

o ` m e x

( 3 ? ? 5 6 3 8 8 )

:88

3??5 3??< 3??> 3??4 3??? :888 :883 :88: :889 :88= :885 :88<

servoies expkrts fcùlciturem expkrts

cnroiuaturca expkrts NMX



Xkte`toca lkr Kllsdkro`n o` Lrcìkpdkè FcrbetsIkfpcòes o` lrcìkpdkè iku`troes dcve jee` fkre reauitc`t tdc`

tdkse easewdere tk fkve efpakyfe`t cjrkcm, aofoto`n tdeor kll-

sdkro`n citovotoes acrneay tk icaa ie`ters. Estofctes o`moicte tdct fkre

tdc` ?8 perie`t kl caa jcib-klloie prkiess kutskurio`n o` Lreìd-specbo`n kllsdkro`n akictok`s ik`sostem kl icaa ie`ters o` :885. O` ik`trcst,

tde ikrrespk`mo`n sdcre cfku`tem tk aess tdc` 98 perie`t o` O`moc

(Zkac`m Jerner :88<). Mespote tdos lkius k` icaa ie`ter kllsdkro`n,

Lrcìe kutskuries c sujstc`tocaay sfcaaer sdcre kl ots icaa ie`ter citovoty

tdc` tde Uòtem Ytctes kr Uòtem Bo`nmkf (lonure 5.9). ]dos akw menree

kl kutskurio`n fcy pcrtay relaeit pkaotoica c`m trcme uòk` resostcìe

tk fkvo`n efpakyfe`t cjrkcm. Ot ikuam cask sunnest tdct Lrcìe fcy

experoeìe c` ciieaerctok` c`m ictid-up o` skurio`n tcae`t cjrkcm o`

tde femouf terf.

kramwome, cjkut 3>,888 icaa ie`ter stcll servem Lreìd-specbo`n fcr-

bets o` :88<, kl wdoid fkre tdc` tdree-qucrters cre akictem o` Fkrkiik

c`m ]uòsoc (lonure 5.=) (Zkac`m Jerner :88<). @krtd Clroic‟s wcne

cmvc`tcne kver Eurkpe os `kt cs strk`n cs tdct kl ikfpetotkrs o` Ecst Csoc,

Eferno n Expkrt Yervoies7 dere Mkes ]uòsoc Ytc`m; 38>

Lonure 5.: Kllsdkro`n Xkte`toca kl Yeaeitem Yervoie O`mustroes

Ykurie7 FiBo`sey Nakjca O`stotute :885j.

8

3

:

9

=

5

p c i b c n

e m

s k l t w

c r e

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k f e i k u ` t r y g k j s , %

sdcre kl gkjs o` dond-oìkfe iku`troes

tdct ikuam je kutskuriem (rondt cxos)

cnnrencte ùfjer kl gkjs tdct

ikuam je kutskuriem (aelt cxos)



384 Icttcèk, Mokp, c`m cabe`dkrst

Lonure 5.9 Kllsdkre, K`sdkre, c`m O`skuriem Icaa Ie`ter Citovoty o` tde Uòtem

Ytctes, Uòtem Bo`nmkf, c`m Lrcìe, :88<

Ykurie7 Zkac`m Jerner :88<.

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3:

Uòtem Ytctes Uòtem Bo`nmkf Lrcìe

o`skuriem kutskuriem k`sdkre kutskuriem kllsdkre

Lonure 5.= @ufjer kl Icaa Ie`ter Yects Yervo`n Lrcìkpdkè Iaoe`ts,

jy Iku`try, :88<


i c a a i e ` t e r s e c t s s e r v o ` n

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Eferno n Expkrt Yervoies7 dere Mkes ]uòsoc Ytc`m; 38?

jut neknrcpdoica c`m iuaturca prkxofoty, weaa-estcjaosdem ikfferioca toes,

c`m tde strk`n Lreìd-specbo`n ikffuòtoes fcbe tde Fcndrej tde

mesto`ctok` kl idkoie lkr ‑ècrsdkro`n‖ kl Lreìd c`m ktder lrcìkpdkè

ikfpcòes. Kutskurio`n lrkf tde Lreìd fcrbet os prkgeitem tk nrkw

ct c` c`ùca rcte kl 3:’39 perie`t jetwee` :88> c`m :83: (Zkac`m

Jerner :88<).

Ikfpcòes o` dond-oìkfe iku`troes tdct kutskurie skfe kl tdeor

servoies luìtok`s ic` recaoze ikst remuitok`s, tderejy ofprkvo`n tdeor

o`ter`ctok`ca ikfpetotoveèss. ]de reieovo`n iku`troes jeèlot tdrkund

e`dcìem efpakyfe`t kppkrtuòtoes (oìaumo`n lkr wkfe`) oìrecsem

o`lakws kl lkreon` moreit o`vestfe`t (LMO), c`m ofprkvem servoie qucaotylkr tde mkfestoi fcrbet. ]dere ic` cask je pksotove spoaakver elleits

tdrkund teid`kakny c`m b`kwaemne trc`sler c`m strk`ner oìe`toves lkr

o`movomucas tk o`vest o` emuictok`.

]de prkspeits lkr nrkwtd o` @krtd Clroic‟s eferno`n expkrt serv-

oies akkb nkkm. Yeitkrca expc`sok` os uàobeay tk irecte fc`y gkjs lkr

tde u`sboaaem c`m pkkr, dkwever. Xkverty remuitok` lrkf tdos seitkr

sdkuam ikfe fcoày tdrkund tde troibae-mkw` elleits kl neèrca eik-

`kfoi nrkwtd.

Lkrwcrm-Akkbo`n Xkaoioes ]dct Ic` Deap Iku`troesNrcsp Kppkrtuòtoes]uòsoc dcs decvoay o`vestem o` dufc` c`m pdysoica icpotca c`m u`mer-

tcbe` ofpkrtc`t renuactkry relkrfs tk jeikfe c b`kwaemne eik`kfy.

Fc`y kl tdese o`vestfe`ts”o`, lkr excfpae, teaeikffuòictok` etwkrbs

c`m donder emuictok`”cre `kw su`b c`m `k ak`ner dcve tk je ik`som-

erem wde` meiomo`n k` nkver`fe`tca oòtoctoves. Xkaoiy `kw èems tkmeterfoè dkw pujaoi cutdkrotoes ic` lurtder ofprkve tde renuactkry

set-up c`m prkvome c` e`cjao`n jusoèss e`vork`fe`t tdct woaa caakw tde

provcte seitkr tk tcbe tde aecm o` prkpeaao`n ]uòsoc tkwcrm b`kwaemne-

jcsem nrkwtd c`m prksperoty.

]de c`caysos prese`tem dere ik`trojutes tk tde pkaoiy mocaknue jy

mesirojo`n c`m evcaucto`n reie`t c`m prkspeitove meveakpfe`ts ikìer`-

o`n prklessok`ca c`m OI]-e`cjaem servoie expkrts o` tde ik`text kl

]uòsoc‟s nrkwtd c`m ikfpetotoveèss cne`mc. ]de mosiussok` os ikfpre-

de`sove, ikvero`n femoica servoies, ciiku`to`n, e`noèero`n, c`m aencaservoies cs weaa cs skltwcre prkmuitok`, jcib-klloie prkiesso`n, c`m icaa

ie`ters. Xerlkrfcìe os ikfpcrem wotd tdct kl sofoacr iku`troes tk put ot

o`tk c jrkcmer perspeitove.



]de rest kl tde idcpter os movomem o`tk tdree seitok`s. ]de èxt seitok`

mosiusses ]uòsoc‟s reie`t perlkrfcìe o` prklessok`ca c`m OI]-e`cjaem

servoies, pcyo`n speioca ctte`tok` tk struiturca peiuaocrotoes kl tde sujseitkrs.

]de lkaakwo`n seitok` excfoès tde o`ter`ctok`ca pksotok` kl prkvomers kl

eferno`n expkrt servoies. ]de acst seitok` cmmresses ossues tdct wcrrc`t tde

ctte`tok` kl pkaoiy fcbers.

Dkw Dcs ]uòsoc Xerlkrfem o` Eferno`n Expkrt Yervoies;

Xrklessok`ca c`m OI]-e`cjaem servoies cre ofpkrtc`t o`puts tk tde eik`-

kfy. Xrkvosok` kl elloioe`t servoies os esse`toca tk fco`tcoò`n ]uòsoc‟sikfpetotoveèss c`m prkmuitovoty nco`s. Ct tde scfe tofe, ik`sufers

sdkuam je prkteitem cnco`st meieptove prcitoies. ]de nkver`fe`t fust

tderelkre strobe tde rondt jcacìe jetwee` aojercaozctok` (wdoid eìkur-

cnes ikfpetotok`, ikst elleitoveèss, c`m ofprkvem qucaoty kl servoie) c`m

mkfestoi renuactok`.

]de experoeìe kl Ecster` c`m Ie`trca Eurkpe sdkws tdct tde kpe`-

o`n kl servoie seitkrs tk lkreon` ikfpetotok` c`m tde cmkptok` kl

renok`ca/o`ter`ctok`ca stc`mcrms ic` deap remuie proies c`m e`dcìe tdevcroety c`m qucaoty kl servoies kllerem tk akica ik`sufers. Kutmctem

ruaes”oìaumo`n restroitok`s k` cmvertoso`n, reikffe`mem lee sicaes, c`m

e`try o`tk prklessok`s”resuatem o` serokusay mcfcno`n c`toikfpetotove

prcitoies c`m proie-loxo`n o` Eurkpe, ciikrmo`n tk tde Eurkpec`

Ikffossok` (IKF :88=). Catdkund renuactok` os gustoloem, laexojoaoty

os requorem tk ciikffkmcte tde evkautok` kl tde prklessok` c`m

iaoe`ts‟ èems.

Femoica Yervoies]uòsoc dcs c ak`n trcmotok` kl expkrts kl femoica servoies, o` pcrtoiuacr

tk ots èondjkr Aojyc. ]dese lakws dcve refcoèm aofotem, dkwever.

ôtd tde eferneìe kl ‑femoica tkurosf,‖ prkspeits lkr servoies nrkwtd

dcve ofprkvem.

Fc`y iku`troes ikfpete lkr lkreon` pctoe`ts, wdk spe`m fkre tdc`

renuacr tkurosts (k` lees pcom tk surnek`s c`m dkspotcas, stcys o` love-stcr

dkteas, exiursok`s, c`m sk lkrtd). ]uòsoc os c lrk`t-ru`èr o` tde Fcndrej

renok`, catdkund c acteikfer ikfpcrem wotd Csoc kr Acto` Cferoic.]de twk fco` ]uòsoc` tkur kperctkrs o` tde loeam cre Estdetobc

]kur c`m Iksfetoic ]rcvea, jktd estcjaosdem o` :88=, ecid kl wdoid

cttrcits kày cjkut 98 lkreon` pctoe`ts c fk`td. ]de juab kl pctoe`ts

(48 perie`t kl wdkf cre lrkf Aojyc) ikfe tk provcte iaoòis o`




]uòsoc wotdkut mepe`mo`n k` c` o`terfemocry. C lew dcve jee`

trectem lkr mosecses kr prkjaefs tdct kiiurrem o` tde ikurse kl tdeor

stcy o` ]uòsoc.

Jcsem k` c survey kl iaoòis, kè stumy estofctes tdct o` :889, ]uòsoc

dkstem fkre tdc` =:,888 lkreon` pctoe`ts, wdk neèrctem reveùes kl

cjkut ]M:> foaaok` (cjkut := perie`t kl tde iaoòis‟ tktca reveùes)

(Acutoer :884). Jcsem k` tdese lonures, tde stumy extrcpkactes tde tktca

vcaue kl ]uòsoc‟s femoica servoies expkrts ct ]M<? foaaok`. ]dese expkrts

irectem fkre tdc` 38,888 gkjs (dcal kl tdef o` tde decatd seitkr) c`m

neèrctem tktca reveùes (oìaumo`n ciikffkmctok`s c`m ktder expe`ses)

kl ]M399 foaaok` (tcjae 5.3).

E`noèero`nCjkut 3:,888 e`noèers c`m 3,888 cridoteits were efpakyem o` ]uòsoc

o` :88=, c`m cjkut :,888 ikfpcòes speiocaozem o` meson`, e`noèero`n,

c`m ik`suato`n servoies. Ykfe kl tdese ikfpcòes, suid cs YIE] ]uòsoc,

Y]UMO, c`m IKFE]E, dcve efernem cs aecmo`n e`noèero`n lorfs o`

tde renok`.

Lkr fkre tdc` twk meicmes, ]uòsoc` e`noèero`n lorfs dcve expkrtemtdeor servoies”trcmotok`caay tk ktder @krtd c`m Yuj-Ycdcrc` Clroic`

iku`troes, `kw tk tde Fommae Ecst c`m easewdere. ]dos ecray suiiess

resuatem lrkf tde ikfjo`ctok` kl severca lcitkrs7

• Lkreon` pcrtoiopctok` tdrkund icpotca c`m teid`kaknoica trc`slers, oìaum-

o`n qucaoloem persk`èa c`m b`kw-dkw, wdoid resuatem o` donder stc`-

mcrms c`m c reputctok` lkr qucaoty

• C` oòtocaay acrneay prkteitem mkfestoi fcrbet, wdoid e`cjaem akicalorfs tk recid c irotoica soze, nco` experoeìe, c`m tde` expkrt

Eferno n Expkrt Yervoies7 dere Mkes ]uòsoc Ytc`m; 333

]cjae 5.3 @ufjer kl Lkreon` Xctoe`ts c`m \kaufe kl Expkrts o` ]uòsoc,

jy @ctok`caoty, :88=

@ctok`caoty kl pctoe`t

@ufjer kl

lkreon` pctoe`ts

Expkrts

(]M foaaok`)

Expkrts/]ktca

iaoòis‟ kutput

(]M foaaok )

Aojyc` 9=,89= ::.95 3?.58

Caneroc` 3,9:8 8.4= 8.>8Eurkpec` =,=4= :.48 :.=8

Ktder :,9>9 3.<4 3.58

]ktca =:,:33 :>.<> :=.3=

Ykurie7 Acutoer :884.

@kte7 Jcsem k` c :889 survey kl >? provcte iaoòis o` ]uòsoc.



• C vkau`tcry mk`krs‟ pkaoiy tk sdkrt-aost Clroic` e`noèero`n lorfs lkr

prkgeits o` tde renok`.

E`noèero`n o` ]uòsoc os tde fkst kpe` kl caa prklessok`ca servoies

seitkrs c`m cask tde fkst suiiesslua o` o`ter`ctok`ca fcrbets. Fcgkr

ikfpcòes cidoeve mkujae-monot nrkwtd rctes, c`m trcme tcbes pacie

u`mer caa lkur fkmes kl meaovery (irkss-jkrmer suppay, ik`sufptok`

cjrkcm, ikfferioca preseìe, c`m preseìe kl `cturca persk`s).

Ciiku`to`n

Cs kl :88=, ]uòsoc dcm =<= ciiku`tc`ts (wkrbo`n o` 338 ciiku`to`nlorfs) jeak`no`n tk tde Krmre mes Experts Ikfptcjaes c`m 3<8 meiacrem

tcx cmvosers, =8 kl wdkf jeak`n tk tde Idcfjre @ctok`cae mes Ik`seoas

Losicux. ]de prklessok` dcs nrkw` rcpomay, wotd c mkujao`n kl tde ùfjer

kl ciiku`tc`ts jetwee` 3??> c`m :88=. Ciiess tk tde prklessok` refco`s

very seaeitove, dkwever, wotd kày cjkut 98 kl fkre tdc` 3,888 ic`mo-

mctes pcsso`n tde excf ecid yecr.

]de Jon Lkur (BXFN, XroiewcterdkuseIkkpers, Er`st & _ku`n,

Meakotte & ]kuide) ciiku`t lkr cafkst caa kl ]uòsoc‟s o`ter`ctok`ca trcmeo` ciiku`to`n. ]de ]uòsoc` klloies kl tdese ikfpcòes cre e`toreay

]uòsoc`. Dkwever, tdey dcve `k lkreon` icpotca kr lkreon` ciiku`tc`ts

profcroay jeicuse kl `ctok`caoty requorefe`ts. ]de preseìe kl tdese lkr-

eon` `cfes dcs jee` extrefeay jeèloioca tk tde prklessok` o` ]uòsoc,

ik`trojuto`n tk rcoso`n stc`mcrms c`m tk trcoò`n c ùfjer kl ciiku`tc`ts

wdk ikuam acter acuìd suiiesslua o`movomuca dond-icaojer prcitoies. ]dese

lorfs efpaky c acrne ùfjer kl ciiku`tc`ts c`m stcll (fkre tdc` 388

lkr tde acrnest kl tdef).Jeicuse kl tde aofotem soze kl tde ]uòsoc` fcrbet, trcme os esse`toca tk

tde ciiku`to`n prklessok`7 expc`sok` (kr eve` survovca) requores expkrt

kppkrtuòtoes. Ot tcbes pacie u`mer caa lkur fkmes kl meaovery. Up tk c

tdorm kl tde Jon Lkur‟s iaoe`teae cre kutsome ]uòsoc. ]dese iaoe`ts cre

recidem tdrkund fkmes 3 (tdrkund e-fcoa) c`m = (tdrkund fkvefe`t kl

ciiku`tc`ts c`m stcll cjrkcm). Fkre tdc` dcal kl tdeor iaoe`teae cre

lkreonèrs (:8 perie`t kl trcme tcbes pacie u`mer fkme :). Fkme 9 os

tde aecst meveakpem fkme2 kày love ]uòsoc` lorfs dcve klloies cjrkcm

(o` Lrcìe).]rcme lakws o` tde seitkr cre `kt fecsurem. Ciiku`to`n os kè kl tde

fkst prkfoso`n ic`momctes lkr stctostois ofprkvefe`t. Ciiku`tc`ts c`m

cumotkrs cre requorem tk meiacre skfe speioloi fossok`s tk tde Krmre mes

Experts Ikfptcjaes (catdkund lorfs dcve `kt moaone`tay mkè sk). ]dos

33: Icttcèk, Mokp, c`m cabe`dkrst



o`lkrfctok` ikuam je ikaaeitem tk meterfoè dkw fuid kl tdeor juso-

èss os ik`muitem wotd lkreonèrs. ]de Krmre mes Experts Ikfptcjaes

dcs reie`tay stcrtem kllero`n c servoie o` wdoid ot dc`maes vosc cppaoic-

tok`s tk tde Lreìd Efjcssy lkr ciiku`tc`ts pac`ò`n jusoèss trcvea

cjrkcm. O`lkrfctok` cjkut vosc requests ikuam deap meterfoè tde

ofpkrtcìe kl fkme = lkr tde prklessok`. Ot ikuam cask deap meterfoè

wdetder tde prklessok` os lcio`n serokus kjstciaes tk fkjoaoty.

Kutskurio`n ikuam irecte èw trcme kppkrtuòtoes lkr ]uòsoc`

ciiku`tc`ts c`m jkkbbeepers. Yk lcr, kày tdree kr lkur ciiku`to`n lorfs

cre prkiesso`n mctc lkr ciiku`tc`ts jcsem o` Lrcìe. ]dese citovotoes

fondt expc`m o` tde luture, jeicuse kl teid`kaknoica prknress c`m pkte`-toca scvo`ns lkr Lreìd ikfpcòes. Kjstciaes refco`, dkwever, c`m èw

skltwcre cppaoictok`s carecmy tdrecte` tde ikre citovoty kl tdos trcme

(mctc prkiesso`n).

Aenca Yervoies]uòsoc dcm cjkut 5,888 acwyers o` :88=, c`m tde ùfjer os expeitem

tk mkujae jy :83:. ]de Krmre @ctok`ca mes Cvkicts dcs sunnestem

tondteò`n ciiess tk tde prklessok` (tdrkund irectok` kl c èw prkles-sok`ca sidkka, mosiussem jeakw), wotd c voew tk aofoto`n tde lakw kl

èw e`trc`ts.

]de prklessok` refco`s mkfo`ctem jy o`movomuca prcitoies. Kày c

mkze` speiocaozem acw lorfs dcve efernem wotd sonòloic`t o`ter`c-

tok`ca prcitoie2 up tk ?8 perie`t kl tdos prcitoie os wotd lkreon` iaoe`ts

(fkmes 3 c`m :). ]dese lorfs refco` very sfcaa, c`m tdey serve acrneay

cs ikrrespk`me`ts kl fcgkr nakjca acw lorfs (fkme 3 expkrts), wotd-

kut jeo`n luaay o`tenrctem. Kày kè acw lorf dcs klloies cjrkcm(fkme 9 expkrts).

]de prklessok` os stroitay renuactem c`m acrneay iaksem tk lkreon` prcito-

tokèrs. Dkwever, tdos acib kl kpe`èss mkes `kt preve`t nakjca acw lorfs

lrkf mko`n jusoèss wotd ]uòsoc` lorfs7 skfe fcgkr ikfpcòes prese`t

o` ]uòsoc seeb aenca cmvoie cjrkcm. Fkme 3 dcs jeikfe c sujstotute lkr

fkme 9, oìrecso`n aecbcnes o` aenca servoies trcme.

OI]-E`cjaem Yervoies

]de nkver`fe`t dcs u`mertcbe` severca oòtoctoves o` tde crecs kl o`lrc-struiture upnrcmo`n, dufc` reskurie meveakpfe`t, c`m renuactkry relkrf

tk feet ots cfjotokus kjgeitoves lkr tde OI] seitkr. Excfpaes oìaume

fcgkr teaeikffuòictok`s relkrfs (suid cs tde aoie`so`n kl provcte fkjoae

pdkè c`m O`terèt ciiess prkvomers), o`stotutok`ca o``kvctok`s (suid cs




tde estcjaosdfe`t kl tde O`stotut @ctok`ca mes ]ïaïikffuòictok`s c`m

tde Cneìe @ctok`cae mes Lrïqueìes), c`m pujaoi prkfktok` prknrcfs

(suid cs lcfoay ikfputer prknrcfs c`m O`terèt ik`èitok` kl caa

sidkkas). ]uòsoc dkstem tde ^kram Yuffot kl tde O`lkrfctok` Ykioety o`

:885, wdoid prkvomem c` o`ter`ctok`ca sdkwicse lkr tde iku`try‟s cidoeve-

fe`ts o` tde OI] seitkr c`m ots ikffotfe`t lkr lurtder meveakpfe`t.

Jetwee` 3??> c`m :885, tde ùfjer kl OI] lorfs cafkst tropaem.

]de seitkr‟s ik`trojutok` tk NMX oìrecsem lrkf =.< perie`t o` :88:

tk >.8 perie`t o` :885, wotd efpakyfe`t o` tde seitkr roso`n lrkf

=8,:88 tk 55,:88 kver tde scfe perokm. Expkrt reveùes surnem lrkf

]M:9.4 foaaok` o` :88: tk ]M53.8 foaaok` o` :885.Fkst efpakyfe`t c`m reveùes o` tde seitkr cre neèrctem jy c lew

acrne pujaoi seitkr lorfs. ]uòsoe ]eaeikf cakè ciiku`ts lkr cjkut twk-

tdorms kl seitkrca reveùes, c`m kày =8 perie`t kl tde refcoò`n reveùes

cre estofctem tk ciirue tk provcte teaeikffuòictok`s c`m O`terèt

ciiess prkvomers (OMC]E :885). ]de cafkst 3,988 provcte seitkr O] e`ter-

proses, wdoid efpakyem cjkut 38,888 pekpae o` :885, ciiku`tem lkr kày

cjkut :8 perie`t kl tktca seitkrca kutput.

ôtdo` tde teaeikffu oictok`s sujseitkr, tde estcjaosdfe`t kl icaaie`ters oòtocaay acnnem meveakpfe`ts o` ktder Eurk-Femoterrcèc` iku`-

troes, ktcjay Fkrkiik, jut quoibay icundt k`. Clter tde lorst twk icaa ie`-

ters were set up, o` 3???, tde ùfjer kl ie`ters c`m reactem efpakyfe`t

oìrecsem stecmoay. O` :885, <5 icaa ie`ters were o` kperctok`, prkvomo`n

efpakyfe`t lkr 5,:88 pdkè kperctkrs.

Mespote tde nrkwtd kl tde OI] seitkr, tde ofpcit k` efpakyfe`t

refco`s aofotem. Cjkut 3.4 perie`t kl tde eik`kfoicaay citove pkpuactok`

wkrb o` tde seitkr. Deìe, catdkund c ik`toùo`n strk`n expc`sok` wkuamprkvome kppkrtuòtoes lkr u`merefpakyem nrcmuctes kl teidòica sidkkas

c`m uòversotoes, ot wkuam dcve kày c fkmest elleit k` tde kvercaa uèf-

pakyfe`t rcte. @evertdeaess, strk`n nrkwtd kl OI] gkjs ikuam fcbe c`

o`moreit ik`trojutok` tk pkverty remuitok`, cs tde vcaue cmmem per OI]

efpakyee os cjkut lkur tofes tde `ctok`ca cvercne. OI] expc`sok` wkuam

tdus cmm ik`somercjae puridcso`n pkwer tk tde eik`kfy, wdoid ikuam

rcose mefc`m lkr nkkms c`m servoies tdct cre kr ikuam je prkmuiem jy tde

pkkr c`m u`merefpakyem.

Fkst OI] lorfs o` ]uòsoc cre reactoveay yku`n c`m sfcaa7 cjkut 48 per-ie`t dcve lewer tdc` 58 efpakyees (lonure 5.5). ]uòsoc dcs lewer

ikfpcòes wotd lewer tdc` 38 efpakyees tdc` dond-oìkfe iku`troes,

dkwever. ]dos struiturca peiuaocroty fcy relaeit tde lcit tdct provcte sei-

tkr mefc`m lkr OI]-e`cjaem servoies os stoaa `csie`t o` ]uòsoc, wdoid

33= Icttcèk, Mokp, c`m cabe`dkrst



tderelkre mkes `kt suppkrt fc`y kè-persk` ikfpcòes tcrneto`n tde

suppay kl very speiocaozem servoie prkmuits. O`meem, fkst mefc`m lkr

OI] servoies o` ]uòsoc ikfes lrkf pujaoi seitkr e`terproses, wdoid typ-

oicaay krmer acrner-sicae servoie pcibcnes.

C reactem kjservctok` ikìer`s tde sikpe kl citovotoes kl OI] lorfs.

C`caysos kl 5>> OI] ikfpcòes aostem o` tde :885 o`mustry moreitkry

(Yyfjkaes Fïmoc) revecas tdct cafkst dcal kl caa lorfs (c`m fkre tdc`

>8 perie`t kl caa `k`retcoa lorfs) pursuem fkre tdc` kè OI] servoie

citovoty (lonure 5.<), wotd skfe e`ncno`n o` cs fc`y cs 39 tcsbs. ]dos

jrkcm sikpe kl servoie citovotoes fcy je reactem tk u`stcjae mkfestoi

mefc`m, wdoid fcbes c dond menree kl speiocaozctok` u`mesorcjae.

]de expkrt suiiess kl ]uòsoc‟s OI] servoie prkvomers dcs jee` foxem.

Catdkund expkrt reieopts dcve oìrecsem o` cjskaute terfs, tde iku`try

dcs jee` akso`n wkram fcrbet sdcre o` tdos very my`cfoi senfe`t kl o`ter-

`ctok`ca trcme. ]eaeikffuòictok`s c`m O] servoies reveca mollere`t poi-tures. Expkrt reieopts lrkf teaeikffuòictok`s servoies oìrecsem cs c

resuat kl strk`n icaa ie`ter citovoty, jut tde sdcre kl reieopts lrkf ikf-

puter c`m o`lkrfctok` servoie expkrts stcjoaozem o` :885 ct cjkut dcal tde

:888 aevea (lonure 5.>).


Lonure 5.5 Yoze Mostrojutok` kl OI] Ikfpcòes o` ]uòsoc, Lrcìe, c`m tde Uòtem

Ytctes, :88=

Ykurie7 OMC]E :8852 FiBo`sey Nakjca O`stotute :885c.

8

38

:8

98

=8

58

<8

>8

48

?8

very sfcaa (3’?) sfcaa (38’??) femouf tk acrne

(0388)

s d c r e k l i k f p

c ` o e s j y i k f p c ` y s o z e ,

%

]uòsoc Lrcìe Uòtem Ytctes



33< Icttcèk, Mokp, c`m cabe`dkrst

Lonure 5.< Citovotoes kl OI] Ikfpcòes o` ]uòsoc, :88=

Ykurie7 Yyfjkaes Fïmoc :885.

8 5 38 35 :8 :5 98 95 =8 =5

mctc prkiesso`n mostrojutkrs

cmvoie

mctc prkiesso`n

ikfputo`n fc`cnefe`t

wej meveakpfe`t

ètwkrb systefs

aecrò`n

fuatofemoc ik`te`t

teaeikffuòictok`s

b`kwaemne e`noèero`n

teidòica mctc prkiesso`n

o`mustroca mctc prkiesso`n

kàoè servoies

mctc prkiesso`n o`tenrctkrs

fcrbeto`n

icaa ie`ters

lorfs e`ncnem o` citovoty, %

prevcaeìe, weondtem prevcaeìe, u`weondtem

Lonure 5.> O`mex kl ]uòsoc‟s Ydcre kl kram Expkrt Zeieopts, :888’85

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ icaiuactok`s, jcsem k` OFL :88<.

@kte7 ^kram fcrbet oìaumes caa iku`troes tdct repkrtem expkrt stctostois o` caa yecrs :888’85.

=8

<8

48

388

o ` m e x k l w k r a m f c r b e t s d c r e o `

e x p k r t r e i e o p t s ( : 8 8 8 6 3 8 8 )

:888 :883 :88: :889 :88= :885

teaeikffuòictok`s ikfputer c`m o lkrfctok` servoies



Eferno n Expkrt Yervoies7 dere Mkes ]uòsoc Ytc`m; 33>

]dese lo`mo`ns sdkuam je trectem wotd icre, jeicuse o`lkrfctok` k`

trcme o` servoies os molloiuat tk ikfpoae c`m tde qucaoty kl stctostois fcy

`kt je cs nkkm cs tdct k` feridc`mose trcme. ]dct scom, tde c`caysos

dondaondts tde mollereìe jetwee` tde teaeikffuòictok`s c`m O] sen-

fe`ts kl tde OI] servoies seitkr. Ot cask sunnests tdct tde strk`n decm-

aoè stctostois k` tde ik`trojutok` kl tde seitkr tk NMX c`m

efpakyfe`t cre cppcre`tay mrove` exiausoveay jy my`cfoi meveakp-

fe`ts o` tde mkfestoi teaeikffuòictok`s seitkr, `ktcjay lkaakwo`n

tde kpeò`n kl tde fkjoae pdkè fcrbet, c`m cre `kt èiesscroay for-

rkrem o` o`ter`ctok`ca fcrbet suiiess.

Cre ]uòsoc‟s Eferno`n Expkrt YervoiesO`ter`ctok`caay Ikfpetotove;

]uòsoc dcs c ùfjer kl stre`ntds tdct sunnest pkte`toca lkr expc`sok`

kl prklessok`ca c`m OI]-e`cjaem servoies (lonure 5.4). O` kllsdkro`n,

akictok`ca cttrcitoveèss mepe`ms k` severca lcitkrs, oìaumo`n lo`cìoca

struiture, pekpae sboaas c`m cvcoacjoaoty, c`m tde jusoèss e`vork`fe`t.

Lonure 5.4 Fuatomofe`sok`ca Cttrcitoveèss kl Kllsdkro`n

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ represe`tctok`.

• cvcoacjoaoty c`m iksts kl jcsoi

(ac`nucne) sboaas

• cvcoacjoaoty kl fc`cneroca stcll

• cvcoacjoaoty c`m iksts kl trcoò`n

• cvcoacjoaoty, reaocjoaoty, c`m iksts

kl teaeikffuòictok`s

o`lrcstruiture

• cvcoacjoaoty c`m iksts

kl O] suppaoers

• cvcoacjoaoty c`m iksts

kl reca estcte

akictok`

cttrcitoveèss

• renuactkry lrcfewkrb

- acjkr fcrbet laexojoaoty

- losica oìe`toves

• pkaotoica rosb - nkver`fe`t suppkrt

- cmfoòstrctove icpcioty

- systäfe gumoiocore

•

pkaoiy c`m renuactkry

e`vork`fe`t

• e`trepreèuroca sporot

• jusoèss b`kw-dkw

• kperctok`ca sboaas

• lo`cìoca icpcioty

dufc` reskuries

t e a e i k f f u ` o i c t o k

` s

o ` l r c s t r u i t u r e

3

=

:

9

a k i c a p c r t ` e r s



Ykfe kjservers csson` nrecter ofpkrtcìe tk lo`cìoca ik`somerctok`s

(ikfpe`sctok`, o`lrcstruiture, reca estcte, c`m renuactkry iksts) cs tde

fco` mrover kl kllsdkro`n meiosok`s. O` lcit, tde ktder mofe`sok`s, excf-

oèm jeakw, cre gust cs reaevc`t (C. ]. Becrèy :88=).

Ytrk`n Dufc` Zeskurie Jcse]uòsoc jkcsts c reactoveay acrne ùfjer kl e`noèers c`m teidòioc`s”cs

c sdcre kl pkpuactok`, cafkst love tofes tde ùfjer o` Fkrkiik c`m

cafkst cs fc`y cs tde Uòtem Bo`nmkf (lonure 5.?). ]de ùfjer kl nrcm-

uctes o` sioeìe c`m e`noèero`n dcs jee` oìrecso`n rcpomay, fkre tdc`

tropao`n jetwee` :88: c`m :884 tk :9,=>9. Cs c resuat, tde rctok kl sioeìe c`m e`noèero`n nrcmuctes tk tde :8’:? ikdkrt oìrecsem lrkf

8.= perie`t tk 3.3 perie`t.

O` cmmotok` tk c dond aevea kl emuictok` c`m expertose, reputctok` os bey

o` prklessok`ca c`m OI]-e`cjaem servoies. ]uòsoc sikres weaa k` tdos lrk`t.

Fc`y kl ots fkst efoè`t mkitkrs, e`noèers, ciiku`tc`ts, c`m acwyers

kjtcoèm tdeor menrees cjrkcm (o` Lrcìe, Ic`cmc, Jeanouf, kr tde Uòtem

Ytctes). Exidc`ne prknrcfs dcve jee` meveakpem (jetwee` Lreìd c`m

]uòsoc` dkspotcas, cfk`n ktders), c`m skfe gko`t menrees cre put o` pacie(jetwee` tde Uòversoty kl Ayk` OOO c`m tde uòversotoes kl ]uòs c`m


Lonure 5.? E`noèero`n Nrcmuctes cs Xerie`tcne kl Eik`kfoicaay Citove

Xkpuactok` o` Yeaeitem Iku`troes, :88=

Ykurie7 LOXC :88<.

8.88

8.83

r c t o k k l e `

n o ` e e r o ` n n r c m u c t e s t k e i k ` k f o

i c a a y

c i t o v e p k p u a c t o k ` ,

%

8.8:

8.89

8.8=

8.85

8.8<

8.8>

8.84

Fkrkiik Du`ncry Zkfcòc ]uòsoc Uòtem

Bo`nmkf

Lrcìe



Ykusse o` ciiku`to`n, lkr excfpae). Ciikrmo`n tk tde Foòstry kl Donder

Emuictok`, cjkut 39,888 ]uòsoc` `ctok`cas were stumyo`n cjrkcm o`

:88=, ?,888 kl tdef o` Lrcìe. Ytumoes aecmo`n tk prklessok`ca servoies cre

pcrtoiuacray pkpuacr cfk`n tdese stume`ts7 dcal kl tde sidkacrsdops nrc`tem

tk ]uòsoc` stume`ts o` Lrcìe cre o` e`noèero`n (Lrcìe o` ]uòsoc,

dttp7//www.cfjcsscme lrcìe-t`.krn/lrcìe[tuòsoe/). ]dos expksure dcs

ik`trojutem tk c dcrfkòzctok` kl stc`mcrms jetwee` Lrcìe c`m ]uòsoc,

deapem juoam ètwkrbs cirkss tde Femoterrcèc`, c`m stre`ntdeèm

]uòsoc‟s reputctok` cs c prkvomer kl dond-qucaoty servoies.

Ytc`mcrms cre cask esse`toca. O` ciiku`to`n, ]uòsoc (cak`n wotd Ic`cmc)

os kè kl tde fkst cmvcìem lrcìkpdkè iku`troes o` tde ofpaefe`tctok`kl tde O`ter`ctok`ca Lo`cìoca Zepkrto`n Ytc`mcrms (catdkund skfe aciu`ce

refco` o` tde cmkptok` kl tde fkst reie`t upmctes c`m tde prese`tctok`

kl ciiku`ts requorem jy tde ]uòsoc` nkver`fe`t). Kè ]uòsoc` ciiku`t-

o`n lorf eve` kjtcoèm tde Xujaoi Ikfpc`y Ciiku`to`n Kversondt Jkcrm

iertoloictok`, wdoid os requorem lkr cumoto`n U.Y. lorfs. ]de aecmo`n e`no-

èero`n lorfs cre cask iertoloem jy tde O`ter`ctok`ca Krncòzctok` lkr

Ytc`mcrmozctok` (OYK). O` ik`trcst, fkst decatd iaoòis dcve ènaeitem tk

cmkpt o`ter`ctok`ca stc`mcrms, putto`n tdef ct c moscmvc`tcne wotd respeit tk tdeor ikfpetotkrs o` Csoc, wdoid cre systefctoicaay OYK iertoloem. C strct-

eny tk meveakp femoica tkurosf woaa èem tk refemy tdos ènaeit.

Ikfpetotove Ikfpe`sctok` Iksts ôtd ots roid suppay kl weaa-trcoèm teidòica nrcmuctes woaao`n tk wkrb

ct fkmercte wcnes, ]uòsoc os o` c reactoveay strk`n pksotok` cs c` expkrter

kl servoies. Kpercto`n c icaa ie`ter o` ]uòsoc iksts cjkut 58’>8 perie`t

cs fuid cs mko`n sk o` Lrcìe (Zkac`m Jerner :88<). ]uòsoc dcs c saondt ikst cmvc`tcne kver ots fco` ikfpetotkr, Fkrkiik, c`m os kày fcrno`caay

fkre expe`sove tdc` Fcurotous c`m Yeènca, wdoid te`m tk prkvome aess

skpdostoictem servoies (lonure 5.38).

O`mustry surveys lreque`tay iote akw wcne iksts cs c ikfpetotove

cmvc`tcne lkr ]uòsoc` servoie prkvomers (lonure 5.33). Ikfjoèm wotd

prkxofoty tk Eurkpe c`m nkkm o`lrcstruiture, tdos ikst cmvc`tcne fcbes

]uòsoc c serokus pkte`toca ik`te`mer o` tde servoies seitkr.

]uòsoc‟s prklessok`ca servoies seef equcaay ikst ikfpetotove. ]uòsoc`

ikfpcòes ic` prkvome dond-qucaoty e`noèero`n servoies ct c akwer proietdc` tdeor Eurkpec` ikfpetotkrs7 ciikrmo`n tk tde Csskioctok` @ctok`cae

mes Jurecux m‟Etumes et m‟O`nïòeurs Ik`seoas (C@JEOI), k` cvercne,

]uòsoc` e`noèers cre pcom kè-tdorm aess tdc` tdeor Eurkpec` iku`ter-

pcrts. Cs c resuat, ]uòsoc` e`noèero`n lorfs ic` kller tdeor servoies ct c

sujstc`tocaay akwer proie tdc` Eurkpec` ikfpetotkrs.

Eferno n Expkrt Yervoies7 dere Mkes ]uòsoc Ytc`m; 33?



3:8 Icttcèk, Mokp, c`m cabe`dkrst

Lonure 5.38 Ikst kl Kpercto`n c Icaa Ie`ter o` Yeaeitem Lrcìkpdkè

Iku`troes, :885


8

5

38

35

:8

:5

98

95

=8

o`skuriem

o` Lrcìe

kutskuriem

o` Lrcìe

kutskuriem

o` Fkrkiik

kutskuriem

o` ]uòsoc

kutskuriem

o` Fcurotous

kutskuriem

o` Yeènca

i k s t p e r d k u r p e r i

c a a i e ` t e r k p e r c t k r , : 8 8 5

Lonure 5.33 OI] Xrklessok`cas‟ Xerieptok`s kl Ytre`ntds kl ]uòsoc cs Expkrter

Ykurie7 Nrupk Yc`tc`mer, Akuos Ae`nrc`m c`m Csskioïs, c`m Jc`que m‟Cllcores me ]uòsoe :885.

@kte7 Zespk`ses cre jcsem k` survey kl =8 OI] lorfs o` ]uòsoc.

qucaoty kl dufc`

reskuries

:>%

scacry iksts

:9%

teaeikffuòictok`s

o`lrcstruiture

33%

neknrcpdoica

akictok`

33%

jusoèss e`vork`fe`t

c`m nkver`fe`t suppkrt

?%

ktder

3?%



Ktder meveakpo`n iku`troes (lkr excfpae, Ido`c) cppecr tk je fkre

ikfpetotove tdc` ]uòsoc lkr aess teidòicaay idcaae`no`n tcsbs. ]uòsoc‟s

cmvc`tcne cppecrs tk je o` tde prkvosok` kl donder vcaue-cmmem servoies.

]derelkre, c`y seitkr meveakpfe`t strcteny sdkuam lkius k` ofprkvo`n

tde suppay kl donday trcoèm prklessok`cas, tk beep scacroes akw reactove tk

Eurkpe wotdkut cttefpto`n tk ikfpete o` akw vcaue- cmmem senfe`ts kl

tde fcrbet.

Ikfpcrosk` kl proies kl tde fkst ikffk` iksfetoi surnery prkie-

mures crku`m tde wkram aecms tk tde scfe ikìausok`7 ]uòsoc os aess

expe`sove tdc` Eurkpe (oìaumo`n Ie`trca c`m Ecster` Eurkpe c`m ]urbey)

jut fkre expe`sove tdc` skfe Acto` Cferoic` c`m Csoc` iku`troes(tcjae 5.:). ]de iku`try‟s cttrcitoveèss rests fcoày k` iuaturca c`m

Eferno n Expkrt Yervoies7 dere Mkes ]uòsoc Ytc`m; 3:3

]cjae 5.: Iksts kl Fkst Xkpuacr Iksfetoi Yurnery Xrkiemures o` Yeaeitem

Iku`troes, :885

Zdo`kpacsty

(`kse resdcpo`n)

Jrecst

cunfe`tctok`

Caterctok` kl

upper c`m

akwer eyeaoms Lcieaolt

Eurkpe c`m Uòtem Ytctes

Jeanouf :,=88’=,:88 9,888’5,888 :,=88 :,=88’=,588

Irkctoc 3,>88’:,:88 9,=88 :,388 =,888

Izeid Zepujaoi :,>88 9,588 3,488 9,888

Lrcìe :,588’9,588 =,888 :,888’9,888 =,588’<,888

Nerfc`y 5,388 =,588 :,488 5,388’?,888

Ypco` 9,<88 =,=88 9,388 =,488

]urbey :,=88 :,<88 :,888 :,=88

Uòtem Bo`nmkf =,588’<,888 5,:88’>,588 9,888’5,588 <,888’?,888

Uòtem Ytctes <,588 c`m up <,588 c`m up =,888 c`m up 4,888’3:,888 Clroic

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl :,:88 9,888 3,488 9,388

Fkrkiik 3,588 :,888 3,:88 :,:88’:,?88

Ykutd Clroic 9,388 9,988 :,>88 =,?88

]uòsoc 3,488’3,?88 :,988’:,<88 3,=88’3,488 :,>88’9,<88

Acto` Cferoic

Jrczoa :,988 9,588 :,988 9,888

Ikstc Zoic 3,:88 :,:88 3,:88 :,=88

Csoc

O`moc 3,988’:,=88 :,888’9,?88 3,588’3,488 :,>88’=,:88

Xdoaoppoès 488’3,488 :,888’9,988 3,988 3,988’:,=88

]dcoac`m 3,<88’:,:88 3,488’:,988 488’3,:88 :,<88’:,488

Ykurie7 êj sotes kl seaeitem provcte iaoòis.

@kte7 Xroies were ikaaeitem lrkf êj sotes kl iaoòis kllero`n pacstoi surnery prkiemures2 tdey mk `kt èiesscroay

relaeit tde ikfpaete rc`ne kl proies.



ao`nuostoi toes tk Lrcìe, prkxofoty tk Eurkpe (:.5-dkur laondt lrkf Xcros),

c`m tde qucaoty kl tde servoie prkvomem (jeicuse kl donday trcoèm femoica

prklessok`cas c`m elloioe`t trcvea kperctkrs.).

Acib kl Yicae c`m Xkkr ]eaeikffuòictok`s]de sfcaa soze kl jusoèsses os c lecture kl prklessok`ca servoies o` tde

meveakpo`n wkram. ]uòsoc os c` extrefe icse, dkwever, wotd c premkfo-

`cìe kl lcfoay-kwèm jusoèsses. ]dos klte` resuats o` fc`cnefe`t c`m

fcrbeto`n prkjaefs. Ciiess tk iremot (oìaumo`n expkrt iremot) os aofotem,

jeicuse tdese e`terproses acib pdysoica ikaacterca. Lkr tde prklessok`ca

servoie seitkr cs c wdkae, iremot represe`ts gust 5 perie`t kl kutput (tdelonure os 38 perie`t o` tkurosf kr fcùlcituro`n).

Acib kl sulloioe`t sicae idcrciterozes caa prklessok`ca servoies o` ]uòsoc7

• O` tde femoica servoies seitkr, tde ufjer kl jems per iaoòi os aofotem.

Cs c resuat, iaoòis ic``kt kller c ikfpaete rc`ne kl servoies, c`m tdey

klte` acib tde soze èemem tk jeikfe fcgkr expkrters kl femoica

servoies. Jy ik`trcst, skfe provcte dkspotcas o` ]dcoac`m cre aostem k`

tde stkib exidc`ne.• O` tde e`noèero n seitkr, kày tdree lorfs prkvome servoies tk o`ter`c-

tok`ca fcrbets, c`m eve` tdey cre reactoveay sfcaa (du`mrems kl

efpakyees ikfpcrem wotd tdkusc`ms o` ktder iku`troes). ]dere cre

cjkut :,888 foirklorfs tdct woaa ever recid tde irotoica soze tk jeikfe

sonòloic`t expkrters.

• O` tde ciiku`to`n seitkr, kày tde Jon Lkur cre acrne e`kund tk expkrt

servoies.

• O` tde aenca seitkr, tde ùfjer kl speiocaozem acw lorfs os very aofotem(cjkut c mkze`), ecid wotd c fcxofuf kl =8 acwyers. Jy ikfpcrosk`,

Fkrkiik dcs cttrcitem c mkze` lkreon` acw lorfs, ecid efpakyo`n up

tk :58 acwyers.

O` tde OI] seitkr, tde nkver`fe`t dcs fcme sujstc`toca ellkrts tk prk-

fkte ikfputer c`m O`terèt use jy dkusedkams c`m o` tde pujaoi spdere

(sidkkas, nkver`fe`t cneìoes). Cs c resuat, O] peètrctok` dcs oìrecsem

stecmoay, recido`n 35 O`terèt sujsiroptok`s c`m 58 ikfputers per tdku-

sc`m o`dcjotc`ts o` :885. O` ikfpcrosk` wotd dond-oìkfe iku`troes,dkwever, tde aevea kl O] use refco`s akw, c`m O] spe`mo`n per icpotc os

kày c lrcitok` kl tdct o` fkst Krncòsctok` kl Eik`kfoi Ik-kperctok`

c`m Meveakpfe`t (KEIM) iku`troes. ]de provcte mkfestoi fcrbet lkr

O] prkmuits os tdus sfcaa.

3:: Icttcèk, Mokp, c`m cabe`dkrst



ôtd kày fkmest provcte seitkr mefc`m, OI] lorfs o`terestem o`

expc`mo`n dcve tde kptok` kl eotder suppayo`n pujaoi seitkr krncòzctok`s

kr secrido`n lkr iaoe`ts cjrkcm. Fc`y idkkse tde pujaoi seitkr rkute,

mespote ikfpaco`ts cjkut ae`ntdy c`m iufjerskfe te`mero`n prkiemures

c`m sakw pcyfe`t. O` c scfpae kl ikfpcòes pkaaem, aess tdc` c tdorm

repkrtem ecrò`n fkre tdc` 98 perie`t kl tdeor reveùes lrkf expkrts,

c`m aess tdc` < perie`t iacofem tdct tdey were kroe`tem fkre tkwcrm tde

o`ter`ctok`ca tdc` tde `ctok`ca fcrbet (OMC]E :885).

]de acib kl expkrt kroe`tctok` ic` je pcrtay cttrojutem tk tde premkf-

o`cìe kl yku`n, sfcaa lorfs tdct acib kversecs ik`tcits, prkgeit reler-

eìes, c`m tde lu`ms èiesscry tk ciquore c`m exeiute o`ter`ctok`cakrmers. Fc`y stcrt-ups cre mkfo`ctem jy e`noèers, wdkse fco` stre`ntds

cre k` tde teidòica rctder tdc` tde fcrbeto`n some kl tde jusoèss.

O`meem, fkre tdc` twk-tdorms kl OI] lorfs iote tde acib kl o`lkrfctok`

cjkut kversecs fcrbets c`m tde sdkrtcne kl fcrbeto`n reskuries cs ofpkr-

tc`t ofpemofe`ts tk expkrts (lonure 5.3:).

Fkre tdc` dcal kl caa surveyem lorfs cask ikfpaco` cjkut o`sulloioe`t

teaeikf o`lrcstruiture. Nove` tde nkver`fe`t‟s fcgkr o`vestfe`ts o` tde

ètwkrb c`m lcr-recido`n relkrfs kl teaeikffuòictok` renuactok`, suidc lo`mo`n fcy cppecr surproso`n. _et senfe`ts kl tde teaeikffuòictok`s


Lonure 5.3: Ofpemofe`ts tk Expkrts Iotem jy OI] Xrklessok`cas o` ]uòsoc

Ykurie7 OMC]E :885.

@kte7 Zespk`ses cre jcsem k` c survey kl 53 OI] lorfs o` ]uòsoc.

8 38 :8 98 =8 58 <8 >8 48

iufjerskfe expkrt prkiemures

fosso`n mostrojutok` etwkrb

acib kl proie ikfpetotoveèss

molloiuaty tk feet o`ter`ctok`ca

qucaoty stc`mcrm

o`sulloioe`t teaeikffuòictok`s

o`lrcstruiture

acib kl fcrbeto`n reskuries

acib kl o`lkrfctok` cjkut

lkreon` fcrbet

OI] lorfs tdct ome`toloem tde ossue cs ofpkrtc`t, %



seitkr dcve `kt u`mernkè c`y sonòloic`t aojercaozctok`, c`m tde fk`kp-

kaostoi pkwer kl tde oìufje`t servoie prkvomer seefs tk resuat o` pkkr

servoie qucaoty. O`meem, tde neèrca fc`cner kl c icaa ie`ter vosotem jy c

kram Jc`b tecf repkrtem tdct de dcm c pdkè servoie kutcne lkr fc`y

dkurs tde prevokus mcy (c`m sofoacr servoie iuts kver tde prevokus yecr).

De wcs lurokus cjkut tde acib kl respk`soveèss kl tde teaeikf kperctkr

c`m eve` fkre upset cjkut dos acib kl cater`ctove prkvomers.

^dct @eems tk je Mkè tk Ytre`ntde` Ikfpetotoveèss;

Kè crec kl irkss-iutto`n ofpkrtcìe ikìer`s tde qucaoty kl stctostoiscjkut struitures c`m meveakpfe`ts o` trcme o` servoies tdct os cvcoacjae tk

pkaoiy fcbers. Jetter stctostois cre èemem tk e`cjae tde nkver`fe`t tk

meson` suotcjae seitkrca trcme prkfktok` strctenoes, oìaumo`n strctenoes

lkr ikkperctok` ct tde o`terfoòsteroca aevea. O`ter`ctok`ca stctostoica

nuomeaoès c`m nkkm prcitoies cre ik`tcoèm o` tde Fcùca k`

Ytctostois kl O`ter`ctok`ca ]rcme o` Yervoies, meveakpem c`m pujaosdem

gko`tay jy tde Eurkpec` Ikffossok`, tde O`ter`ctok`ca Fkètcry

Lu`m, tde KEIM, tde Uòtem @ctok`s, tde Uòtem @ctok`s Ik`lereìek` ]rcme c`m Meveakpfe`t, c`m tde ^kram ]rcme Krncòzctok` (^]K).

(]de mkiufe`t”U@ mkiufe`t Y]/EYC/Y]C]/YEZ.F/4<”os cvcoacjae

k` tde êj sotes kl tde sox krncòzctok`s.)

]uòsoc dcs fuatopae tkkas o` dc`m wotd wdoid tk meveakp trcme prkles-

sok`ca c`m OI]-e`cjaem servoies. Fkst prknress ikuam je cidoevem tdrkund

uòacterca relkrfs. Joacterca cnreefe`ts”ik`ve`tok`s k` decatd, futuca

reiknòtok` kl mopakfcs kr qucaoloictok`s, c`m lcioaotctok` kl tde fkvefe`t

kl pekpae, lkr excfpae”dcve cask prkve` tk je c uselua c`m prcnfctoicpprkcid tk kpeò`n lkreon` fcrbets. Zenok`ca ènktoctok`s ikuam deap prk-

fkte c meeper o`tenrctok` kl prklessok`ca servoies wotdo` tde Fcndrej

renok` c`m wotd Eurkpe7 jeyk`m tde refkvca kl kjstciaes tk trcme, tdos aevea

kl ènktoctok`s lcioaotctes dcrfkòzctok` kl stc`mcrms, prcitoies, c`m renuac-

tkry lrcfewkrbs. ]uòsoc ikuam use tde ]K tk trcme exosto`n c`m prkspei-

tove relkrfs lkr lurtder fcrbet ciiess wotd ots fcgkr trcmo`n pcrtèrs. Ot

ikuam use o`ter`ctok`ca ikffotfe`ts tk cìdkr mkfestoi relkrfs, prkteit

tde nkver`fe`t cnco`st luture pressure kl o`terest nrkups, c`m se`m c pkso-

tove son`ca tk lkreon` o`vestkrs. Ypeioloi crecs kl relkrf cre mesirojem jeakw.

Ytre`ntde` Uòversoty ]rcoò`n c`m Xrklessok`ca Ytc`mcrmsXrklessok`ca c`m OI]-e`cjaem servoies cre cfk`n tde dond vcaue-cmmem

citovotoes tdct ]uòsoc ikuam meveakp tk moversoly ots expkrts c`m cvkom lcaao`n

3:= Icttcèk, Mokp, c`m cabe`dkrst



o`tk tde trcp kl moreitay ikfpeto`n wotd akw-pcom c`m akw-qucaoloem wkrb-

ers o` ktder meveakpo`n iku`troes. Yonòloic`t o`vestfe`ts o` emuictok` c`m

stc`mcrms ofprkvefe`t cre èemem ol ot os tk mk sk.

Xrklessok`ca emuictok` c`m trcoò`n o` ]uòsoc dcve skfe sdkrtikfo`ns

(^kram Jc`b :88>). Lkr skfe uòversoty menrees (fc`cnefe`t, lo`cìe,

acw), tde ùfjer kl nrcmuctes nrectay exieems tde cjskrptok` icpcioty kl

tde acjkr fcrbet. Cs c resuat, fkre tdc` twk-tdorms kl caa acw nrcmuctes

refco` uèfpakyem 34 fk`tds clter loòsdo`n tdeor stumoes (^kram Jc`b

:88>). ]k refemy tde prkjaef, tde uòversotoes èem tk lo`m wcys tk

ofprkve tde efpakycjoaoty kl tdeor stume`ts c`m idc`èa fkre kl tdef

o`tk icreer pctds wotd nkkm efpakyfe`t prkspeits, suid cs e`noèero`n.O` caa prklessok`ca servoies seitkrs, ellkrts cre jeo`n fcme tk relkrf

trcoò`n. Lkr excfpae, o` Fcy :88< c èw acw irectem c prklessok`ca

sidkka memoictem tk trcoò`n acwyers. ]dos sidkka suppaefe`ts ktder

tecido`n o`stotutok`s. Cmfossok` tk tde sidkka os kpe` tk stume`ts wotd

u`mernrcmucte acw menrees wdk suiiessluaay pcss c` e`try excfo`ctok`.

]de relkrf wcs o`te`mem tk prkvome e`trc`ts tk tde aenca prklessok` wotd

speiocaozem b`kwaemne c`m trcoò`n, tderejy ofprkvo`n tde qucaoty kl èw

acwyers. ]dos relkrf os weaikfe. ]de prklessok` dcs ikìer`s, dkwever,cjkut tde o`mepe`meìe kl tde èw sidkka (c`m tde prklessok`), wdoid os

u`mer tde nkver`fe`t‟s supervosok`. Acib kl o`mepe`meìe ikuam je c

serokus mrcwjcib lkr tde prklessok` c`m trcme.

]de qucaoty kl ]uòsoc` femoica mkitkrs os nkkm, jut tde trcoò`n kl

ùrses, fomwoves, c`m ktder suppkrt c`m pcrcfemoica stcll os klte` o`cme-

qucte. C relkrf kl ùrses‟ trcoò`n wcs oòtoctem o` :88< tk reiruot ct tde

jciicacurïct aevea c`m prkvome tdree yecrs‟ trcoò`n o` ùrso`n sidkkas (ct

tde uòversoty aevea). Fkre ellkrt fust je fcme tk tecid ac`nucnes ol ]uòsoc wc`ts tk meveakp femoica tkurosf citovotoes. Xcrcfemoica mosio-

paoès (lkr excfpae, tdcacssktdercpy, ùtrotok`, pdysoktdercpy) ikuam je

meveakpem tk feet tde èems kl decatd c`m weaa-jeo`n tkurosf.

Akkbo`n lkrwcrm, tde nkver`fe`t sdkuam fco`tco` tde pcie kl relkrfs

o` prklessok`ca emuictok` tk preserve tde reputctok` kl tde ]uòsoc` wkrb-

lkrie lkr skaom qucaoloictok`s c`m dond-qucaoty servoie. Ot sdkuam cmcpt

trcoò`n tk tde èems kl tde nakjca fcrbet c`m o`trkmuie o`ter`ctok`ca

stc`mcrms wdere cpprkprocte.

Zevoew Zestroitok`s tk Fcrbet CiiessAojercaozo`n c`m kpeò`n prklessok`ca servoies os `kt cjkut suppresso`n

mkfestoi renuactok`s7 k` tde ik`trcry, tde fco`te`cìe kl dond-qucaoty

servoie c`m tde prkteitok` kl ik`sufers cnco`st fcaprcitoie cre esse`toca




tk tde reputctok` c`m trcme suiiess kl c iku`try. Ykfetofes aojercaozo`n

fec`s cmkpto`n èw ruaes. Ykfe ruaes cre fkre restroitove tdc` èies-

scry tk cidoeve aenotofcte pkaoiy kjgeitoves (suid cs tde prkteitok` kl

ik`sufers), dkwever.

O` ]uòsoc, tde o`terests kl prklessok`cas seef tk prevcoa kver tdkse kl

ik`sufers. ]de acib kl kpe`èss aofots ikfpetotok` k` tde mkfestoi

fcrbet, wotd tde fkst elloioe`t lorfs profcroay suppayo`n tdeor servoies

cjrkcm (mucaoty kl tde fcrbet). ]uòsoc` ik`sufers c`m jusoèsses

wkuam tderelkre je tde fco` jeèloiocroes kl tde refkvca kl u`èiesscry

kjstciaes tk trcme o` prklessok`ca servoies.

Ykfe kjstciaes (lkr excfpae, `ctok`caoty requorefe`ts) cre ikffk`tk fkst prklessok`ca servoies2 ktders cre seitkr speioloi. ]de restroitove-

èss o`mex meveakpem jy @nuye`-Dk`n (:888) o`moictes tdct renuactok`

kl prklessok`ca servoies os stroit o` ]uòsoc reactove tk ktder iku`troes

(tcjae 5.9). Irecto`n c ie`sus kl caa ruaes tdct clleit trcme o` ecid seitkr

wkuam je uselua o` tde ik`text kl renok`ca c`m fuatoacterca ènktoctok`s.

(Fkrkiik ikfpaetem tdos exeriose o` tde aecm-up tk ots lree trcme cnreefe`t

wotd tde Uòtem Ytctes.)

Femoica servoies. Fc`y iku`troes prkvomo`n femoica servoies tk lkreon`-

ers cttrcit jon `cfes lrkf cjrkcm tk prkfkte tdeor lcioaotoes. ]uòsoc‟s

requorefe`t tdct kày `ctok`cas ic` prcitoie femoioè o` ]uòsoc dcs c

ènctove ofpcit k` femoica tkurosf. Lkreon` mkitkrs ic` prkvome c`m

reieove trcoò`n o` ]uòsoc, wotd tde cutdkrozctok` kl tde Foòstry kl

Emuictok` c`m tde Krmre mes Fïmeio`s, jut tdey ic``kt prcitoie o`

]uòsoc. ]dese `ctok`caoty requorefe`ts acrneay melect tde purpkse kl

cnreefe`ts k` tde futuca reiknòtok` kl mopakfcs.]dese restroitok`s cpcrt, ]uòsoc sullers fkre lrkf c acib tdc` c`

exiess kl ruaes k` femoica tkurosf. ]de nkver`fe`t ikuam tcbe c èw

akkb ct tde ikrpus kl ruaes tk cmgust ot tk tde èems kl tdos èw lkrf kl

trcme c`m e`sure respeit kl femoica etdois c`m nkkm prcitoies.

E`noèero`n. E`noèero`n os tde fkst kpe` kl caa prklessok`ca servoies

seitkrs o` ]uòsoc, c ikffk` lecture o` fc`y iku`troes (cridoteiture

refco`s fkre renuactem). @ctok`caoty requorefe`ts cre c prkjaef, c`m

lkreonèrs lcie aofotctok`s o` prcitoio`n e`noèero`n o` ]uòsoc. Fc`ye`noèero`n lorfs prkvome ik`suato`n servoies, dkwever, wdoid lkreonèrs

cre perfottem tk prkvome. Ykfe lkreonèrs dkam fc`cneroca pksotok`s o`

aecmo`n ]uòsoc` e`noèero`n lorfs. Mopakfcs cre fkre recmoay reiknòzem

cirkss jkrmers tdc` o` ktder prklessok`s.

3:< Icttcèk, Mokp, c`m cabe`dkrst



]cjae 5.9 Xkte`toca Zenuactkry Kjstciaes tk ]rcme o` Xrklessok`ca Yervoies o` ]uòsoc

]ype kl restroitok` Femoica servoies

E`noèero`n c`m

cridoteiture

Ciiku`to`n,

cumoto`n, jkkbbee

c`m tcxctok`

Lkrf kl estcjaosdfe`t Iaoòi, dkspotca, o`movomuca

prcitoie

Jurecu m‟ïtumes kr o`movomuca

prcitoie

Icjoèt m‟cumot

Lkreon` pcrtèrsdop,

csskioctok`, gko`t ve`ture

Cutdkrozem, restroitok`s

cppay

Cutdkrozem, restroitok`s cppay Xrkdojotem

O`vestfe`t c`m kwèrsdop

jy lkreon` prklessok`cas


cppay


O`vestfe`t c`m kwèrsdop

jy `k`prklessok`ca

o`vestkrs


cppay


@ctok`caoty/iotoze`sdop

requorefe`ts

Fust je ]uòsoc` Fust je ]uòsoc` ]uòsoc` lkr ct aecst

5 yecrs

Zesomeìy c`m akica

preseìe

@k @k @k

Suktcs/eik`kfoi èems

tests k` tde ùfjer kl

prklessok`cas c`m lorfs

@uferkus iacuses (e.n., lkr

excfpae, pdcrfciy c`m

o`dcjotc`ts)

@k, jut lkr o otoca seaeitok` @k, jut lkr o otoca seae

Aoie`so`n c`m ciiremotctok`

kl lkreon` prklessok`cas

Xkssojae reiknòtok` kl

lkreon` mopakfcs

Xkssojae reiknòtok` kl

lkreon` mopakfcs

Xkssojae reiknòtok`

lkreon` mopakfcs

3 : >



]cjae 5.9 Xkte`toca Zenuactkry Kjstciaes tk ]rcme o` Xrklessok`ca Yervoies o` ]uòsoc

]ype kl restroitok` Femoica servoies

E`noèero`n c`m

cridoteiture

Ciiku`to`n,

cumoto`n, jkkbbee

c`m tcxctok`

Aoie`so`n c`m ciiremotctok`

kl mkfestoi prklessok`cas

O`siroptok` k` tde ]cjaecu

me a‟Krmre mes Fïmeio`s

O`siroptok` k` tde ]cjaecu

me a‟Krmre mes Cridoteites

kr O`nïòeurs

O`siroptok` k` tde ]c

me ac Ikfpcnòe m

Experts Ikfptcjae

Fkvefe`t kl pekpae Usuca vosc ik`motok`s,

exieptok`ca cutdkrozctok`s

tk prcitoie (e.n., trcoò`n)

Usuca vosc ik`motok`s,

exieptok`ca cutdkrozctok`s

tk prcitoie (up tk 3 yecr)

Usuca vosc ik`motok`s

Citovotoes reservem jy acw

tk tde prklessok`

_es, prcitoie kl femoio e _es (e.n., cridoteit fc`mctkry

lkr fkst juoamo`ns)

_es (e.n., cumot)

Fuatomosiopao`cry prcitoies Cutdkrozem, restroitok`s

cppay

Cutdkrozem, restroitok`s cppay Cutdkrozem, restroitok

cppay

Cmvertoso`n, fcrbeto`n, c`m

skaoiotctok`

Xrkdojotem lkr mkitkrs,

cutdkrozem lkr iaoòis wotd

restroitok`s

Cutdkrozem, restroitok`s cppay Cutdkrozem, restroitok

cppay

Lee setto`n _es, mostoìtok` jetwee`

pujaoi c`m provcte

Lkr skfe citovotoes kày

(e.n., pujaoi juoamo`ns)

Lkr cumoto`n kày

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs, jcsem k` acws c`m renuactok`s2 restroitok` o`mex jcsem k` @nuye`-Dk`n :888.

@kte7 ]dos tcjae os `kt exdcustove7 ot noves c` omec kl pkte`toca renuactkry kjstciaes tk trcme. ]de tcjae mkes kt cmmress tde cmequciy kl tde m

e`sure tde qucaoty kl tde servoie2 ktders fcy je fkre restroitove tdc` eiesscry tk cidoeve tdos e`m.

3 : 4

(Ik`toùem)



]de renuactok` tdct fkst clleits trcme o` e`noèero`n servoies pertco`s tk

pujaoi te`mers lkr ik`struitok` prkgeits. C :889 relkrf rcosem ikìer`s

cfk`n tde ]uòsoc` e`noèero`n ikffuòty jeicuse kl tde oìrecsem

weondt kl proies o` tde seaeitok` prkiess (c`m tde ikìkfotc`t remuitok` o`

efpdcsos k` qucaoty). Ykfe lorfs o`tervoewem sunnestem tdct tdos renuactok`

preve`tem èw e`noèero`n lorfs lrkf eferno`n c`m expkrto`n clter nco`-

o`n e`kund experoeìe k` tde mkfestoi fcrbet. Ciikrmo`n tk skfe ]uòsoc`

e`noèers, fkst reputcjae ]uòsoc` lorfs ic` `k ak`ner ikfpete, mespote

nkkm qucaoty, jeicuse kl tde akw proies kllerem jy lkreon` ikfpetotkrs. ]de

renuactok` sunnests tdct mollere`t ruaes je cppaoem lkr ‑ikfpaex krmers,‖ jut

cmfoòstrctove jurme`s cttcidem tk tdese krmers dcve preve`tem c`y pujaoijkmy lrkf idcrciterozo`n c te`mer cs ‑ikfpaex.‖ Dcrfkòzctok` kl tdese

ruaes wotd tdkse kl Eurkpec` Uòk` kr Clroic` iku`troes ikuam je uselua.

Ciiku`to`n. ]k jeikfe c` ciiku`tc`t o` ]uòsoc, c persk` èems tk dcve

jee` c ]uòsoc` `ctok`ca lkr ct aecst love yecrs. ]dos renuactok` restroits tde

estcjaosdfe`t kl lkreon` lorfs, catdkund tde Jon Lkur dcve kpeèm klloies

kwèm c`m stcllem e`toreay jy ]uòsoc`s (tdese lorfs use tde `cfe kl c

lkreon` ikfpc`y jut cre luaay ]uòsoc`).

Cumoto`n os sujgeit tk stroit proie ik`trkas, cofem ct e`suro`n tdct tde

ikst kl ikfpaocìe wotd cumoto`n requorefe`ts os `kt exiessove lkr juso-

èsses. Ykfe lorfs o`tervoewem sunnestem tdct tde fcrbet ikuam cme-

qucteay renuacte proies c`m tdct tde ruaes mk `kt prkfkte ofprkvefe`ts

o` qucaoty. Ykfe laexojoaoty ikuam je o`trkmuiem tk tcbe jetter ciiku`t kl

tde molloiuaty kl iertco` cumots. Kpeò`n tde prklessok` ikuam cask deap

prkfkte donder qucaoty ct c akwer proie.

Aenca servoies. Aenca servoies cre tde fkst renuactem kl caa prklessok`caservoies o` ]uòsoc, wdere ot os ofpkssojae lkr lkreon` lorfs tk prcitoie acw.

Kày kè lkreon` acw lorf dcs kpeèm c` klloie o` ]uòs (wotd nrect mol-

loiuatoes), wotd c prcitoie aofotem tk ‑aenca iku`seao`n‖ (c prklessok` tdct os

`kt renuactem).

Jcrroers tk trcme vcry wotdo` tde aenca servoies seitkr. @ktcroes cre eve`

fkre decvoay renuactem tdc` acwyers. ]de resuat os c iaksem seitkr tdct dcs

`kt tcbe` kll, mespote son`s kl my`cfosf c`m aenca servoies trcme o` fkre

kpe` èondjkro`n iku`troes.

]drkundkut tde wkram, tde speioloioty kl `ctok`ca acws fcbes ot mollo-

iuat lkr aenca prklessok`cas tk prcitoie o` lkreon` iku`troes. Dkwever, tde

aevea kl prkteitok` o` pacie o` ]uòsoc os `kt gustoloem k` ik`sufer prktei-

tok` nrku`ms. ]de nkver`fe`t ikuam revose ruaes o` tde aondt kl tde

prkspeits lkr rcpom nrkwtd o` tde wkramwome servoies fcrbet.

Eferno n Expkrt Yervoies7 dere Mkes ]uòsoc Ytc`m; 3:?



Eìkurcne Ytruiturca Ik`skaomctok`]de sfcaa soze kl fkst prklessok`ca servoies c`m OI] lorfs c`m tde acib

kl acrne kllsdkro`n ikfpcòes fec`s tdct ]uòsoc` prklessok`ca c`m OI]

servoies dcve akw vosojoaoty cjrkcm. C struiturca cpprkcid tdct jcacìes c

strk`n sfcaa c`m femouf-soze e`terprose seitkr wotd sicae-elloioe`t

`ctok`ca lorfs c`m clloaoctes kl fuato`ctok`ca ikfpcòes seefs tk je

icaaem lkr.

]de nkver`fe`t reiknòzes tde soze-reactem kjstciaes tk meveakpfe`t

kl tde OI] seitkr c`m dcs jee` tryo`n tk estcjaosd teid`kakny iausters o`

krmer tk prkfkte o`lkrfctok` exidc`ne c`m jusoèss ik`tcits. Ot dcs

estcjaosdem love renok`ca iyjer pcrbs tk prkfkte tde irectok` kl OI] iaus-ters wotdo` klloie ikfpaexes tdct ic` ciikffkmcte 58’48 teidòica

efpakyees ecid (jkx 5.3). Jy :885, tde love ikfpaexes tknetder dkusem

=4 OI] ikfpcòes (skltwcre meveakpfe`t, êj sote fco`te`cìe, icaa

ie`ters), wotd c tktca stcll kl cjkut 988.

O` tde prklessok`s, sicao`n up os c èiesscry step tk o`ter`ctok`ca ikf-

petotoveèss7 trcme dcs tk pacy c fcgkr rkae o` tde struiturca ik`skaomctok`


Jkx 5.3

Xrkfkto`n Expkrts tdrkund c ]eid`kakny Xcrb

]de <5-deitcre Ea Nczcac teid`kakny pcrb, kutsome ]uòs, dcs jee` o` kperctok`

soìe Meiefjer :883. Ot serves cs c` oìujctkr lkr èw e`terproses, prkvomo`n

cmvoie c`m lo`cìoca suppkrt muro`n tde stcrt-up pdcse, estcjaosdo`n c` o`mustry

ètwkrb c`m ik`tcits wotd uòversotoes c`m o`ter`ctok`ca lorfs, krncòzo`n trco`-o`n c`m o`lkrfctok` exidc`nes, c`m fc`cno`n tde ikffk` o`lrcstruiture c`m

prkperty. Jy :885, Ea Nczcac dkusem 94 ikfpcòes, oìaumo`n clloaoctes kl lkur

fuato`ctok`cas (Caictea, Eroissk`, Ducweo, c`m Y] Foirkeaeitrkòis), c`m efpakyem

cjkut 3,888 pekpae.

]de OI] ikfpcòes o` Ea Nczcac cppecr tk je fkre expkrt kroe`tem tdc` tde

o`mustry cvercne. ]dos fcy relaeit tde cmfoòstrctove c`m fc`cneroca suppkrt cvcoa-

cjae cs weaa cs tde nrecter kppkrtuòtoes lkr o`ter`ctok`ca ik`tcits tdct tde pcrb

prkvomes. Fkre tdc` c tdorm kl tde ikfpcòes o`stcaaem o` tde pcrb, efpakyo`n dcal

kl caa stcll, wkrb exiausoveay lkr expkrt. C`ktder soxtd expkrt ct aecst c tdorm kl tdeor

kutput. Lurtder meveakpfe`t kl tde pcrb ikuam lkster OI] servoie expkrts c`m deap

kverikfe tde sicae moscmvc`tcne fc`y ]uòsoc` lorfs lcie wde` tryo`n tk expkrt.

Ykurie7 Eanczcac Xkae kl Ikffuòictok` ]eid`kaknoes, dttp7//www.eanczcacikf.`ct.t`.



kl tde seitkr. ]de ciiku`to`n c`m e`noèero`n seitkrs sunnest tdct pcrtèr-

sdops wotd lkreon` lorfs deap prkfkte tde seitkr‟s ikìe`trctok` c`m

ikfpetotoveèss. ]dos, dkwever, os `kt e`kund tk e`sure tde ak`n-terf

nrkwtd kl tde seitkrs. Xrovcte seitkr ellkrts fust je suppkrtem jy ikdere`t

nkver`fe`tca pkaoioes.

O` tde femoica servoies seitkr, struiturca ik`skaomctok` sdkuam stcrt ct

tde nkver`fe`t aevea. Iku`troes tdct dcve jee` tde fkst suiiesslua o` tde

decatd tkurosf rcie, suid cs ]dcoac`m c`m O`moc, dcve memoictem dkrozk`tca

cmfoòstrctove struitures tdct e`sure ikdereìe kl strctenoes cirkss fo`-

ostroes c`m citkrs. O` :88=, lkr excfpae, ]dcoac`m‟s foòstroes kl ikfferie

c`m decatd ikaacjkrctem tk meson` c love-yecr strctenoi pac` lkr femoicatkurosf. C` o`tenrctem cpprkcid wkuam cask e`sure tdct bey (c`m sicrie)

dufc` reskuries cre `kt movertem lrkf tde mkfestoi fcrbet. ]de iksts

c`m jeèlots kl c` kllsdkre cpprkcid tk decatd tkurosf ikuam je jcacìem

wotd cater`ctoves suid cs tde cutdkrozctok` kl provcte dkspotcas kpe` tk

jktd lkreonèrs c`m akicas (cak`n tde Csoc` fkmea). O` tde aenca seitkr, tde

pcrtoca aojercaozctok` kl trcme ikuam je c` o`tenrca pcrt kl aenca c`m gumoioca

relkrfs (oìaumo`n aenca trcoò`n).

Cmmress Cmfoòstrctove c`m Lo`cìo n Ik`strco`tsJeicuse kl tdeor aofotem fc`cneroca reskuries, sfcaa-sicae e`terproses,

suid cs prklessok`ca c`m OI] lorfs o` ]uòsoc, cre pcrtoiuacray vuaèrcjae

tk tde cmfoòstrctove jurme`s paciem k` tdef jy renuactkry requorefe`ts

c`m stroit ik`motok`s lkr ciiess tk iremot. O`meem, o` c` e`terprose survey,

respk`me`ts iotem cmfoòstrctove c`m lo`cìo`n kjstciaes cs fcgkr lcitkrs

aofoto`n jusoèss c`m expkrt meveakpfe`t (lonure 5.39). Zeie`t uòver-

soty nrcmuctes wotd nkkm jusoèss pac`s cre deam jcib jy cmfoòstrctoverequorefe`ts c`m acib kl iremot.

]de nkver`fe`t dcs set up rosb icpotca sidefes (tde Ykioïtïs

m‟O`vestossefe`t è Icpotca Zosque RYOICZV), jut tde tcbe-up jy OI]

lorfs dcs jee` wecb jeicuse kl sujstc`toca ikaacterca c`m nucrc`tee

requorefe`ts. Ct tde scfe tofe, tde ]uòsoc` jc`bo`n systef os reauitc`t

tk nrc`t iremot tk prkmuiers kl servoies. Xrkcitove ellkrts tk stre`ntde` tde

icpotca jcse kl sfcaa-sicae servoies lorfs c`m ofprkve tdeor ciiess tk

iremot cppecr icaaem lkr tk ofprkve tde jusoèss e`vork`fe`t lkr prkles-

sok`ca c`m OI] servoies lorfs.Kè kppkrtuòty lkr nkver`fe`t citok` ikìer`s pujaoi te`mers.

Xrkiemures cre iufjerskfe, =8 perie`t kl pujaoi te`mers cre acter

icìeaaem, c`m pcyfe`ts cre klte` meacyem lkr severca fk`tds (Nrupk

Yc`tc`mer, Akuos Ae`nrc`m c`m Csskioïs, c`m Jc`que m‟Cllcores me




]uòsoe :885). ]de nkver`fe`t sdkuam strecfaoè te`mero`n prcitoies

c`m cmkpt fkre tofeay pcyfe`t sidemuaes tk lree up sicrie fc`cne-

roca reskuries c`m deap caaevocte lo`cìoca jkttaeèibs kl sfcaa-sicae

servoies lorfs.

Zelereìes

C. ]. Becrèy. :88=. Fcbo`n Kllsdkre Meiosok`s. Idoicnk7 C. ]. Becrèy.

IKF (Ikffossok` mes Ikffu`cutïs Eurkpïe`ès). :88=. Zcppkrt sur ac ik`-

iurreìe mc`s aes prklessok`s aojïrcaes. Jrusseas7 IKF.

LOXC (Lkreon` O`vestfe`t Xrkfktok` Cneìy). :88<. ]uòsoe7 Uè ïik`kfoe ikf-

pïtotove. ]uòs7 LOXC.

OMC]E (O`stotut me a‟Cumokvosuea et mes ]ïaïikffuòictok`s e` Eurkpe). :885.

Zïcaosctok` m‟uè ïtume me jeìdfcrbo`n ikìer`c`t ac ikfpïtotovotï et ae

mïveakppefe`t mes e`treproses exerîc`t mc`s aes mkfcoès mes teid`kaknoes me a‟o`-

lkrfctok` et me ac ikffu oictok . Lo`ca repkrt tk a‟Klloie @ctok`ca mes Xkstes

me ac Zïpujaoque ]uòsoe`è, OMC]E, Fk`tpeaaoer.

OFL (O`ter`ctok`ca Fkètcry Lu`m). :88<. Jcacìe kl Xcyfe`t Ytctostois.

csdo`ntk`, MI7 OFL.

39: Icttcèk, Mokp, c`m cabe`dkrst

Lonure 5.39 OI] Xrklessok`cas‟ Xerieptok`s kl Cmfoòstrctove c`m Lo`cìoca

Kjstciaes Lcio`n ]uòsoc` Lorfs

Ykurie7 Nrupk Yc`tc`mer, Akuos Ae`nrc`m c`m Csskioïs, c`m Jc`que m‟Cllcores me ]uòsoe :885.

dufc` reskurie’reactem

fcrno`caay ofpkrtc`t

kjstciae rcto`n jy o`lkrfctok` c`m

ikffuòictok`s teid`kakny lorfs, cvercne

very ofpkrtc`t

teid`kakny-reactem

expkrt-reactem

mkfestoi fcrbet’reactem

o`lrcstruiture-reactem

renuactok`-reactem

lo`cìo`n-reactem

cmfoòstrctok`-reactem



Nrupk Yc`tc`mer, Akuos Ae`nrc`m c`m Csskioïs, c`m Jc`que m‟Cllcores me ]uòsoe.

:885. Etume ‑feoaaeures prctoques‖ sur a‟o`tenrctok` mu seiteur provï mc`s aes

idcoès fk`mocaosïes me prkmuitok`, me mostrojutok` et m‟expkrt mc`s ae mkfcoè

mes ]OI. Lo`ca repkrt tk tde a‟Klloie @ctok`ca mes Xkstes me ac Zïpujaoque

]uòsoe`è, Nrupk Yc`tc`mer, Akuos Ae`nrc`m c`m Csskioïs, c`m Jc`que

m‟Cllcores me ]uòsoe, ]uòs.

Acutoer, F. :884. ‑Expkrt kl Decatd Yervoies lrkf Meveakpo`n Iku`troes7 ]de

Icse kl ]uòsoc.‖ Ykioca Yioeìe & Femoioè <> (3)7 383’38.

FiIcrtdy, G. I. :88:. 9.9 Foaaok` UY Yervoies Gkjs tk Nk Kllsdkre. Lkrrester

Zesecrid, Icfjromne, FC. dttp7//www.lkrrester.ikf/EZ/Zesecrid/Jroel/

Exierpt/8,393>,35?88,88.dtfa.FiBo`sey Nakjca O`stotute. :885c. ]de Eferno`n Nakjca Acjkr Fcrbet 7 ]de

Mefc`m lkr Kllsdkre ]cae`t o` O] Yervoies. Yc` Lrcìosik7 FiBo`sey Nakjca

O`stotute.

”””. :885j. ]de Eferno`n Nakjca Acjkr Fcrbet 7 Dkw Yuppay c`m Mefc`m lkr

Kllsdkre ]cae`t Feet . Yc` Lrcìosik7 FiBo`sey Nakjca O`stotute.

@nuye`-Dk`n, M. :888. Zestroitok`s k` ]rcme o` Xrklessok`ca Yervoies. Ytcll

Zesecrid Xcper, Xrkmuitovoty Ikffossok`, Feajkurè, Custrcaoc.

KEIM (Krncòsctok` lkr Eik`kfoi Ik-kperctok` c`m Meveakpfe`t). :88<.Xkte`toca Ofpcit kl O`ter`ctok`ca Ykurio`n k` Mollere`t Kiiupctok`s.

MY]O/OIIX/OE(:88<) 3/LO@CA. Xcros7 KEIM.

Zkac`m Jerner Ytrcteny Ik`suatc`ts. :88<. Actest ]re`ms o` Icaa Ie`ter Kllsdkro`n

o` Lrcìe. Xcros7 Zkac`m Jerner Ytrcteny Ik`suatc`ts.

Yyfjkaes Fïmoc. :885. Aes teid`kaknoes me a‟o`lkrfctok` et me ac ikffuòictok` e`

]uòsoe. Jusoèss Zenostry, ]uòs.

kram Jc`b. :88>. Zïpujaoque ]uòsoe`è7 My`cfoque me a‟efpako et cmequctok` me

ac lkrfctok` pcrfo aes mopaýfes uòversotcores. ^csdo`ntk`, MI7 ^kram Jc`b. ^]K ( kram ]rcme Krncòzctok`). :88<. O`ter`ctok`ca ]rcme Ytctostois :885.

Neèvc7 ]K.






395

Jcibjkè servoies”teaeikffuòictok`s, lo`cìoca servoies, trc`spkrt, c`msk lkrtd”cre iruioca tk tde prkmuitovoty c`m o`ter`ctok`ca ikfpetotove-èss kl Fkrkiic` lorfs. ]dey cre irotoica o`puts lkr jktd tde mkfestoieik`kfy c`m tde expkrt seitkr. Kpeò`n tdef tk ikfpetotok` c`m trcme

ic` deap remuie prkmuitok` iksts, oìrecse lkreon` moreit o`vestfe`t (LMO), prkfkte vertoica b`kwaemne spoaakvers, c`m expc`m fcrbets, caa kl wdoid e`dcìe ikfpetotoveèss. Jcibjkè servoies cask clleit tde cjoaotytk ikfpetotoveay expkrt nkkms c`m servoies. Elloioe`t pkrts c`m fcrotofeservoies, lkr excfpae, cre iruioca lkr ikfpetotoveay expkrto`n nkkms suidcs textoae prkmuits2 tde cjoaoty tk pcrtoiopcte o` jusoèss prkiess kutskuri-o`n c`m tk expkrt o`lkrfctok` c`m ikffuòictok` teid`kakny(OI])’e`cjaem servoies (suid cs icaa ie`ters) mepe`ms k` tde stcte kl teae-ikf servoies. Zemuio`n restroitok`s k` bey jcibjkè servoies ic` e`dcìeikfpetotoveèss c`m aecm tk fkre idkoie, akwer proies, c`m nrecter ello-ioeìy o` neèrca.

Fkrkiik dcs fcme sonòloic`t prknress o` ots relkrf prknrcf, jut per-lkrfcìe o` kpeò`n jcibjkè servoies tk provcte seitkr ikfpetotok` dcs

I D C X ] E Z <

Cìdkro`n Yervoies Zelkrf7

]de Eurkpec` @eondjkrdkkm

Xkaoiy c`m Fkrkiik

@mocfï Mokp



jee` foxem. Zelkrfs cre very cmvcìem o` teaeikffuòictok`s c`mcor trc`spkrt, wdoid cre cfk`n tde fkst kpe` c`m my`cfoi seitkrs o`tde iku`try. O` ik`trcst, lewer restroitok`s tk e`try c`m ikfpetotokìkuam ofprkve perlkrfcìe o` jc`bo`n, pkrts, fcrotofe trc`spkrt, c`mprklessok`ca servoies.

]dos idcpter excfoès dkw renuactkry ik`verneìe wotd tde EurkpecÙòk` tdrkund tde Eurkpec` @eondjkrdkkm Xkaoiy (E@X) lrcfewkrb ic` deap Fkrkiik lurtder aojercaoze, upnrcme, c`m fkmeròze ots jcib-jkè servoie seitkrs. ]de E@X os c èw EU oòtoctove tdct kllers EUèondjkrs tde prkspeit kl fkvo`n jeyk`m tdeor exosto`n reactok`sdop

tk lkrne c meeper menree kl o`tenrctok`, oìaumo`n c stcbe o` tde o`ter-`ca fcrbet c`m tde pkssojoaoty kl pcrtoiopcto`n prknressoveay o` beycspeits kl EU pkaoioes c`m prknrcfs. Ot ic` ik`stotute c pkwerlua oìe`-tove lkr relkrfs.3

]de Eurkpec` Uòk` os Fkrkiik‟s acrnest eik`kfoi pcrtèr, cjskrjo`niakse tk tdree-qucrters kl Fkrkiik‟s expkrts c`m prkvomo`n <9 perie`t kl LMO lakwo`n tk Fkrkiik. Fkrkiik os carecmy pcrtoiopcto`n o` EU prkmui-tok` ètwkrbs o` textoaes c`m iaktdo`n c`m oìrecso`nay o` feidcòica c`m

eaeitroica e`noèero`n.Fuid kl tde pkte`toca lkr meepeò`n o`tenrctok` wotd tde Eurkpec`

Uòk` aoes o` servoies c`m cnroiuature. Jktd Fkrkiik c`m tde EurkpecÙòk` dcve son`caem tdeor recmoèss tk meepe` o`tenrctok` o` servoies.]de questok` os dkw Fkrkiik ic` fcbe ots renuactok`s nrcmucaay ikf-pctojae wotd tdkse kl tde Eurkpec` Uòk` tk remuie irkss-iku`try c`mirkss-gurosmoitok` mollereìes tdct ofpeme pcrtoiopctok` o` tde EU o`ter-`ca fcrbet.

]de E@X kllers Fkrkiik tde kppkrtuòty tk akib-o` relkrfs c`melleitoveay o`tenrcte skfe kl ots fcrbets o`tk tde Eurkpec` Uòk`‟s jydeapo`n cìdkr renuactkry relkrfs. O` tde femouf terf, Fkrkiik ikuamcidoeve renuactkry ik`verneìe o` cor trc`spkrt, rkcm trc`spkrt, c`meèrny. Zenuactkry ik`verneìe o` jc`bo`n c`m teaeikffuòictok`s ic`je e`voscnem kày o` tde ak`n terf. O` prklessok`ca servoies, suid ik`-verneìe ic` kiiur kày wotd skfe EU fefjer iku`troes, nove` tdedeterkneèoty kl renuactok`s wotdo` tde Eurkpec` Uòk`. Dkwever,eve` o` seitkrs c`m crecs o` wdoid offemocte ik`verneìe wkuam `kt

je tde fkst cpprkprocte strcteny o` tde sdkrt tk femouf terf, Fkrkiikic` jeèlot lrkf two`ò`n pcrtèrsdops wotd EU fefjer stctes tkofprkve tde qucaoty kl ots o`stotutok`s, o` pcrtoiuacr ots supervoskry c`mrenuactkry jkmoes.

39< Mokp



Aojercaozctok` Zelkrfs c`m tde Kpe`èsskl Fkrkiik‟s Yervoies Yeitkrs

]de relkrf kl Fkrkiik‟s jcibjkè servoies os weaa u`mer wcy. Cafkst caajcibjkè servoies dcve kpeèm up tk c iertco` menree o` reie`t yecrs,wotd fc`y restroitok`s tdct kìe ik`strcoèm provcte seitkr pcrtoiopc-tok` c`m ikfpetotok` remuiem uòactercaay. Fkrkiik‟s oòtoca kller o`tde Mkdc Zku`m represe`ts c fcgkr ofprkvefe`t kver ots NeèrcaCnreefe`t k` ]rcme o` Yervoies (NC]Y) ikffotfe`ts o` terfs kl son-`cao`n c`m relkrf iremojoaoty, eve` ol ot fereay ik`skaomctes reie`t uòact-

erca relkrfs. Ot oìrecses tde seitkrca ikvercne kl ikffotfe`ts lrkf > oòts Urunucy Zku`m Cnreefe`t sidemuae tk 38. O` tde lree trcme cnree-fe`t wotd tde Uòtem Ytctes, Fkrkiik we`t eve` lcrtder, fcbo`n èwikffotfe`ts u`mer irkss-jkrmer suppay (fkme 3) o` << perie`t kl tdeservoie seitkrs oìaumem o` NC]Y c`m u`mer ikfferioca preseìe(fkme 9) o` 59 perie`t (Zky, Fcridetto, c`m Aof :88<). Ofpkrtc`t ik`-iessok`s tk U.Y. servoies suppaoers c`m o`vestkrs were fcme, o` pcrtoiuacro` jc`bo`n c`m o`surcìe.

C ^kram Jc`b stumy (^kram Jc`b :88>c) jeìdfcrbs tde menree kl kpe`èss kl Fkrkiik‟s servoie seitkrs cnco`st ktder iku`troes uso`nrestroitoveèss o`moies. Ot o`moictes tdct teaeikffuòictok`s, cor trc`spkrt,c`m ciiku`to`n cre Fkrkiik‟s fkst kpe` jcibjkè servoies seitkrs(lonure <.3). ]de nrecter fcrbet ik`testcjoaoty c`m ikfpetotok` o` tdeseseitkrs dcs dcm jeèloioca elleits o` tde eik`kfy7 jetter c`m fkre moverseservoies, akwer proies, c`m spoaakver elleits tk tde rest kl tde eik`kfy.Jc`bo`n, e`noèero`n, c`m sdoppo`n servoies dcve c` o`terfemocte menreekl restroitok`s c`m ikfpetotok`. Fkrkiik sikres wkrst o` tde sdoppo`n c`m

pkrts seitkrs, o` wdoid renuactok` os very restroitove (^kram Jc`b :88>j).]de sikre lkr fcrotofe c`m pkrts os aobeay tk idc`ne o` tde ècr luture, csFkrkiic` pkrts cre jeo`n relkrfem c`m provcte seitkr pcrtoiopctok` osexpeitem tk oìrecse. ]dese o`moictkrs cre ik`soste`t wotd tdkse icaiuactemjy c kram Jc`b survey (^kram Jc`b :88>c) c`m jy tde Lkruf Eurkpïe`mes O`stotuts me Yioeìes Eik`kfoques (LEFOYE :88>).

]de @eem tk Ytre`ntde` tde Zenuactkry Lrcfewkrb

]de E@X ikvers c wome rc`ne kl pkaoiy ossues, jktd eik`kfoi c`m kèik-`kfoi. K` tde eik`kfoi lrk`t, ot cofs tk juoam skaom lku`mctok`s lkrmeepeò`n eik`kfoi o`tenrctok` jetwee` Eurkpe c`m ots èondjkrs tke`dcìe trcme, o`vestfe`t, c`m nrkwtd. Uàobe tde EU ciiessok` prkiess,

Cìdkro`n Yervoies Zelkrf7 ]de Eurkpec` @eondjkrdkkm Xkaoiy c`m Fkrkiik 39>



Lonure <.3 Kpe`èss kl ]eaeikffuòictok`s, Cor ]rc`spkrt, Jc`bo`n, c`m Ciiku`to`n Yeitkrs o` Yeaeit

8 5 38 35 :8 :5 98

CustrcaocIdoae

Gcpc`

Estkòc

Fkrkiik

Aotducòc

Actvoc

Jrczoa

Fcacysoc

Wcfjoc

Zussoc` Lemerctok`Juancroc

Zkfcòc

]uòsoc

Fkamkvc

Cajcòc

Jksòc c`m Derzenkvo`c

]dcoac`m

Yerjoc c`m Fk`teènrk

Fciemkòc, L_Z

\oet`cf

c. ]eaeikffuòictok`s

proie ofpcit, %

8.8 3.8 :

Bkrec, Zep. kl

Loàc`m

Otcay

@ew Wecac`m

Fkrkiik

Xkrtunca

Fexoik

Xkac`m

]urbey

Yakvcb Zepujaoi

Nreeie

Oreac`m

Izeid Zepujaoi

]uòsoc

Du`ncry

mkfestoi lkreon`

3 9 4



Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b :88>c.

@kte7 Lonures cre lkr :885’8>.

8.8 8.3 8.: 8.9 8.= 8.5 8.< 8.>

Cajcòc

Irkctoc

Estkòc

Fciemkòc, L_Z

Fkamkvc

Aotducòc

JuancrocCustrcaoc

Wcfjoc

Yerjoc c`m Fk`teènrk

Actvoc

Zussoc

Idoae

]dcoac`m

Fkrkiik

]uòsoc

Jrczoa

\oet`cf

Ido`c

Fcacysoc

restroitoveèss o`mex

8.8 8.5 3.8 3.

Loàc`m

@krwcy

]uòsoc

@etderac`ms

Fexoik

Ypco`

@ew Wecac`mBkrec, Zep. kl

Du`ncry

Custroc

Izeid Zepujaoi

Fkrkiik

]urbey

Yakvcb Zepujaoi

Gcpc`

Nreeie

Nerfc`y

Auxefjkurn

Ic`cmc

Otcay

r

i. Jc`bo`n

mkfestoi lkreon`

3 9 ?



wdoid requores tdct ic`momctes dcrfkòze tdeor renuactok`s wotd tdeEurkpec` Uòk` jy cmkpto`n tde e`tore ciquos ikffu`cutcore, tde E@Xcaakws Fkrkiik c`m ktder `k`ciiessok` iku`troes tk idkkse è ac icrtelrkf tde ciquos, ofpaefe`to`n kày tdkse renuactok`s tdct cre expeitemtk yoeam sonòloic`t jeèlots ct akw iksts.:

]de E@X kllers c vcroety kl èw kppkrtuòtoes, oìaumo`n tde lkaakwo`n7

• Nrecter o`tenrctok` wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk`, oìaumo`n tde pkssojoa-oty kl pcrtoiopcto`n prknressoveay o` bey cspeits kl EU pkaoioes c`mprknrcfs

• Ik`verneìe kl eik`kfoi aenosactok`, wdoid, ikfjo em wotd tde ik`-toùem remuitok` kl trcme jcrroers, sdkuam stofuacte o`vestfe`t c`mnrkwtd

• ]crnetem teidòica cssostcìe c`m two`ò`n sidefes, wotd c voew tkprepcro`n ik`verneìe wotd EU aenosactok` o` tde crecs ikverem jy tdecitok` pac` (see jeakw)

• Oìrecsem lo`cìoca suppkrt lrkf tde Eurkpec` Uòk` lkr ofpaefe`-tctok` kl caa tde seitok`s kl tde csskioctok` cnreefe`t c`m kperctok`s

ome`toloem o` tde citok` pac`, suppkrt lrkf tde Eurkpec` O`vestfe`t Jc`b lkr o`lrcstruiture o`vestfe`t c`m provcte seitkr meveakpfe`t,c`m pcrtèrsdop tdrkund tde Lcioaoty lkr Eurk-Femoterrcèc` O`vest-fe`t c`m Xcrtèrsdop (LEFOX) lcioaoty.9

Fkrkiik klloiocaay cmkptem c` E@X citok` pac` tk cidoeve tde relkrfse`vosokèm o` tde E@X o` Kitkjer :885. ]de pac`, iurre`tay jeo`n ofpae-fe`tem, sets kut prokroty relkrfs k` jktd eik`kfoi c`m `kèik`kfoi

lrk`ts, oìaumo`n tde ènktoctok` kl c` cnreefe`t k` servoies, pcrtoiopctok`kl Fkrkiik o` seaeit crecs kl tde o`ter`ca fcrbet (suid cs tde EU trc`spkrt ètwkrb), c`m relkrfs cofem ct reo`lkrio`n tde o`vestfe`t iaofcte o`Fkrkiik.

Kptok`s lkr Zenuactkry Ik`verneìe wotd tdeEurkpec` Uòk` o` Yeaeitem Yeitkrs

]de citok` pac` ik`somers tde o`tenrctok` kl tde servoie seitkrs c preik`-

motok` lkr meeper o`tenrctok` o` ktder spderes. Ot os `kt, dkwever, speioloik` dkw tk cidoeve prknressove c`m seaeitove pcrtoiopctok` o` tde EU o`ter-`ca fcrbet. ]dos seitok` sdkws dkw tde E@X tkkas ic` je usem tk cìdkrrelkrfs o` seve` jcibjkè servoie seitkrs. (Lkr c mosiussok` kl tde relkrfprknrcf o` ecid seitkr, see ^kram Jc`b :88>c.)

3=8 Mokp



]eaeikffuòictok`s

Xcrtoiopcto`n o` tde EU teaeikffuòictok`s fcrbet wkuam requoreik`verno`n tk tde renuactok`s o`moictem jy tde moreitoves tdct nkver` tdeEU fcrbet (jkx <.3). Mko`n sk os èiesscroay c ak`n-terf ellkrt, nove`tde renuactkry mostcìe jetwee` Fkrkiik c`m tde Eurkpec` Uòk`.

Cìdkro`n Yervoies Zelkrf7 ]de Eurkpec` @eondjkrdkkm Xkaoiy c`m Fkrkiik 3=3

Jkx <.3

Fcgkr Moreitoves Nkverò`n tde ]eaeikffuòictok`sYeitkr o` tde Eurkpec` Uòk`

Fkre tdc` :8 yecrs clter nrcmucaay kpeò`n tde seitkr, tde Eurkpec` Uòk` e`gkys

luaay ikfpetotove teaeikffuòictok`s fcrbets o` caa fefjer stctes exiept

Oreac`m, Nreeie, Auxefjkurn, Xkrtunca, c`m Ypco`. ]de cjkaotok` kl jcrroers tk

e`try o`tk tde seitkr dcs caakwem tde Eurkpec` Ikffossok` tk lkius, soìe :88:,

k` e`suro`n c ikffk` renuactkry lrcfewkrb, ikfpetotok` proìopaes, c`m ikf-

petotok` prcitoies lkr eaeitrkòi ikffuòictok`s, oìaumo`n teaeikffuòictok`s,

femoc, c`m o`lkrfctok` teid`kakny servoies. Ellkrts dcve jee` fcme tdrkund lovefcgkr ruaes7 tde lrcfewkrb moreitove, tde cutdkrozctok` moreitove, tde ciiess morei-

tove, tde uòversca servoie moreitove, c`m tde akica akkp u`ju`mao`n renuactok`. (Lkr

metcoas, see tde EU teaeikf pcne, ct dttp7//ei.eurkpc.eu/o`lkrfctok`[skioety/

tkpois/teaeikfs/o`mex[e`.dtf.)

]de lrcfewkrb moreitove efpdcsozes tde o`mepe`meìe kl `ctok`ca renuactkry

cutdkrotoes, wdoid fefjer stctes fust nucrc`tee2 tde rondt tk cppeca meiosok`s

jy `ctok`ca renuactkry cutdkrotoes2 feidcòsfs lkr ofpkso`n ex c`te renuactok`

k` lorfs wotd sonòloic`t fcrbet pkwer2 fcrbet meloòtok` c`m fcrbet c`caysosprkiemures2 c`m `ctok`ca renuactkry cutdkrotoes‟ mutoes tk reskave mosputes wotdo`

lkur fk`tds wde` enktoctok`s k` ciiess c`m o`terik`èitok`s lcoa. ]de moreitove

cask o`trkmuies tde proìopae kl teid`kaknoica eutrcaoty”tde proìopae tdct tdere

sdcaa je `k sepcrctok` jetwee` mollere`t fec`s kl trc`sfossok` lkr renuactkry

purpkses. Equovcae`t ruaes cppay tk caa teaeikffuòictok`s ètwkrbs (loxem kr

woreaess) c`m jrkcmicst ètwkrbs (terrestroca, scteaaote, c`m icjae).

]de cutdkrozctok` moreitove cjkaosdes o`movomuca aoie`so`n c`m estcjaosdes c

systef kl neèrca cutdkrozctok`. Kamer aoie`so`n sidefes lkr mollere`t teaeikf-

fuòictok`s servoies (tdct os, pujaoi vkoie c`m mctc prkvomers) c`m lcioaotoes-jcsem

c`m rescae prkvomers were refkvem wotdo` tde Eurkpec` Uòk`. ]de moreitove

o`moictes tdct fefjer stctes fcy requore ct fkst c `ktoloictok`. @k perfossok`s

(ik`toùem)



3=: Mokp

Jkx <.3 (Ik`toùem)

kr ktder cmfoòstrctove jcrroers tk e`try ic` je ofpksem, c`m cppaoictok`s fust

je lo`caozem wotdo` iertco` tofe aofots. Kjtcoò`n c neèrca cutdkrozctok` os cs sof-

pae cs ot ic` je. Dkwever, ol tde u`mertcbo`n mkes `kt ikfpay wotd tde neèrca

ik`motok`s acom mkw` jy tde `ctok`ca renuactkry cutdkrotoes, ot fcy je sujgeit tk

lo`cìoca pe`catoes kr je prkdojotem lrkf prkvomo`n servoies. ]k preve`t tde use kl

aoie`so`n cs c jcrroer (cs o` tde prevokus systef), tde moreitove o`moictes tdct tde

tcroll requestem lkr c`y aoie`se sdkuam relaeit kày tde iksts oìurrem jy tde `ctok`ca

renuactkry cutdkrotoes wdoae ossuo`n ot.

]de ciiess moreitove stresses tde pkssojoaoty lkr èw e`trc`ts tk o`terik`èit

wotd tde oìufje`t ètwkrb c`m ktder kperctkrs‟ etwkrbs ct recsk`cjae ikst

c`m ik`motok`s. Fefjer stctes ic``kt restroit provcte ènktoctok`s jetwee`

u`mertcbo`ns lkr o`terik`èitok`s. Kperctkrs, exiept lkr tdkse wotd sonòloic`t

fcrbet pkwer, ic``kt je kjaonem tk mosirofo`cte jetwee` mollere`t u`mertcb-

o`ns lkr equovcae`t servoies. ]dey cre kjaonem tk ènktocte o`terik`èitok`

wde` csbem tk mk sk (wde` èiesscry, `ctok`ca renuactkry cutdkrotoes ic` ofpkse

kjaonctok`s k` c` kperctkr tk lcioaotcte o`terik`èitok`s). ]de kjaonctok`s fcy je

ofpksem kày k` c` kjgeitove, trc`spcre`t, prkpkrtok`cte, c`m `k`mosirofo`ctkry

jcsos. @ctok`ca renuactkry cutdkrotoes ic` ofpkse cmmotok`ca fecsures reactem tk

ciiess k` kperctkrs wotd sonòloic`t fcrbet pkwer jy perfossok` kl tde Eurkpec`

Ikffossok`.

]de uòversca servoie moreitove stctes tdct ‑tde iurre`t renuactkry lrcfewkrb

requores `ctok`ca renuactkry cneìoes tk pacie kjaonctok`s k` ètwkrb kperc-

tkrs tk e`sure tdct c meloèm foòfuf set kl servoies kl c speioloem qucaoty cre

cvcoacjae tk caa, o`mepe`me`t kl tdeor neknrcpdoica akictok`, ct c` cllkrmcjae

proie.‖ Uòversca servoie, cs meloèm o` EU aenosactok`, oìaumes tde prkvosok` kl vkoie teaepdk`y, lcx, c`m vkoie jc`m mctc trc`sfossok` voc fkmefs (tdct os,

ciiess tk tde O`terèt).

]dese moreitoves cre tde ikre renuactok`s wotd wdoid fefjer stctes fust

ikfpay o` krmer tk pcrtoiopcte o` tde EU ikffk` teaeikf fcrbet. ]dey cre ct

vcrokus stcnes kl trc`spksotok` pe`mo`n cmkptok` jy fefjer iku`troes.

]de akica akkp u`ju`mao`n renuactok` cofs ct lcioaotcto`n ciiess tk tde aecst

ikfpetotove senfe`ts kl tde aojercaozem teaeikffuòictok`s fcrbet. Ot reikn-

òzes tdct èw e`try tk tde loxem-aoè o`lrcstruiture fcrbet os very molloiuat c`mtdct exosto`n o`lrcstruiture wcs lo`cìem jy stcte-ik`trkaaem fk`kpkaoes, uso`n

pujaoi lu`ms. O` tde lrcfewkrb kl Zenuactok` :44>/:888, `ktoloem kperctkrs cre

kjaonem tk feet recsk`cjae requests lkr u`ju`maem ciiess tk tde akica akkp

(ik`toùem)



Fkrkiik‟s renuactkry systef mollers lrkf tdct kl tde EurkpecÙòk` o` fc`y wcys. Lorst, wderecs Eurkpec` renuactok` estcjaosdestdct fefjer stctes ic` `k ak`ner use o`movomuca aoie`ses tk renuacte tdeseitkr, tde Fkrkiic` nkver`fe`t dcs c renofe kl aoie`ses c`m iacss

aoie`ses, wdoid ot cwcrms kè jy kè, tderejy meterfoò`n dkw fc`ykperctkrs ic` kpercte o` tde fcrbet. Cmkpto`n tde EU systef wkuamrequore estcjaosdo`n c neèrca cutdkrozctok` lkr caa types kl eaeitrkòiikffuòictok` servoies c`m ètwkrbs, oìaumo`n loxem c`m fkjoae èt-wkrbs c`m servoie, mctc c`m vkoie servoies, jrkcmicsto`n trc`sfossok`ètwkrbs, c`m reactem servoies.

Yeik`m, tde Eurkpec` Ikffossok` ome`toloes prkmuit fcrbets o` tdeteaeikffuòictok`s o`mustry, wotdo` wdoid `ctok`ca renuactkrs meloè

neknrcpdoi kr cmmotok`ca prkmuit fcrbets lkr tdeor akicaotoes. ôtdo` ecidprkmuit fcrbet, renuactkrs cask cssess tde elleitoveèss kl ikfpetotok`,oìaumo`n wdetder ikfpcòes dcve so`nae kr gko`t fcrbet mkfo`cìe. Ol tdey mk `kt, tde renuactkr fcy refkve exosto`n kjaonctok`s kr, ct tde aecst,meiome `kt tk ofpkse èw kjaonctok`s. O` tdos icse, ikfpcòes wotd so`nae-fcrbet mkfo`cìe cre sujgeit tk ex c`te renuactok` (suid cs ciiku`to`nsepcrctok` c`m ikst kroe`tctok` prkpkrtok`cte tk tdeor aevea kl mkfo`cìe).U`mer Fkrkiic` Acw 55-83, tde Cneìe @ctok`cae me Zïnaefe`tctok`mes ]ïaïikffuòictok`s (C@Z]), tde Fkrkiic` teaeikffuòictok`srenuactkr, dcs jee` nove` tde respk`sojoaoty kl meloò`n fcrbets c`m cssess-o`n fcrbet pkwer2 ot dcs acrneay cppaoem tde EU lrcfewkrb (tde cppaoic-tok` wcs kày tk tde wdkaescae fcrbet). Dkwever, wderecs tde EU systefmeloèm 34 prkmuit fcrbets lkr renuactok`, Fkrkiik seaeitem kày =”fkjoae, loxem, aecsem aoès, c`m O`terèt”lkr trectfe`t.


Jkx <.3 (Ik`toùem)

u`mer trc`spcre`t, lcor, c`m `k`mosirofo`ctkry ik`motok`s. Ciikrmo`n tk tde

renuactok`, tde `ctok`ca renuactkry cutdkrotoes dcve tde respk`sojoaoty tk ome`-

toly ‑`ktoloem kperctkrs‖ cs tdkse tdct dcve sonòloic`t fcrbet pkwer o` loxem

pujaoi teaepdkè ètwkrbs, tk csb `ktoloem kperctkrs tk pujaosd c relereìe kl-

ler lkr u`ju`maem ciiess tk tdeor akica akkps c`m reactem lcioaotoes, c`m tk supervose

`ktoloem kperctkrs wotd rencrm tk c ikst-jcsem proio`n c`m c trc`spcre`t, lcor,

c`m `k`mosirofo`ctkry u`ju`maem ciiess prkvosok` lkr ktder kperctkrs tk tde

akica akkp.

Ykurie7 Eurkpec` Ikffossok`. ‑]eaeikfs o` tde Eurkpec` Uòk`.‖ dttp7//ei.eurkpc.eu/o`lkrfctok`

[skioety/pkaoiy/eikff/o`mex[e`.dtf.



]dorm, wderecs o` tde Eurkpec` Uòk` proies cre set jy tde fcrbet ikfpetotoveay, Fkrkiik requores lorfs, oìaumo`n tdkse tdct mk `kt mkf-o`cte tde fcrbet, tk sujfot tcrolls tk tde renuactkr lkr cpprkvca. O` tdeEurkpec` Uòk`, tde renuactkr ideibs lkr neèrca ikfpetotoveèss o` tdefcrbet jut mkes `kt renuacte proies. Xroie renuactok` os meiroem cs cfeidcòsf tdct sakws mkw` tde fcrbet.

Lkurtd, pcrtoiopcto`n o` tde EU ikffk` fcrbet wkuam fec` c` o`sto-tutok`ca cmgustfe`t lkr tde sdcro`n kl renuactkry respk`sojoaoty jetwee`tde nkver`fe`t, tde C@Z], c`m tde Eurkpec` Ikffossok`. ôtd tdeik`stotutok` kl c ikffk` teaeikffuòictok`s fcrbet ct tde EU aevea,

respk`sojoaoty lkr renuactok` os `kw sdcrem jy tde Eurkpec` Ikffossok`,wdoid pujaosdes moreitoves c`m nuomeaoès2 `ctok`ca nkver`fe`ts, wdoidofpaefe`t cpprkprocte aenosactok`s2 c`m `ctok`ca renuactkry cneìoes,wdoid ofpaefe`t tde luaa lrcfewkrb. ]de Eurkpec` Ikffossok` pacysc` ofpkrtc`t rkae o` e`suro`n tdct ruaes cre cppaoem ik`soste`tay o` caafefjer stctes, o` ikkperctok` wotd ktder `ctok`ca renuactkry cneìoes.@ctok`ca renuactkry cneìoes o` pcrtoiuacr dcve tk cssess tde menree kl elleitove ikfpetotok` o` reaevc`t fcrbets c`m meiome wdoid renuactkry

kjaonctok`s tk ofpkse k` pacyers wotd sonòloic`t fcrbet pkwer.Ydkrt- tk femouf-terf prokroty o` Fkrkiik sdkuam perdcps je nove`

tk lurtder meveakpo`n o`lrcstruiture tk feet tde rcpomay nrkwo`n mefc`mlkr dond-speem O`terèt servoies c`m meveakpo`n tde mctc senfe`t kl tdefcrbet. U`ju`mao`n tde akica akkp wkuam caakw èw servoie prkvomers tkrecid e`m users tdrkund tde exosto`n ètwkrb. Yujsirojers wkuam tde` jecjae tk idkkse lreeay cfk`n caa kperctkrs wotdkut dcvo`n tk dcve c suj-siroptok` wotd Fcrki ]eaeikf. ]de C@Z]‟s kjgeitove os tk cidoeve luaa

u`ju`mao`n o` tde femouf terf.]de C@Z] ikuam jeèlot lrkf teidòica cssostcìe o` tde lkrf kl two`-ò`n lrkf tde Eurkpec` Uòk` lkr tde purpkse kl ik`verno`n nrcmucaay tktde EU lrcfewkrb. Ot ikuam, lkr o`stcìe, lurtder ofprkve tde nkver`cìekl tde seitkr jy oìkrpkrcto`n tde fkst reie`t tre`ms o` tde EurkpecÙòk` o` fc`cno`n, caakicto`n, c`m proio`n tde rcmok speitruf. ]de renu-actkry ncps ome`toloem cjkve ikuam nrcmucaay je iaksem cs cpprkproctetdrkund teidòica ikkperctok`. Estkòc prkvomes c ik`voìo`n excfpaekl tde ofpkrtcìe c`m jeèlots kl uso`n EU teidòica cssostcìe c`m

two`ò`n (jkx <.:).

Cor ]rc`spkrt

Luaay pcrtoiopcto`n o` tde EU ciquos o` cor trc`spkrt os idcaae`no`n lkrFkrkiik, jeicuse tde Eurkpec` Uòk` dcs tde fkst meepay o`tenrctem

3== Mokp



renok`ca cor trc`spkrt fcrbet o` tde wkram. Cor trc`spkrt jetwee` fkst iku`troes o` tde wkram os nkverèm jy tde Idoicnk Iovoa CvoctokÌk`ve`tok`.= Aojercaozctok` ik`sosts kl oìrecso`n tde ùfjer kl weebaylaondts, tde ùfjer kl e`try c`m exot corpkrts, c`m tde aost kl `ctok`ca icrro-

ers wotdo` tondtay meloèm reioprkica crrc`nefe`ts. ôtdo` tde EurkpecÙòk`, caa renuactkry mostoìtok`s jetwee` o`ter`ctok`ca c`m mkfestoiservoies dcve jee` cjkaosdem2 joacterca cor trclloi cnreefe`ts jetweeÈU fefjer iku`troes `k ak`ner exost, c`m `ctok`ca kwèrsdop restroi-tok`s dcve jee` eaofo`ctem. @ctok`ca coraoès o` tde Eurkpec` Uòk` cre


Jkx <.:

Aojercaozctok` kl tde ]eaeikffuòictok`s Yeitkr o` Estkòc

Cs c sfcaa iku`try wotd aofotem cturca reskuries, Estkòc reiknòzem tde strctenoi

ofpkrtcìe kl meveakpo`n c`m aojercaozo`n ots servoie seitkr. O` Gcùcry :883,

wde` ot e`mem tde fk`kpkay kl Eesto ]eaeikf o` loxem-aoè teaepdkè servoies, ot

jeicfe tde lorst iku`try o` Ie`trca c`m Ecster` Eurkpe tk ikfpaeteay aojercaoze ots

teaeikffuòictok`s fcrbet.

Estkòc fcme exte`sove use kl EU teidòica cssostcìe c`m cmvoie, oìaumo`n

tde two`ò`n prknrcf, tk stre`ntde` tde o`stotutok`ca icpcioty kl tde Estkòc`@ctok`ca Ikffuòictok`s Jkcrm cs c` o`mepe`me`t renuactkr. ]de EU ciiessok`

prkiess feidcòsfs cask prkvomem c` elloioe`t fkòtkro`n o`strufe`t lkr tde

aojercaozctok` prkiess, fkstay o` tde lkrf kl renuacr repkrts k` prknress tkwcrm

ciiessok`.

]de aojercaozctok` c`m provctozctok` kl tde teaeikffu oictok`s servoies seitkr

aem tk severca pksotove meveakpfe`ts, oìaumo`n fkmeròzctok` kl tde ikffuò-

ictok`s o`lrcstruiture, donder LMO, c`m jetter ciiess kl ik`sufers tk teaepdkè

servoies, espeiocaay o` rurca crecs (tdrkund jrkcmer ciiess tk fkjoae pdkès, akwerproies, c`m nrecter reaocjoaoty o` teaepdk`y c`m mctc trc`sfossok`). ]de ùfjer kl

fkjoae pdkè users oìrecsem jy c lcitkr kl cafkst 58 jetwee` 3??5 c`m :885.

Jy :885, fkjoae peètrctok` exieemem 388 perie`t, c`m O`terèt peètrctok`

tkppem 58 perie`t, pacio`n Estkòc cfk`n Eurkpe‟s aecmers (Zc`ù :8892 Estkòc

]eaeikfs Fcrbet :88<).

Estcjaosdfe`t kl c fkmer` c`m reaocjae teaeikffuòictok s etwkrb acom tde

lku`mctok` lkr tde meveakpfe`t kl tde o`lkrfctok` skioety o` Estkòc. Expkrts kl

ikffuòictok`s c`m ikfputer c`m o`lkrfctok` servoies oìrecsem fkre tdc`

lovelkam jetwee` 3??> c`m :88= (OFL :885).

Ykurie7 Xcua Jumme Ikffuòictok`s (:88<).



tdus `k ak`ner sdoeamem lrkf ikfpetotok` lrkf ktder EU ikfpcòes(Fuaaer-Ge`tsid :88>c).

]de Fkrkiik-EU kpe` sboes cnreefe`t, wdoid seebs tk dcrfkòzeFkrkiik‟s cor trc`spkrt renuactkry lrcfewkrb wotd tdct kl tde EurkpecÙòk`, e`tcoas fcgkr renuactkry relkrfs lkr Fkrkiik. ]de fcgkr idc`nesrequorem oìaume e`dcìo`n laondt sclety c`m seiuroty2 dcrfkòzo`n ikfpe-totok`, stcte com, c`m ik`sufer prkteitok` ruaes wotd tdkse kl tde EurkpecÙòk`2 c`m prkvomo`n e`vork`fe`tca prkteitok`. ]dese idc`nes requorefkmoloictok`, tk vcryo`n menrees, kl twk mkze` renuactok`s c`m moreitoves.

Fkrkiik dcs carecmy ofpaefe`tem c ùfjer kl fecsures jro`no`n

seiuroty c`m sclety `krfs up tk EU stc`mcrms. O` ktder icses, EU ruaescppay kày jeyk`m iertco` tdresdkams tdct Fkrkiik woaa `kt irkss o` tdesdkrt tk femouf terf. Yuid excfpaes oìaume corpkrt `kose (wdoid boibso` kày cjkve c iertco` ùfjer kl mepcrtures), ikfpetotok` o` nrku`mdc`mao`n (wdoid cppaoes kày cjkve c iertco` ùfjer kl pcsse`ners kraevea kl icrnk), c`m ruaes k` sakt caakictok` (o` tde icse kl icpcioty aofotc-tok`s). Dkwever, tde caon`fe`t kl `ctok`ca aenosactok` wotd tde kpe` sboescnreefe`t requorefe`ts e`tcoas sujstc`toca, metcoaem aenca relkrfs kl

`ctok`ca cvoctok` ikme c`m jy-acws.Ykfe cmgustfe`ts tk tde nkver`cìe struiture kl tde seitkr fcy je

icaaem lkr o` tde femouf terf. Ciikrmo`n tk o`ter`ctok`ca jest prcitoies,cvoctok` pkaoiy os tde respk`sojoaoty kl trc`spkrt foòstroes, c`m c`cutk`kfkus iovoa cvoctok` cutdkroty os o` idcrne kl sclety c`m eik`kfoirenuactok`. Aobe c`y renuactkry cneìy, tde iovoa cvoctok` cutdkroty sdkuamje nove` luaa pkaotoica c`m o`stotutok`ca o`mepe`meìe. ]de EU ciquos

requores tdct cor trclloi ik`trka cask je dc`maem jy c sepcrcte e`toty. Caa

ktder kperctok`ca luìtok`s”suid cs coraoè, corpkrt, c`m nrku`m-dc`mao`nservoies”sdkuam je sepcrctem lrkf jktd tde aoè foòstry c`m tde renu-actkr (Fuaaer-Ge`tsid :88>c).

Fkrkiik c`m tde Eurkpec` Uòk` dcve cnreem tk ofpaefe`t kpe`sboes o` twk pdcses. Muro`n tde lorst pdcse, sidemuaem tk acst twk yecrs,Fkrkiik woaa nrcmucaay o`tenrcte tde EU cvoctok` ruaes”cvoctok` sclety,cor trclloi fc`cnefe`t, e`vork`fe`t, ik`sufer prkteitok`, ikfputerreservctok` systefs”o`tk tde renuactkry renofe kl ots cvoctok` seitkr.Fcrbet ciiess restroitok`s woaa cask je pcrtocaay aoltem muro`n tdos pdcse,

wotd u`restroitem tdorm c`m lkurtd lreemkfs lkr jktd Fkrkiic` c`mEU icrroers”tde rondt tk icrry pcsse`ners c`m icrnk jetwee` Fkrkiikc`m tde Eurkpec` Uòk`. ]de lorst pdcse woaa jeno` kìe tde cnree-fe`t os rctoloem jy caa pcrtoes (tdct os, Fkrkiik c`m tde :> fefjerstctes kl tde Eurkpec` Uòk`) c`m sclety crrc`nefe`ts cre meefem

3=< Mokp



sctoslcitkry (c lew EU iku`troes dcve yet tk rctoly tde cnreefe`t, sk ot os stoaa `kt kperctok`ca).

C seik`m pdcse”wdoid woaa jeno` wde` tde reaevc`t EU renuac-tok`s c`m moreitoves sidemuaem lkr tde lorst pdcse cre sctoslcitkroayofpaefe`tem” cofs ct lurtder ofprkvo`n fcrbet ciiess. Ot sdkuam iua-fo`cte jy novo`n loltd-lreemkf pcsse`ner rondts tk Fkrkiic` icrroers o` tdeEurkpec` Uòk` c`m loltd-lreemkf pcsse`ner rondts tk EU icrroers exte`m-o`n jeyk`m Fkrkiik tk iku`troes o`vkavem o` tde @eondjkrdkkm Xkaoiy.5

O` ktder wkrms, Fkrkiic` cor icrroers woaa je cjae lay tk c`m tdrkund c`ycorpkrt o` Eurkpe, prkvomem tdct tdey mepcrt lrkf Fkrkiik. Zeioprkicaay,

EU coraoès mepcrto`n lrkf Eurkpe woaa je cjae tk kpercte wotdkut restroi-tok` jetwee` c`y pko`t o` Eurkpe c`m c`y pko`t o` Fkrkiik.

Fkrkiik jeèlots lrkf EU cssostcìe o` caonò`n mkfestoi renuactok`swotd tde cor trc`spkrt prkvosok`s kl tde ciquos ikffu`cutcore. Fkrkiik‟srenuactkry relkrf os o`meem suppkrtem jy c` EU prknrcf wotd c set kl cnreem-upk` citok`s tyo`n mosjursefe`t wotd ofpaefe`tctok` kl c sdkrt jut metcoaem aost kl EU moreitoves c`m renuactok`s. Ikkperctok` jetwee`Fkrkiik c`m tde Eurkpec` Uòk` o` cor trc`spkrt os perdcps tde jest oaaus-

trctok` kl wdct tde E@X ic` kller7 pcrtoiopctok` o` tde EU o`ter`ca fcrbet,meeper o`tenrctok` ik`verneìe, c`m lo`cìoca c`m teidòica cssostcìelrkf tde Eurkpec` Uòk`.

Jc`bo`n

]de E@X citok` pac` lkr Fkrkiik sets very neèrca nkcas c`m oòtoctoveslkr tde lo`cìoca seitkr. ]wk fco` kjgeitoves cre meveakpo`n c renuactkrylrcfewkrb tdct jro`ns lo`cìoca fcrbets o` aoè wotd tdkse kl tde

Eurkpec` Uòk` c`m reo`lkrio`n tde supervoskry cutdkrotoes o` ciikr-mcìe wotd o`ter`ctok`ca stc`mcrms. ]de EU renuactkry lrcfewkrb osjcsem k` tde proìopaes kl tde Jcsea Ikffottee k` Jc`bo`n Yupervosok`.Fkrkiik‟s ellkrts tk ikfpay wotd idc`nes o` tde jc`bo`n seitkr renuac-tok`s tdus jrkcmay serve jktd EU c`m o`ter`ctok`ca stc`mcrms7 tde èwjc`bo`n acw c`m tde èw stctus kl Fkrkiik‟s ie`trca jc`b, jktd kl wdoidwe`t o`tk elleit o` :88<, cof ct caonò`n Fkrkiik‟s aenosactok` wotdo`ter`ctok`ca stc`mcrms.

O` tde ak`ner terf, meeper o`tenrctok` kr pcrtoiopctok` o` tde EU o`ter-

`ca jc`bo`n fcrbet woaa requore ik`verno`n tk tde Eurkpec` Uòk`‟sYeik`m Jc`bo`n Moreitove, cmkptem o` 3?4? jy Ikuìoa moreitove c`mofpaefe`tem o` 3??9. ]dos moreitove dcs tdree fcgkr ikfpkè`ts. Lorst, ot meloès excitay wdct os fec`t jy jc`bo`n. O` cmmotok` tk trcmotok`ca jc`b-o`n citovotoes, iremot o`stotutok`s ic` e`ncne o` caa lkrfs kl trc`scitok`s o`

Cìdkro`n Yervoies Zelkrf7 ]de Eurkpec` @eondjkrdkkm Xkaoiy c`m Fkrkiik 3=>



seiurotoes, oìaumo`n trc`scitok`s lkr tdeor kw` ciiku`ts kr lkr tde ciiku`tskl iustkfers o` caa types kl seiurotoes, pcrtoiopctok` o` sdcre ossues, c`mpkrtlkaok fc`cnefe`t c`m cmvoie. ]dos ikfpkè`t kl tde moreitove tdusofpaoes tdct Fkrkiik wkuam dcve tk aolt ots iurre`t restroitok`s k` lkreon`jc`bs‟ pcrtoiopctok` tk tde seiurotoes fcrbet.

Yeik`m, ot meloès tde proìopae kl dkfe-iku`try ik`trka, kr futucareiknòtok`. Ciikrmo`n tk tdos proìopae, ecid iku`try cib`kwaemnes tderenuactok` kl ots pcrtèrs c`m ciiepts servoie prkvosok` jy lkreon` o`stotu-tok`s cs ol tdey were mkfestoi e`totoes. Deìe, jc`bs cre renuactem jy, c`mik`lkrf tk, tde renuactok` c`m aenosactok` kl tdeor dkfe iku`try. Ol c

jc`b mkes jusoèss o` c`ktder EU iku`try, tde renuactkry cutdkrotoes kl tde dkst iku`try reiknòze tde profciy kl tde dkfe iku`try. Jeicuse tdeEurkpec` Uòk` dcs fkre kpe` renuactok` kl lkreon` jc`bs, Fkrkiikwkuam dcve tk reioprkicte.

]de Yeik`m Jc`bo`n Moreitove cask kutaoès tde ikìept kl c so`naepcsspkrt. Futuca reiknòtok` kl tde so`nae jc`bo`n ‑aoie`se‖ eaofo`ctes tdeèem lkr EU jc`bs tk kjtco` c akica jc`bo`n idcrter lrkf tde dkst iku`-try lkr jrcìdes kr jc`b prkmuits perfottem jy tdeor dkfe-iku`try jc`b

renuactok`s. C jc`b aoie`sem tk mk jusoèss o` c`y EU iku`try os caakwemtk mk jusoèss o` c`y ktder EU iku`try k` wdctever jcsos ot ik`somersfkst cmvc`tcnekus. ]de dkst iku`try os `kt caakwem tk ofpkse c`y jcrro-ers tk suid citok`. ]de ofpaoictok` os tdct Fkrkiik woaa dcve tk iakse tdencp jetwee` tde menree kl kpe`èss kl ots jc`bo`n seitkr c`m tdct kl tdeEurkpec` Uòk`.

Fkrkiik wkuam dcve tk cmkpt fc`y ktder moreitoves tk pcrtoiopcte o`tde EU o`ter`ca jc`bo`n fcrbet. Ciikrmo`n tk tde icpotca cmequciy morei-

toves, iremot o`stotutok`s cre sujgeit tk prume`toca requorefe`ts wotdrespeit tk supervosok` kl skaveìy, cmequciy kl kw` lu`ms tk ikverfcrbet rosbs, c`m acrne expksures icaiuactem k` c ik`skaomctem jcsos, ol tdepcre`t nrkup os c lo`cìoca dkamo`n ikfpc`y. Neèrcaay, tde supervoskrycutdkroty kl tde fefjer iku`try tdct cutdkrozem tde pcre`t ikfpc`y kl tdos nrkup os respk`sojae lkr ik`skaomctem supervosok` kl tde nrkup,catdkund tde icpotca cmequciy moreitove mkes perfot meaenctok` tk ktderikfpete`t cutdkrotoes o` iertco` ioriufstcìes. ]dos prkvosok` os tkkskpdostoictem lkr Fkrkiik‟s jc`bo`n seitkr2 ots cmkptok` wkuam rcose tde

ikst kl ikfpaocìe lkr Fkrkiic` jc`bs, wdoid cre sfcaaer tdc` tdkse o`tde Eurkpec` Uòk`. O` cmmotok` tk tde cjkve prkvosok`s, tde EurkpecÙòk` ikuam csb Fkrkiik tk oìaume prkvosok`s k` fkèy acu`mero`n,icpotca fkvefe`ts, c`m reactem ossues, cs ot mom o` tde icse kl Eurkpec`c`m ciiessok` pcrtèrsdops (tcjae <.3).

3=4 Mokp



Cìdkro`n Yervoies Zelkrf7 ]de Eurkpec` @eondjkrdkkm Xkaoiy c`m Fkrkiik 3=?

]cjae <.3 Ydkrt- c`m Femouf-]erf Xrkvosok`s lkr Lo`cìoca Yervoies

o` Eurkpec` c`m Ciiessok` Xcrtèrsdops, jy Iku`try

Iku`try Ydkrt terf Femouf terf

Cajcòc • Ytre`ntde` aenca c`m supervoskry

lrcfewkrb lkr jc`bo`n c`mo`surcìe

seitkrs, oìaumo`n jy estcjaosdo`n

o`mepe`me`tc`mprkperay stcllem

supervoskry cutdkrotoes.

• Ik`toùe provctozctok`, o`

pcrtoiuacr o` lo`cìoca c`m

eèrny seitkrs.

Jksòc c`m

Derzenkvo`c

• Yet up O`surcìe Cneìy kl Jksòc c`m

Derzenkvo`c, c`m e`sure tdct ot jeikfes

luaay kperctok`ca.

• Jro`n jc`bo`n supervosok` tk stcte aevea,c`m e`sure elleitove luìtokò`n kl

supervoskry cutdkroty.

Irkctoc • Ytre`ntde` renuactkry c`m cmfoòstrctove

lrcfewkrb lkr supervosok` kl lo`cìoca

servoies2 o` pcrtoiuacr, prepcre lkr

trc`sotok` tkwcrm pac`èm o`tenrctem

supervoskry cutdkroty lkr `k`jc`b

lo`cìoca servoies.

• Xrepcre o`trkmuitok` kl èw icpotca

requorefe`ts lrcfewkrb lkr iremot

o`stotutok`s c`m o`vestfe`t lorfs.

• Ikfpaete caon`fe`t wotd EU

prume`toca requorefe`ts c`m

ik`toùe stre`ntdeò`n

supervoskry prcitoies.

• Ikfpaete ofpaefe`tctok` kl

èw icpotca requorefe`ts

lrcfewkrb lkr iremot o`stotu-

tok`s c`m o`vestfe`t lorfs.

Fciemkòc,

L_Z

• Ytre`ntde` prume`toca c`m supervoskry

stc`mcrms o` jc`bo`n c`m o`surcìe seitkrs.

• Ik`toùe caon`fe`t kl aenca lrcfewkrb

lkr lo`cìoca seitkr, c`m e`sure swolt

ofpaefe`tctok` tk e`sure, o`

pcrtoiuacr, rcpom ictid-up wotd

o`ter`ctok`ca stc`mcrms c`m prcitoies.

• Zeo`lkrie aenosactok` c`m supervoskry

lrcfewkrb, oìaumo`n e`lkriefe`t, lkr

lo`cìoca seitkr, o` pcrtoiuacr rencrmo`n

o`surcìe seitkr c`m seiurotoes fcrbets.

• Estcjaosd o`mepe`me`t c`m prkperay stcllem

supervoskry cutdkroty lkr o`surcìe seitkr.

Yerjoc c`m

Fk`teènrk

• Yerjoc7 Ikfpaete jc`bo`n seitkr

relkrf, o` pcrtoiuacr tde provctozctok`

kl stcte-kwèm jc`bs. Ik`toùe

restruituro`n c`m provctozctok` klo`surcìe seitkr.

• Fk`teènrk7 Cmkpt c`m ofpaefe`t

acw k` o`surcìe supervosok`.

• Bkskvk7 Meveakp icpcioty kl

jc`bo`n seitkr tk prkvome

ikfpetotove jc`bo`n servoies

c`m ak`n-terf ikfpetotovelo`cìo`n.

• E`sure reaocjae c`m elleitove

supervosok` kl jc`bo`n, o`sur-

cìe, c`m pe`sok` o`stotutok`s.

Ykurie7 Cutdkr, jcsem k` Fuaaer-Ge`tsid :88>j.



]de ik`vertojoaoty kl tde Fkrkiic` mordcf, wdoid os ik`vertojae kàylkr iurre`t trc`scitok`s, os cask c` ossue7 luaa o`tenrctok` wotdo` tde EUjc`bo`n fcrbet os `kt ikìeovcjae wotdkut luaa ik`vertojoaoty. Fkrkiikdcs meiomem tk nrcmucaay fkve tkwcrm luaa ik`vertojoaoty c`m tk caakwlreer icpotca fkvefe`ts. Dkwever, tde cutdkrotoes reiknòze tde èem tkstre`ntde` tde seitkr cs c preik`motok` lkr tde suiiesslua aojercaozctok` kl icpotca lakws. ]dey cask lecr tdct icpotca ciiku`t aojercaozctok` fcy aecmtk icpotca laondt c`m ikrruptok`, cs lkreon` jc`bs fcy je usem cs c` ecsyidc`èa lkr icpotca mrco`.

]de idcaae`ne lkr pcrtoiopcto`n o` tde EU jc`bo`n ciquos os mcu`to`n.

]de ncp jetwee` Fkrkiic` c`m EU renuactok` os wome, c relaeitok` kl tde meveakpfe`t ncp jetwee` tde twk e`totoes. O` tde sdkrt terf, ot osmesorcjae tk lkius k` ofpaefe`to`n tde renuactkry relkrfs o` tde :88<jc`bo`n acw. K` tde supervosok` some, c prokroty os tk stre`ntde` tde iremot o`stotutok`s‟ supervosok` moreitkrcte ct tde ie`trca jc`b c`m tk reo`lkrieikkrmo`ctok` kl tde supervoskry cutdkrotoes lkr tde jc`bo`n, o`surcìe, c`mstkib fcrbet kperctok`s. ]de E@X‟s ktder o`strufe`t, two`ò`n, seefsfkre suotcjae tk deap stre`ntde` tde o`mepe`meìe c`m elleitoveèss kl

tde jc`bo`n c`m o`surcìe fcrbets.

Fcrotofe ]rc`spkrt c`m Xkrt Yervoies

Fkrkiik‟s E@X citok` pac` efpdcsozes tde èem tk oìrecse tde ikfpet-otoveèss kl tde fcrotofe seitkr, prkfkte sdkrt sec sdoppo`n, o`trkmuieikfpetotok` o` pkrt servoies, stre`ntde` tde fcrotofe cutdkrotoes, trco`seclcrers wotd rencrm tk sclety c`m tde preve`tok` kl sec pkaautok`, ofpae-fe`t reaevc`t o`ter`ctok`ca ik`ve`tok`s, c`m ik`toùe tk caon` fcrotofe

aenosactok` wotd tdct kl tde Eurkpec` Uòk`. Catdkund ik`verneìe tk EUfcrotofe aenosactok` os iotem cfk`n tde nkcas, tde citok` pac` os `kt spe-ioloi cjkut wdct renuactkry ik`verneìe wotd tde EU ciquos o` fcrotofetrc`spkrt fec`s. O` tde sdkrt terf, ik`verneìe wotd EU fcrotofe renu-actok`s os c mcu`to`n tcsb.< Zenuactok` =855/4<, lkr excfpae, wkuamrequore tde pdcso`n kut kl c`y `ctok`ca restroitok`s tdct reserve tde icr-rocne kl nkkms kr pcsse`ners jetwee` iku`troes tk vesseas layo`n tde`ctok`ca lacn (tde trc`spkrt kl nkkms kr pcsse`ners jetwee` stctes os `kt ikverem jy tdos renuactok`). Exosto`n icrnk-sdcro`n crrc`nefe`ts o` joact-

erca cnreefe`ts wotd `k`-EU iku`troes cre tk je cmgustem kr pdcsem kut ciikrmo`n tk tdos renuactok`. Ol suid cnreefe`ts cre `kt pdcsem kut, tdeydcve tk je jrkundt o`tk ik`lkrfoty wotd EU acw.

Zenuactok` ?5=/>? prkvomes tdct tde icrnk-sdcro`n lkrfuac ik`tcoèmo` tde fcrotofe ikme sdcaa `kt je cppaoem jetwee` EU fefjer stctes kr,

358 Mokp



k` c reioprkica jcsos, jetwee` EU fefjers c`m ktder Krncòsctok` lkrEik`kfoi Ik-kperctok` c`m Meveakpfe`t (KEIM) iku`troes tdct crepcrtoes tk tde ikme. Icrnk-sdcro`n crrc`nefe`ts o` luture joacterca cnree-fe`ts wotd k`fefjer iku`troes woaa je aofotem tk tdkse fefjer stcteswdkse sdoppo`n ikfpcòes wkuam `kt ktderwose dcve c` kppkrtuòty tkpay lkr trcme tk c`m lrkf tde pcrtoiuacr `k`fefjer iku`try. ]dos os rea-evc`t lkr Fkrkiik, wdoid dcs icrnk-sdcro`n sidefes wotd fc`y pcrtèriku`troes.

]de EU lrcfewkrb lkr pkrt servoies refco`s uìaecr, fcbo`n ot mollo-iuat lkr Fkrkiik tk fkve tkwcrm lurtder o`tenrctok`. O` :889, tde

Eurkpec` Xcraocfe`t regeitem tde Eurkpec` Ikffossok`‟s prkpksca lkr cmoreitove k` fcrbet ciiess tk pkrt servoies. ]de Ikffossok`‟s sujseque`t prkpksca, wdoid tk c acrne exte`t reoterctes tde proìopaes o` tde ecraoerversok`, dcs jee` nko`n tdrkund tde aenosactove prkiess.

Ik`lkrfo`n tk tde cjkve set kl renuactok`s woaa je idcaae`no`n lkrFkrkiik o` tde sdkrt ru`. Cmkptok` kl tde EU ciquos ikuam remuie tdefcrbet sdcre kl Fkrkiic` sdoppo`n ikfpcòes, uàess tdey e`ter o`tkstrctenoi caaocìes c`m pcrtèrsdops wotd acrne lkreon` ikfpcòes. ]de

two`ò`n o`strufe`t tderelkre prese`ts tde jest kppkrtuòty tk suppkrt renuactkry relkrfs o` tde sdkrt ru`. ]wo`ò`n ikuam je usem cs c` o`stru-fe`t lkr mesonò`n fecsures tk upnrcme Fkrkiic` sdoppo`n ikfpcòesc`m suppkrt tdeor ellkrts tk kverikfe aojercaozctok` idcaae`nes. O` pkrt servoies, tde @ctok`ca Cneìy lkr Xkrts, tde èw pkrt renuactkry cneìytdct wcs spaot kll lrkf tde @ctok`ca Xkrt Kperctok`s Klloie, ikuam jeè-lot nrectay lrkf c two`ò`n pcrtèrsdop wotd c` EU fefjer stcte tk deapot seiure neùoè o`mepe`meìe c`m icrry kut ots respk`sojoaotoes.

]wo`ò`n wkuam je tde lorst step tkwcrm renuactkry ik`verneìe, csicpcioty èems tk je stre`ntdeèm lkr elleitove ofpaefe`tctok` kl superokr renuactok`s. ]de Zkfcòc` pkrt Ik`stc`tzc prkvomes c` excf-pae kl dkw kpe`èss, ikfjoèm wotd o`stotutok`ca stre`ntdeò`n tdrkundtwo`ò`n c`m tde o`lakw kl lkreon` icpotca, ic` stre`ntde` fcrotofeservoies (jkx <.9).

Xrklessok`ca Yervoies

Irecto`n c` EU ikffk` fcrbet o` tde prklessok`s os c ak`n, iufjerskfe,

c`m stoaa acrneay u`loòsdem prkiess. ]rcmotok`caay, rondts kl estcjaosdfe`t kl ikfpcòes cirkss Eurkpe dcve jee` fkre strk`nay e`lkriem tdc` rondts kl o`movomucas tk fkve wotdo` tde Eurkpec` Uòk` tk suppay servoies. Cs cresuat, lkr c ak`n tofe, acjkr fkjoaoty wotdo` tde Eurkpec` Uòk` wcsfuid wecber tdc` icpotca fkjoaoty c`m nkkms trcme (Fesserao` :883).

Cìdkro`n Yervoies Zelkrf7 ]de Eurkpec` @eondjkrdkkm Xkaoiy c`m Fkrkiik 353



]de Eurkpec` Uòk`‟s cpprkcid tk o`ter`ctok`ca ikkperctok` o` tdecrec kl prklessok`ca servoies c`m tde tefpkrcry fkvefe`t kl prklessok`cawkrbers dcs jee` rctder ik`servctove. ]de Eurkpec` Ikffossok` ic``kt fcbe c NC]Y kller tdct wkuam nk jeyk`m jo`mo`n tde ruaes c`m renuactok`siurre`tay o` lkrie o` tde fefjer stctes, c`m ecid fefjer stcte mrclts otskw` NC]Y kller c`m meiomes k` tde kppkrtuòty c`m sikpe kl èw ikf-fotfe`ts. Cs c resuat, acws c`m renuactok`s nkverò`n lkreon` prklessok`ca

35: Mokp

Jkx <.9

Zelkrf kl Xkrt Yervoies o` Zkfcòc

]de Zkfcòc` pkrt kl Ik`stc`tzc os strctenoicaay akictem k` tde wester` ikcst

kl tde Jacib Yec. Ots meveakpfe`t o` tde 3??8s wcs sakwem jy tde akw aevea kl

pujaoi o`vestfe`t o` o`lrcstruiture c`m o`cmequcte pkrt o`stotutok`s. ]de

Zkfcòc` nkver`fe`t cmkptem c twk-prk`nem cpprkcid tk tcbo`n cmvc`tcne

kl tde pcrtèrsdop wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk` c`m caakwo`n provcte o`vkavefe`t

o` pkrt fc`cnefe`t, wdoid dcm jee` suiiesslua o` skfe Ykutd Cferoic` c`m

Csoc` iku`troes. ]de iku`try fcme exte`sove use kl tde EU two`ò`n feidcòsf tk ofprkve

tde fc`cnefe`t kl tde pkrt c`m stre`ntde` tde cmfoòstrctove struitures o`

tde fcrotofe seitkr. Muro`n :889, tde Ywemosd fcrotofe cmfoòstrctok` deapem

Zkfcòc` cutdkrotoes ofpaefe`t EU aenosactok` c`m jest prcitoies. Yofoacr

fcrotofe sclety prkgeits aem jy tde Uòtem Bo`nmkf were suiiesslua o` Estkòc

c`m Xkac`m.

Jy wkrbo`n iakseay wotd tde Eurkpec` Ikffossok`, cmkpto`n tde trc`spkrt

ciquos ecray, o`vesto`n o` pkrt o`lrcstruiture, c`m eìkurcno`n tde pcrtoiopctok` kl lkreon` pcrtèrs, Zkfcòc oòtoctem tde prkiess kl o`tenrctok` o`tk EU trc`spkrt

ètwkrbs eve` jelkre ot ciiemem tk fefjer stctus. Ot reieovem lo`cìo`n lrkf tde

Eurkpec` Ikffossok`, tde Eurkpec` O`vestfe`t Jc`b, c`m tde Eurkpec` Jc`b

lkr Zeik`struitok` c`m Meveakpfe`t lkr fcgkr o`lrcstruiture prkgeits o` tde

fcrotofe seitkr.

]de Zkfcòc` nkver`fe`t cask stcrtem tde prkiess kl provctozctok`. Ot skundt

estcjaosdem provcte seitkr pcrtèrs tk fc`cne ots pkrt terfo`cas tdrkund tde

ac`makrm pkrt fkmea. ]de Mujco Xkrts ^kram Nrkup, c aecmo`n nakjca pkrt kperc-

tkr, tkkb kver tde fc`cnefe`t kl tde Ik`stc`tzc Ykutd Ik`tcoèr ]erfo`ca o`

Gcùcry :88=. ôtdo` gust twk yecrs, tde ikfpc`y jeicfe tde aecmo`n ik`tcoèr

duj pkrt lkr tde e`tore Jacib Yec.



servoies prkvomers cre eve` fkre deterkneèkus cirkss tde EurkpecÙòk`. ]k cmm tk tde molloiuatoes, jcrroers o` tdese seitkrs cre set acrneay jymkfestoi akjjy nrkups cirkss Eurkpe.

]de sotuctok` o` Eurkpe clleits tde exte`t tk wdoid E@X iku`troes icùse c`y EU ‑ikffk`‖ renuactok` tk cìdkr tdeor kw` relkrfs. O` tdeseseitkrs, tde E@X cs suid os `kt kl fuid deap. Fkrkiik sdkuam seeb tkofprkve ots renuactok`s jcsem k` o`ter`ctok`ca jest prcitoies.

Akibo`n O` Zelkrfs

]dere cre fc`y wcys tk use tde E@X tkkas tk ofpaefe`t renuactkry

relkrf (tcjae <.:). Cs sdkw` cjkve, o` skfe icses, renuactkry ik`ver-neìe ikuam deap cìdkr èemem relkrfs.> Nrcmuca ik`verneìe tk EUrenuactkry stc`mcrms fcbes se`se lkr cor trc`spkrt c`m eèrny”seitkrso` wdoid Fkrkiik èems tk elleitoveay c`m pdysoicaay o`tenrcte wotd


]cjae <.: Zenuactkry Zelkrf Kptok`s lkr Fkrkiik

Yeitkr kr relkrf crec Zeikffe`mctok`s E@X o`strufe`ts

Jc`bo`n

Xrume`toca ruaes ct

stcte-kwèm jc`bs

Nrcmucaay reverse tde pkaoiy

exefpto`n stcte lrkf bey

prume`toca ruaes.

O`ter`ctok`ca

stc`mcrms

Nrcmucaay cmkpt Jcsea OO, O`ter`ctok`ca

Lo`cìoca Zepkrto`n Ytc`mcrms, c`m

O`ter`ctok`ca Ciiku`to`n Ytc`mcrms.

O`mepe`meìe kl tde

ie`trca jc`b

Ytre`ntde` tde Iremot O`stotutok`s

Yupervosok` Moreitkrcte ct tde jc`b,c`m prkvome èiesscry trcoò`n.

]wo`ò`n, lo`cìoca

cssostcìe

Ikkrmo`ctok` kl

supervoskry

cutdkrotoes

Ytre`ntde` ikkrmo`ctok` jetwee`

supervoskry cutdkrotoes lkr jc`bo`n,

o`surcìe, c`m stkib fcrbet

kperctok`s.

O`stotutok`ca meson`s kl

Eurkpec` Uòk` c`m

fefjer stctes

O`surcìe

Nkver`fe`t c`m

pkaotoica pressure

k` renuactkry c`m

supervoskry jkmoes

Ytre`ntde` tde o`mepe`meìe kl tde

O`surcìe c`m Ykioca Yeiuroty

Mepcrtfe`t kl tde Foòstry kl

Lo`cìe jy refkvo`n ot lrkf tdelkrfca struiture kl tde foòstry.

O`stotutok`ca icpcioty

kl supervoskry jkmy

Ytre`ntde` tde o`stotutok`ca icpcioty

c`m stcllo`n kl tde o`mepe`me`t

supervoskry jkmy.

]wo` o`n, lo cìoca

cssostcìe

(ik`toùem)



Eurkpec` ètwkrbs o` tde femouf terf. O` ktder seitkrs, suid cs jc`bo`n,teaeikffuòictok`s, c`m fcrotofe trc`spkrt, renuactkry ik`verneìewotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk` ikuam ct jest je c very ak`n-terf kjgeitove,jeicuse Fkrkiik os ct c` ecray stcne kl fkmeròzo`n ots renuactok`s.Fkrkiik‟s lo`cìoca e`vork`fe`t os stoaa mkfo`ctem jy jc`bs. O` ik`trcst,

35= Mokp

]cjae <.: Zenuactkry Zelkrf Kptok`s lkr Fkrkiik

Yeitkr kr relkrf crec Zeikffe`mctok`s E@X o`strufe`tsAoie`so`n Zeskave tde pkte`toca ik`laoit kl

o`terest irectem jeicuse tde

Ik`suatctove Ikffottee k`

O`surcìe, wdoid pacys c` ofpkrtc`t

cmvoskry rkae o` tde crec kl aoie`so`n,

os fcme up acrneay kl o`surcìe

kperctkrs.

Cor trc`spkrt

Yclety, seiuroty, c`m

ikfpetotok`

dcrfkòzctok`

Ofpaefe`t tde twk-pdcse pac` kl

tde kpe` sboes cnreefe`t wotd tde

Eurkpec` Uòk` ciikrmo`n tk

sidemuae.

]wo`ò`n, espeiocaay o` tde

cvoctok` sclety c`m cor

trclloi fc`cnefe`t

Ik`sufer c`m

e`vork`fe`tca

prkteitok`

Ofpaefe`t tde twk-pdcse pac` kl tde

kpe` sboes cnreefe`t wotd tde

Eurkpec` Uòk` ciikrmo`n tk

sidemuae.

]wo`ò`n7 exidc`ne kl

experoeìes c`m

b`kw-dkw

Fcrotofe trc`spkrt

@ew @ctok`ca Cneìy

lkr XkrtsXroie renuactok`

Iacroly tde rkaes c`m fc`mctes kl

tde @ctok`ca Cneìy lkr Xkrts.Yofpaoly c`m reacx tde proio`n

renuactok`s o` tde pkrt

servoies seitkr.

]wo`ò`n7 lo`cìoca com,

exidc`ne kl experoeìesc`m b`kw-dkw

Ytre`ntde`

ikfpetotoveèss kl

akica ikfpcòes

Xut o` pacie c` upnrcmo`n prknrcf

lkr sdoppo`n ikfpcòes.

]wo`ò`n7 lo`cìoca com,

exidc`ne kl experoeìes

c`m b`kw-dkw

Ciiku`to`n

Emuictok`ca

requorefe`t tk

jeikfe c idcrteremciiku`tc`t

Zemuie ae`ntd kl stumoes (iurre`tay

severca yecrs ak`ner tdc` o`

Eurkpec` iku`troes), c`m cmfotacrner ùfjer kl stume`ts ecid yecr.

Experoeìe sdcro`n

E`try kl lkreon`

ikfpcòes

Cmkpt fkre trc`spcre`t seitkrca

renuactok` rencrmo`n tde e`try kl

lkreon` ikfpcòes o`tk tde seitkr,

reitolyo`n tde exosto`n pde`kfe`k`

kl mucaosf.

Ykurie7 Cutdkr.

(Ik`toùem)



EU renuactok`s oìaume ikfpaex ruaes lkr seiurotoes c`m equotoes fcrbets.Fkrkiik ikuam cmkpt skfe o`ter`ctok`ca stc`mcrms (suid cs Jcsea OO), jut lkr jc`bo`n, cs weaa cs fcrotofe trc`spkrt, nrecter eik`kfoi o`tenrctok`wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk` os pkssojae wotdkut luaa renuactkry ik`verneìeo` tde sdkrt ru`.

O` tde prklessok`s, renuactkry ik`verneìe wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk` csc renok`ca e`toty os o`cpprkprocte, jeicuse EU fefjer iku`troes cre stoaatryo`n tk cnree k` ikffk` pkaoioes c`m `ctok`ca renuactok`s cre stoaa det-erkneèkus. O` tdese seitkrs, Fkrkiik sdkuam je seaeitove cjkut wdoidEU iku`try dcs renuactkry lectures tdct cre suotcjae lkr ot c`m seeb joact-

erca cnreefe`ts wotd tdkse iku`troes. Ct tde scfe tofe, Fkrkiik sdkuamik`toùe tk fkòtkr bey meveakpfe`ts o` tdese seitkrs o` tde EurkpecÙòk`. ]de k`nko`n mosiussok`s k` tde fkjoaoty kl pctoe`ts wotdo` tdeEurkpec` Uòk`, lkr excfpae, ikuam dcve ofpkrtc`t reperiussok`s lkr tdeikfpetotoveèss kl Fkrkiik‟s decatd servoies.

Eve` o` seitkrs o` wdoid offemocte ik`verneìe wkuam `kt je tdefkst cpprkprocte strcteny, Fkrkiik ikuam jeèlot lrkf two`ò`n pcrtèr-sdops wotd EU fefjer stctes tk ofprkve tde qucaoty kl Fkrkiic` o`sto-

tutok`s, espeiocaay ots supervoskry c`m renuactkry jkmoes. ]wo`ò`n os còòtoctove kl tde Eurkpec` Ikffossok` tdct wcs acuìdem o` 3??4 o` tdeik`text kl tde prepcrctok` lkr eàcrnefe`t kl tde Eurkpec` Uòk`. Ot wcsikìeovem cs c` o`strufe`t lkr tcrnetem cmfoòstrctove ikkperctok` tkdeap ic`momcte iku`troes stre`ntde` tdeor cmfoòstrctove c`m gumoiocaicpcioty tk ofpaefe`t Ikffuòty aenosactok` cs luture fefjer stctes kl tde Eurkpec` Uòk`.4

Ofpaefe`to`n Ikfpetotok` Xkaoioes

Xkaoioes nkverò`n ikfpetotok` cask kller idcaae`nes tk Fkrkiik‟s o`tenrc-tok` wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk`. O`ter`ctok`ca trcme c`m eik`kfoi o`tenrc-tok` ic` prkvome jktd tde rctok`cae c`m tde kppkrtuòtoes lkr lorfs tke`ncne o` c`toikfpetotove jedcvokr. O` tde cjseìe kl elleitove ikfpeto-tok` pkaoiy, lorfs ic` ikaaume tk beep mkfestoi c`m lkreon` ikfpetotkrskut kl tdeor fcrbets, iku`tercito`n tde jeèlots kl fcrbet kpeò`n.Fuato`ctok`ca c`m ktder expkrto`n lorfs ic` cjuse tdeor mkfo`c`t pksotok` o` lkreon` fcrbets jy movomo`n tdkse fcrbets cfk`n tdef-seaves. Ferners c`m ciquosotok`s (oìaumo`n tdkse jetwee` lkreon` c`mmkfestoi lorfs) ic` irecte lorfs tdct mkfo`cte speioloi fcrbets.

C reactem ossue os pujaoi com kr speioca trectfe`t tcrnetem tk ofprkvetde perlkrfcìe kl mkfestoi ofpkrt-ikfpeto`n kr expkrto`n lorfs. Yuid




sujsomoes ic` mostkrt ikfpetotok` c`m cre tderelkre reaevc`t ossues tk mos-iuss cs Fkrkiik seebs tk o`tenrcte fkre meepay wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk`.

Ikfpetotok` pkaoioes were oìaumem o` tde Fkrkiik’Eurkpec` Uòk`csskioctok` cnreefe`t sonèm o` 3??<2 tdey dcve jee` o` lkrie soìe:888. Fkrkiik‟s E@X citok` pac` speioloicaay relers tk ofpaefe`to`n tdeprkvosok`s kl tde cnreefe`t o` tdese twk crecs. ]de citok` pac`, dkwever,os `kt speioloi.

Fkrkiik‟s 3??< Ik`stotutok` prkiacofs tde proìopae kl lreemkf tk mkjusoèss. Ot serves cs tde jcsos lkr tde cmkptok` kl Acw 8<-??, k` proio`nlreemkfs c`m ikfpetotok`, c`m ots ofpaefe`to`n meiree.? ]de ikfpeto-

tok` acw estcjaosdes tde proìopaes kl proio`n lreemkf c`m proio`n jcsemk` lree ikfpetotok` c`m speaas kut ioriufstcìes c`m crecs o` wdoid tdenkver`fe`t dcs tde rondt tk o`terveè, oìaumo`n fk`kpkay sotuctok`s,suppay molloiuatoes, aenosactove kr renuactkry prkvosok`s, moscsters kr cj`kr-fca fcrbet sotuctok`s, c`m exiessove proie lauituctok`s.38 Ct tde request kl prklessok`ca krncòzctok`s kr ct tde oòtoctove kl tde nkver`fe`t, proiesfcy je sujgeit tk cpprkvca. ]de acw cask sets kut ruaes k` trc`spcreìy2prkdojots restroitove prcitoies cfk`n eik`kfoi kperctkrs233 prkdojots

ikìertem citok`, cnreefe`ts, u`merstc`mo`ns, kr ikaausove citok` c`m tdecjuse kl c mkfo`c`t pksotok` wde` tde kjgeitove os tk preve`t, restroit, krmostkrt ikfpetotok` (wotd tde exieptok`s kl sfcaa c`m femouf-soze e`ter-proses, cnroiuaturca c`m dc`moirclts ikkperctoves, c`m expkrt prkfktok`)2c`m requores sujfossok` kl eik`kfoi ikìe`trctok` prkgeits aocjae tkpregumoie ikfpetotok` tk tde Ikfpetotok`.

]dese acws cre uselua, jut Fkrkiik‟s Ikfpetotok` Ikuìoa, respk`sojaelkr ofpaefe`to`n tdef, os `kt elleitove. ]de Ikfpetotok` Ikuìoa pacys

c` cmvoskry rkae rencrmo`n ikìe`trctok`, c`toikfpetotove prcitoies,c`m proio`n2 ot dcs `k meiosok`-fcbo`n cutdkroty. Ot fcy je ik`suatemjy Xcraocfe`t2 tde nkver`fe`t2 renok`ca ikuìoas2 urjc` ikffuòtoes2idcfjers kl ikfferie, o`mustry, c`m servoies c`m prklessok`ca idcfjers2trcme uòk` c`m prklessok`ca krncòzctok`s2 c`m ik`sufers‟ csskioctok`s.3:

Ot ic``kt, dkwever, cit k` ots kw` oòtoctove kr ct tde o`stonctok` kl cè`terprose. Zeikffe`mem scìtok`s usucaay lcaa wotdo` tde ikfpeteìe kl tde ikurts. ]de profe foòster fcy, dkwever, meiome `kt tk dcve reikursetk tde ikurts, o`stecm, k` tde reikffe`mctok` kl tde Ikfpetotok` Ikuìoa,

krmero`n tdct tde c`toikfpetotove prcitoies je terfo`ctem wotdo` c speioloemperokm kr ofpkso`n speioca ik`motok`s (^]K :889).

Cs lcr cs o`tenrctok` wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk` os ikìerèm, tdeFkrkiik’Eurkpec` Uòk` csskioctok` cnreefe`t aecves tde preiose ikf-petotok` ruaes tk je meterfoèm jy tde Csskioctok` Ikuìoa.39 Jut uàobe

35< Mokp



fc`y ktder Femoterrcèc` cnreefe`ts, ot expaoiotay relers tk tde ikreaenosactok` kl EU ikfpetotok` c`m stcte com pkaoiy (Crtoiae 9<.9 kl tdecnreefe`t).3= ]dos fec`s tdct prcitoies tdct ru` iku`ter tk Crtoiae 9<.3,wdoid ikvers ikaausove jedcvokr, cjuse kl mkfo`cìe, c`m stcte com, woaaje cssessem k` tde jcsos kl Crtoiaes 43, 4:, c`m 4> kl tde ]recty kl tdeEurkpec` Ikffuòty. ]dos moreit relereìe tk Eurkpec` Ikffuòtyacw fec`s tdct Fkrkiik dcs ikffottem tk cmkpt EU aenosactok` wdere ot ikìer`s ikfpetotok` kr stcte com tdct ikuam tkuid k` trcme wotd tdeEurkpec` Uòk`. ]de tofe lrcfe ofpaefe`to`n tde ruaes os love yecrsclter tde cnreefe`ts e`ter o`tk lkrie (tdct os, :833).

Fkrkiik wkuam nrectay jeèlot lrkf tde E@X tkkas o` tde crec kl ikfpetotok` pkaoiy, jktd renuactkry ik`verneìe c`m two`ò`n. ]de E@Xcitok` pac` os quote speioloi cjkut ikkperctok` wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòkò` tde crec kl ikfpetotok`. Ot icaas lkr ofpaefe`to`n Crtoiae 9<(9) kl tdecsskioctok` cnreefe`t235 exidc`no`n experoeìe c`m b`kw-dkw2 juoamo`ncmfoòstrctove icpcioty lkr tde e`lkriefe`t kl tde ikfpetotok` acw2ome`tolyo`n ktder pkssojae ikkperctok` fecsures (fcrbet c`caysos teid-òques, ik`muit kl ikfpetotok` o`vestonctok`s, ferner ik`trka, mecao`n

wotd mosputes, c`m sk lkrtd)2 meveakpo`n aenosactok` c`m c` e`lkriefe`t feidcòsf ikfpctojae wotd tdkse o` tde Eurkpec` Uòk`2 c`m e`suro`ntde rondt kl cppeca tk o`mepe`me`t ikurts cnco`st c`totrust meiosok`s c`mtde speiocaozem trcoò`n kl gumnes mecao`n wotd ikfpetotok` icses.

Ofprkvefe`t kl tde aenosactove texts c`m tde stre`ntdeò`n kl tdecmfoòstrctove icpcioty c`m meiosok`-fcbo`n pkwer kl tde IkfpetotokÌkuìoa wkuam je nkkm pacies tk stcrt, jeicuse fc`y mosputes kver ikf-petotok` dcve jee` jrkundt jelkre tde ikurts o` reie`t yecrs. Excfpaes

oìaume ik`lusok` c`m mosputes rencrmo`n tde rondt kl e`try kl c èw kper-ctkr o` fcrotofe trc`spkrt, c mospute jetwee` pcrtèrs o` tde retcoao`n sei-tkr, mostrojutok` fk`kpkay ossue o` petrkaeuf prkmuits, c`m cjuse kl cmkfo`c`t pksotok` icse o` cerctem jevercnes.3<

@ktes

3. ]de E@X ikvers c wome rc`ne kl pkaoiy ossues. ]de oòtoctove‟s fkst `kvea c`m

lcr-recido`n cspeit os prknressove pcrtoiopctok` o` tde EU o`ter`ca fcrbet tkirecte c` eik`kfoicaay o`tenrctem spcie wotd pcrtoiopcto`n EU èondjkrs,oìaumo`n Fkrkiik. ]dese iku`troes ic` cmkpt pcrt kl tde ciquos c`m, tdrkundtdos dcrfkòzctok`, sdcre tde jeèlots csskioctem wotd tde reaevc`t eaefe`tskl tde Eurkpec` Uòk`‟s o`ter`ca fcrbet. ]k kperctok`caoze tde E@X, Fkrkiikcmkptem c` E@X citok` pac` o` Kitkjer :885.

Cìdkro`n Yervoies Zelkrf7 ]de Eurkpec` @eondjkrdkkm Xkaoiy c`m Fkrkiik 35>



:. ]de è ac icrte cpprkcid e`tcoas skfe rosbs. O`meem, poeiefeca aojercaozctok`fcy moscppko`t, cs fc`y seitkrs cre iakseay ao`bem. Aojercaozo`n kè seitkr

fcy `kt jro`n tde expeitem jeèlots ol ktders refco` prkteitem.

9. ]de Eurkpec` Ikffossok`‟s èw Eurkpec` @eondjkrdkkm c`m XcrtèrsdopO`strufe`t (E@XO) cask ikvers tde bey ossue kl irkss-jkrmer c`m trc`s`ctok`caikkperctok` jetwee` Fkrkiik c`m tde Eurkpec` Uòk`. ]dos idcpter c`c-ayzes kày tde `k`lo`cìoca o`strufe`ts kl tde E@X.

=. ]de Ik`ve`tok` k` O`ter`ctok`ca Iovoa Cvoctok` (cask icaaem tde IdoicnkIk`ve`tok`) wcs tde lorst cttefpt tk oòtocte c nakjca iovoa trc`spkrt renofe”tdct os, c lrcfewkrb wotdo` wdoid iovoa cor trc`spkrt ikuam meveakp. ]de

Idoicnk Ik`ve`tok` o`trkmuiem òè lreemkfs kl tde cor (lrkf tde rondt tklay cirkss tde terrotkry kl c stcte tk tde rondt tk trc`spkrt icjktcne trclloiwotdo` c lkreon` stcte) lkr stctes tdct cmkptem tde ik`ve`tok` c`m e`terem o`tkjoacterca trectoes tdct fcy nrc`t iertco` rondts kr provoaenes lkr sidemuaem o`ter-`ctok`ca cor servoies. Jeicuse kày tde lorst love ‑lreemkfs‖ dcve jee` klloiocaayreiknòzem jy o`ter`ctok`ca trectoes, tde O`ter`ctok`ca Iovoa Cvoctok`Krncòzctok` ik`somers tde refcoò`n ‑lreemkfs‖ ‑sk-icaaem.‖ ]de lorst lree-mkf os tde rondt tk lay cirkss tde terrotkry kl eotder stcte wotdkut ac`mo`n. ]deseik`m lreemkf caakws pacès tk ac`m o` eotder stcte lkr `k`trclloi purpkses

(lkr excfpae, relueao`n wotdkut jkcrmo`n kr mosefjcrbo`n pcsse`ners). ]detdorm lreemkf os tde rondt tk ac`m o` tde terrotkry kl tde lorst stcte c`m mosef-jcrb pcsse`ners ikfo`n lrkf tde dkfe stcte kl tde coraoè ikfpc`y. ]delkurtd lreemkf os tde rondt tk ac`m o` tde terrotkry kl tde lorst stcte c`m jkcrmpcsse`ners trcveaao`n tk tde dkfe stcte kl tde coraoè. ]de loltd lreemkf os tderondt tk ac`m o` tde terrotkry kl tde lorst stcte c`m jkcrm pcsse`ners trcveaao`nk` tk c tdorm stcte o` wdoid pcsse`ners mosefjcrb (lkr excfpae, c sidemuaemlaondt lrkf tde Uòtem Ytctes tk Lrcìe ikuam poib up pcsse`ners o` tde UòtemBo`nmkf c`m tcbe tdef tk Lrcìe (skfetofes terfem jeyk`m rondts). ‑Jeyk`m

loltd lreemkf‖ noves coraoès tde rondt tk icrry pcsse`ners lrkf c seik`m iku`-try tk c tdorm iku`try. ‑O`terfemocte loltd lreemkf‖ noves coraoès tde rondt tkicrry pcsse`ners lrkf tde tdorm iku`try tk tde seik`m iku`try.

5. Eik`kfoes clleitem oìaumem Caneroc, Crfeòc, Czerjcogc`, Jeacrus, tdeCrcj Zepujaoi kl Enypt, Nekrnoc, Osrcea, Gkrmc`, Aejc`k`, Aojyc, Fkamkvc,Fkrkiik, tde êst Jc`b c`m Nczc, tde Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi, ]uòsoc, c`mUbrcoè. ]wk sujictenkroes cre mosto`nuosdem wotdo` tde loltd lreemkf7 jeyk`mc`m o`terfemocte.

<. ]dese oìaume Zenuactok` =855/4< k` lreemkf tk prkvome servoies tk fcr-otofe trc`spkrt, Zenuactok` =85</4< k` ikfpetotok`, Zenuactok` =85>/4< kù`lcor proio`n prcitoies, c`m Zenuactok` =854/4< k` ikkrmo`ctem citok` tksclenucrm ciiess tk icrnkes.

>. EU ‑acws‖ ikfe o` tde lkrf kl renuactok s (aencaay jo`mo`n lkr caa fefjerstctes upk` e`try o`tk lkrie) c`m moreitoves (neèrca proìopaes tk je trc`s-pksem o`tk ctok`ca acw). ]de luaa ciquos ikffu`cutcore os tde jkmy kl EU acw.

354 Mokp



4. O` tde ik`text kl tde E@X, two`ò`n wcs o`trkmuiem cs c ikkperctokò`strufe`t lkr tde iku`troes kl tde skutd c`m ecst Femoterrcèc` c`m tde

Fommae Ecst (icaaem FEMC iku`troes). FEMC iku`troes aobe Fkrkiikdcve stcrtem tk jeèlot lrkf tde prknrcf. ]de prkiess os sofoacr tk tde kèlkr tde trc`sotok` eik`kfoes7 two`ò`n prkgeit lu`mo`n os nove` tk EUfefjer stctes tk wkrb wotd pcrtèr EU èondjkro`n iku`troes k` o`stotu-tok` juoamo`n (aenosactok`, cmfoòstrctok`, c`m ofpaefe`tctok`) c`m o`lrc-struiture stre`ntdeò`n (systefs c`m equopfe`t). Xrkgeits usucaay acst kètk twk yecrs c`m requore c resome`t two`ò`n cmvoser (prkgeit fc`cner) tkje stctokèm o` tde iku`try lkr tde murctok`. Ydkrt-terf experts lrkf tdeEurkpec` Uòk` prkvome teidòica o`puts tk tde vcrokus ikfpkè`ts.]wo`ò`n dcs jee` very suiiesslua o` Ie`trca c`m Ecster` Eurkpe2 Fkrkiiksdkuam tcbe cmvc`tcne kl tdese kppkrtuòtoes. Jy ecray :884, Fkrkiik dcmsonèm tdree two`ò`n prkgeits wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk`7 kè wotd tdeFoòstry kl E`vork`fe`t, kè tk stre`ntde` tde fcrotofe renuactkry jkmy(tde Moreitok` me ac Fcroè Fcridc`me), c`m kè tk upnrcme c`m dcrfkòzeiustkfs prkiemures.

?. ]de acw, wdoid we`t o`tk elleit o` :883, repacies Acw 884->3 k` proie ren-uactok`s c`m ik`trkas c`m requorefe`ts lkr stkibo`n c`m seaao`n prkmuits

c`m nkkms.38. Exieptok`s tk tde lreemkf kl proie loxo`n exost lkr c aost kl citovotoes. Lkr serv-

oies, proie renuactok` wcs suppksem tk refco` o` lkrie lkr c trc`sotok`ca perokmkl love yecrs cs kl tde mcte kl e`try o`tk lkrie kl Acw 8<-?? (:883). O` lcit,tdey refcoèm o` lkrie lkr twk cmmotok`ca yecrs lkr fc`y prkmuits, c`m ren-uactok` os stoaa o` pacie lkr eaeitroioty2 pcsse`ner c`m lreondt rkcm c`m rcoatrc`spkrt2 mkfestoi cor trc`spkrt kl pcsse`ners2 urjc` pcsse`ner trc`spkrt2poakt c`m tkwo`n servoies o` pkrts2 ikfpuaskry icr o`surcìe2 ikffossokò`n kl o`surcìe o`terfemocroes2 cits jy fomwoves c`m ùrses o` tde provcte seitkr2

pdysoioc`s‟ c`m vetero`croc`s‟ lees2 me`tca surnery2 femoica c`cayses2 c`m aenca, gumoioca, c`m cmfoòstrctove c``ku iefe`ts c`m `ktoies.

33. Xrcitoies meefem restroitove oìaume tde lkaakwo`n7 prcitoies tdct clleit tdeik`sufer‟s lreemkf kl idkoie2 restroit trcme reactok`s cfk`n prklessok`cas (tdekjaonctok` tk prkvome c` o`vkoie c`m tk ikffuòicte proie aosts c`m terfs kl scae, c jc` k` ikfpuaskry foòfuf rescae proies, mosirofo`ctkry prcitoies,relusca tk feet juyers‟ requests c`m toem scaes)2 c`m reacte tk stkrcne kl nkkms (tde acw ikfjcts sfunnao`n c`m speiuactok` jy prkdojoto`n ‑iac`mes-toè stkrcne‖).

3:. ]de Ikfpetotok` Ikuìoa fust je ik`suatem k` renuactkry texts tdct fcyrestroit ikfpetotok`, jelkre tde loxo`n kl proies c`m terfs kl scae, c`m k` tdenrc`to`n kl stcte kr akica cutdkroty com.

39. ]de csskioctok` cnreefe`t irectem lkrfca struitures, suid cs tde CsskioctokÌkuìoa (foòsteroca aevea), wdoid os suppksem tk feet kìe c yecr2 tdeCsskioctok` Ikffottee (seòkr klloioca aevea)2 c`m sujikffottees ct expert

Cìdkro`n Yervoies Zelkrf7 ]de Eurkpec` @eondjkrdkkm Xkaoiy c`m Fkrkiik 35?



aeveas lkr tde elleitove c`m ik`toùem ofpaefe`tctok` kl tde cnreefe`t c`mmosiussok` kl prklessok`ca fctters cs tdey crose.

3=. Csskioctok` cnreefe`ts jetwee` tde Eurkpec` Uòk` c`m Caneroc c`mAejc`k` mk `kt oìaume suid c prkvosok`2 tde Eurkpec` Uòk`‟s cnreefe`tswotd Gkrmc`, ]uòsoc, c`m tde Xcaestoòc` Cutdkroty ik`tco`s sofoacr prkvosok`s.

35. ]dos crtoiae sets kut c ak`n aost kl ruaes tk prkfkte ikkperctok` c`m ikkrmo-`ctok` jetwee` tde pcrtoes o` tde cppaoictok` kl tdeor ikfpetotok` acws tke`sure tdct restroitok`s k` ikfpetotok` mk `kt jakib kr icìea kut tde jeè-lots tdct sdkuam je e`surem lkaakwo`n tde prknressove aojercaozctok` kl trcmejetwee` tde Eurkpec` Ikffuòty c`m Fkrkiik.

3<. Zeactem tk ikfpetotok` pkaoiy, ikkperctok` o` tde loeam kl ik`sufer prktei-tok` os cask icaaem lkr o` tde Citok` Xac`, wdoid cofs tk exidc`ne experoeìec`m b`kw-dkw k` e`lkrio`n Fkrkiic` ik`sufer prkteitok` acw c`m, o` tdelrcfewkrb kl tde reaevc`t sujikffottee, tk mosiuss fecsures ciikfpc`yo`ntde estcjaosdfe`t c`m stre`ntdeò`n kl cmfoòstrctove icpcioty lkr tde ofpae-fe`tctok` kl ik`sufer prkteitok` ruaes.

Zelereìes

Xcua Jumme Ikffuòictok`s. :88<. ‑Estkòc’]eaeikfs Fcrbet.‖ Xcua JummeIkffuòictok`s, Juibetty, Custrcaoc.

Mee, X., c`m @. Mokp. Lkrtdikfo`n. Ikfpcro`n tde Ofpcit kl Aojercaozctok` kl

Jcibjkè Yervoies o` Fkrkiik c`m ]uòsoc. csdo`ntk`, MI7 kram Jc`b.

Eurkpec` Ikffossok`. :885. ]wo`ò`n7 C ]estem Experoeìe o` c Jrkcmer Eurkpec`

Ik`text . Jrusseas, Jeanouf7 Eurkpec` Ikffossok`.

”””. ‑]eaeikfs o` tde Eurkpec` Uòk`.‖ dttp7//ei.eurkpc.eu/o`lkrfctok`

[skioety/pkaoiy/eikff/o`mex[e`.dtf.LEFOYE RLkruf Eurkfïmoterrc`ïe` mes O`stotuts me Yioeìes Ïik`kfoquesV. :88>.

‑]de Zkae kl Jusoèss Yervoies k` O``kvctok`, Xrkmuitovoty, Efpakyfe`t c`mExpkrts kl Ypcòsd, ]urbosd c`m Fkrkiic` Fcùlcituro`n Lorfs.‖ Zesecridrepkrt. LEFOYE, Fcrseoaae, Lrcìe.

OFL (O`ter`ctok`ca Fkètcry Lu`m). :885. Jcacìe kl Xcyfe`ts Ytctostois. csdo`ntk`, MI7 OFL.

Fesserao`, X. C. :883. Fecsuro n tde Iksts kl Xrkteitok` o` Eurkpe. csdo`ntk`, MI7O`stotute lkr O`ter`ctok`ca Eik`kfois.

Fuaaer-Ge`tsid, M. :88>c. ‑]de Eurkpec` Ikffk` Cvoctok` Crec c`m tde êster`Jcabc`s7 Mkfestoi Zelkrfs c`m Zenok`ca O`tenrctok` o` Cor ]rc`spkrt.‖Eurkpec` Ikffossok` c`m kram Jc`b, Klloie lkr Ykutd Ecst Eurkpe, Jrusseas,Jeanouf.

3<8 Mokp



”””. :88>j. ‑Lo`cìoca Yeitkr Zestruituro`n c`m Zenok`ca O`tenrctok` o` tde ester` Jcabc`s.‖ Eurkpec` Ikffossok` c`m kram Jc`b, Klloie lkr Ykutd

Ecst Eurkpe, Jrusseas, Jeanouf.

Zc`ù, Z. :889. ‑Fkjoae Yervoies o` Estkòc.‖ ^krbo`n Xcper 4, XZCTOY Ie`terlkr Xkaoiy Ytumoes, ]caao``, Estkòc.

Zky, F., G. Fcridetto, c`m D. Aof. :88<. ‑Yervoies Aojercaozctok` o` tde @ewNeèrctok` kl Xrelere`toca ]rcme Cnreefe`ts (X]Cs)7 Dkw Fuid Lurtder tdc`tde NC]Y;‖ Ytcll krbo`n Xcper EZYM-:88<-8>, kram ]rcme Krncòzctok`,Neèvc.

\c` Dkkymk`b, Eroi. :885. ‑]de Eurkpec` Xkrt Yervoies Moreitove7 ]de Nkkm kr

tde Acst ]ry; Gkur`ca kl O`ter`ctok`ca Fcrotofe Acw 33(9)7 344’::8. kram Jc`b. :88>c. Fkrkiik‟s Jcibjk e Yervoies Yeitkrs7 Zelkrfs lkr Donder

Xrkmuitovoty c`m Meeper O`tenrctok` wotd Eurkpe. Zepkrt 9?>55. csdo`ntk`, MI7 kram Jc`b.

”””. :88>j. Xkrt Zelkrf ]kkabot7 Elleitove Yuppkrt lkr Xkaoiyfcbers c`m

Xrcitotokèrs, :`m em. ^csdo`ntk`, MI7 ^kram Jc`b.

^]K ( kram ]rcme Krncòzctok`). :889. ]rcme Xkaoiy Zevoew, Bo`nmkf kl

Fkrkiik, Zcppkrt mu Yeirïtcroct . ^]/]XZ/Y/33<. Neèvc7 ]K.

Cìdkro`n Yervoies Zelkrf7 ]de Eurkpec` @eondjkrdkkm Xkaoiy c`m Fkrkiik 3<3







estcjaosdfe`t cjrkcm (fkme 9), c`m fkvefe`t kl `cturca persk`s

(fkme =).3

Ct lorst sondt, tde ik`trojutok` kl servoies tk tde Caneroc` NMX seefs

cj`krfcaay akw. Ct cjkut 98 perie`t, tdos lonure ikfpcres u`lcvkrcjay

wotd tde <8 perie`t cvercne o` fkst meveakpo`n iku`troes (5< perie`t o`

]uòsoc c`m Fkrkiik, <: perie`t o` Yeènca) c`m tde 48 perie`t cvercne

o` meveakpem eik`kfoes (>> perie`t o` Lrcìe) (^kram Jc`b :88>c).

Fkrekver, tdos ik`trojutok` seefs tk dcve meiaoèm kver tofe, lcaao`n

lrkf =? perie`t o` 3??5 tk 99 perie`t o` :885 (lonure >.3). O` lcit, jktd

kjservctok`s cre jocsem jy tde exieptok`ca ik`trojutok` kl lueas (koa c`m

ncs) tk Caneroc‟s NMX. Yervoies cre tde seik`m-fkst ofpkrtc`t seitkr kl tde eik`kfy. Exiaumo`n tde koa seitkr, tdey ciiku`t lkr >8 perie`t kl

Caneroc‟s NMX, up lrkf << perie`t o` 3??5. Uso`n tdos fecsure, tde soze

3<= Icttcèk, Ondoacdroz, Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m cabe`dkrst

c. \caue-cmmem per seitkr

(oìaumo`n koa seitkr), 3??5

cnroiuature9%

servoies

=?%

j. \caue-cmmem per seitkr

(exiaumo`n koa seitkr), 3??5

cnroiuature

34%

o`mustry

3<%

i. \caue-cmmem per seitkr

(oìaumo`n koa seitkr), :885

cnroiuature

?%

o`mustry

54%

servoies

99%

m. \caue-cmmem per seitkr

(exiaumo`n koa seitkr), :885

cnroiuature

3?%

o`mustry

33%

servoies

>8%

o`mustry

=4%

servoies

<<%

Lonure >.3 \caue-Cmmem jy Yeitkr o` Caneroc, 3??5 c`m :885

Ykurie7 K@Y Ytctostoques Eik`kfoque.



kl tde servoie seitkr o` Caneroc ikfpcres lcvkrcjay wotd tdct o` ktder

fommae-oìkfe iku`troes.

Yoìe 3??8, tde servoie seitkr dcs jee` tde lcstest-nrkwo`n seitkr o`

tde eik`kfy. C`ùca nrkwtd ciieaerctem lrkf : perie`t o` 3??5’:888

tk < perie`t o` :888’85 (lonure >.:). ]dos my`cfosf os relaeitem o` tde

fusdrkkfo`n kl sfcaa c`m femouf-soze e`terproses7 O` :883, ikfpcòes

wotd lewer tdc` 38 efpakyees represe`t cjkut ?8 perie`t kl tde juso-

èsses citove o` tde seitkr (tcjae >.3). C`ùca nrkwtd rctes o` lkur seitkrs

(juoamo`n c`m ik`struitok`, retcoa, trc`spkrt c`m ikffuòictok`s, c`m

jusoèss servoies) cre iakse tk kr exieem 38 perie`t.:

]de servoie seitkr os Caneroc‟s mkfo`c`t skurie kl efpakyfe`t (tcjae >.:). ]de seitkr efpakys < foaaok` pekpae”cjkut twk-tdorms kl

tde tktca citove pkpuactok`, ikfpcrem wotd kày 34 perie`t lkr cnro-

iuature c`m 3= perie`t lkr o`mustry. ]de fco` skuries kl efpakyfe`t

cre wdkaescae c`m retcoa trcme (:9 perie`t), pujaoi servoie (:3 perie`t),

c`m juoamo`n c`m ik`struitok` (3? perie`t) (lonure >.9). O` meveakp-

o`n iku`troes, servoies typoicaay mkfo`cte ykutd efpakyfe`t (servoies

ciiku`t lkr 48’?8 perie`t kl ykutd efpakyfe`t o` Acto` Cferoic,

lkr excfpae), cs seitkrs suid cs trcme, dkteas, restcurc`ts, c`m o`lkrfc-tok` c`m ikffuòictok` (OI]) teid`kaknoes kller c fec`s lkr yku`n

pekpae tk e`ter tde acjkr lkrie (OAK :88=). Expc`mo`n servoies os tdus

Yervoies ]rcme cs c` E`no e kl Meveakpfe`t7 Yotuctok` c`m Xrkspeits o` Caneroc 3<5

v c a u

e c m m e m , c ` ` u c a n r k w t d ,

%

’=

’:

8

:

=

<

4

38

3 ? ? 8

3 ? ? 3

3 ? ? :

3 ? ? 9

3 ? ? =

3 ? ? 5

3 ? ? <

3 ? ? >

3 ? ? 4

3 ? ? ?

: 8 8 8

: 8 8 3

: 8 8 :

: 8 8 9

: 8 8 =

: 8 8 5

Lonure >.: C`ùca Nrkwtd o` tde \caue Cmmem kl Yervoies o` Caneroc, 3??8’:885

(perie`t)

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b :88>j.



kè fec`s kl cmmresso`n Caneroc‟s dond ykutd uèfpakyfe`t rcte

(cjkut 98 perie`t lkr pekpae u`mer :5, twoie tde tktca uèfpakyfe`t

rcte). Yervoies cask efpaky c mosprkpkrtok`cte sdcre kl wkfe` o`

@krtd Clroic, ciiku`to`n lkr 55 perie`t kl caa lefcae efpakyfe`t

(wkfe` dkam :< perie`t kl caa servoie seitkr gkjs) (OAK :88>)

(lonures >.= c`m >.5).

3<< Icttcèk, Ondoacdroz, Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m cabe`dkrst

]cjae >.3 Nrkwtd Zctes c`m Xerie`tcne kl Yfcaa c`m Femouf-Yoze E`terproses

o` Caneroc‟s Yervoie Yeitkr, jy Yujseitkr, :88<

Yujseitkr

@ufjer kl

sfcaa c`m

femouf-soze

e`terproses

Xerie`tcne

kl tktca

C`ùca

nrkwtd rcte

(perie`t)

Juoamo`n c`m ik`struitok` 4<,5?8 99.= 3:.9

Zetcoa c`m mostrojutok` ==,<9? 3>.: 33.8

]rc`spkrt c`m ikffuòictok`s :9,:=5 ?.8 ?.:

Yervoies prkvomem tk dkusedkams 34,4<9 >.9 <.?

Dkteas c`m restcurc`ts 35,<98 <.8 <.=

Jusoèss servoies 39,3<> 5.3 39.?Yervoies prkvomem tk tde koa seitkr 3>3 8.8 ”

Lo`cìoca servoies 498 8.8 ”

Zeca estcte servoies >8= 8.8 ”

Yervoies prkvomem tk ikaaeitovotoes 3,54= 8.8 ”

Yujtktca lkr servoies :85,=:9 >4.8 ”

Ktder seitkrs (cnroiuature c`m o`mustry) 59,45? ::.8 ”

]ktca :5?,:4: 388.8 ”

Ykurie7 Foòstäre me ac Xetote et Fkye`è E`treprose et me a‟Crtosc`ct :88<.

@kte7 Mctc cre jcsem k` lorst dcal kl yecr. ” 6 @kt cvcoacjae.

]cjae >.: Urjc` c`m Zurca Efpakyfe`t o` Caneroc, jy Yeitkr, :884

Yeitkr Urjc` Zurca ]ktca

Xerie`tcne

kl tktca

efpakyfe`t

Cnroiuature 989,<9? 3,985,??= 3,<8?,<99 34.3

O`mustry 49?,5<4 =:=,8:9 3,:<9,5?3 3=.:

Yervoies =,3=>,944 3,4=4,3?9 5,??5,5<8 <>.<

Ik`struitok` c`m pujaoi

wkrbs >==,>9> 53:,?<> 3,:5>,>89 3=.:

Ikfferie, ktder servoies,

c`m cmfoòstrctok` 9,=8:,<53 3,995,::< =,>9>,4>> 59.=

]ktca 5,:?8,5?5 9,5>4,:8? 4,4<4,48= 388.8




O` :885, c` estofctem 3.9 foaaok` servoie seitkr efpakyees o` Caneroc

were wkrbo`n o` tde o`lkrfca seitkr”cjkut kè wkrber o` lkur (kè o`

tdree ol pujaoi cmfoòstrctok` os exiaumem). O`lkrfcaoty os pcrtoiuacrayciute o` tde servoie seitkr7 o` 3??<, tde Foòstry kl Acjkr estofctem tdct

tde retcoa seitkr wcs fkst clleitem (95.8 perie`t o`lkrfca efpakyfe`t),

lkaakwem jy ktder servoies (93.> perie`t) c`m ik`struitok` (:5.< perie`t)

(jy wcy kl ikfpcrosk`, ‑kày‖ >.< perie`t kl tde wkrblkrie o` tde o`mus-

troca seitkr os efpakyem jy tde o`lkrfca seitkr) (I@EY :88<).9 ]dos tre`m

seefs tk je nrkwo`n7 o`lkrfca efpakyfe`t nrew ct c` cvercne rcte kl

4.: jetwee` 3??? c`m :889”cafkst twoie tde =.< perie`t c`ùca

nrkwtd rcte kl tktca efpakyfe`t.

]de dond rcte kl o`lkrfcaoty o` tde servoie seitkr fec`s tdct tde juab

kl tde wkrblkrie os `kt prkperay o`surem c`m tde nkver`fe`t mkes `kt

dcrvest caa tde lruots kl nrkwtd o` tde lkrf kl oìkfe tcxes. ]de prkjaef

cask clleits tde cttrcitoveèss kl Caneroc lkr lkreon` o`vestkrs. C survey

spk`skrem jy tde ^kram Jc`b c`m tde Uòtem @ctok`s Meveakpfe`t

Yervoies ]rcme cs c` E`no e kl Meveakpfe`t7 Yotuctok` c`m Xrkspeits o` Caneroc 3<>

repcrtotok` kl efpakyfe`t o` tde servoies seitkr

8

3

3

3

:

9

=

5

4

3:

3?

:3

:9

extrcterrotkroca krncòzctok`s c`m jkmoes

provcte dkusedkams wotd efpakyem persk`s

lo`cìoca o`terfemoctok`

reca estcte, re`to`n, c`m jusoèss citovotoes

eaeitroioty, ncs, c`m wcter

dkteas c`m restcurc`ts

ktder ikffuòty, skioca, c`mpersk`ca servoie citovotoes

decatd c`m skioca wkrb

trc`spkrt, stkrcne, c`m ikffuòictok`

emuictok`

ik`struitok`

pujaoi cmfoòstrctok` c`m mele`se2ikfpuaskry skioca seiuroty

wdkaescae c`m retcoa trcme

Lonure >.9 Yervoie Yeitkr Efpakyfe`t o` Caneroc, jy O`mustry, :88=

(perie`t kl tktca servoies efpakyfe`t)

Ykurie7 OAK :88=.



Xrknrcffe revecas tdct lkr :4 perie`t kl jusoèss exeiutoves c`m pkte`-

toca lkreon` o`vestkrs, ‑u`lcor ikfpetotok` lrkf tde o`lkrfca seitkr‖ os c

fcgkr kjstciae tk o`vestfe`t o` Caneroc (seik`m kày tk ciiess c`m ikst kl

iremot, ct :? perie`t) (^kram Jc`b :88:). Yuiiesslua meveakpfe`t kl

trcme c`m o`vestfe`t woaa requore tcibao`n tde o`lkrfcaoty ossue.

3<4 Icttcèk, Ondoacdroz, Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m cabe`dkrst

cnroiuature

9:%

o`mustry

39%

servoies

55%

Lonure >.= Mostrojutok` kl Lefcae Efpakyfe`t o` @krtd Clroic, :88<

Ykurie7 OAK :88>.

:8.3

:=.=

34.:

3=.4

:=.=:<

sdcre kl cnroiuature

efpakyfe`t

sdcre kl o`mustry

efpakyfe`t

sdcre kl servoies

efpakyfe`t

:88<3??<

Lonure >.5 Lefcae Ydcre kl Yeitkrca Efpakyfe`t o` @krtd Clroic, 3??< c`m :88<

(perie`t)

Ykurie7 OAK :88>.



]rcme o` Yervoies7 C` Ofpkrtc`t jut Klte`Xkkray U`merstkkm Ikìept

Caneroc‟s servoie seitkr os fkstay o`wcrm akkbo`n”tdct os, memoictem tk sct-

oslyo`n tde jcsoi èems kl tde mkfestoi pkpuactok` (lonure >.<). Zetcoa rep-

rese`tem 93 perie`t, trc`spkrt c`m teaeikffuòictok`s :4 perie`t, c`m

juoamo`n c`m ik`struitok` := perie`t kl seitkr kutput o` :885.= Catdkund

tdese seitkrs ic` dcve ofpkrtc`t expkrt pkte`toca (cs sdkw` jy tde sui-

iess cjrkcm kl Ykutd Clroic` retcoa stkres, Enyptoc` teaeikf ikfpcòes,

c`m ]urbosd ik`struitok` ikfpcòes), Caneroc` ikfpcòes dcve sk lcr

ikìe`trctem k` tdeor dkfe fcrbet, strunnao`n tk feet rcpomay nrkwo`nmkfestoi mefc`m.

]knetder wotd tde $3? joaaok` meloiot o` `k`-koa nkkms, Caneroc‟s trcme

meloiot o` tde servoie seitkr, wdoid exieemem $: joaaok` o` :885, wcs

lo`cìem jy $=5.< joaaok` o` koa expkrts (lonure >.>). ]de meloiot o` serv-

oies relaeits rcpom nrkwtd o` eik`kfoi citovoty, cs tde fkst ofpkrtc`t

ofpkrtem servoies (trc`spkrt, e`noèero`n servoies, c`m juoamo`n c`m

ik`struitok`) cre moreit o`puts tk tde prkmuitove seitkr. ]k tde exte`t

tdct ot os sustco`cjae, tdos meloiot os tderelkre c son` kl tde nkkm decatd kl

tde eik`kfy.

Lkr fkst seitkrs, trcme o` servoies refco`s sfcaa. Dkwever, tde mctc

sdkuam je o`terpretem wotd icre. ]rc`spkrt ciiku`ts lkr tde acrnest sdcre kl

Yervoies ]rcme cs c` E`no e kl Meveakpfe`t7 Yotuctok` c`m Xrkspeits o` Caneroc 3<?

wcter c`meèrny

=%servoies o` tde

koa seitkr9%

juoamo`n cìk`struitok

:=%

trc`spkrts c`mteaeikfs

:4%

retcoa93%

dkteas, restcurc`ts,c`m icles

9%

jusoèss

servoies9%

dkusedkamservoies

=%

Lonure >.< Ikfpksotok` kl Caneroc` Yervoie Yeitkr Kutput, jy O`mustry, :885




3>8 Icttcèk, Ondoacdroz, Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m cabe`dkrst

trcme o` servoies (lonure >.4), jut ot os icaiuactem cs c` cssufem loxem sdcre

kl tde vcaue kl nkkms expkrts c`m fcy `kt ciiurcteay relaeit trc`scitok`s.

]de surpaus o` o`surcìe servoies os molloiuat tk o`terpret, nove` tde reac-toveay u`meveakpem stcte kl Caneroc‟s o`surcìe seitkr. Ykfe seitkrs kl votca

ofpkrtcìe tk tde Caneroc` eik`kfy ciikrmo`n tk tde `ctok`ca oìkfe

ciiku`ts cre ikfpaeteay cjse`t lrkf tde trcme stctostois. Lkr excfpae,

wdkaescae c`m retcoa trcme”tde acrnest servoie o`mustry”mkes `kt cppecr

o` tde jcacìe kl pcyfe`ts stctostois. ]dos mkes `kt fec` tdct trcme mkes

`kt tcbe pacie7 e`try k` tde Caneroc` fcrbet kl Icrrelkur c`m ktder lkr-

eon` prkvomers ik`trojutem tk idc`no`n tde mkfestoi mostrojutok` ac`m-

sicpe. ]rcme u`mer fkme 9 os icpturem o` tde iku`try‟s icpotca ciiku`t, `kt ots iurre`t ciiku`t. ]rcme u`mer fkmes : c`m = os dcrm tk quc`toly.

Jetwee` :888 c`m :885, tde nrkwtd kl ofpkrts (:<8 perie`t) c`m

expkrts (:>8 perie`t) wcs cafkst ome`toica (lonure >.?). K` tde expkrts

some, tde lcstest-nrkwo`n seitkrs were o`surcìe (9,>88 perie`t), ikffuò-

ictok` servoies (:,888 perie`t), c`m ikfputer c`m o`lkrfctok` servoies

(3,888 perie`t).5 Nrkwtd kl tde ktder seitkrs relaeits tde nrkwo`n ofpkr-

tcìe kl èw teid`kaknoes c`m tde ictid-up pde`kfe`k` (Caneroc stcrtem

lrkf c very akw jcse c`m tderelkre e`gkys extrefeay dond nrkwtd rctes).

]de scfe seitkrs cre tde lcstest nrkwo`n k` tde ofpkrts some7 ikfputer

c`m o`lkrfctok` servoies (9,988 perie`t), ikffuòictok` servoies (448

perie`t), c`m o`surcìe servoies (==8 perie`t), lkaakwem jy fkre trcmo-

tok`ca seitkrs tdct ik`trojute tk meveakpfe`t, suid cs ik`struitok`

(=98 perie`t) c`m teidòica c`m e`noèero`n servoies (9>8 perie`t).

jcacìe kl Caneroc` servoies trcme jy seitkr, :885, UY$ foaaok`s

’?<3

’>=9

’943

’34<

’333

’:?

’::

4

95=

’3:88 ’3888 ’488 ’<88 ’=88 ’:88 8 :88 =88 <88

trc`spkrt

teidòica servoies

ik`struitok`

trcvea

ktder servoies

ikfputer c`m o`lkrfctok`

ikffuòictok`s

lo`cìe

o`surcìe

Lonure >.> Jcacìe kl ]rcme o` Caneroc` Yervoie Yeitkrs, :885

Ykurie7 OFL :88>.



]rcme u`mer fkme 9 (estcjaosdfe`t cjrkcm) ic` pacy c iruioca rkae o`

prkvomo`n iertco` servoies mkfestoicaay. ]de nkver`fe`t‟s ellkrts tk

eìkurcne o`wcrm lakws kl lkreon` o`vestfe`t, oìaumo`n tdrkund ots pro-

vctozctok` prknrcf, dcs stcrtem tk prkmuie pksotove resuats. O`wcrm lkreon`

moreit o`vestfe`t (LMO) lakws tk Caneroc dcve nrkw` rcpomay, recido`n

$9 joaaok` o` :88< (tcjae >.9). Catdkund tde LMO mctc mk `kt prkvome c`yo`lkrfctok` cjkut tde seitkrca mesto`ctok` kl tde o`vestfe`ts, c`caysos kl

tde aost kl LMO prkgeits fcme cvcoacjae jy tde Eurk-Femoterrcèc`

@etwkrb kl O`vestfe`t Xrkfktok` Cneìoes (C@OFC) sunnests tdct tde

servoie seitkr cttrcitem <: perie`t kl lkreon` o`vestfe`t prkgeits o`

Caneroc o` :88<, up lrkf 55 perie`t o` :885. Kl ikurse, tde ùfjer kl

prkgeits os `kt èiesscroay o`moictove kl tde cfku`ts reieovem. (Fc`y prkg-

eits o` tde servoie seitkr cre fkmest o` sicae.)

]de ikfferie renoster prkvomes cmmotok`ca evomeìe kl tde ofpkr-

tcìe kl LMO tk Caneroc (catdkund ot mkes `kt fecsure tde vkaufe kl

trcme c`m prkvomes o`lkrfctok` cjkut ofpkrts kày).< O` :88<, tde

Ie`tre @ctok`ca mu Zenostre mu Ikfferie aostem 9,:<3 skioïtïs

ïtrc`näres (ikfpcòes wotd c lkreon` fc`cner) c`m 3,3>4 e`treproses

ïtrc`näres skus stctut me persk`è pdysoque (lkreon`-kwèm ikfpcòes),

Yervoies ]rcme cs c` E`no e kl Meveakpfe`t7 Yotuctok` c`m Xrkspeits o` Caneroc 3>3

trc`spkrt

95%

teidòica servoies34%

ik`struitok`

38%

o`surcìe4%

trcvea

4%

ikffuòictok`s

9%lo`cìe

3%

ikfputers c`m

o`lkrfctok`

3%

ktder servoies

3<%

Lonure >.4 Ikfpksotok` kl Caneroc` Yervoie Yeitkr ]rcme, jy O`mustry, :885

Ykurie7 Jc`que m‟Canïroe Juaaeto` Ytctostoques.

@kte7 ]rcme os tde suf kl expkrts c`m ofpkrts.



8

3,888

:,888

9,888

=,888

5,888

<,888

c. Ofpkrts j. Expk

:888 :883 :88: :889 :88= :8858

588

3,888

3,588

:,888

:,588

9,888

:888 :883 :88:

trc`spkrt teidòica servoies ik`struitok` o`surcìe

ikffuòictok`s ktder servoies lo`cìe ikfputer c`m

Lonure >.? Yervoie Yeitkr Ofpkrts c`m Expkrts jy Caneroc, :888’85

Ykurie7 Jc`que m‟Canïroe Juaaeto` stctostoque.

3 > :



]cjae >.9 LMO Lakws tk tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic, jy Eik`kfy, 3??>’:88<

Eik`kfy 3??> 3??4 3??? :888 :883 :88: :889

Caneroc :<8 583 58> =94 3,3?< 3,8<5 <9=

Iyprus =?3 :<= <45 48= <5: :?> 4?3

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl 44> 3,8<5 :,?3? 3,:95 538 <=> :9>

Osrcea 3,<:4 3,><8 :,44? =,9?: 9,8== 3,<=4 9,>=5

Gkrmc` 9<3 938 354 >4> 388 5< =9<

Aejc`k` 358 :88 :58 :?4 :=? :5> :,4<8 Fcatc 43 :<> 4:: <5: 93= ’9>5 ?54

Fkrkiik 3,344 =3> 3,9>< =:9 :,484 =:4 :,=:?

êst Jc`b c`m Nczc 3=? 54 3? >< 53 =3 ”

Yyroc` Crcj Zep. 48 4: :<9 :>8 :85 ::5 348

]uòsoc 9<5 <<4 9<4 >>? =4< 4:3 54=

]urbey 485 ?=8 >49 ?4: 9,:<< 3,89> 3,>5:

]ktca <,==5 <,59: 33,89? 33,39< 3:,443 <,3=> 3=,>8<

Ykurie7 C@OFC :88>.

@kte7 ” 6 @kt cvcoacjae.

3 > 9



up lrkf :,<8= skioïtïs ïtrc`näres c`m 3,3=: e`treproses ïtrc`näres skus

stctut me persk`è pdysoque o` :885. Kl tde lkreon` lorfs estcjaosdem o`

Caneroc, 3< perie`t were decmqucrterem o` tde Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi,

33 perie`t o` Ido`c, 4 perie`t o` tde Crcj Zepujaoi kl Enypt, > perie`t

o` ]uòsoc, c`m < perie`t o` ]urbey (tcjaes >.= c`m >.5).> ]de aojercaozc-

tok` c`m prkfktok` kl trcme wotd ktder meveakpo`n iku`troes o` @krtd

Clroic c`m jeyk`m sdkuam tderelkre `kt je ènaeitem. Iakser c`caysos kl

tde ikfferie renostry os èemem tk ome`toly tde seitkrs (servoies versus

o`mustry) tdct cre fkst kpe` tk lkreon` estcjaosdfe`t.

Fkme =, tde tefpkrcry fkvefe`t kl pekpae tk meaover servoies

cjrkcm, os kl pcrtoiuacr ofpkrtcìe tk meveakpo`n iku`troes tdct dcvec acrne suppay kl acjkr, catdkund tde fkvefe`t kl skfe sboaaem prk-

lessok`cas (suid cs mkitkrs c`m ùrses), eve` tefpkrcry fkvefe`t,

ic` excierjcte sboaas sdkrtcnes o` tde mkfestoi eik`kfy. Lkr fc`y

meveakpo`n iku`troes, wkrbers‟ refottcìes dcve jeikfe c fcgkr skurie

kl oìkfe.

Lkr tde fecsurefe`t kl fkme =, twk prkxoes cre ikffkày usem o`

tde jcacìe kl pcyfe`ts7 wkrbers‟ refottcìes c`m ikfpe`sctok` kl

efpakyees.4 C`caysos kl tdese prkxoes sunnests tdct refottcìes repre-se`t c nrkwo`n skurie kl oìkfe lkr Caneroc. Jetwee` :888 c`m :88=,

refottcìes tropaem, roso`n lrkf $8.4 tk $:.5 joaaok` c yecr, jro`no`n

Caneroc iakse tk e`tero`n tde tkp :8 refottcìes reiopoe`ts o` tde wkram

(^kram Jc`b :88<) (lonure >.38).

3>= Icttcèk, Ondoacdroz, Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m cabe`dkrst

]cjae >.= Dkfe Iku`try kl Lkreon` Ikfpcòes Estcjaosdem o` Caneroc, :88<

Otef

E`treproses ïtrc`näres skus

stctut me persk`è pdysoque Ykioïtïs ïtrc`näres

@ufjer kl jusoèsses 3,3>4 9,:<3

@ctok`caoty kl o`vestkr kr

fc`cner (perie`t)

Ido`c7 5

Lrcìe7 :

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl2 Gkrmc`2

êst Jc`b c`m Nczc2 c`m

Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi7 3=

Fkrkiik7 95

]uòsoc7 =:

Ido`c7 33

Jeanouf c`m Nerfc`y7

Aess tdc` :’9

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl7 4

Lrcìe7 34

Otcay7 5

Fkrkiik7 Aess tdc` 3Ypco`, ]uòsoc, c`m

Uòtem Bo`nmkf7 >

]urbey7 <

Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi7 3<

Ykurie7 I@ZI :88<.



Ytre`ntdeò`n tde Eik`kfy jy Jkastero`n ]rcme o` Yervoies

]dos seitok` mesirojes tde ofpkrtcìe kl e`suro`n ciiess tk elloioe`t serv-oies tk feet tde èems kl tde mkfestoi eik`kfy c`m excfoès tde rkae kl

servoies o` moversolyo`n c`m jkksto`n expkrts. Ot tde` mosiusses relkrfs tk

ofprkve tde elloioeìy kl servoie prkvosok`, oìaumo`n uòacterca fecsures

c`m tde rkae o`ter`ctok`ca cnreefe`ts (joacterca, renok`ca, c`m fuatoact-

erca) ic` pacy o` oskacto`n tde nkver`fe`t lrkf o`terest nrkup pressures

c`m akibo`n o` relkrfs.

Meveakpo`n ]rcme o` Yervoies tk Feet tde Eik`kfy‟s @eemsKpe`èss tk trcme o` servoies, oìaumo`n LMO, os ct tde ikre kl tde relkrf

prknrcf acuìdem jy tde Caneroc` nkver`fe`t. ]de cfjotokus provctozctok`

prknrcf woaa requore ik`toùem o`terest jy lkreon` o`vestkrs, wdoid oòtocaay

sujfottem fkre tdc` c tdorm kl caa joms. ôtd c voew tk cttrcito`n LMO, tde

nkver`fe`t cmkptem aenosactok` tdct e`sures equca trectfe`t kl `ctok`ca

Yervoies ]rcme cs c` E`no e kl Meveakpfe`t7 Yotuctok` c`m Xrkspeits o` Caneroc 3>5

]cjae >.5 Excfpaes kl Lkreon` Yervoie Xrkvomers Estcjaosdem kr O`vesto`n o` Caneroc

Yeitkr Ikfpcòes

]kurosf, restcurc`ts,

c`m trc`spkrt

Ciikr, IOY, IFC INF, Emmcr-Yomcr, Lcbo, Lrc`s Fccs,

Fcrroktt, Xkrteb, Suoib, Ycrcyc, Ytcrwkkm, Ywosspkrt,

\ekaoc

Jc`bo n c`m o`surcìe Cfacb, Cttogcro clc Jc`b, Jc`ques Xkpuacores, Joct, Jakf

Jc`b, JFIE, J@X Xcrojcs Icrmol, Jro`bs, J]EO, Jyjaks

Jc`b, Icayk`, Ieteaef, Iotojc`b, Ik`trka Zosbs, Efccr

Xrkpertoes, Lrc`scjc`b, Nrcs Ycvkye, DYJI, @ctexos

Ywossikrp, @etik`seoa, Xrume`t, Ycacf Jc`b, Ykioïtï

Nï`ïrcae, ]uòsoe Aecso`n, UOJ

]eaeikfs c`m pkstca servoies Caictea, Jkuynues, Idrk`kpkst, Enypt ]eaeikf,Ea ^ctcòc, Eforcte ]durcyc, Lrcìe ]eaeikf, Krcsikf,

Fk`cik ]eaeikf, Fktkrkac, Zepujaoi kl Bkrec ]eaeikf,

UXY, W]E

Juso ess servoies c`m reca estcte Ie tury :3, Ikfete E`noèero`n, Mosikvery O`lkrfc-

toque, OJF, AMF @etwkrbs, @kveaa, Xrkfkscak`s, \ovek,

ô`b Nakjca \e`tures

^dkaescae c`m retcoa c`m

mostrojutok`

Jroikrcfc, Icrrelkur, Lrc`prox

Ik`struitok` c`m pujaoi wkrbs IO]OI/IZII, Ikgcca, Messcu Ykpro`, Euzejokse Loadks,

YcnejctEèrny, wcter mostrojutok`, c`m

e`vork`fe`t

Epur, Neomc, Neèrca Eaeitroi, Femoterrcèc`

E`vork`fe`tca Yervoies, Yknrecd, Yuez

Ykurie7 C@OFC :88>.

@kte7 Jcsem k` meiacrem LMO prkgeits lkr :88=’8<.



c`m lkreon` o`vestkrs c`m prkvomes skfe nucrc`tees wotd rencrm tk tde repc-

troctok` kl icpotca. ]dese acws were suppaefe`tem jy tde rctoloictok` kl c

ùfjer kl o`ter`ctok`ca o`vestfe`t trectoes. Jeyk`m ciiess tk icpotca, ot os

o` tde nkver`fe`t‟s o`terest tk e`sure tdct tde vcst seitkrs kl tde Caneroc`

eik`kfy tdct cre provctozem refco` vocjae c`m jeikfe fkre ikfpetotove.

Elloioe`t kperctok` kl tdese provctozem ikfpcòes os o` tde jest o`terest kl

Caneroc` ik`sufers.

]dos ofperctove cppaoes o` pcrtoiuacr tk tde servoie seitkr, wdoid os stoaaidcrciterozem jy tde strk`n preseìe kl stcte-kwèm e`terproses, wdoid

efpakyem :58,888 pekpae o` :885. ôtd cjkut dcal kl tde e`terproses

tdct cre tk je provctozem o` tde servoie seitkr, tde irectok` kl c jusoèss-

lroe`may e`vork`fe`t os pcrtoiuacray èiesscry o` tdos seitkr tk cttrcit lkr-

eon` o`vestkrs (lonure >.33).

Fkst kl tde prokroty seitkrs seaeitem u`mer Caneroc‟s cfjotokus o`vest-

fe`t prknrcf cre o` servoies. ]dey lcaa u`mer lkur rujrois7

• Ofprkvefe`t kl aovo`n ik`motok`s7 dkuso n, emuictok`, trcoò n, decatd,

wcter mostrojutok`, ykutd c`m spkrts, iuature, eèrny mostrojutok`, ikf-

fuòictok`, skioca servoies, e`vork`fe`t servoies

• Meveakpfe`t kl jcsoi o`lrcstruitures7 trc`spkrt, pujaoi wkrbs, wcter

suppay

3>< Icttcèk, Ondoacdroz, Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m cabe`dkrst

8

588

3,888

3,588

:,888

:,588

9,888

3 ? ? 8

3 ? ? 3

3 ? ? :

3 ? ? 9

3 ? ? =

3 ? ? 5

3 ? ? <

3 ? ? >

3 ? ? 4

3 ? ? ?

: 8 8 8

: 8 8 3

: 8 8 :

: 8 8 9

: 8 8 =

Lonure >.38 ^krber Zefottcìes c`m Fec` ^cnes kl Caneroc`s ]efpkrcroay

^krbo`n Cjrkcm, 3??8’:88=

(UY$ foaaok`s)

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b :88<.



• Yuppkrt tk eik`kfoi meveakpfe`t7 tkurosf, sfcaa c`m femouf-soze

e`terproses

• Meveakpfe`t c`m fkmeròzctok` kl pujaoi servoies7 pkstca servoies,èw o`lkrfctok` c`m ikffuòictok` teid`kaknoes, gustoie, trcme.

]rcme dcs c` ofpkrtc`t rkae tk pacy o` ofprkvo`n tde prkmuitovoty kl

pujaoi spe`mo`n o` caa kl tdese seitkrs. O` ik`struitok`, pujaoi kperctkrs

(9> e`terproses) cre u`mer jumnetcry ik`strco`t, c`m tde provcte seitkr os

nrkwo`n rcpomay tk sctosly tde dond mefc`m. Lkreon` servoies prkvomers

dcve pacyem c bey rkae o` tde sustco`cjoaoty kl tde o`vestfe`t prknrcf7

donday ikfpetotove Idoèse ikfpcòes dcve wk` fc`y ik`struitok`

mecas, c`m c ùfjer kl ikfpcòes lrkf tde Fommae Ecst c`m ]urbey dcve

jee` seaeitem tk prkfkte kr ofpaefe`t tde prkgeits.

]rcme ikuam ik`trojute tk ofprkvo`n tde qucaoty c`m elloioeìy kl serv-

oies tdct cre irotoica tk prkmuitovoty. Caneroc‟s servoie seitkr os mkfo`ctem

jy foirke`terproses (klte` lcfoay kwèm) tdct sdkw aottae speiocaozctok`.

Yervoies ]rcme cs c` E`no e kl Meveakpfe`t7 Yotuctok` c`m Xrkspeits o` Caneroc 3>>

ik`struitok` c`m

pujaoi wkrb servoies

3>%

moverse

servoies

5%

renok`ca

EXA-YNX

93%

cnrk-jusoèss3<%

somerurny c`m

fetcaurny

5%

ik`struitok`

fcterocas

>%

eaeitroi c`m

eaeitrkòi

o`mustroes

:%

fcùlcituro`n

o`mustroes

38%

feidcòica

o`mustroes

=%

foès c`m icrroers3% pdcrfcieutoica c`m

idefoica o`mustroes

:%

Lonure >.33 Caneroc` Lorfs Yactem lkr Xrovctozctok`, jy Yeitkr

Ykurie7 Foòstäre me ac Xcrtoiopctok` et me ac Xrkfktok` mes O`vestossefe`ts :88<.

@kte7 ]de jacib senfe ts represe`t tde servoie seitkrs (renok`ca E`treproses Xujaoques Akicaes Ykioetïs me

Nestok` mes Xcrtoiopctok`s).



Kpeò`n tk o`ter`ctok`ca ikfpetotok` ikuam prkfpt ikìe`trctok` c`m

restruituro`n, caakwo`n tde resuato`n uòts tk recid tde soze èiesscry tk

jeèlot lrkf eik`kfoes kl sicae. ]dos prkiess sdkuam je ciikfpcòem jy

cpprkprocte renuactkry relkrfs, suid cs e`suro`n ikfpetotok` k` tde

mkfestoi fcrbet, ofprkvo`n tde jusoèss e`vork`fe`t, c`m lcioaotcto`n

ciiess tk iremot.

]de cvcoacjoaoty kl ikfpetotove, dond-qucaoty servoies lrkf lkreon`

skuries ic` cask deap stre`ntde` tde jusoèss e`vork`fe`t. Zestroitok`s k`

trcme suid cs `ctok`caoty requorefe`ts ic` ofpeme ciiess tk cpprkprocte

aenca servoies c`m mosikurcne tde retur` kl expctrocte acwyers (jkx >.3).

U`mer tde Eurkpec` Uòk`‟s Ytctutkry Cumot Moreitove c`m tde UòtemYtctes‟ Ycrjcès-Kxaey Cit, fuato`ctok`ca lorfs cre jku`m tk use o`ter`c-

tok`ca stc`mcrms lkr ciiku`to`n. Cjse`t tde cvcoacjoaoty kl mkfestoi

ciiku`tc`ts luaay qucaoloem tk cumot ciiku`ts o` ciikrmcìe wotd tdese

stc`mcrms, mkfestoi sujsomocroes kl fuato`ctok`cas dcve tk kutskurie tdese

servoies. ]de kperctok` kl fuato`ctok`cas tdus mepe`ms k` c renuactkry

renofe tdct lcioaotctes ciiess tk lkreon` ciiku`to`n servoies (wdoid ikuam

fec` caakwo`n lkreon` ciiku`to`n lorfs tk estcjaosd klloies o` Caneroc).

Oìrecsem trcme ikuam deap sctosly tde nrkwo`n mefc`m lkr c acrner c`mfkre moversoloem suppay kl servoies. Cjse`t trcme, èw reskuries (dufc`

c`m icpotca) wkuam dcve tk je memoictem tk servoies tdrkund trcoò`n

(wdoid klte` tcbes tofe) c`m jy sdolto`n reskuries lrkf ktder citovotoes.

]dus, reayo`n wdkaay k` mkfestoi skuries kl servoies ic` irecte jkttae-

èibs c`m neèrcte o`lactok`cry pressures.

Zoso`n proies o` dkuso`n (ik`struitok`), trc`spkrtctok`, c`m ikffuò-

ictok` sunnest tde èem lkr fkre nkver`fe`t ctte`tok` tk ofprkvo`n tde

renuactkry lrcfewkrb, cs mkfo`c`t suppaoers wkuam ktderwose tcbe cmvc`-tcne kl tdeor fcrbet pkwer (tcjae >.>). Zcpom eik`kfoi nrkwtd klte`

resuats o` tde ofpkrt kl servoies (wdere perfottem), wdoid tde` meieaerctes

kver tofe cs mkfestoi suppaoers ikfe k` strecf (cssufo`n tde jusoèss

e`vork`fe`t os ik`muiove). O` c tdorm pdcse, mkfestoi suppaoers expkrt

tdeor servoies, lorst tk ktder meveakpo`n iku`troes ct c` ecraoer stcne kl

meveakpfe`t c`m tde` tk tde rest kl tde wkram.

ôtd dond nrkwtd kver tde pcst meicme, Caneroc` ik`sufers dcve

remuiem tde sdcre kl tdeor expe`motures k` lkkmstulls wdoae oìrecso`n

tde sdcres k` dkuso`n c`m femoica icre (tcjae >.<). Dkwever, c luaa trc`-sotok` tk c meveakpem eik`kfy ik`sufptok` fkmea (c`m c servoies-

mrove` eik`kfy, o` wdoid servoies represe`t fkre tdc` 48 perie`t kl

NMX), os stoaa lcr lrkf jeo`n cidoevem7 spe`mo`n k` emuictok` c`m e`ter-

tco`fe`t, trc`spkrtctok` c`m ikffuòictok`s, c`m ktder servoies

refco`s very akw ikfpcrem wotd Lrcìe, lkr excfpae, eve` tdkund skfe

3>4 Icttcèk, Ondoacdroz, Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m cabe`dkrst



Yervoies ]rcme cs c` E`no e kl Meveakpfe`t7 Yotuctok` c`m Xrkspeits o` Caneroc 3>?

Jkx >.3

Fossem Kppkrtuòtoes o` tde Caneroc` Aenca Fcrbet

]de Caneroc` aenca fcrbet refco s idcrciterozem jy tde prklusok` kl o`movomuca kr

lcfoay acw prcitoies c`m tde cjseìe kl speiocaozctok`, wotd tde exieptok` kl skfe

fcrotofe acwyers. ]dere cre lew re`kwèm jusoèss acwyers, c prkjaef reikn-

òzem jy lkreon` o`vestkrs, trcme pcrtèrs, c`m acw lorfs tdct requore akica expertose

lkr seiuro`n o`ter`ctok`ca trc`scitok`s. ]de prkjaef fcy pcrtay relaeit tde lcit tdct

aenca emuictok` o` Caneroc os cvcoacjae kày o` Crcjoi, aofoto`n tde ufjer kl acwyers

icpcjae kl mecao`n wotd o`ter`ctok`ca ik`trcits c`m ktder ossues tdct requore spe-iocaozem terfo`kakny o` c lkreon` ac`nucne. Caneroc iku`ts :8,888 acwyers, wdoid os

o`sulloioe`t tk feet tde iku`try‟s èems. O` pcrtoiuacr, eik`kfoi nrkwtd, relkrfs,

c`m provctozctok`s irectem c acrne mefc`m lkr ikrpkrcte acwyers tdct ikuam `kt je

sctosloem jy mkfestoi lorfs.

]de aenca prklessok` os stroitay renuactem o` Caneroc. Lkreon` acwyers ic``kt je

renosterem o` tde Krmre mes Cvkicts (c` exieptok` exosts lkr :8 iku`troes tdct

sonèm reioprkioty cnreefe`ts wotd Caneroc, jut tdese cnreefe`ts cre `kt cawcys

ofpaefe`tem ikrreitay). ]de prklessok` kl aenca iku`sea refco`s u`renuactem, jutkày kè lkreon` acw lorf dcs sk lcr estcjaosdem c` klloie o` Caneroc (tde Lreìd lorf

Nome Akyrette @kuea, wdoid kpeèm c` klloie o` :889, decmem jy c` Caneroc`). ]de

U.Y. lorf ]dkfpsk` c`m Bòndt AAX dcs c` csskiocte klloie o` Canoers (estcjaosdem

fkre tdc` 48 yecrs cnk)2 tde tcx speiocaost BXFN cask kperctes o` Caneroc. Ot os

uìaecr wdetder tdos aofotem preseìe kl lkreon` lorfs relaeits tde acib kl o`terest kr

renuactkry kjstciaes tk trcme.

]de jc` k` lkreon` acwyers dcs `kt preve`tem tdef lrkf cmvoso`n iaoe`ts k`

c ufjer kl fctters pertcoò`n tk Caneroc. ]de lorf kl Me`tk` oame Ycpte dcs k

klloioca preseìe o` Caneroc, jut ot dcs cmvosem c ufjer kl iaoe`ts o` tde koa c`m e`-

erny seitkrs. @krtk` Zkse cits lkr c wome vcroety kl renok`ca c`m o`ter`ctok`ca

iaoe`ts o` tde koa c`m ncs, teaeikffuòictok`s, tkjciik, eèrny c`m utoaotoes, sdop-

po`n, c`m lo`cìoca servoies seitkrs. Derjert Yfotd AAX dcs c` Caneroc` acwyer o` ots

Xcros klloie, wdere ots Clroic prcitoie os jcsem. Ot jkcsts strk`n foò`n c`m eèrny

icpcjoaoty wotd iaoe`ts c`m dcs c fcgkr prcitoie o` o`lrcstruiture wkrb. Akveaas rep-

rese`ts iaoe`ts o` tde koa, ncs, c`m eèrny seitkrs. dote c`m Icse refco`s citove o`

Caneroc o` teaeikffuòictok`s.

O` suf, stroit `ctok`caoty requorefe`ts dcve `kt preve`tem trcme lrkf kiiur-

ro`n. Ot dcs, dkwever, preve`tem tde jeèlots lrkf ciiruo`n tk akica acwyers. Ykfe

Caneroc` acwyers kpercte kut kl tde Xcros klloies kl fcgkr lorfs, cmmo`n tk tde akss

kl dufc` icpotca c`m akica expertose. Ktder lorfs kpercte lrkf tdeor decmqucrters

o` tde Uòtem Ytctes kr Eurkpe.

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ eacjkrctok` jcsem k` Aenca 588.



servoies, suid cs teaeikffuòictok`s, dcve experoeìem strk`n proie

oìrecses kver tofe (tcjae >.>).

Nove` tde ofpkrtcìe kl lkkmstulls c`m iaktdo`n o` dkusedkam spe`m-

o`n, tde relkrf kl tde mostrojutok` seitkr woaa je c bey ikfpkè`t kl mevea-

kpfe`t o` Caneroc. ]dos seitkr cask prkvomes c nkkm excfpae kl tde rkae

tdct trcme ic` pacy o` feeto`n tde idc`no`n èems kl tde pkpuactok`. U`toa

reie`tay, Caneroc mom `kt dcve c fkmer` mostrojutok` seitkr7 sfcaa retcoa

348 Icttcèk, Ondoacdroz, Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m cabe`dkrst

]cjae >.< Dkusedkam Ype`mo`n o` Caneroc, Fkrkiik, ]uòsoc, c`m Lrcìe, jy Yeitkr

(perie`t)

Yeitkr

Caneroc Fkrkiik

:883

]uòsoc

:888

Lrcìe

:8893?44 :888

Lkkmstulls, jevercnes,

c`m tkjciik 5:.5 ==.< =3.9 94.8 3>.>

Iaktdo`n c`m sdkes 4.: 4.< =.4 33.3 =.5

Dkuso`n >.> 39.< ::.3 :3.5 :=.3

Luròture =.> 9.= 9.4 ” 5.?

Decatd c`m femoica icre :.3 <.9 >.< 38.8 9.>

]rc`spkrtctok` c`m

ikffuòictok`s 33.= ?.= >.5 ?.> 3>.3

Emuictok` c`m

e`tertco`fe`t =.= 9.? 9.< 4.> 3>.:

Ktder nkkms c`m servoies 4.4 38.= ?.9 3.8 ?.>

Ykurie7 Ytctostoica o`stotutes kl Caneroc, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc c`m Eurkstct.

@kte7 ” 6 @kt cvcoacjae.

]cjae >.> Cvercne Xerie`tcne Idc`ne o` Ik`sufer Xroie O`mex lkr Yeaeitem Nkkms

c`m Yervoies, :883’85

Yeitkr :883 :88: :889 :88= :885

Lkkmstulls, jevercnes,

c`m tkjciik 5.5 8.9 9.? 9.> ’8.>

Iaktdo`n c`m sdkes 9.< 3.8 8.8 8.9 8.:

Dkuso`n :.= 8.8 3.> 3.> 39.=

Luròture :.8 8.= ’8.= ’8.: ’8.9

Decatd c`m femoica icre <.4 :.< 3.8 8.8 3.3

]rc`spkrtctok` c`m

ikffuòictok`s 9.9 :.? 5.< 38.> ?.4Emuictok` c`m

e`tertco`fe`t 8.9 3.8 8.: 8.4 8.9

Ktder servoies 9.3 5.4 8.= 9.< 8.8

Neèrca o`mex =.: 3.= :.< 9.< 3.<

Ykurie7 OFL :88>.



sdkps c`m fcrbets refcoèm premkfo`c`t. Ykfe oòtoctoves tk meveakp

acrner sdkps ( supïrettes kl :58’=88 squcre feters) o` tde 3?<8s c`m 3?>8s

(Ncaeroes Canïroe`ès) c`m tde 3?48s (Ykubs ea-Leaacd) were u`suiiesslua

c`m aem tk iaksures o` tde 3??8s. Cttrcitem jy c fcrbet kl 99 foaaok` ik`-

sufers, Icrrelkur c`m Cuidc` (Lreìd retcoa ikfpcòes) o`vestem o`

Caneroc (jkx >.:).

Xrkfkto`n Eik`kfoi Moversoloictok` c`m Expkrt Nrkwtd]rcme o` servoies os ct tde decrt kl tde nkver`fe`t‟s ellkrts ct moversoloic-

tok`. Caneroc‟s mepe`meìe k` lueas, wdoid represe`t fkre tdc` ?4 perie`t

kl expkrts c`m dcal kl NMX, rcoses questok`s cjkut tde sustco`cjoaoty kl nrkwtd o` tde femouf terf. ]de nkver`fe`t cofs tk jkkst eik`kfoi

nrkwtd c`m cttrcit LMO o` ktder seitkrs. Yervoies dcve c bey rkae tk pacy

tkwcrm tdos e`m. Oìrecso`n servoie expkrts ikuam cask deap remuie Caneroc‟s

Yervoies ]rcme cs c` E`no e kl Meveakpfe`t7 Yotuctok` c`m Xrkspeits o` Caneroc 343

Jkx >.:

Lreìd E`try o`tk tde Caneroc` Yuperfcrbet Yeitkr ]de lorst Icrrelkur superfcrbet kpeèm o` Canoers o` Gcùcry :88<. ]de 9,888-squcre

feter (:>4.> squcre lkkt) stkre fet wotd offemocte suiiess, wotd tdkusc`ms kl voso-

tkrs mcoay. ]de nrkup os pac`ò`n tk kpe` 34 superfcrbets o` Caneroc jy :83:.

Estcjaosdfe`t kl tde oòtoca stkre jeèlotem Caneroc o` vcrokus wcys7

• Ot jrkundt o` moreit o`vestfe`t kl ₡9 foaaok`, irectem 958 moreit gkjs, c`m

oìrecsem dufc` icpotca tdrkund aecrò`n-jy-mko`n c`m trcoò`n.

• Ot irectem tdkusc`ms kl o`moreit gkjs, jeicuse >8 perie`t kl tde prkmuits ot

seaas cre prkmuiem akicaay.

• Ot prkvomem ik`sufers wotd ciiess tk donder-qucaoty prkmuits ct c akwer

proie.

• Ot irectem spoaakver elleits o` tde lkkm c`m cnroiuature c`m tde ik sufer nkkms

(wdote nkkms) seitkrs, cs prkmuiers cmgustem tdeor prkmuitok` stc`mcrms (pcib-

cno`n, qucaoty, c`m sk lkrtd) tk feet Icrrelkur‟s stc`mcrms, pkssojay caakwo`n

tdef tk stcrt expkrto`n tdeor prkmuits tk Lrcìe kr ktder iku`troes.

Icrrelkur‟s o`vestfe`ts sdkuam cask irecte spoaakver elleits tdrkund ikfpeto-

tok`, lurtder o`vestfe`t, c`m tde eferneìe kl mkfestoi ikfpetotkrs. Jcrroers

tk tde meveakpfe`t kl akica oòtoctoves”suid cs refcoò`n ik`strco`ts k` tde

meveakpfe`t kl ikfferioca reca estcte”sdkuam je aoltem tk e`sure tdct tde luaa

jeèlots cre recpem.



mepe`meìe k` Eurkpe c`m tde Uòtem Ytctes lkr expkrt fcrbets, nove`

tde ofpkrtcìe kl trcme o` servoies lakws o` tde Fcndrej c`m jeyk`m.

]rcme stctostois k` expkrts cre neèrcaay `kt metcoaem kr ciiurcte e`kund

tk nove c iaecr omec kl tde expkrt pkte`toca c`m ikfpcrctove cmvc`tcnes kl tde

servoie seitkrs. Cèimktca evomeìe kl suiiess stkroes sdkuam je tde stcrto`n

pko`t lkr irclto`n seitkrca expkrt strctenoes, beepo`n o` fo`m tde ofpkrtcìe

kl reputctok`, dufc` icpotca, c`m `cturca e`mkwfe`ts. Ot ikuam cask je use-

lua tk akkb ct suiiess stkroes o` èondjkro`n iku`troes c`m mrcw aessk`s lrkf

tdef lkr Caneroc. ]de trcme pkte`toca kl tde servoie seitkrs ome`toloem jy tde

nkver`fe`t cs prokrotoes o` tde nrkwtd prknrcf sdkuam je ik`lorfem, sk tdct

tde trcme mofe`sok` kl tdese seitkrs os `kt ènaeitem. C trcme strcteny sdkuamje eacjkrctem o` pcrcaaea, wotd c voew tk fcbo`n tde nkver`fe`t‟s ellkrts sus-

tco`cjae (trcme oìkfes ikuam suppaefe`t pujaoi spe`mo`n).

Cfk`n tde prokroty seitkrs ome`toloem jy tde nkver`fe`t, tkurosf os tde

fkst kjvokusay trcme kroe`tem (caa expe`ses jy lkreon` tkurosts iku`t cs

expkrts u`mer fkme :). Lkr tde perokm :885’8?, tde Ikfpaefe`tcry

Xrknrcf tk Yuppkrt Nrkwtd (Xrknrcffe ikfpaïfe`tcore me skutoe` è ac

irkosscìe RXIYIV) caakictem MC9.: joaaok` tk tde seitkr. O` :88=, tde

Foòstry kl ]kurosf dcs ome`toloem 3=< zkès m‟expc`sok` tkurostoques c`macuìdem c seitkrca meveakpfe`t strcteny cofem ct jetter expakoto`n tde

iku`try‟s `cturca c`m iuaturca e`mkwfe`ts, ofprkvo`n tde qucaoty kl serv-

oies c`m tde reputctok` kl tde iku`try, c`m redcjoaotcto`n dkteas. Ciikrmo`n

tk tde foòstry, tde seitkr iku`ts fkre tdc` 988 o`vestfe`t prkgeits2 lkr-

eon` prkvomers oìaume Ciikr, Ca Dcfem, Emmcr-Yomcr, Fcrroktt, c`m

Ytcrwkkm. ]dese ellkrts dcve jee` suppkrtem jy reèwem o`terest jy Conae

Czur, Cor Lrcìe, Caotcaoc, Jrotosd Corwcys, Aultdc`sc, c`m Sctcr Corwcys o`

layo`n tk Caneroc.Nove` Caneroc‟s soze, akictok`, ikcst aoè, o`lrcstruiture, c`m mesert, ots

pkte`toca lkr tkurosf os sujstc`toca. ]dos pkte`toca refco`s acrneay

u`tcppem, dkwever. O` :885, 3.= foaaok` pekpae vosotem Caneroc, krono`ct-

o`n profcroay lrkf Lrcìe (9= perie`t), ]uòsoc (:? perie`t), Aojyc, Yyroc,

c`m Enypt. C bey tk tde meveakpfe`t kl tkurosf woaa je lo`mo`n tde rondt

òides. ]de iku`try‟s mesert c`m iuaturca cssets seef tk je pcrtoiuacray

prkfoso`n o` tdos rencrm. C ùfjer kl relkrfs cre èiesscry, dkwever, tk

uàecsd tdos pkte`toca. Lkr excfpae, 48 perie`t kl dkteas mk `kt feet

o`ter`ctok`ca `krfs, c`m tdere os c sdkrtcne kl sboaaem prklessok`cas.?

]de èw teid`kaknoes kl o`lkrfctok` c`m ikffuòictok` dcve cask

jee` ome`toloem cs c prokroty. ]dos seitkr dcs prkve` c` ofpkrtc`t pkte`-

toca skurie kl expkrts lkr meveakpo`n iku`troes, oìaumo`n o` tde Fcndrej7

o` Fkrkiik c`m ]uòsoc, icaa ie`ters dcve fusdrkkfem, c`m tde womer

fcrbet kl jusoèss prkiess kutskurio`n os eve` fkre prkfoso`n.

34: Icttcèk, Ondoacdroz, Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m cabe`dkrst



Caneroc‟s akictok` c`m use kl Lreìd ikuam je fcgkr cssets”ol tde

eik`kfy os pkosem tk tcbe cmvc`tcne kl tdef. ]de ^kram Eik`kfoi

Lkruf (:88=) dcs ome`toloem Caneroc cs kè kl tde iku`troes wotd tde

sakwest prknress tkwcrm e-recmoèss. Lurtder stumy ikuam deap cssess tde

reca trcme pkte`toca kl Caneroc o` tde seitkr c`m meson` c strcteny lkr ikf-

peto`n. ]de resuats kl tde èw oìe`toves cmkptem jy tde nkver`fe`t tk

meveakp tde seitkr ikuam cask je revoewem.

Fcbo`n tde Jest Use kl O`ter`ctok`ca ]rcme O`tenrctok` ]kkas

Yervoie seitkr relkrfs ic` typoicaay je fcme uòactercaay7 tdey cre

lorst c`m lkrefkst cofem ct ofprkvo`n servoies meaoverem mkfesto-icaay, c`m tde iku`try e`ncno`n o` tde relkrfs os tde fco` jeèloio-

cry. Dkwever, cidoevo`n relkrf tdrkund o`ter`ctok`ca cnreefe`ts ic`

ofprkve tde prkspeits lkr suiiess. ]de nkver`fe`t ic` iote tde

pkte`toca jeèlots lrkf tde trcme cnreefe`t o` crnuo`n cnco`st vestem

o`terests c`m o` fcbo`n c icse lkr tde expe`motures klte` requorem tk

ofpaefe`t relkrfs. E`tero`n o`tk o`ter`ctok`ca ikffotfe`ts ic`

cask jkaster tde iremojoaoty kl tde nkver`fe`t‟s ikffotfe`ts. Deìe,

mollere`t types kl trcme o`tenrctok` crrc`nefe`ts kller mollere`t cmvc`tcnes (tcjae >.4).

O` ]uòsoc, tde Krmre mes Experts Ikfptcjaes (krmer kl iertoloem

ciiku`tc`ts) ènktoctem wotd tde Lreìd ik`suacte tde rondt tk ika-

aeit caa requests lkr voscs lrkf ots fefjers, wdoid tde ik`suacte

cnreem tk lcst-trcib (see idcpter 5). Joacterca cnreefe`ts dcve prkve`

tk je c` elloioe`t tkka kl ènktoctok` lkr fcrbet ciiess o` fc`y serv-

oie seitkrs. Ykfe ènktoctem joacterca cnreefe`ts lcoa, dkwever7 jcsem

k` reioprkioty, acib kl ofpaefe`tctok` jy kè pcrty os e`kund tkfcbe tde cnreefe`t vkom. Caneroc, lkr excfpae, dcs ikìaumem skfe

reioprkioty cnreefe`ts o` tde aenca seitkr, jut ofpaefe`tctok` dcs

prkve` molloiuat.

Mkfestoi relkrf ic` prepcre c iku`try lkr sujseque`t o`ter`c-

tok`ca o`tenrctok`. Zelkrfs jy tde nkver`fe`t c`m tde trc`sotok` tk c

fcrbet eik`kfy cre sonòloic`t steps tkwcrm Caneroc‟s ciiessok` tk tde

^kram ]rcme Krncòzctok` (^]K), wdoid Caneroc dcs jee` ènktoct-

o`n soìe 3?4>. C`toiopctem jeèlots oìaume tde oìrecsem seiuroty

c`m premoitcjoaoty kl trcme trc`scitok`s, wdoid wkuam lcioaotcte meepero`tenrctok` o` tde wkram trcmo`n systef c`m oìrecse tde cttrcitoveèss

kl o`vestfe`t.

Zenok`ca trcme ènktoctok`s ic` je dkrozk`tca (lkr excfpae, wotdo` tde

Fcndrej renok`) kr vertoica (lkr excfpae, jetwee` tde Fcndrej c`m tde

Eurkpec` Uòk`). ]dey ic` aecm tk meeper o`tenrctok`. Zenok`caosf ic`




je usem tk refkve kjstciaes tk trcme c`m dcrfkòze mkfestoi ruaes cirkss

tde renok` (aecmo`n eve`tucaay tk renok`ca ruaes). ]de ecraoer c`caysos kl

servoie trcme lakws sunnests tdct tde renok`ca mofe`sok` kl trcme o` serv-

oies os esse`toca tk Caneroc7 vertoicaay, Eurkpec` iku`troes (o` pcrtoiuacr

Lrcìe) refco` tde fco` expkrters kl servoies (oìaumo`n tdrkund o`vest-

fe`t c`m estcjaosdfe`t) tk Caneroc2 dkrozk`tcaay, tde acrne-sicae o`vest-

fe`ts kl Enyptoc` teaeikffuòictok`s ikfpcòes kr tde kpeò`n kl

]uòsoc` e`noèero`n lorfs kr jc`bs o` Caneroc cre prkkl kl tde ik`somer-

cjae pkte`toca kl trcme meveakpfe`t wotdo` @krtd Clroic. Yurproso`nay,

kjstciaes tk trcme, pcrtoiuacray kjstciaes tk tde fkvefe`t kl pekpae, cre

klte` fkre serokus ct tde dkrozk`tca tdc` ct tde vertoica aevea.

Aojercaozo`n servoies, o` terfs kl jktd oìrecso`n mkfestoi ikfpeto-

tok` c`m kpeò`n up tk lkreon` prkvomers, os klte` fkre molloiuat tdc`

34= Icttcèk, Ondoacdroz, Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m cabe`dkrst

]cjae >.4 Excfpaes kl Joacterca, Zenok`ca, c`m Fuatoacterca Cnreefe`ts

]ype kl cnreefe`t Excfpae

Joacterca Futuca reiknòtok` cnreefe`ts lkr mopakfcs c`m qucaoloictok`s

(lkr excfpae, rondt kl acwyers tk cppecr o` mkfestoi ikurts, rondt kl

mkitkrs tk prcitoie k` c tefpkrcry jcsos)

Lcst-trcib prkiemures o` bey ik`suactes tk kjtco` jusoèss voscs

(lkr excfpae, lkr ciiku`tc`ts kr e`noèers)

Joacterca trectoes (lkr excfpae, joacterca ik`ve`tok`s k` skioca seiuroty,

joacterca o`vestfe`t trectoes, kpe` sby cnreefe`ts, tcx trectoes)

Lcioaotctok` kl tde fkvefe`t kl bey persk`èa tdrkund ikkperctok` lkr

trcoò`n c`m resecrid (lkr excfpae, o` tde femoica seitkr)

Zenok`ca Dcrfkòzctok` kr futuca reiknòtok` kl emuictok` iurroiuac krqucaoloictok` requorefe`ts (lkr excfpae, EU donder emuictok`)

Lreemkf kl estcjaosdfe`t kr fkvefe`t kl bey persk`èa

(lkr excfpae, EU Acwyers Estcjaosdfe`t Moreitove)

Dcrfkòzctok` kl iertco` krfs kr stc`mcrms (lkr excfpae, o`ter`ctok`ca

ciiku`tcìy krfs (IN@I, OCY-OLZY), stc`mcrms c`m iertoloictok`s kl

iaoòis kr decatd prkiesses, teaeikfs

Dcrfkòzctok` kl iertco` ruaes (lkr excfpae, cttrojutok` kl pujaoi wkrb

ik`trcits, pujaoi prkiurefe`t

Lree-trcme cnreefe`t (wotd Eurkpe kr wotdo` Fcndrej)

Fuatoacterca Ik skaomctok` kl exosto`n relkrfs o` tde NC]Y o` ikfpe sctok` lkrfcrbet ciiess cjrkcm (sujgeit tk ]K fefjersdop)

Xcrtoiopctok` o` tde NC]Y enktoctok`s k` ruaes (sujgeit tk ]K

fefjersdop)

Xcrtoiopctok` o` tde enktoctok`s k` trc`spcreìy kl nkver`fe`t

prkiurefe`t (sujgeit tk ]K fefjersdop)

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs.

@kte7 IN@I, Ikme Neèrca me ac @krfcaosctok` Ikfptcjae. OCY-OLZY, O`ter`ctok`ca Ciiku`to`n

Ytc`mcrms”O`ter`ctok`ca Lo`cìoca Zepkrto`n Ytc`mcrms.




aojercaozo`n tde nkkms seitkrs, lkr severca recsk`s. Yervoies trc`scitok`s klte`

o`vkave tde prkfose kl c luture servoie lkr c iurre`t pcyfe`t, oìrecso`n tde

rosb kl meieotlua prcitoies tdct fcy requore strk`n kversondt. O` skfe serv-

oie seitkrs, tde sequeìo`n kl relkrfs ic` je irotoica (jkx >.9). Csyffetry

kl o`lkrfctok` (jetwee` mkitkrs c`m pctoe`ts, lkr excfpae) os eve` nrecter

tdc` o` tde nkkms seitkr. Lkr tdese recsk`s, ot os `krfca tk renuacte ciiess tk

c`m tde suppay kl servoies o` tde prklessok`s.

]de fc`y ossues tdct nkver` c` cpprkprocte renuactkry renofe lkr

tde servoie seitkrs u`meraoè tde ofpkrtcìe kl lcsdokò`n mkfestoi ren-

uactok`s tdct cre suotem tk tde fcrbet, `kt èiesscroay nuomem jy tde

ossues tdct cre prkfoè`t o` trcme ènktoctok`s. Lkr tdos recsk`, ^]Krenuactok`s k` trcme o` servoies o` Crtoiae \O kl tde NC]Y cre aofotem tk

e`suro`n tdct. O` seitkrs wdere speioloi ikffotfe`ts cre u`mertcbe`,

fecsures reacto`n tk qucaoloictok` requorefe`ts c`m prkiemures, teidò-

ica stc`mcrms, c`m aoie`so`n requorefe`ts mk `kt ik`stotute u`èiesscry

jcrroers tk trcme o` servoies (tdct os, cre jcsem k` kjgeitove c`m trc`spcr-

e`t iroteroc, suid cs ikfpeteìe c`m tde cjoaoty tk suppay tde servoie)2

cre `kt fkre jurme`skfe tdc` èiesscry tk e`sure tde qucaoty kl tde

servoie2 c`m, o` tde icse kl aoie`so`n prkiemures, mk `kt tdefseavesrestroit tde suppay kl tde servoie.

Zeiknòtok` kl tde aofots kl trcme ikìer`s k` servoie renuactok` mkes

`kt fec` tdct prklessok`s sdkuam je kveray prkteitem. Ykfe prklessok`ca

jkmoes cppecr tk dcve pursuem tde o`terests kl tdeor fefjers kver tde

o`terests kl ik`sufers. Acib kl ikfpetotok` ic` resuat o` premctkry proi-

o`n c`m akwer-qucaoty servoies. ^dere c iku`try os sujgeit tk suid prci-

toies, kr sofpay lcaas voitof tk sboaa sdkrtcnes, kpeò`n tk trcme os klte` tde

sclest wcy tk restkre c` elloioe`t fcrbet skautok`.

Ossues lkr Xkaoiy Fcbers

Xkaoiy cmvoie seefs pcrtoiuacray lruotlua o` tdree crecs. Lorst, nove` tde

acrne c`m nrkwo`n ofpkrtcìe kl tde servoie seitkr c`m servoie trcme lkr

tde Caneroc` eik`kfy, ofprkvefe`ts tk tde stctostoica systef tk jetter

icpture tre`ms c`m struiturca idc`nes seef donday mesorcjae. O` tde sdkrt

ru`, stctostois sdkuam je fcme fkre recmoay ciiessojae (trc`spcreìy) c`m

uscjae tk trcme pkaoiy fcbers (lkr excfpae, jy ikaaeito`n o`lkrfctok` jy

fkmes kl meaovery). ]de Jc`que m‟Canïroe ikuam deap pkaoiy fcbers jet-

ter u`merstc`m jcacìe kl pcyfe`ts mctc c`m tdeor sonòloicìe7 Dkw cre

tde trc`spkrt lakws ikfputem; Dkw ic` tde resuats lkr tde o`surcìe

seitkr je expacoèm; Caneroc` @ctok`ca O`vestfe`t Meveakpfe`t ikuam



34< Icttcèk, Ondoacdroz, Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m cabe`dkrst

Jkx >.9

^dy Aojercaozctok` Klte` Xrkmuies Moscppko`to`n Zesuats7Yequeìo`n, Zenuactok`, c`m Ciiess Xkaoioes

Catdkund aojercaozctok` kl servoies dcs jee` c suiiesslua pctd tk meveakpfe`t lkr

fc`y meveakpo`n iku`troes, ot dcs prkmuiem moscppko`to`n resuats lkr ktders. Lcoaure

ic` trc`sacte o`tk acib kl ciiess tk jcsoi servoies c`m mofoòsdo`n trust o` relkrf.

Cmverse resuats ic` klte` je expacoèm jy errkrs o` pkaoiy fcbo`n. Nkver`fe`ts

c`m mk`kr krncòzctok`s skfetofe jedcve cs ol tdey dcve ikfpaete lcotd o` tde

pkwer kl tde fcrbets. ]dey fkve cnnressoveay, jut uèveày, k` tde eaofo`ctok` kl jcrroers tk e`try, saunnosday k` tde meveakpfe`t kl renuactok`s tk meca wotd fcrbet

lcoaure, c`m kày `ktok`caay k` tde ofpaefe`tctok` kl ciiess pkaoioes.

]dos mkes kt fec` tdct nkver`fe ts c`m mk`krs dcve jee` cove c`m mom kt

cppreiocte tde ofpkrtcìe kl renuactok` c`m ciiess. Zctder, tdey mom wdct tdey

ikuam mk quoibay c`m reactoveay ecsoay, wdoid wcs tk provctoze c`m caakw e`try o`

skfe seitkrs. Orkòicaay, o` skfe icses kày aofotem aojercaozctok` wcs ciikfpaosdem

o` seitkrs o` wdoid suiiesslua kutikfes ikuam dcve jee` cidoevem eve` wotdkut

prknress o` tde ktder twk mofe`sok`s kl relkrf, wderecs jcrroers were ikfpaeteayeaofo`ctem o` seitkrs lkr wdoid suiiesslua kutikfes mepe`mem irotoicaay k` ikf-

paefe`tcry relkrfs. Ofpaefe`to`n ikfprede`sove renuactkry ofprkvefe`ts ic`

je c sakw c`m molloiuat prkiess. ]de cpprkprocte lkrf kl ciiess pkaoioes os stoaa `kt

weaa u`merstkkm kr ofpaefe`tem kutsome c lew seitkrs.

Ykfetofes tdere os `k nkkm recsk` tk dkam jcib k` aojercaozctok`, eve` wde`

renuactkry relkrfs c`m ciiess-womeò`n pkaoioes tcbe tofe tk ofpaefe`t. ]dos os

true lkr relkrfs tdct cre ‑cmmotove‖ (tde jeèlot lrkf trcme relkrf os o`mepe`me`t

kl tde jeèlot lrkf mkfestoi relkrfs c`m ecid ic` je u`mertcbe` sepcrcteay).

]dus, tdere os k eik`kfoi recsk` tk wcot tk aojercaoze u`toa c uòversca ciiess pka-

oiy os estcjaosdem (tdos os tde icse, lkr excfpae, o` teaeikffuòictok`s). O` ktder

icses, relkrfs cre ‑fuatopaoictove‖ (c iku`try wkuam jeèlot fkre lrkf trcme relkrf

ol mkfestoi relkrfs were cask ofpaefe`tem c`m voie versc, jut tde krmer o` wdoid

tde twk cre ofpaefe`tem mkes `kt fctter). Lkr excfpae, renuactkry ofprkve-

fe`ts c`m ikfpetotok` o` trc`spkrt cre futucaay jeèloioca, jut tde sequeìe os

prkjcjay `kt irotoica. O` ktder sotuctok`s, sequeìo`n fctters7 ol tde iku`try ofpae-

fe`ts trcme relkrf jelkre tde èiesscry mkfestoi relkrf, tde ak`n-terf pcyklls

woaa je akwer tdc` ol tde kppksote sequeìe dcm jee` lkaakwem. O` tdese sotuctok`s,

ol tde ikfpaefe`tcry relkrf ic``kt je ofpaefe`tem lkr eik`kfoi kr pkaotoica

recsk`s, tdere os c icse lkr nrcmuca aojercaozctok`.

Ykurie7 Cmcptem lrkf Fcttkk c`m Xcytk` :88>.



neèrcte mctc k` tde seitkrca mostrojutok` kl LMO c`m jetter fecsure tde

ofpkrtcìe kl servoies o` LMO lakws (fkme 9 trcme), oìaumo`n tde nek-

nrcpdoica mospersok` kl trcme. ]de Caneroc` ]rcme Zenostry ikuam kjtco` c

jetter poiture kl lkreon` preseìe o` tde servoie seitkr.

O` tde ak`n ru`, cwcreèss èems tk je rcosem kl tde trcme mofe`sok`

kl servoies cfk`n foòstroes, prklessok`ca jkmoes, c`m stctostoica klloies,

wdoid sdkuam je eìkurcnem tk ikaaeit stctostois tdct wkuam deap pka-

oiy fcbers meson` seitkrca c`m dkaostoi trcme prkfktok` strctenoes. Lkr

excfpae, wdct cre e`terproses o` ecid seitkr expkrto`n; ^dct cre tde

fkvefe`ts kl bey persk`èa; ^dk cre tde fco` lkreon` o`vestkrs o`

tde seitkr;Yeik`m, c fcrbet tdct os fkre kpe` tk lkreon` servoie prkvomers prkf-

oses acrne jeèlots lkr tde Caneroc` eik`kfy jy kverikfo`n mkfestoi

servoies suppay jkttaeèibs, remuio`n tde o`put iksts lkr o`mustroca e`ter-

proses, c`m kllero`n rkae fkmeas lkr mkfestoi servoies lorfs o` terfs kl

qucaoty c`m fc`cnefe`t. ]k kpe` tde fcrbet, tde nkver`fe`t sdkuam

ome`toly tde seitkrs tdct dcve carecmy jee` aojercaozem, cssess tde resuats,

c`m cmmress refco` kjstciaes tk trcme. ]dos c`caysos ikuam oìaume c`

cssessfe`t kl tde cpprkprocte sequeìo`n kl relkrfs. O` cmmotok`, lkr ecidseitkr, tde stre`ntds, wecbèsses, kppkrtuòtoes, c`m tdrects sdkuam je

c`cayzem, wotd c voew tk meterfoò`n Caneroc‟s expkrt pkte`toca c`m ome`-

tolyo`n kjstciaes tk je refkvem c`m pkaoioes tk je cmkptem.

]dorm, c fuatolcietem joacterca, renok`ca, c`m fuatoacterca o`tenrctok`

strcteny sdkuam je meveakpem, tk ikkrmo`cte c`m e`dcìe ellkrts tk oìrecse

ciiess tk lkreon` iku`try fcrbets lkr Caneroc‟s laemno`n servoies expkrters.

Lkr ecid seitkr, tde kptofca aevea kl ènktoctok` lkr aojercaozctok` c`m fcr-

bet ciiess (joacterca, renok`ca, kr fuatoacterca) sdkuam je ome`toloem c`m tderondt pkaoiy tkkas (lkr excfpae, futuca reiknòtok`, dcrfkòzctok`, lree-

mkf kl fkvefe`t kl bey persk`èa) seaeitem lkr use ct ecid aevea. ]de rosbs

c`m kppkrtuòtoes kl kpeò`n wotd speioloi pcrtèrs sdkuam cask je cssessem

(jy, lkr excfpae, fecsuro`n tde pkte`toca kl vertoica versus dkrozk`tca

renok`ca o`tenrctok`).

@ktes

3. O`ter`ctok`ca ellkrts cre u`merwcy tk ofprkve stctostois k` trcme o` servoies.

]de Fcùca k` Ytctostois kl O`ter`ctok`ca ]rcme o` Yervoies wcs meveakpem

c`m os pujaosdem gko`tay jy tde Eurkpec` Ikffossok`, tde O`ter`ctok`ca

Fkètcry Lu`m, tde Krncòsctok` lkr Eik`kfoi Ik-kperctok` c`m

Meveakpfe`t, tde Uòtem @ctok`s, tde Uòtem @ctok`s Ik`lereìe k`

Yervoies ]rcme cs c` E`no e kl Meveakpfe`t7 Yotuctok` c`m Xrkspeits o` Caneroc 34>



]rcme c`m Meveakpfe`t, c`m tde ^kram ]rcme Krncòzctok`. Ot sets kut c`

o`ter`ctok`caay cnreem-upk` lrcfewkrb lkr tde ikfpoactok` c`m repkrto`n

kl stctostois k` o`ter`ctok`ca trcme o` servoies o` c jrkcm se`se. ]de fcùca

(U@ mkiufe`t Y]/EYC/Y]C]/YEZ.F/4<) os cvcoacjae k` tde êj sotes kl

tde sox krncòzctok`s.

:. ]dese stctostois cre jcsem k` tde mctcjcse kl tde Icosse @ctok`cae mes Cssurcìes

Ykiocaes, wdoid mkes kt oìaume caa kl tde e`terproses renosterem wotd tde Ie`tre

@ctok`ca mu Zenostre mu Ikfferie.

9. ]de Ik`seoa @ctok`ca Eik`kfoque et Ykioca u`meraoès tde molloiuaty kl fecs-

uro`n c`m prkvomo`n c meloòtok` kl tde o`lkrfca seitkr. Ytctostois fcy vcry

mepe`mo`n k` meloòtok`s (‑uò`surem wkrbers‖ versus ‑sdcmkw eik`kfy,‖ lkrexcfpae).

=. ]de juoamo`n c`m ik`struitok` seitkr os klte` `kt trectem cs c servoie seitkr o`

Caneroc` stctostois. O` ciikrmcìe wotd ikffk` iacssoloictok`s usem lkr trcme

purpkses, tdos idcpter oìaumes ik`struitok` c`m reactem servoies o` tde servoie

seitkr. ]dos fcy irecte c stctostoica jocs, jeicuse tde meloòtok` kl tde seitkr o`

Caneroc fcy oìaumes o`mustroca citovotoes (iefe`t, lcitkroes, c`m sk lkrtd).

5. ]de suiiess kl tde o`surcìe o`mustry sdkuam je o`terpretem wotd nrect icre.

<. ]de Ie`tre @ctok`ca mu Zenostre mu Ikfferie, wdoid o`ve`tkroes caa lorfsestcjaosdem o` Caneroc tdct cre lkreon` kwèm (e`treproses ïtrc`näres skus stctut

me persk`è pdysoque) kr dcve c lkreon` fc`cner ( skioïtïs ïtrc`näres), os tde

fkst preiose stctostoica o`strufe`t cvcoacjae. Jeicuse skfe lkreon` ikfpcòes

dore akica fc`cners c`m lkreon` fc`cners ic` je dorem jy stroitay akica ikf-

pcòes, ot mkes `kt excitay relaeit lkreon` preseìe.

>. ]de ùfjer kl lkreon` lorfs mkes `kt o`moicte tde soze kl tdese lorfs.

4. ]dese fecsures cre `kt luaay sctoslcitkry, jeicuse tdey mk `kt mosto`nuosd

jetwee` servoie prkvomers c`m wkrbers o` ktder seitkrs c`m tdey oìaume trc`s-

lers kl perfcè`t fonrc`ts (fkme = ikvers kày tde tefpkrcry fkvefe`t kl servoie prkvomers).

?. ]dos seitok` mrcws k` o`lkrfctok` o` Fossok` Eik`kfoque me ac Lrcìe è

Caner (:885).

Zelereìes

C@OFC (Eurk-Femoterrcèc` @etwkrb kl O`vestfe`t Xrkfktok` Cneìoes). :88>.

dttp7//www.còfcwej.krn/Jc`que m‟Canïroe. Juaaeto`s Ytctostoques. dttp7//www.jc`b-kl-caneroc.mz/juaaeto`

[stctostoque.dtf

I@EY (Ik`seoa @ctok`ca Eik`kfoque et Ykioca). :88<. @kte me ik`gkìture mu pre-

foer sefestre :88<. Canoers7 I@EY.

344 Icttcèk, Ondoacdroz, Aùpez-Iãaox, c`m cabe`dkrst



I@ZI (Ie`tre @ctok`ca mu Zenostre mu Ikfferie). :88<. dttp7//www.i`ri

.krn.mz/lr/o`mex.pdp.

OAK (O`ter`ctok`ca Acjkur Krncòzctok`). :88=. Nakjca Efpakyfe`t ]re`ms lkr

_kutd. Neèvc7 OAK.

”””. :88>. Clroic` Efpakyfe`t ]re`ms. Neèvc7 OAK.

OFL (O`ter`ctok`ca Fkètcry Lu`m). :88>. Caneroc7 Ytctostoica Cppe`mox .

csdo`ntk`, MI7 OFL.

Aenca 588. dttp7//www.aenca588.ikf.

Fcttkk, C., c`m A. Xcytk`, ems. :88>. Yervoies ]rcme c`m Meveakpfe`t , ]de

Experoeìe kl Wcfjoc. ^csdo`ntk`, MI, c`m @ew _krb7 ^kram Jc`b c`mXcanrcve Fcifoaac`.

Foòstäre me ac Xetote et Fkye`è E`treprose et me a‟Crtosc`ct. :88<. Juaaeto` mes

mk``ïes ïik`kfoques mu seiteur me ac XFE et me a‟crtosc`ct . Canoers7 Foòstäre

me ac petote et Fkye`è E`treprose et me a‟Crtosc`ct.

Fossok` Eik`kfoque me ac Lrcìe è Caner. :885. Ae seiteur mu tkurosfe e` Canïroe.

Loide me sy`tdäse. Canoers.

K@Y (Klloie @ctok`ca mes Ytctostoques). :883. Loidoer neèrca mes ïtcjaossefe`ts.

Canoers7 K@Y.

”””. Ytctostoques-Eik`kfoque. dttp7//www.k`s.mz/Ytctostoques-Eik`kfoque

.dtfa

kram Jc`b. :88:. Caneroc O`vestfe`t Iaofcte Cssessfe t . ^csdo`ntk`, MI7

kram Jc`b.

”””. :88<. Nakjca Meveakpfe`t Xrkspeits. ^csdo`ntk`, MI7 ^kram Jc`b.

”””. :88>c. ^kram Meveakpfe`t O`moictkrs. ^csdo`ntk`, MI7 ^kram Jc`b.

”””. :88>j. ^kram Meveakpfe`t Zepkrt7 Meveakpfe`t c`m tde @ext Neèrctok`.

csdo`ntk`, MI7 kram Jc`b. kram Eik`kfoi Lkruf. :88=. ]de Clroic Ikfpetotoveèss Zepkrt . Neèvc7 kram

Eik`kfoi Lkruf.

Yervoies ]rcme cs c` E`no e kl Meveakpfe`t7 Yotuctok` c`m Xrkspeits o` Caneroc 34?





X C Z ] O O O

Zeactok`s wotd Ido`c c`m O`moc





3?9

C bey lecture kl tde eik`kfoi nrkwtd kl Ido`c c`m O`moc dcs jee` very

rcpom nrkwtd o` tdeor trcme”crnucjay tde strk`nest c`m fkst moreit idc`-

èa tdrkund wdoid nrkwtd o` Ido`c, c`m fkre reie`tay O`moc, os clleito`nktder meveakpo`n iku`troes. Ido`c ciiku`tem lkr cafkst 4 perie`t kl

wkram expkrts kl nkkms c`m servoies o` :88>, sujstc`tocaay fkre tdc` ots

sdcre kl wkram NMX ct fcrbet proies (estofctem ct 5.? perie`t)

(Meveakpfe`t Mctc Xactlkrf RMMXV mctcjcse). Ido`c‟s menree kl kpe`-

èss os dond lkr c acrne eik`kfy, o` pcrt jeicuse cs fuid cs c tdorm kl tde

vcaue kl ots expkrts ikfes lrkf ofpkrtem o`puts (ô`ters c`m _usul

:88>). O`moc os sfcaaer c`m aess kpe`, wotd 3.9 perie`t kl wkram expkrts

c`m :.: perie`t kl wkram NMX o` :88> (MMX mctcjcse). ôtd c`ùcaexpkrt nrkwtd kl ècray :8 perie`t kver 3??5’:885, Ido`c c`m O`moc

tknetder ciiku`tem lkr 3:.4 perie`t kl tde tktca nrkwtd o` wkram

expkrts, fkre tdc` 58 perie`t fkre tdc` tde 4 perie`t ik`trojutem jy

tde Uòtem Ytctes. Catdkund tde turjuaeìe csskioctem wotd tde iurre`t

I D C X ] E Z 4

Eik`kfoi Nrkwtd o` Ido`c

c`m O`moc7 Idcaae`nes c`m

Kppkrtuòtoes lkr tde Fommae

Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic

Eae`c Ocìdkvoido`c, Fcrks Ovcòi,c`m ôaa Fcrto`



lo`cìoca irosos seefs aobeay tk icuse sujstc`toca lauituctok`s, tde u`merayo`n

tre`m rctes kl nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc seef aobeay tk refco` strk`n.

C` ofpkrtc`t lecture kl tde nrkwtd kl Ido`c c`m O`moc dcs jee` tde

nrkwtd o` tdeor mefc`m lkr `cturca reskuries, pcrtoiuacray eèrny. ]dos

struiturca oìrecse o` wkram mefc`m lkr eèrny ik`trojutem tk tde sdcrp

oìrecses o` eèrny proies jelkre tde eferneìe kl tde nakjca lo`cìoca iro-

sos o` fom-:884. Ot os aobeay tk dcve fcgkr, ak`n-terf lcvkrcjae ofpcits k`

tde eik`kfoes kl tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic (FE@C). ]de resuat-

o`n ‑Mutid mosecse‖ ofpaoictok`s lkr tde ikfpetotoveèss kl tde trcmem

nkkms seitkrs o` FE@C cre aobeay tk je kl ikìer` tk fc`y, dkwever.

]dos idcpter c`cayzes tde bey ofpaoictok`s kl tde nrkwtd kl Ido`c c`mO`moc lkr FE@C iku`troes. Jeicuse fkmeao`n mctcjcses prkvome o`sullo-

ioe`t o`lkrfctok` k` tdese iku`troes, ot wcs èiesscry tk cmm mctc k` c

ùfjer kl iku`troes c`m renok`s tk tde mctcjcse. ]dos wcs c fcgkr u`mer-

tcbo`n, nove` tde èem tk jcacìe jktd joacterca trcme lakws c`m tde

fcirkeik`kfoi cnnrenctes. Cs c resuat kl tdos ellkrt, we were cjae tk

jrecb kut mctc lkr c`m fkmea c ùfjer kl iku`troes o` tde renok`, oìaum-

o`n Caneroc, Osrcea, Gkrmc`, Aejc`k`, c`m tde Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi.

]de idcpter os struiturem cs lkaakws. ]de èxt seitok` revoews tde aoter-cture k` tde `cture c`m fcnòtume kl tdese elleits, excfoò`n tde elleits

tdrkund lkur jrkcm idc`èas. ]de seik`m seitok` mesirojes tde fetdkmka-

kny usem. ]de tdorm seitok` prese`ts c`m mosiusses tde resuats kl tde sofu-

actok`s. ]de acst seitok` suffcrozes tde idcpter‟s fco` ikìausok`s.

Fesscnes lrkf tde Aotercture

]de ofpcit kl nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc k` FE@C iku`troes‟ trcme icùseluaay je movomem o`tk lkur idc`èas (dkamo`n pkaoiy setto`ns ik`stc`t)7

oìrecses o` kppkrtuòtoes lkr FE@C iku`troes tk expkrt tk Ido`c c`m

O`moc, oìrecses o` kppkrtuòtoes lkr FE@C iku`troes tk ofpkrt lrkf

Ido`c c`m O`moc, oìrecses o` tdorm-fcrbet expkrt ikfpetotok` lrkf

Ido`c c`m O`moc, c`m o`moreit trcme ofpcits.

]de lorst o`tercitok` os typoicaay see` cs c nco`, c`m tde seik`m kè os

lreque`tay see` pkaotoicaay cs c akss, catdkund jktd o`tercitok`s u`cfjonu-

kusay o`vkave nco`s tk FE@C iku`troes. ]de tdorm o`tercitok` os tde suj-

geit kl c nrect meca kl ctte`tok` c`m c`nst, cs ot o`vcrocjay o`vkaves c aksstk FE@C iku`troes. ]de lkurtd o`tercitok` os cfjonukus o` son`. Ol

oìrecsem ofpkrts jy Ido`c c`m O`moc rcose tde proies kl nkkms tdct cre

cask ofpkrtem jy FE@C iku`troes, tde elleit ic` je cmverse. Ol, jy ik`-

trcst, tde ofpkrts kl Ido`c c`m O`moc sujstotute lkr nkkms suppaoem jy

3?= Ocìdkvoido`c, Ovc oi, c`m Fcrto`



FE@C, FE@C ikuam expeit tk nco` lrkf oìrecses o` tde mefc`m lkr

tdese ofpkrts (lkr excfpae, oìrecses o` mefc`m lkr koa).

Oìrecses o` Kppkrtuòtoes tk Expkrt tk Ido`c c`m O`moc

Kppkrtuòtoes tk expkrt tk Ido`c c`m O`moc cre expc`mo`n extrefeay rcp-

omay. Jetwee` 3??5 c`m :884, Ido`c c`m O`moc ciiku`tem lkr 39 perie`t

kl nakjca nrkwtd o` ofpkrts kl foèrca lueas. Fkst kl tdos oìrecse repre-

se`tem c èt oìrecse o` mefc`m cs foaaok`s kl Idoèse, c`m fkre reie`tay

O`moc`, ik`sufers nrew roider c`m oìrecsem tdeor ik`sufptok` kl

reskurie-o`te`sove nkkms. O` fetcas c`m ikca, Ido`c `kw rc`bs lorst o` tde

wkram, ciiku`to`n lkr 35’99 perie`t kl wkram ik`sufptok`.C` ofpkrtc`t lcitkr tk tcbe o`tk ciiku`t o` c`cayzo`n tdos ossue os tde

remuitok` o` tde ikst kl eèrny-o`te`sove nkkms wde` eèrny elloioeìy

oìrecses”c lcitkr tdct jau`ts tde emne kl eèrny elloioeìy cs c` cpprkcid

tk remuio`n eèrny ik`sufptok`. Cs Ydcaozo (:88>) `ktes, idc`nes o` tde

eèrny o`te`soty kl nrkwo`n eik`kfoes ic` dcve c acrne ofpcit k` tde

mefc`m lkr eèrny. ]de eèrny o`te`soty kl Ido`c‟s eik`kfy cppecrs tk

dcve meiaoèm jy twk-tdorms jetwee` 3?48 c`m :889, wdoae eèrny o`te`-

soty o` O`moc refcoèm rkunday uìdc`nem. Jktd tde aobeay pctd kl eèrnyelloioeìy c`m ots ofpaoictok`s lkr o`mustroca struiture c`m tde merovem

mefc`m lkr petrkaeuf woaa iaecray je ofpkrtc`t o` cssesso`n tde ofpaoic-

tok`s kl nrkwtd kl Ido`c c`m O`moc lkr tde FE@C renok`.

Oìrecses o` Kppkrtuòtoes tk Ofpkrt lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc

]de expc`sok` kl trcme jy Ido`c c`m O`moc os quote mollere`t lrkf tde

expc`sok` kl meveakpo`n iku`try expkrts ik`somerem o` fuid kl tde trcmo-

tok`ca meveakpfe`t aotercture, wdoid lkiusem k` tde meterokrctok` o` tdeterfs kl trcme csskioctem wotd expc`mo`n expkrts kl profcry ikffkmotoes.

]de nrkwtd o` trcme jy Ido`c c`m O`moc o`vkaves, lkr o`stcìe, twk-wcy

trcme o` fcùlcitures c`m servoies, wdoid fcbe tde ofpkrto`n iku`troes

tde jeèloiocroes kl ofprkvefe`ts o` elloioeìy o` tdeor trcmo`n pcrtèrs

(Fcrto` 3??9). Expkrts jy Ido`c c`m O`moc cask o`vkave lrcnfe`tctok` c`m

nakjca prkmuitok` sdcro`n, o` wdoid pcrt kl tde prkmuitok` prkiess os u`mer-

tcbe` o` kè eik`kfy c`m sujseque`t stcnes cre u`mertcbe` o` c`ktder

(C`mk c`m Bofurc :8892 Ncuaoer, Aefkoè, c`m U`ca-Beseìo :88=). ]dos

prkiess ic` cask fcbe pcrtoiopc`ts jeèloiocroes lrkf, rctder tdc` voitofskl, ofprkvefe`ts o` tde ikfpetotoveèss kl tdeor trcmo`n pcrtèrs.

]de nrkwtd kl Ido`c c`m O`moc dcs tderelkre irectem e`krfkus kppkr-

tuòtoes lkr tdeor trcmo`n pcrtèrs tk jeèlot eik`kfoicaay lrkf ofpkrts kl

akwer-proiem c`m donder-qucaoty nkkms. Catdkund tdos os lreque`tay see` cs

Eik`kfoi Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc 3?5



c pkaotoica ikst, ot os pkte`tocaay c very ofpkrtc`t skurie kl eik`kfoi nco`s.

Cfoto c`m Lreu`m (:884) lo`m tdct tde proies kl Ido`c‟s expkrts tk tde

Uòtem Ytctes leaa 3.< perie`t c yecr jetwee` 3??> c`m :885.

C`ktder `ktcjae lecture kl Ido`c‟s expkrto`n dcs jee` teid`kaknoica

upnrcmo`n. Mevao`, Estevcmekrmca, c`m Zkmrænuez-Iacre (:88<) sdkw dkw

dond-teid nkkms dcve pcrtay mospaciem akw-teid kès wotdo` tde set kl fc`-

ulciturem expkrts. ]dos upnrcmo`n relaeits jktd ofpkrts kl fkre skpdosto-

ictem prkmuits c`m akica ofprkvefe`ts o` prkmuit qucaoty (Jrc`stetter c`m

Acrmy :88<). Yofoacr ofprkvefe`ts o` tde qucaoty c`m vcroety kl servoie

expkrts dcve deapem luea expaksove nrkwtd o` expkrts kl servoies lrkf O`moc

o` pcrtoiuacr.O` cmmotok`, tde trcme pctter`s kl nrkwo`n iku`troes te`m tk je quote

my`cfoi. @ew trcme tdekry reiknòzes tdct expkrt expc`sok` mkes `kt

o`vkave gust oìrecses o` expkrts kl tde scfe prkmuits c`m servoies7 rcp-

omay nrkwo`n eik`kfoes expc`m tde rc`ne kl prkmuits c`m servoies tdey

expkrt, ofprkve tde qucaoty kl expkrts, c`m expkrt tk cmmotok`ca fcr-

bets cs tdeor expkrts nrkw (Eveètt c`m \e`cjaes :88:2 Duffeas c`m

Bae`kw :885). ]dese meveakpfe`ts neèrcte jeèlots tk tde expkrto`n

eik`kfoes c`m tdeor trcmo`n pcrtèrs, cs Mofcrc`c`, Ocìdkvoido`c,c`m Fcrto` (:88>) sdkw.

Ofprkvefe`ts o` tde qucaoty kl expkrts lrkf c` eferno`n fcrbet sup-

paoer oìrecse tde mefc`m lkr tdeor expkrts ct c`y nove` proie aevea c`m

deìe te`m tk aecm tk oìrecses o` tde cituca proies reieovem lkr ofpkrts

lrkf tdese suppaoers. Donder-qucaoty nkkms caakw ofpkrters tk feet tdeor

èems wotd c sfcaaer quc`toty kl tde nkkm kr ik`sufe fkre o` respk`se tk

c akwer elleitove proie kl tde nkkm. ]de resuat os c` ofprkvefe`t o` tde

terfs kl trcme c`m reca oìkfes kl jktd tde eferno`n expkrter c`m tdeofpkrter wde` tde terfs kl trcme cre fecsurem o` cpprkprocte uòts.3

Fkrekver, tde oìrecse o` tde ùfjer kl nkkms suppaoem jy tde eferno`n

fcrbet neèrctes c jeèlot tk iku`troes tdct vcaue c` oìrecse o` tde vcroety

kl nkkms cvcoacjae tk tdef”c pde`kfe`k` lreque`tay icpturem uso`n lkr-

fuactok`s suid cs Moxot-Ytonaotz prelereìes (see, lkr excfpae, Duffeas

c`m Bae`kw :885).

]de fcnòtume kl tdese nco`s mepe`ms k` tde exte`t kl tde ofprkve-

fe`t o` qucaoty, k` tde oìrecse o` tde ùfjer kl vcroetoes kl prkmuits

jeo`n expkrtem, c`m k` tde exte`t tk wdoid ofpkrters vcaue oìrecses o`tde vcroety kl nkkms ofpkrtem. Ol pkaoiy setto`ns caakw ofpkrtem o`puts tk

je usem o` pcrtèr iku`troes, ofprkvefe`ts o` tde vcroety c`m qucaoty kl

ofpkrtem o`puts ic` je c pcrtoiuacray ofpkrtc`t skurie kl my`cfosf o`

tde fcùlcituro`n seitkr (Cfoto c`m Bkò`ns :88>).

3?< Ocìdkvoido`c, Ovc oi, c`m Fcrto`



]dorm-Fcrbet Ikfpetotok`

]de trcme ofpcits kl eferno`n eik`kfoes tkmcy cre very mollere`t lrkf

tdkse tdct dcve typoicaay jee` c`cayzem wde` ik`somero`n tde ofpcits kl

nrkwtd o` profcry-prkmuio`n meveakpo`n iku`troes. O` tde trcmotok`ca aot-

ercture, c rcpomay nrkwo`n meveakpo`n iku`try wcs typoicaay c suppaoer tk

c ikffk` set kl o`mustroca iku`try fcrbets kl c rcw cnroiuaturca kr fo`-

erca ikffkmoty prkmuiem jy ktder meveakpo`n iku`troes. Catdkund tdos

aotercture wcs sujseque`tay exte`mem tk tcbe o`tk ciiku`t tde rcpom

nrkwtd o` expkrts kl fcùlcitures lrkf meveakpo`n iku`troes, ot ik`to`-

uem tk ik`somer kày ènctove ofpcits lrkf tde nrkwtd kl ktder meveakp-

o`n iku`troes‟ expkrts.]dorm-fcrbet ikfpetotok` os kè kl lkur o`tercitok`s meterfoò`n tde

ofpcit kl dond nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc. ]k tde exte`t tdct tde trcme

o`tercitok`s jetwee` Ido`c c`m O`moc c`m ktder iku`troes o`vkave tdorm-

fcrbet ikfpetotok`, tde iku`troes lcio`n oìrecsem ikfpetotok` stc`m tk

akse. Cs Lreu`m c`m Kzme` (:88?) c`m Dc`sk` c`m Zkjertsk` (:88?)

`kte, skfe o`mustroes o` skfe iku`troes ic` c`m woaa akse lrkf oìrecsem

ikfpetotok` lrkf tde noc`ts.: C bey questok` os, wdoid iku`troes c`m

wdoid o`mustroes woaa lcie tde fkst serokus ikfpetotok`;]de c`swer tk tdos questok` mepe`ms c nrect meca k` tde exte`t tk

wdoid tde pctter` kl expkrts lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc kveracp wotd tdkse kl

FE@C. Catdkund jktd Ido`c c`m O`moc dcve jee` suiiesslua o` expc`m-

o`n tdeor expkrts c`m ofpkrts, tdey dcve mkè sk o` very mollere`t wcys

(Mofcrc`c`, Ocìdkvoido`c, c`m Fcrto` :88>). O`moc dcs reaoem fuid

fkre decvoay tdc` Ido`c k` expkrts kl servoies. O`moc‟s sdcre kl ikffer-

ioca servoies o` tktca nkkms c`m servoies expkrts dcs jee` fuid donder

tdc` Ido`c‟s, `kt gust soìe tde rcpom expc`sok` kl expkrts kl ikfput-o`n servoies crku`m :888, jut lkr tde e`tore perokm soìe 3??: lkr wdoid

ikfpcrcjae estofctes cre cvcoacjae. Dkwever, jktd iku`troes stoaa dcve

reactoveay sfcaa wkram sdcres kl trcme o` servoies (Ido`c ciiku`ts lkr

gust 3.4 perie`t kl wkram servoies expkrts, c`m O`moc ciiku`ts lkr gust

:.4 perie`t), c`m trcme o` servoies cakè os uàobeay tk trc`slkrf O`moc‟s

eik`kfy (ô`ters c`m _usul :88>).

Eve` wotdo` feridc`mose trcme, Ido`c‟s c`m O`moc‟s expkrt pctter`s

dcve jee` rcmoicaay mollere`t ct tde sox-monot aevea kl tde Dcrfkòzem

Yystef, wotd kày kè prkmuit”reloèm petrkaeuf”cppecro`n k` jktd

iku`troes‟ tkp :5 aosts kl prkmuits.9 Catdkund jktd Ido`c‟s c`m O`moc‟s

feridc`mose expkrts dcve jee` mkfo`ctem jy fcùlcitures (^kram Jc`b

:889) c`m tdeor sdcres kl fcùlciturem o`terfemocte o`puts o` `k`luea

ofpkrts o` :88= were very sofoacr, tde ikfpksotok` kl tdese fcùlcitures

Eik`kfoi Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc 3?>



c`m tde cpprkcid tk tdeor prkmuitok` moller ik`somercjay. ]de sdcre kl

pcrts c`m ikfpkè`ts o` Ido`c‟s feridc`mose ofpkrts wcs fuid donder

tdc` O`moc‟s, cs fondt je expeitem nove` Ido`c‟s fuid nrecter rkae o`

nakjca prkmuitok` sdcro`n c`m O`moc‟s nrecter reaocìe k` expkrts kl serv-

oies, wdoid typoicaay o`vkave sfcaaer sdcres kl ofpkrtem o`puts.

]de twk iku`troes moller sujstc`tocaay o` tde ofpkrtcìe kl lo`ca nkkms

o` tdeor expkrts (Mofcrc`c`, Ocìdkvoido`c, c`m Fcrto` :88>). Ido`c dcs

reaoem profcroay k` expkrts kl lo`ca fcùlciturem prkmuits, lreque`tay cs

pcrt kl prkmuitok`-sdcro`n ètwkrbs, wderecs O`moc dcs lkiusem fuid

fkre k` expkrts kl o`terfemocte o`puts. O`moc‟s expkrts cre lreque`tay kl

icpotca- c`m sboaa-o`te`sove nkkms, wderecs Ido`c dcs efpdcsozem expkrtskl acjkr-o`te`sove nkkms c`m prklessok`ca servoies (catdkund tdese cre

oìrecso`nay skpdostoictem) (Zkmrob :88<).

]de mollereìes o` expkrt pctter`s remuie tde rosb kl c ikaaosok` o`

wdoid tde expkrts kl Ido`c c`m O`moc cre sofuatcèkusay mepressem. Ytoaa,

reie`t resecrid sunnests tdct Ido`c‟s expkrt ju`mae kveracps wotd tdct

kl meveakpem iku`troes fuid fkre sujstc`tocaay tdc` kè wkuam expeit

nove` eotder ots aevea kl meveakpfe`t kr ots soze c`m tdct tdos sofoacroty

dcs oìrecsem wotd tofe (Yidktt :884). Ido`c‟s rc`b o` terfs kl tde sof-oacroty kl ots expkrt ju`mae wotd tdct kl tde Krncòsctok` lkr Eik`kfoi

Ik-kperctok` c`m Meveakpfe`t (KEIM) gufpem lrkf 3? o` 3?>: tk =

o` :883. @k ktder iku`try‟s nrkwtd o` prkmuit peètrctok` ikfes iakse

tk tdct kl Ido`c. Sucaoty mollereìes jetwee` Idoèse c`m meveakpem

iku`troes‟ expkrts, dkwever, sunnest tdct ikfpetotok` jetwee` Ido`c c`m

tde meveakpem wkram fcy `kt je cs moreit cs sunnestem jy tde kveracp kl

tdeor expkrt jcsbets.

Kè sofpae o`moictkr kl tde exte`t tk wdoid tde expkrts kl twk renok`sikfpete os tde ikrreactok` jetwee` tdeor expkrt sdcres. ]de estofctem

ikrreactok`s cre very iakse tk 8.5 (tcjae 4.3).

]de ikrreactok`s jetwee` FE@C c`m tde twk iku`troes cre sofoacr

kr saondtay akwer, ct 8.=?> lkr O`moc c`m 8.=:9 lkr Ido`c. C ikrreactok`

kl 8.5 jetwee` expkrts lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc o`moictes fuid aess

3?4 Ocìdkvoido`c, Ovc oi, c`m Fcrto`

]cjae 4.3 Ikrreactok` kl Expkrt Ydcres kl O`moc,

Ido`c, c`m tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic

FE@C O`moc Ido`c

FE@C 3.888 8.=?> 8.=:9

O`moc 3.888 8.583

Ido`c 3.888

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ icaiuactok`s, jcsem k` N]CX >p9 mctcjcse.



ikfpetotok` tdc` fondt je sunnestem jy fuid pkpuacr mosiussok`.

]de sofoacr kr saondtay akwer ikrreactok` jetwee` tde expkrts kl

FE@C c`m tde twk noc`ts sunnests tdct ikfpetotok` wotd FE@C woaa

cask je fuid wecber tdc` icsuca recskò`n fondt sunnest.

C` ofpkrtc`t ikìer` lkr iku`troes o` FE@C c`m easewdere woaa je

tde exte`t tk wdoid O`moc c`m, espeiocaay, Ido`c fkve up fcrbet o`tk

tdeor ‑prkmuit spcie.‖ O`moc c`m Ido`c dcve mefk`strctem tdeor cjoaoty tk

upnrcme tdeor perlkrfcìe o` speioloi seitkrs. Ido`c‟s expkrt nrkwtd dcs

jee` ciikfpcòem jy trefe`mkus nrkwtd o` prkmuit vcroety7 Ido`c fc`-

ulciturem ? perie`t kl caa fcùlcituro`n prkmuit ictenkroes o` 3?>: c`m

>8 perie`t o` :883 (Yidktt :884). ]dos nrkwtd ct tde exte`sove fcrno` osc` ofpkrtc`t lcitkr, wdoid we tcbe o`tk ciiku`t wde` evcaucto`n tde

ofpaoictok`s kl rcpom nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc k` FE@C iku`troes.

O`moreit ]rcme Ofpcits

]de rcpom nrkwtd kl ofpkrts jy Ido`c c`m O`moc os aobeay tk idc`ne tde

proies kl fc`y nkkms kl o`terest tk FE@C iku`troes, eve` ol tdey mk `kt

moreitay trcme tdef wotd tde twk iku`troes. ]de son`s kl tdese elleits cre

cfjonukus, jeicuse tdey mepe`m k` c ufjer kl lcitkrs, oìaumo`n tde reac-tok`sdop jetwee` tde fox kl tdese prkmuits c`m tdkse expkrtem jy FE@C.

]de roso`n expkrts kl fcùlcitures c`m servoies lrkf tde noc`ts cre

aobeay tk clleit FE@C iku`troes eve` o` icses o` wdoid tdey mk `kt ikf-

pete moreitay. Cs Ido`c c`m O`moc oìrecse tde qucaoty c`m quc`toty kl tdeor

expkrts, kè wkuam expeit c meiaoè o` tdeor proies reactove tk lcitkr

proies. Xrkmuitovoty nrkwtd kr fkre elloioe`t use kl lcitkrs o` Ido`c c`m

O`moc os rcoso`n tdeor kutput c`m deìe putto`n mkw`wcrm pressure k`

tdeor proies. Cs c resuat, FE@C iku`troes ikuam jeèlot lrkf akwer proiesk` tdeor ofpkrts kl tdese nkkms.

Eèrny c`m foèrca prkmuits cre mollere`t, o` tdct tdeor suppay os ik`-

strcoèm jy c loxem lcitkr, eèrny reskuries. Cs oìkfes rose, tde mefc`m

lkr eèrny nrkws strk`nay. ]dos te`ms tk pusd up tde proie kl eèrny prkm-

uits reactove tk lcitkr proies. ]dus, FE@C koa expkrters e`gky sujstc`toca

jeèlots lrkf tde ofpcit kl Ido`c c`m O`moc k` tde proies kl tdeor

expkrts. O` kur jcseaoè sofuactok`, tdos elleit os futem jut `kt ikf-

paeteay kllset jy tde oìrecse o` tde prkmuitovoty kl eèrny prkmuitok`

otseal cssufem o` tde c`caysos.Lkr cnroiuaturca nkkms, tdere cre severca ikfpeto`n o`laueìes k` proies.

]de lorst os tde teid`kaknoica idc`ne elleit mesirojem cjkve lkr fcùlci-

tures c`m servoies, wdoid te`ms tk remuie proies. C seik`m os tde preseìe

kl c loxem lcitkr (ac`m) o` cnroiuaturca prkmuitok`, wdoid te`ms tk rcose

Eik`kfoi Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc 3??



proies, jeicuse wkram oìkfe mefc`m lkr tdese nkkms dcs rose`, cs o` tde

icse kl eèrny prkmuits. C tdorm lcitkr os tde weaa-b`kw` E`nea elleit”

tde lcit tdct mefc`m lkr cnroiuaturca prkmuits, pcrtoiuacray jcsoi lkkms,

te`ms tk rose fkre sakway tdc` oìkfe. C lkurtd lcitkr os tde Zyjizy`sbo

elleit7 ol nrkwtd os csskioctem wotd oìrecses o` tde icpotca-acjkr rctok, ot

woaa te`m tk remuie cnroiuaturca kutput c`m rcose cnroiuaturca proies.

Mofcrc`c`, Ocìdkvoido`c, c`m Fcrto` (:88>) lo`m tdct donder nrkwtd

o` Ido`c c`m O`moc ofpaoes oìrecses o` kutput kl lcrf c`m lkrestry prkm-

uits o` ktder iku`troes c`m o` kutput kl eèrny, foèrca, c`m ktder reskurie-

jcsem prkmuits o` iku`troes e`mkwem wotd `cturca reskuries. Cs tdese twk

iku`troes cidoeve fcgkr nco`s o` tdeor fcrbet sdcres o` fcùlcituro`n,fkst ktder iku`troes experoeìe reactove meiaoès o` fcùlcituro`n kut-

put, espeiocaay o` iaktdo`n c`m eaeitrkòis, wdoid cre se`sotove tk oìrecsem

ikfpetotok`. ]derelkre, eve` ol Ido`c‟s c`m O`moc‟s suiiess os neèrcaay

nkkm èws lkr ktder eik`kfoes, tdere cre cmgustfe`t iksts tdct woaa je

jkrè jy mollere`t stcbedkamers wotdo` tdkse iku`troes.

Fetdkmkaknoica Cpprkcides

C ùfjer kl cpprkcides ic` je usem tk cmmress questok`s cjkut tdeofpcit k` wkram trcme kl Ido`c‟s c`m O`moc‟s nrkwtd. MLOM (:885) c`m

Ge`bo`s c`m Emwcrms (:88<) lkius k` joacterca trcme ao`bs. Catdkund use-

lua lkr c`cayzo`n tde moreit trcme ofpcits, tdos cpprkcid on`kres tde strk`n

spoaakver elleits tdct fcy kiiur ol iku`troes ikfpete o` tde scfe fcrbets

kr prkmuits.

C seik`m set kl stumoes k` tde tkpoi, oìaumo`n Acaa c`m êoss (:88=),

Nkamsteo` c`m ktders (:88<), c`m Yteve`s c`m Be``c` (:88<), ik`somers

nakjca fcrbets c`m ikfpcres tde trcme pctter`s kl Ido`c wotd tdkse kl tdeor iku`troes kl o`terest. ]dese stumoes crnue tdct iku`troes wotd expkrt

pctter`s sofoacr tk Ido`c‟s cre aobeay tk suller aksses cs Ido`c nrkws,

wderecs tdkse wdkse expkrts fctid Ido`c‟s ofpkrts cre aobeay tk reieove

c jkkst. Catdkund o`lkrfctove, tdos cpprkcid on`kres tde twk-wcy trcme

tdct os prevcae`t o` trcme o` fcùlcitures c`m servoies c`m tde pkssojoaoty

kl nco`s lrkf tdos trcme wdere èt trcme pctter`s cre sofoacr.

C tdorm nrkup kl stumoes uses icse stumoes tk c`cayze meveakpfe`ts o`

pcrtoiuacr o`mustroes kr fcrbets. ]dos cpprkcid ic` je extrefeay oaaufo-

`cto`n, catdkund ot mkes `kt recmoay ae`m otseal tk revecao`n c` kvercaapoiture. Uso`n c` cpprkcid mrcwo`n k` tde èw eik`kfoi neknrcpdy,

_usul, @cjesdofc, c`m Xerbo`s (:88>) ik`somer tde luture pctter` kl

fcùlcituro`n prkmuitok` c`m expkrts tk je aobeay ie`trca tk meveakp-

fe`t o` jktd iku`troes. Catdkund servoies woaa je ofpkrtc`t tk O`moc,

:88 Ocìdkvoido`c, Ovc oi, c`m Fcrto`



tdey mk `kt sunnest c ikfpaeteay èw meveakpfe`t fkmea. Ido`c‟s

cppetote lkr profcry ofpkrts seefs jku`m tk ik`toùe nrkwo`n.

_usul, @cjesdofc, c`m Xerbo`s (:88>) jeaoeve tdct tdese lectures woaa

ikfjoè tk lcvkr iertco` fom-teid c`m dond-teid seitkrs, oìaumo`n cutk-

fkjoaes, eaeitrkòis, c`m mkfestoi cppaocìes”c`m o` tde luture, pdcrfc-

ieutoicas c`m e`noèero`n”c`m prese`t icse stumoes kl tdese seitkrs. Nove`

rcpom nrkwtd kl sboaaem acjkr, ot os pkssojae lkr Ido`c tk jeikfe c fcgkr

lkrie o` skfe skpdostoictem seitkrs. Ikfpeto`n mefc`m lkr sboaas o` puj-

aoi servoie, neèrca fc`cnefe`t, c`m emuictok` ikuam meacy tde efer-

neìy kl suid teid`kaknoica aecmersdop lkr skfe tofe. ]de seik`m mrover

ofpaoes tde ik`toùctok` kl akw-sboaaem, acjkr-o`te`sove fcùlcituro`n,jut tdos os fkst aobeay tk tcbe pacie oàc`m, wdere acrne ùfjers kl lcrf

wkrbers ikuam je trcoèm lkr o`mustroca wkrb. O`moc dcs dcm expkrt suiiess

o` textoaes c`m iaktdo`n, os c nrkwo`n lkrie o` pdcrfcieutoicas, c`m sdkws

pkte`toca o` steea, wdote nkkms, c`m eaeitrkòis. ]dese stumoes ic` je usem

tk cssess aobeay seitkrca ofpcits kl tde nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc k` ktder

iku`troes, jut ot os molloiuat tk cmm up tdeor elleits cirkss seitkrs.

C lkurtd nrkup kl stumoes excfoès tde trcme ao`bs jetwee` Ido`c

c`m O`moc c`m tdeor tcrnet iku`troes, skfe bey ofpcits, c`m tde pkaoiyrespk`ses èemem tk jest cmcpt tk tde nrkwtd kl tde eferno`n noc`ts.

Jrkcmfc` (:88>) lo`ms tdct tde sdcre kl Csoc o` tde expkrts kl Yuj-

Ycdcrc` Clroic rkse lrkf 3= perie`t o` :888 tk :> perie`t o` :88=. ]dos

stumy dondaondts tde ofpkrtcìe kl jcrroers tk trcme”o` jktd Clroic c`m

Csoc”tdct preve`t jktd Clroic c`m eferno`n Csoc lrkf tcbo`n nrecter

cmvc`tcne kl tde pkte`toca syèrnoes jetwee` tdef. Ot uses tde nrcvoty

fkmea tk o`vestoncte resostcìe tk trcme jetwee` Ido`c, O`moc, c`m Clroic.

C survey jy Cjmea-Bdcaob c`m Bkrcyef (:88>) lkiuses k` tde ao`bsjetwee` Ido`c c`m tde Fommae Ecst.

C loltd nrkup kl stumoes”oìaumo`n Mofcrc`c`, Ocìdkvoido`c, c`m

Fcrto` (:88>)2 FiMk`cam, Zkjo`sk`, c`m ]doerleamer (:884)2 c`m

Ocìdkvoido`c, Ovcòi, c`m Fcrto` (:884)”cmmresses tdese prkjaefs jy

efpakyo`n ikfputcjae neèrca equoaojrouf (INE) fkmeas. ]dese fkmeas

e`sure ik`sosteìy wdoae oìaumo`n ofpkrtc`t o`mustry metcoa7 ecid

renok`‟s expkrts kl pcrtoiuacr nkkms equca tktca ofpkrts kl tdese nkkms

o`tk ktder renok`s (aess sdoppo`n iksts)2 nakjca o`vestfe`t equcas tde suf

kl renok`ca scvo`ns2 renok`ca kutput meterfoès renok`ca oìkfe2 nakjcasuppay c`m mefc`m lkr o`movomuca nkkms jcacìe2 c`m mefc`m lkr c lci-

tkr o` ecid iku`try kr renok` equcas suppay. ]dese ciiku`to`n reactok`-

sdops c`m tde jedcvokrca ao`bs o` tde fkmea ik`strco` tde kutikfes o`

ofpkrtc`t wcys `kt lku`m o` pcrtoca equoaojrouf c`cayses”oìrecsem

Eik`kfoi Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc :83



expkrts lrkf kè iku`try fust je ciikffkmctem jy oìrecsem ofpkrts

jy ktder iku`troes2 jrkcm-jcsem oìrecses o` prkmuitovoty tdct rcose ikf-

petotoveèss cask rcose lcitkr proies c`m deap kllset tde krono`ca oìrecse o`

ikfpetotoveèss.

Mofcrc`c`, Ocìdkvoido`c, c`m Fcrto` (:88>) stumy tde ofpcit kl

ciieaerctem nrkwtd cs c resuat kl prkmuitovoty ofprkvefe`ts o` Ido`c c`m

O`moc k` nakjca eik`kfoi nrkwtd tk :8:8, uso`n c sie`crok ik`soste`t

wotd tde kram Jc`b‟s fcirkeik`kfoi prkgeitok`s ct tdct tofe. ]dey lo`m

tdree jrkcm elleits k` ktder iku`troes7 iku`troes‟ expkrts lcie loerier

ikfpetotok` jeicuse tde noc`ts‟ iksts lcaa2 tdeor ofpkrts lrkf Ido`c c`m

O`moc jeikfe idecper2 c`m tdey jeèlot lrkf cnnrencte mefc`m oìrecseso` Ido`c, O`moc, c`m easewdere cs reca oìkfes oìrecse o` respk`se tk ello-

ioeìy ofprkvefe`ts.= ]de jcacìe kl tdese lkries vcroes lrkf iku`try tk

iku`try, jut jeicuse fkst iku`troes ofpkrt sonòloic`t cfku`ts lrkf

Ido`c c`m O`moc c`m caa e`gky c sdcre kl tde oìrecse o` mefc`m, fkst

iku`troes nco` kvercaa (exieptok`s oìaume skfe iku`troes o` Ykutdecst

Csoc, tde rest kl Ykutd Csoc, c`m tde Eurkpec` Uòk`). O` tde Eurkpec`

Uòk`, tde rose o` tde proie kl eèrny icuses ik`sufptok` kl eèrny tk

meiaoè lurtder. ]dos remuitok` o` ik`sufptok` aeveas kl c nkkm wdkseik`sufptok` os carecmy remuiem jy mkfestoi tcxes aecms tk c` eik`kfoi

elloioeìy akss kl $>.9 joaaok`, wdoid os e`kund tk kutweond tde $9 joaaok`

nco` lrkf tde terfs-kl-trcme ofprkvefe`t c`m tk irecte c sfcaa kvercaa

wealcre akss.

Ido`c‟s expkrts tk ktder fcrbets oìrecse, c`m ktder iku`troes‟

expkrts”espeiocaay fcùlciturem prkmuits”meiaoè. ]de FE@C renok`

cs c wdkae oìrecses expkrts tk Ido`c c`m O`moc jut akses fcrbet sdcre

o` tde Eurkpec` Uòk` c`m ktder fcrbets. FE@C cppecrs tk dcve c`kppkrtuòty tk stre`ntde` ots trcme toes wotd Ido`c c`m O`moc. O` tde

cjseìe kl pkaoiy fecsures tk jkkst ikfpetotoveèss, dkwever, kvercaa

expkrts lrkf tde renok` cre expeitem tk meiaoè 3.5 perie`t reactove tk

jcseaoè jy :8:8 (Mofcrc`c`, Ocìdkvoido`c, c`m Fcrto` :88>). ]de

fesscne kl tdos wkrb os tdct fc`y FE@C iku`troes woaa dcve tk ofprkve

tdeor ikfpetotoveèss.5

]dos sdkrt survey kl tde jurnekò`n aotercture k` tde nrkwtd kl

Ido`c c`m O`moc revecas c ùfjer kl aessk`s k` dkw tk cssess tde aobeay

ofpaoictok`s kl tdeor nrkwtd lkr FE@C iku`troes. Kè os tk pcy ctte`-tok` tk tde struiture kl FE@C iku`troes‟ trcme c`m ots ikfpaefe`tcr-

oty kr ikfpetotoveèss wotd tdct kl tde noc`ts. C`ktder os tk excfoè tde

`cture kl tde moreit c`m o`moreit trcme ao`bs jetwee` tdef tk cssess tde

exte`t tk wdoid nco`s lrkf expc`mem joacterca trcme ic` kllset aksses

:8: Ocìdkvoido`c, Ovc oi, c`m Fcrto`



lrkf ikfpetotok` o` tdorm fcrbets. ]de ofpaoictok`s kl tde nrkwtd kl

Ido`c c`m O`moc lkr tde proies kl reskuries, pcrtoiuacray eèrny c`m fo`-

erca reskuries, cre aobeay tk requore pcrtoiuacr excfo`ctok`. C bey kjgei-

tove os tk deap ome`toly pkaoiy respk`ses, jktd tk tcbe cmvc`tcne kl tde

kppkrtuòtoes irectem jy tde nrkwtd kl Ido`c c`m O`moc c`m tk cvkom

pkte`toca mosruptok`s.

Fetdkmkakny, Mctc, c`m Yofuactok` Meson`

Aobe Mofcrc`c`, Ocìdkvoido`c, c`m Fcrto` (:88>), we use tde fkmoloem

versok` kl tde stc`mcrm Nakjca ]rcme C`caysos Xrkgeit (N]CX) fkmea oÒcìdkvoido`c (:88=) tk c`cayze tde ik`sequeìes kl donder nrkwtd o`

Ido`c c`m O`moc k` FE@C iku`troes.< ]dos versok` kl tde N]CX fkmea

lectures Ido`c‟s muty exefptok` systef, wdoid dcs jee` c bey mrover kl

tde rcpom o`tenrctok` kl Ido`c o`tk nakjca prkmuitok` ètwkrbs, c`m tde

muty mrcwjcibs o` O`moc, wdoid dcve caakwem lkr fuid meeper o`tenrctok`

jy O`moc o`tk nakjca prkmuitok` sdcro`n tdc` o` tde pcst. Ocìdkvoido`c

(:88=) sdkws tdct lcoao`n tk tcbe o`tk ciiku`t tde preseìe kl c muty

mrcwjcib kr exefptok` systef ic` aecm tk serokus kverestofctok` kl tdeofpcits kl trcme aojercaozctok`.

]de muty exefptok` fkmea caakws lkr twk sepcrcte citovotoes o` ecid

o`mustry. Xrkmuitok` kl expkrts os represe`tem cs c` citovoty lkr wdoid

ofpkrtem o`terfemocte o`puts cre cvcoacjae muty lree. Xrkmuitok` lkr tde

mkfestoi fcrbet uses tde scfe teid`kakny jut requores pcyfe`t kl mutoes

k` o`terfemocte o`puts. Lorfs e`ncno`n o` prkmuitok` lkr eotder tde mkfes-

toi fcrbet kr tde expkrt fcrbet puridcse jktd ofpkrtem c`m mkfestoi

o`terfemocte o`puts, wdoid cre ofperleit sujstotutes.Lcitkr o`puts kl ac`m, icpotca, sboaaem c`m u`sboaaem acjkr, c`m, o` skfe

seitkrs, c `cturca reskurie lcitkr cre oìaumem o` tde c`caysos. ]de fkmea

tcbes o`tk ciiku`t tde rkae kl o`terseitkrca lcitkr fkjoaoty c`m kvercaa

reskurie ik`strco`ts o` meterfoò`n seitkrca kutput suppay. Xrkmuit mol-

lere`toctok` jetwee` ofpkrtem c`m mkfestoi nkkms c`m cfk`n ofpkrts

lrkf mollere`t renok`s caakws lkr twk-wcy trcme o` ecid prkmuit icte-

nkry, mepe`mo`n k` tde ecse kl sujstotutok` jetwee` prkmuits lrkf mol-

lere`t renok`s.

]de fkmea oìaumes tde expaoiot trectfe`t kl o`ter`ctok`ca trcme c`mtrc`spkrt fcrno`s, c ‑nakjca‖ jc`b mesonèm tk femocte jetwee` wkram scv-

o`ns c`m o`vestfe`t, c`m c reactoveay skpdostoictem ik`sufer mefc`m sys-

tef mesonèm tk icpture mollere`toca proie c`m oìkfe respk`soveèss

cirkss iku`troes. Cs fe`tokèm ecraoer, tde ciiku`to`n reactok`sdops c`m




tde jedcvokrca ao`b o` tdos neèrca equoaojrouf fkmea ik`strco` tde kut-

ikfes o` ofpkrtc`t wcys `kt lku`m o` pcrtoca equoaojrouf c`cayses.

Kur o`terest o` tde FE@C iku`troes requorem us tk exte`m tde N]CX

>p9 mctcjcse jeyk`m tde ?9 iku`troes c`m renok`s represe`tem o` ot c`m

tk cnnrencte ots 5> seitkrs o`tk :< seitkrs jcsem k` tdeor ofpkrtcìe o`

Ido`c, O`moc, c`m tde FE@C renok` (tde ?9 iku`troes c`m renok`s o` tde

mctcjcse oìaumem tkk fuid moscnnrenctok` kutsome c`m o`sulloioe`t mos-

cnnrenctok` wotdo` tde FE@C renok`). ê retcoèm caa kl tde akw- c`m

fommae-oìkfe iku`troes ome`toloem wotdo` tde FE@C renok`, oìaumo`n

tde Crcj Zepujaoi kl Enypt, tde Osacfoi Zepujaoi kl Orc`, Fkrkiik, c`m

]uòsoc. e sepcrctem Caneroc, Osrcea, Gkrmc`, Aejc`k`, c`m Yyroc kut kl tdetwk N]CX renok`s represe`to`n tde refco`mer kl tde FE@C renok`”tde

rest kl @krtd Clroic (T@L) c`m tde rest kl êst Csoc (T^Y). ]de resuat-

o`n mctcjcse oìaumem eondt akw- c`m fommae-oìkfe iku`troes”Caneroc,

Enypt, Orc`, Gkrmc`, Aejc`k`, Fkrkiik, Yyroc, c`m ]uòsoc”c`m c ikfpksote

eèrny-roid ‑ktder FE@C‖ renok` represe`to`n Orcq, Aojyc, tde Zepujaoi kl

_efe`, c`m tde Nual Ikkperctok` Ikuìoa iku`troes.

]de sepcrctok` prkiemure wcs jcsem k` joacterca trcme c`m tcroll mctc

lrkf FCiFcps2 mctc k` tde tdree ikfpkè`ts kl NMX (cnroiuature,o`mustroca prkmuitok`, c`m servoies) lrkf tde ^kram Jc`b‟s ^kram

Meveakpfe`t O`moictkrs (^MO) mctcjcse2 c`m mctc k` ofpkrts c`m

expkrts kl servoies lrkf tde ^MO mctcjcse. ]de prkiess kl sepcrctok`

jenc` wotd c mkfestoi o`put-kutput struiture lkr c` o`movomuca iku`try

tdct forrkrem tde o`put-kutput struiture kl tde reaevc`t N]CX renok`.

]de mctc fkst irotoica lkr tde c`caysos”suid cs tde trcme c`m prkteitok`

mctc”were loaaem o` moreitay lrkf exter`ca skuries. C` kptofozctok` prk-

nrcf loaaem o` tde refco`mer kl tde mctc, sk tdct tde struiture kl NMXcpprkxofctem tde jrkcm struiture kl tde krono`ca eik`kfy c`m tde tktca

vcaue kl NMX c`m tde vcaue kl trcme o` ecid ikffkmoty equcaem tde

kjservem vcaues. ]de struiture kl o`ter`ca tcxes o` tde krono`ca FE@C

renok` wcs ofpksem k` tde èway sepcrctem iku`troes. Ct tde e`m kl tdos

prkiemure, tde mctc lkr ecid iku`try kr renok` ikrreitay relaeitem tde soze

c`m tde ikfpksotok` kl ots NMX, trcme lakws, c`m cppaoem tcroll rctes”caa

esse`toca prkpertoes lkr c`y trcme-reactem pkaoiy stumy.

]k excfoè tde ofpaoictok`s kl fkre rcpom nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc

k` tde Fommae Ecst, we èemem lorst tk tcbe ciiku`t kl skfe kl tde fcgkrrelkrfs tdct cre trc`slkrfo`n O`moc‟s trcme struiture, o` pcrtoiuacr aojerca-

ozctok` kl `k`cnroiuaturca tcrolls, ofprkvefe`ts o` o`lrcstruiture eemem tk

suppkrt trcme, c`m tde o`trkmuitok` kl muty mrcwjcibs, wdoid dcs refkvem

tde jurme` kl tcrolls k` o`terfemocte o`puts usem o` tde prkmuitok` kl

:8= Ocìdkvoido`c, Ovc oi, c`m Fcrto`



expkrts. Cs o` Mofcrc`c`, Ocìdkvoido`c, c`m Fcrto` (:88>), we lo`m tde

ikrreactok` jetwee` Ido`c‟s c`m O`moc‟s expkrts kl fcùlcitures jcreay

idc`nem o` respk`se tk tdese bey aojercaozctok` relkrfs o` O`moc. ]dos lo`m-

o`n sunnests tdct O`moc c`m Ido`c cre aobeay tk refco` expkrters kl very mol-

lere`t sets kl prkmuits c`m deìe aess aobeay tk je sujgeit tk futucaay

cmverse ofpcits lrkf expkrt expc`sok`.

@ext, we fcme c jcseaoè prkgeitok` tk :8:8, tk caakw lkr fuid donder

expeitem rctes kl nrkwtd o` fc`y meveakpo`n iku`troes tdc` o` tde

fcture o`mustroca eik`kfoes c`m c ik`seque`t nrecter ofpcit kl luture

idc`nes o` kutikfes o` meveakpo`n iku`troes. Lkr ikfpcrcjoaoty wotd

Mofcrc`c`, Ocìdkvoido`c, c`m Fcrto` (:88>), we ik`somerem c 35-yecrjcseaoè mesonèm tk repaoicte tde womeay usem N]CX jcseaoè prkgeitok`s

lkr acjkr lkrie, dufc` icpotca, c`m pdysoica icpotca nrkwtd jetwee` :885

c`m :8:8.> Eik`kfywome rctes kl teidòica idc`ne were meterfoèm

e`mkne`kusay o` tde fkmea tk e`sure ik`sosteìy jetwee` tde exkne`kus

vcrocjae lkreicsts c`m tde NMX nrkwtd lkreicsts tdct iakseay lkaakw tde

kram Jc`b NMX prkgeitok s.

e excfoè tde ofpaoictok`s kl donder-tdc`-prkgeitem nrkwtd o` Ido`c

c`m O`moc tk cssess tde moreit ofpaoictok`s kl nrkwtd tdere k` tde FE@Ciku`troes. e cssufem tdct nrkwtd rctes o` ecid renok` were : perie t-

cne pko`ts c yecr donder tdc` o` tde jcseaoè. Kver tde 35-yecr jcseaoè, tdos

resuatem o` kutput aeveas 9=.< perie`t donder o` ecid renok` tdc` u`mer tde

jcseaoè sie`crok. Ik`soste`t wotd Bcamkr‟s (3?5>) styaozem lcits kl eik-

`kfoi nrkwtd, we oìrecsem tde stkib kl dufc` c`m pdysoica icpotca o` aoè

wotd kvercaa kutput o` tdese twk nrkwo`n eik`kfoes. e caakwem eik`kfy-

wome prkmuitovoty nrkwtd tk cmgust tk fco`tco` tde tcrnetem oìrecse o` tde

rcte kl eik`kfoi nrkwtd.C seik`m sie`crok excfoès tde ofpcit kl cmmotok`ca nrkwtd suppae-

fe`tem wotd c` ofprkvefe`t o` tde qucaoty c`m vcroety kl expkrts, juoam-

o`n k` reie`t evomeìe tdct sunnests tdct eik`kfoi nrkwtd kl tde type

ik`somerem o` tdos idcpter oìrecses jktd tde qucaoty c`m tde vcroety kl tde

nkkms expkrtem jy tde nrkwo`n eik`kfy.4 Uso`n tde quc`toty cnnrenctkr

c`m efporoica estofctes lrkf Duffeas c`m Bae`kw (:885), we speioly

tde remuitok` o` elleitove proies csskioctem wotd tde ikfjo`ctok` kl

oìrecses o` vcroety c`m qucaoty (tdos speioloictok` os mosiussem o` metcoa o`

Mofcrc`c`, Ocìdkvoido`c, c`m Fcrto` :88?).? Ofprkvefe`ts o` tde quca-oty kl nkkms remuie tde elleitove proie kl tde nkkms ct c`y nove` cituca

proie, cs c sfcaaer cfku`t kl ecid nkkm os requorem tk jro`n cjkut tde scfe

oìrecse o` wealcre. ^dere, cs o` tdos stumy, ik`sufers vcaue vcroety o` tde

prkmuits tdey ik`sufe, c` oìrecse o` tde rc`ne kl vcroetoes cvcoacjae cask




remuies tde elleitove proie kl tde nkkm ct c`y nove` set kl cituca proies lkr

tde nkkms.

Zesuats

]de elleits k` bey vcrocjaes kl donder nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc c`m

donder nrkwtd wotd oìrecsem vcroety c`m qucaoty kl expkrts cre pre-

se`tem lkr reca oìkfes (wealcre), expkrt vkaufes, c`m terfs-kl-trcme

elleits, uso`n tde stc`mcrm estofcte kl tde reca oìkfe ofpcits kl terfs-

kl-trcme idc`nes tdct mkes `kt tcbe o`tk ciiku`t seik`m-jest wealcre

elleits (tcjae 4.:).38 Lkr ecid vcrocjae, tde elleit mepe`ms k` wdetder tdeoìkfe oìrecses o` Ido`c c`m O`moc resuat o` o`te`sove-fcrno` nrkwtd kl

tde scfe expkrts (‑Nrkwtd‖) kr cre ciikfpcòem jy expc`sok` o` tde

rc`ne kl prkmuits expkrtem c`m ofprkvefe`ts o` tdeor qucaoty (‑N&K‖).

Oìrecses o` reca oìkfe cre prese`tem o` perie`tcne idc`nes o` equovc-

ae`t vcroctok`, fecsurem o` :88= mkaacrs. Expkrt expc`sok` os prese`tem

uso`n perie`tcne idc`nes o` tde vkaufe kl expkrts. ]de terfs-kl-trcme

elleits cre prese`tem o` :88= mkaacrs.

]de wealcre idc`nes cre expeitem tk je acrnest lkr Ido`c c`m O`moc,wdoid jeèlot moreitay lrkf tdeor kw` nrkwtd. ]de nco`s lkr ktder iku`-

troes cre reactoveay sfcaa o` tde cjseìe kl qucaoty c`m vcroety ofprkvefe`ts

k` expkrts lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc. Dond-oìkfe iku`troes nco`, exiept EU

fefjers c`m Gcpc`, wdoid fcy akse o` tde nrkwtd-kày sie`crok mespote

terfs-kl-trcme nco`s jeicuse kl o`tercitok`s jetwee` exosto`n mostkrtok`s

c`m idc`nes o` eèrny proies (see Fcrto`, Ocìdkvoido`c, c`m Mofcrc`c`

:884). Fc`y iku`troes cre expeitem tk jeèlot lrkf ofprkvem terfs kl

trcme lkr tdeor prkmuits, cs Ido`c oìrecses ots ofpkrts jy :4.5 perie`t c`m O`moc oìrecses ots jy 95.: perie`t. Ykfe fommae- c`m akw-oìkfe

iku`troes, suid cs tde Zepujaoi kl Bkrec, tde Xdoaoppoès, c`m iku`troes o`

Ykutd Csoc, cre prkgeitem tk akse, jeicuse ikfpetotok` wotd Ido`c c`m

O`moc o` tdorm fcrbets ènctoveay clleits tdeor terfs kl trcme.

]de ofprkvefe`t o` tde wealcre kl tde FE@C renok` cs c wdkae, c`m

o` caa FE@C iku`troes exiept ]uòsoc, os `kt csskioctem wotd oìrecses o`

expkrt vkaufes, exiept o` speioloi icses, suid cs Aejc`k`. Koa-expkrto`n

iku`troes o` tde FE@C renok`, represe`tem jy tde ‑ktder FE@C renok`,‖

experoeìe acrne oìrecses o` wealcre, csskioctem wotd strk`n expeitemofprkvefe`ts o` tde proies kl ikffkmotoes tdey expkrt. ]dey woaa tdus

je cjae tk oìrecse tdeor ik`sufptok` ct c`y nove` vkaufe kl expkrts,

remuio`n tdeor èem tk expkrt. Expkrters kl fcùlcitures, suid cs

Aejc`k` c`m ktder meveakpo`n iku`troes, cre expeitem tk suller lrkf

:8< Ocìdkvoido`c, Ovc oi, c`m Fcrto`



]cjae 4.: Ofpcits kl Extrc Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc k` Yeaeitem Eik`kfoes

(reactove tk :8:8 jcseaoè)

Zenok` kr eik`kfy

Nrkwtd N&S

Nrkw

E\

(foaaok`s

kl mkaacrs) E\ (perie`t)

E\

(foaaok`s



Caneroc :,4>3 3.9 9,:8< 3.5 ’8

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl 9<9 8.9 5?< 8.5 8

Orc`, Osacfoi Zep. kl :,=<8 8.? 9,:9? 3.: 8

Gkrmc` 4<= 3.: 3,8<> 3.5 ’3:

Aejc`k` :8< 8.9 :54 8.9 38

Fkrkiik 58 8.3 3?< 8.9 3

Yyroc` Crcj Zep. =?9 8.5 <53 8.< :

]uòsoc ’5> ’8.3 ’54 ’8.3 ’8Ktder Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic 3<,9=> 9.8 :8,839 9.> ’3

FE@C :9,5?9 3.5 :?,3<4 3.? ’8

Ecst c`m Ykutdecst Csoc

Ido`c 3,899,998 :4.? 3,333,339 93.3 99

Dk`n Bk`n, Ido`c2 c`m ]cowc`, Ido`c :,559 8.= ?,958 3.9 3

O`mkèsoc 3,3>4 8.9 :,88> 8.= 8

Gcpc` ’3,3>> 8.8 <,<59 8.3 9

Bkrec, Zep. kl =,>58 8.= 33,54< 3.8 9

Fcacysoc :,<<? 3.: 5,9:9 :.= ’8

Xdoaoppoès ’=>: ’8.9 -3?3 ’8.3 8Yo`ncpkre ’:=> ’8.3 3,4>4 3.8 3

]dcoac`m =8? 8.3 :,858 8.= 3

\oet`cf 5<5 8.> ?:4 3.3 ’8

Zest kl Ykutdecst Csoc =58 3.? 5?? :.5 ’3

(

: 8 >



]cjae 4.: Ofpcits kl Extrc Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc k` Yeaeitem Eik`kfoes

(reactove tk :8:8 jcseaoè)

Zenok` kr eik`kfy

Nrkwtd N&S

Nrkw

E\

(foaaok`s


E\

(foaaok`s


Ykutd Csoc

O`moc 9?9,83: 98.5 =39,?53 9:.: =3

Zest kl Ykutd Csoc ’>5> ’8.: >3 8.8 3

@krtd Cferoic

Ic`cmc 9,8<4 8.9 =,<>8 8.= ’8

Fexoik 3,48: 8.: 5,:93 8.5 8

Uòtem Ytctes ’5?5 8.8 3>,593 8.3 3

Acto` CferoicCrne`to`c c`m Jrczoa :,8=9 8.: 9,48= 8.9 8

Zest kl Acto` Cferoic 9,=3= 8.5 5,38: 8.> ’8

Eurkpe c`m Lkrfer Ykvoet Uòk`

EU :5 paus EL]C ’<,34< 8.8 3:,??8 8.3 8

Lkrfer Ykvoet Uòk` 4,945 8.4 38,?>8 3.8 8

Yuj-Ycdcrc` Clroic 5,??< 8.4 4,4?3 3.: 8

Ktder

Custrcaoc c`m @ew Wecac`m 5,3:> 8.5 4,93> 8.4 3

Osrcea 9,9?> 3.3 9,4=< 3.: ’3

Zest kl wkram ’3,8?= ’8.3 ’935 8.8 3^kram 3,=45,:35 :.> 3,<>5,5:9 9.8 =

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ sofuactok`s kl fkmoloem N]CX fkmea (Ocìdkvoido`c :88=).

@kte7 E\ os c fecsure kl tde idc`ne o` reca oìkfe csskioctem wotd tde relkrf. N&S me`ktes nrkwtd ciikfpcòem jy ofprkvefe`ts o` exp

]rcme Csskioctok`.

(

: 8 4

(Ik`toùem)



oìrecsem ikfpetotok` c`m akwer proies lkr tdeor expkrts kl fcùlcitures

(tcjae 4.9).

Nove` ots sozcjae expkrts kl eèrny prkmuits c`m tde acrner oìrecse o`

eèrny proies tdc` o` proies kl ktder nkkms, ot os perdcps `kt surproso`n

tdct tde FE@C renok` cs c wdkae os prkgeitem tk jeèlot lrkf tde

strk`nest terfs-kl-trcme nco`s u`mer jktd sofuactok`s (o` fkèy terfs).

O` tdos set kl sofuactok`s, tde wealcre nco` kl tde FE@C renok` os

exieemem jy nco`s kày o` tde lkrfer Ykvoet Uòk`, Ido`c, c`m O`moc.

Eik`kfoi Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc :8?

]cjae 4.9 Xrkgeitem Idc`nes o` ^kram Ikffkmoty Xroies

Csskioctem wotd Extrc Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc

(perie`tcne idc`ne jetwee` jcseaoè c`m :8:8 prkgeitok`)

Yeitkr Nrkwtd

Nrkwtd, vcroety,

c`m qucaoty

Zoie 3.85 3.>3

^dect 9.3< 9.=8

Nrco`s :.54 :.45

\enetcjaes c`m lruots :.84 :.:5Koas c`m lcts ’8.:3 ’8.>8

Yuncr ’8.<> ’3.:?

Xac`t-jcsem lojers 9.=3 9.55

Ktder irkps 3.:= 3.35

Aovestkib c`m fect ’8.:> ’8.48

Mcory ’8.>4 ’3.==

Ktder prkiessem lkkms ’8.4: ’3.=8

]extoaes ’3.35 ’3.38

êcro`n cppcrea ’3.?8 ’8.?>

Aectder ’3.9< ’3.33

^kkm prkmuits ’3.5= ’:.89

Eèrny 5.5: =.4?

Foèrcas ’3.=: ’3.93

Idefoicas ’3.3> ’3.5?

Fetcas ’3.4? ’3.4>

\edoiaes ’3.>< ’:.=<

Fcidoèry c`m equopfe`t ’:.:4 ’:.::

Eaeitrkòis ’:.<< ’:.>3

Ktder fcùlcitures ’9.<9 ’3.3:

]rcme c`m trc`spkrt ’3.9> ’3.>8

Ikffuòictok`s ’:.39 ’:.=:

Ktder servoies ’3.<< ’:.:=

Caa ’3.:= ’3.=5

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs, jcsem k` sofuactok`s o` Mofcrc`c`, Ocìdkvoido`c, c`m Fcrto` :88>.



]de oìrecse o` wkram proies kl c ùfjer kl bey cnroiuaturca prkm-

uits cppecrs tk je c ik`sequeìe kl c trc`sler kl reskuries kut kl acjkr-

o`te`sove cnroiuature csskioctem wotd tde rose o` tde e`mkwfe`t kl pdysoica

c`m dufc` icpotca o` Ido`c c`m O`moc. ]dos resuat os `kt prekrmcoèm. O`

tde jcseaoè sofuactok`s usem tk prkgeit tde fkmea tk :8:8, tde proies kl

cnroiuaturca nkkms rose rctder tdc` lcaa. O` ik`trcst, o` tde nrkwtd sofuac-

tok` repkrtem o` Mofcrc`c`, Ocìdkvoido`c, c`m Fcrto` (:88>), tde proies

kl cnroiuaturca prkmuits lcaa, jeicuse tde stkibs kl pdysoica c`m dufc`

icpotca refco` uìdc`nem. ]de icpotca meepeò`n o` kur sofuactok` os

expeitem tk mrcw reskuries kut kl acjkr-o`te`sove cnroiuature o` tdese iku`-

troes tdrkund Zyjizy`sbo elleits, ik`trojuto`n tk tde oìrecse o` wkramproies kl cnroiuaturca prkmuits (see Fcrto` c`m ^crr 3??9 c`m Nedadcr,

Dertea, c`m Fcrto` 3??= lkr c mosiussok` kl tdos idc`èa). Catdkund fc`y

FE@C iku`troes cre èt lkkm ofpkrters, c`m deìe pkte`tocaay cmverseay

clleitem jy oìrecses o` lkkm proies, tdese moscmvc`tcnes cre expeitem tk

je strk`nay kutweondem lkr tde eèrny expkrters jy tde prkgeitem oìrecse

o` tde proies kl eèrny prkmuits c`m tde meiaoès o` tde proies kl ofpkrtem

fcùlcitures.

Cmmo`n ofprkvefe`ts o` tde vcroety c`m qucaoty kl expkrts lrkfIdo`c c`m O`moc tk tde dond-nrkwtd sie`crok os prkgeitem tk oìrecse tde

wealcre nco`s tk tde wkram eik`kfy lrkf $3,=45 joaaok` o` tde jcseaoè

tk $3,<>5 joaaok` jy :8:8 (see tcjae 4.:). Kver tde scfe tofe perokm, tde

vkaufes kl expkrts lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc cre expeitem tk nrkw jy <3 per-

ie`t c`m <? perie`t, respeitoveay, reactove tk tde jcseaoè, wotd pksotove

terfs-kl-trcme elleits o` caa renok`s exiept tde Xdoaoppoès.33 Fkst iku`-

troes cre expeitem tk jeèlot, jeicuse tdey ic` ofpkrt donder vkaufes

lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc ct akwer elleitove proies wdoae expkrto`n donder vka-ufes tk tde twk iku`troes, cs mefc`m lkr ofpkrts o` Ido`c c`m O`moc

nrkws. ]de jonnest jeèloiocroes cre, kl ikurse, Ido`c, wdkse estofctem wea-

lcre oìrecses 93 perie`t, c`m O`moc, wdkse estofctem wealcre oìrecses 9:

perie`t. ]de vkaufe kl trcme jetwee` Ido`c c`m O`moc aobeay oìrecses jy

fkre tdc` eotder iku`try‟s trcme wotd tde rest kl tde wkram, meepeò`n tde

trcme ao`bs jetwee` tde twk Csoc` noc`ts.

FE@C os aobeay tk pacy c sfcaaer rkae o` expkrto`n fcùlciturem nkkms

c`m servoies cs c resuat kl donder nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc (lonure 4.3).

Xrkgeitem aksses o` expkrt vkaufes o` fc`y FE@C iku`troes, oìaumo`nCaneroc, Gkrmc`, ]uòsoc,3: c`m ktder FE@C iku`troes (see tcjae 4.:)

sunnest tdct tde elleit lrkf oìrecsem kppkrtuòtoes tk expkrt tk Ido`c

c`m O`moc os aobeay mkfo`ctem jy tde elleits lrkf oìrecses o` tdorm-fcrbet

expkrt ikfpetotok` lrkf tdese twk iku`troes c`m oìrecsem mkfestoi

:38 Ocìdkvoido`c, Ovc oi, c`m Fcrto`



mefc`m resuato`n lrkf ofprkvefe`ts o` tde terfs kl trcme. Jut tde jkkst

tk Ido`c‟s c`m O`moc‟s fcùlcituro`n o`mustroes os expeitem tk irectepksotove spoaakver elleits tdrkund oìrecsem mefc`m lkr o`terfemocte

o`puts, oìaumo`n foèrcas, eèrny, c`m lcrf-jcsem `cturca reskuries.

O`meem, expkrts kl eèrny prkmuits woaa oìrecse tde fkst, lkaakwem jy

oìrecses o` expkrts kl lcrf prkmuits, c`m foèrcas.


Lonure 4.3 Xrkgeitem Idc`nes o` \kaufe kl Expkrts lrkf tde Fommae Ecst

c`m @krtd Clroic Csskioctem wotd Extrc Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc

’=,888 ’9,888 ’:,888 ’3,888 8 3,888

UY$ foaaok`s

:,888 9,888 =,888 5,888 <,888 >,888

roie

wdect

nrco`s

venetcjaes c`m lruots

koas c`m lcts

suncr

pac`t-jcsem lojers

ktder irkps

aovestkib c`m fectmcory

ktder prkiessem lkkm

eèrny

textoaes

cppcrea

aectder

wkkm prkmuits

foèrcas

idefoicas

fetcas

vedoiaes

fcidoèry c`m equopfe`t

eaeitrkòis

ktder fcùlcitures

trcme c`m trc`spkrt

ikffuòictok` servoies

ktder servoies

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs, jcsem k` sofuactok`s kl fkmoloem N]CX fkmea (Ocìdkvoido`c :88=).

@kte7 Lonure sdkws idc`nes o` vcaue jetwee` jcseaoè c`m :8:8.



]de cnnrencte resuats ikìeca mollereìes ct tde iku`try aevea. ]de rose

o` FE@C‟s foèrca expkrts kiiurs jeicuse kl strk`n expkrt nrkwtd kl

foèrcas c`m eèrny lrkf Enypt, Orc`, c`m ktder FE@C iku`troes (lon-

ure 4.:). Ytrk`n expkrt nrkwtd kl fetca prkmuits lrkf iku`troes o` tde

rest kl tde FE@C renok` woaa aobeay je kllset jy c meiaoè o` expkrts kl

fetca prkmuits lrkf tde iku`troes sdkw` o` lonure 4.:. Fkrkiik c`m

]uòsoc fcy expc`m expkrts kl foèrcas c`m idefoicas.

Expkrts kl fcùlcitures cre prkgeitem tk je dot dcrm o` caa iku`troes. Lkr

o`mustroes o` skfe iku`troes, tdese elleits ikuam je sujstc`toca (lonure 4.9).

]de meiaoès cre expeitem tk je fuid sfcaaer lkr o`mustry kutputs (see

c`èx tcjae 4.C.9). Donder nrkwtd kl expkrts lrkf Ido`c ofpaoes cèxpc`sok` kl ots textoae o`mustry c`m c ik`trcitok` kl tde textoae o`mustroes

o` caa FE@C iku`troes exiept ]uòsoc. ]de prkgeitem nrkwtd kl Ido`c‟s

:3: Ocìdkvoido`c, Ovc oi, c`m Fcrto`

Lonure 4.: Xrkgeitem Idc`nes o` \kaufe kl Zeskurie-Jcsem Fcùlciturem Expkrts

Csskioctem wotd Extrc Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc

’<88

’=88

’:88

8

:88

U Y $ f o a a o k ` s

=88

<88

488

E n y p t , C r c j

Z e p . k

l

F k r

k i i k

] u o

s o c

C a n e r

o c

r e s t k l

F E @

C

G k r m

c `

A e j c

k `

Y y r o c `

C r c j Z e

p .

O r c , O s a c f o

i Z e p . k

l

fetcas foèrcas idefoicas

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs, jcsem k` sofuactok`s kl tde fkmoloem N]CX fkmea (Ocìdkvoido`c :88=).




cppcrea o`mustry e`tcoas sdcrp ik`trcitok` kl cppcrea prkmuitok` ease-

wdere, oìaumo`n o` caa FE@C iku`troes. Acrne meiaoès cre cask expeitem

lkr fcidoèry c`m equopfe`t, eaeitrkòis, c`m ktder fcùlcitures. Caneroc

os expeitem tk suller tde fkst sonòloic`t ik`trcitok`s o` tde acrnest ùfjer

kl fcùlcituro`n seitkrs.

Xkaoiy fcbers cre aobeay tk je tefptem tk prkteit skfe seitkrs cnco`st

oìrecsem ikfpetotok` lrkf ofpkrts. Mko`n sk wkuam excierjcte tde

prkjaefs kl expkrters, jy rcoso`n expkrt iksts c`m remuio`n tde vcroety kl

nkkms c`m servoies expkrtem, remuio`n tde ikfpetotoveèss kl expkrts.

\e`cjaes (:88=) sdkws tdct c remuitok` o` tde ùfjer kl prkmuits lci-

o`n ofpkrt ikfpetotok` os aobeay tk je csskioctem wotd c sofoacr remuitok`

o` tde ùfjer kl prkmuits expkrtem. Jy ik`trcst, pkaoioes tdct oìrecse


Lonure 4.9 Xrkgeitem Idc`nes o` \kaufe kl Fcùlciturem Expkrts Csskioctem wotd

Extrc Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc

’>8

’<8

’58

’=8

’98

% i

d c ` n e

’:8

’38

8

38

E n y p t , C

r c j Z e

p . k l

F k r

k i i k

] u o

s o c

C a n e r

o c

r e s t k l

F E @

C

G k r m

c `

A e j c

k `

Y y r o c `

C r c j Z e

p .

O r c , O s a c f

o i Z e p . k

l

fcidoèry c`m equopfe`t eaeitrkòis ktder fcùlciture

textoaes cppcrea aectder vedoiaes

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs, jcsem k` sofuactok`s wotd tde fkmoloem N]CX fkmea (Ocìdkvoido`c :88=).




prkmuitovoty ic` ofprkve ikfpetotoveèss c`m oìrecse tde rc`ne c`m

qucaoty kl prkmuits expkrtem.

]de expc`sok` kl tde eèrny seitkr c`m tde ik`trcitok` kl fcùlcitur-

o`n c`m servoies cre son`s kl c Mutid mosecse elleit. Caa FE@C iku`troes

fcy je lcio`n oìrecso`n pressures tk cmgust tdeor mkfestoi c`m trcme pkao-

ioes tk oìrecse ikfpetotoveèss c`m iusdok` tde elleits k` tdeor `kè`-

erny seitkrs.39 ]de idcaae`nes”espeiocaay tde idcaae`ne kl irecto`n

ik`motok`s lkr efpakyfe`t nrkwtd tk cjskrj tde acrne ùfjer kl yku`n

pekpae expeitem tk gko` tde acjkr lkrie o` tde èxt twk meicmes”woaa

je nrect.

^de` ofprkvefe`ts o` prkmuit qucaoty c`m vcroety cre tcbe` o`tkciiku`t, tde remuitok`s o` tde elleitove proies kl ofpkrts lrkf Ido`c c`m

O`moc cre expeitem tk remuie FE@C‟s estofctem expkrt aksses2 tde acrner

remuitok` o` tde elleitove proie kl ofpkrts lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc tur`s tde

expeitem trcme aksses o`tk nco`s c`m cfpaoloes tde terfs-kl-trcme elleits c`m

wealcre nco`s tk iku`troes o` tde FE@C renok` (see tcjae 4.:) ]de trcme

nco`s stef lrkf ew kppkrtuòtoes tk oìrecse expkrts kl iertco` irkps, ven-

etcjaes c`m lruots, foèrcas, fetcas, c`m trcme c`m servoies (lonure 4.=).3=

Ikìaumo`n Ikffe`ts

]dos idcpter ome`toloes lkur jrkcm idc`èas tdrkund wdoid tde nrkwtd kl

Ido`c c`m O`moc fcy clleit tde FE@C renok`7

• Oìrecses o` kppkrtuòtoes lkr FE@C tk expkrt tk Ido c c`m O`moc

• Oìrecses o` kppkrtuòtoes lkr FE@C tk ofpkrt lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc

• Oìrecses o` tdorm-fcrbet expkrt ikfpetotok`• O`moreit trcme ofpcits.

Ot sdkws tdct tde lorst twk elleits cre u`cfjonukusay lcvkrcjae, tde

tdorm os u`cfjonukusay ènctove, c`m tde lkurtd os cfjonukus o` son`.

]dus, tde kvercaa ofpcit kl dond nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc os o` neèrca

cfjonukus o` son`.

]de FE@C renok` wkuam aobeay jeèlot sujstc`tocaay lrkf extrc

nrkwtd jy tde twk Csoc` noc`ts, wotd reca oìkfes o` tde renok` roso`n jy

$:= joaaok` jetwee` :885 c`m :8:8 (ct :88= proies). otd ofprkvefe`tso` tde qucaoty kl expkrts lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc, tde nco`s tk tde FE@C

renok` wkuam rose jy $:? joaaok`.

Nco`s lrkf ofprkvefe`ts o` tde terfs kl trcme cre pcrtoiuacray ofpkr-

tc`t. ]de kverwdeafo`n fcgkroty kl tde nco`s ($:3 joaaok` c`m $:< joaaok`

:3= Ocìdkvoido`c, Ovc oi, c`m Fcrto`





]de vkaufe kl expkrts lrkf tde FE@C renok` meiaoès saondtay.

Expkrts kl eèrny prkmuits c`m c lew cnroiuaturca prkmuits oìrecse, c`m

expkrts kl fkst fcùlcitures c`m servoies meiaoè. ]dese elleits relaeit

oìrecsem ikfpetotok` o` tdorm fcrbets c`m oìrecsem mkfestoi mefc`m

resuato`n lrkf tde terfs-kl-trcme ofprkvefe`ts csskioctem wotd tde

nrkwtd kl Ido`c c`m O`moc. Ykfe iku`troes, suid cs Caneroc c`m Gkrmc`,

see reactoveay acrne remuitok`s o` tdeor fcùlciturem expkrts2 ktders see

oìrecses o` tdeor expkrts kl reskurie-jcsem expkrts, suid cs fetcas c`m

foèrcas.

Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc dcs foxem resuats lkr FE@C.

Ofprkvefe`ts o` tde renok`‟s terfs kl trcme oìrecse oìkfe, espeiocaaywde` aobeay ofprkvefe`ts o` tde qucaoty c`m vcroety kl expkrts lrkf

Ido`c c`m O`moc cre lcitkrem o`. Jut oìrecsem ikfpetotok` o` tdorm fcr-

bets remuies tde kppkrtuòtoes lkr FE@C iku`troes tk expc`m tdeor

expkrts kl fcùlcitures, icuso`n expkrts kl fcùlcitures tk meiaoè o`

skfe icses. Lo`caay, tde expc`sok` kl tde eèrny seitkr c`m tde ik`trci-

tok` kl fcùlcituro`n c`m servoies cre son`s kl Mutid mosecse. Caa FE@C

iku`troes woaa lcie oìrecso`n pressures tk cmgust tdeor mkfestoi c`m

trcme pkaoioes tk oìrecse ikfpetotoveèss, iusdok` tde elleits k` tdeor`kèèrny seitkrs, c`m ciikffkmcte tde acrne ùfjer kl yku`n pekpae

expeitem tk gko` tde acjkr lkrie o` Ido`c c`m O`moc o` tde èxt twk

meicmes.

]de lkaakwo`n icvects cre ofpkrtc`t tk beep o` fo`m. ]de resuats o`

tdos idcpter cre jcsem k` tdkundt experofe`ts2 tdey kller kày tde jrkcm-

est o`moictok`s kl aobeay elleits rctder tdc` preiose premoitok`s. ]dey

strk`nay sunnest tdct jeèlots woaa mepe`m k` cmcpto`n tk tde èw kppkr-

tuòtoes c`m idcaae`nes. ]de sujstc`toca cmgustfe`t iksts kl tdos eik`kfoitrc`slkrfctok` cre `kt lcitkrem o`tk tde c`caysos. Lo`caay, jeicuse tde

lkius os k` tde stctoi trcme cspeits kl nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc, tde

c`caysos on`kres ofpkrtc`t ao`b jetwee` o`vestfe`t c`m nrkwtd tdct fcy

cfpaoly tde elleits mosiussem dere c`m clleit tde wealcre resuats.

:3< Ocìdkvoido`c, Ovc oi, c`m Fcrto`



Eik`kfoi Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc :3>

C`èx

]cjae 4.C.3 C`ùca Jcseaoè Nrkwtd Zctes o` Yeaeitem Eik`kfoes, :885’:8

(c`ùca perie`tcne idc`ne)

Zenok`/eik`kfy XkpuactokÙ`sboaaem

acjkr Yboaaem acjkr

Xdysoicaicpotca NMX

Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd ClroicCaneroc 3.5 :.: =.: :.5 :.>Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl 3.= 3.> :.: 9.< =.>

Orc`, Osacfoi Zep. kl 3.= 3.5 =.: <.> 5.8

Osrcea 3.: 8.4 3.9 9.5 9.>Gkrmc` :.8 :.< 9.3 =.5 =.5

Aejc`k` 3.8 3.= 3.? :.4 9.3Fkrkiik 3.9 :.8 :.5 =.= 9.?

Yyroc` Crcj Zep. 3.4 :.4 =.= :.< =.= ]uòsoc 3.: 3.? =.5 =.< =.<Ktder FE@C 3.? :.8 9.3 9.< 9.>Ecst c`m Ykutdecst Csoc

Ido`c 8.< 8.4 9.? 4.5 <.<

Dk`n Bk`n, Ido`c2c`m ]cowc`, Ido`c 8.9 8.< :.? =.? =.9

O`mkèsoc 3.3 :.> <.5 =.> 5.:Gcpc` ’8.: 8.: ’8.> :.5 3.<Bkrec, Zep. kl 8.9 :.8 5.4 =.? =.>

Fcacysoc 3.= ’3.= 9.? 5.4 5.<Xdoaoppoès 3.5 3.4 =.5 9.= 9.5Yo`ncpkre 8.4 8.< 3.3 5.9 =.?

]dcoac`m 8.5 8.3 9.: 9.? =.<\oet`cf 3.3 3.= 3.? <.8 5.=

Ktder Ykutdecst Csoc 3.8 3.9 =.: 9.> 9.3Ykutd Csoc

O`moc 3.3 3.< =.8 <.3 5.5

Ktder Ykutd Csoc 3.> :.3 9.< 5.3 5.8@krtd Cferoic

Ic`cmc 8.= 3.< 8.? 9.: :.<Fexoik 3.= :.> =.< 9.9 9.4Uòtem Ytctes 8.> 3.5 8.4 9.? 9.:Acto` Cferoic

Crne`to`c c`m Jrczoa 3.8 8.? 9.< 9.3 9.<Ktder Acto` Cferoic 3.= 3.< 9.? 9.= 9.9Eurkpe c`m tde lkrfer Ykvoet Uòk`

Eurkpec` Uòk` 8.8 8.= 8.3 :.< :.9

Lkrfer Ykvoet Uòk` ’8.3 8.9 8.> 9.< 9.:

Ktder Custrcaoc c`m @ew Wecac`m 8.> 3.< 8.< 9.4 9.=

Yuj Ycdcrc` Clroic 3.? :.< 9.9 9.3 9.5Zest kl wkram 8.4 8.4 :.5 9.8 =.3

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b c`m Ie`ter lkr Nakjca ]rcme C`caysos (N]CX).



]cjae 4.C.: Idc`nes o` Expkrts Icusem jy Extrc Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc, :885’:8

(perie`tcne idc`ne jy :8:8 reactove tk jcseaoè)

Nkkm kr servoie Caneroc

Enypt, Crcj

Zep. kl

Orc`, Osacfoi

Zep. kl Gkrmc` Aejc`k` Fkrkiik

Zoie 4.8 38.8 38.: ’:8.8 3.< :3.5

^dect :<.9 9<.> 54.8 <.9 :4.3 <5.5Nrco`s ::.: 34.: 3?.= ’3=.: <.< :<.<

\enetcjaes c`m lruots ’:3.< >.= 9?.= ’39.9 3:.8 ?.?

Koas c`m lcts ’9?.5 ’8.: 3.< ’::.4 ’?.3 8.3

Yuncr ’=5.: ’:.8 =>.4 ’:5.< ’?.< 3.:

Xac`t-jcsem lojers :.? =9.4 34.? ’3:.8 :8.> 93.>

Ktder irkps ’9:.3 5.8 :5.4 38.4 3>.8 :=.>

Aovestkib c`m fect ’=5.< 3<.> <.? ’<.= :.? :3.3

Mcory ’=8.3 35.3 <.8 ’3?.9 ’9.> 4.<

Ktder prkiessem lkkm ’99.? ’8.5 ’:.: ’3>.8 ’=.9 ’8.>

]extoaes ’5=.8 ’5.4 ’38.= ’:9.4 ’3<.8 ’3.=Cppcrea ’5=.3 ’=.? ’3>.9 ’94.= ’:5.< ’<.:

Aectder ’<3.? 5.9 ’:<.9 ’94.: ’3?.: ’8.4

^kkm prkmuits ’=5.= ’3.< ’<.: ’93.> ’35.< ’9.9

Eèrny 8.> 3=.> 5.< >.= :<.3 93.:

Foèrcas ’3<.5 =.5 3:.< ’33.< ’4.: 3.5

Idefoicas ’59.: ’>.4 ’?.? ’98.? ’53.3 5.4

Fetcas ’5>.< ’38.< ’9.< ’95.= ’9<.5 ’=.>

\edoiaes ’==.? <.: ’9.9 ’9:.9 ’:>.8 ’9.<

Fcidoèry c`m equopfe`t ’55.? ’=.4 ’:8.: ’:<.5 ’93.4 ’33.3

Eaeitrkòis ’<:.? ’39.? ’:<.5 ’=8.> ’9?.> ’4.4

Ktder fcùlcitures ’<8.= ’93.? ’9:.> ’53.9 ’5=.> ’::.9

]rcme c`m trc`spkrt ’9>.8 ’8.? ’5.4 ’:8.4 ’?.: :.8

Ikffuòictok` servoies ’9?.4 ’:.5 ’>.8 ’3?.5 ’>.> ’=.?

Ktder servoies ’93.9 ’=.3 ’5.9 ’3>.> ’3.< ’:.4


: 3 4



: 3 ?

]cjae 4.C.9 Idc`nes o` Kutput Icusem jy Extrc Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc, :885’:8

(perie`tcne idc`ne jy :8:8 reactove tk jcseaoè)

Nkkm kr servoie Caneroc

Enypt, Crcj

Zep. kl

Orc`, Osacfoi

Zep. kl Gkrmc` Aejc`k` Fkrkiik

Zoie 3.5 :.8 8.5 8.< ’3.: ’8.9

^dect ’5.> =.< 3.8 8.< ’8.5 9.?

Nrco`s 3.? 8.? 8.5 3.3 ’8.> 3.8

\enetcjaes c`m lruots 8.: 8.> :.4 8.5 ’8.3 9.8

Koas c`m lcts 8.4 ’8.3 ’8.? ’3.5 ’8.4 8.=

Yuncr ’?.< ’8.= =.3 8.4 ’3.: ’8.:

Xac`t-jcsem lojers ’:.8 38.5 8.= ’8.= 3.: :.8

Ktder irkps ’?.> :.< 3.< ’8.9 8.3 <.>

Aovestkib c`m fect ’=.3 8.4 8.3 3.? ’8.= ’8.:

Mcory ’3=.8 8.5 8.5 ’8.> ’8.4 8.8

Ktder prkiessem lkkm ’8.5 ’8.: 8.: ’3.: ’8.? ’8.9

]extoaes ’:8.= ’3.4 ’<.= ’::.? ’:.5 ’:.=

Cppcrea 3.8 ’3.: ’9.4 ’:9.: ’9.3 ’=.>

Aectder ’38.5 8.? ’?.3 ’3.5 ’8.3 ’8.<

^kkm prkmuits ’:.> ’8.= ’:.4 ’8.= 8.3 ’3.3

Eèrny 8.< :.8 3.> :.: :.? 3=.<

Foèrcas ’3.4 8.? 3.: ’8.: ’3.: 8.9

Idefoicas ’35.? ’9.< ’>.> ’38.4 ’5.> 3.5

Fetcas ’3:.= ’5.3 ’=.5 ’=.3 ’?.: ’=.5

\edoiaes ’:9.8 8.4 ’:.3 ’8.3 ’5.> ’3.=

Fcidoèry c`m equopfe`t ’:<.4 ’5.8 ’4.4 ’5.: ’4.> ’>.<Eaeitrkòis ’:.= ’9.: ’5.= ’33.3 ’8.3 ’4.5

Ktder fcùlcitures ’8.: ’?.8 ’5.8 ’8.4 ’:.4 ’5.<

]rcme c`m trc`spkrt 8.9 ’8.9 ’8.5 8.< ’3.: 8.8

Ikffuòictok` servoies 8.> ’3.8 ’8.3 8.= 8.= ’:.8

Ktder servoies 3.: ’8.9 8.= 3.9 8.3 ’8.3






@ktes

3. O` tde expkrto`n iku`try, tde terfs kl trcme sdkuam je fecsurem o` citucauòts. O` tde ofpkrto`n iku`try, tde terfs kl trcme sdkuam je fecsurem o`

elleitove uòts.

:. Aemerfc`, Kacrrecnc, c`m Xerry (:88?) repkrt tdct cnnrencte nco`s dcve

jee` ciikfpcòem jy skfe pco`, cs skfe o`mustroes, lorfs, c`m sujrenok`s

dcve jee` ènctoveay clleitem jy tde rcpom nrkwtd kl tde twk Csoc`

eik`kfoes. Ykfe kl tdeor jcibnrku`m stumoes (o` o`mustroca c`m eaeitroica

fcidoèry, eaeitrkòis, luròture, textoaes, c`m trc`spkrt equopfe`t, lkr

excfpae, fcoày o` Fexoik c`m tk skfe exte`t Ie`trca Cferoic) lo`m tdos

tk je tde icse. Jut fkst kl tde meterokrctok` o` tde pksotok` kl expkrts lrkfActo` Cferoic c`m tde Icrojjec` tk tdorm fcrbets reactove tk Ido`c c`m

O`moc dcs fkre tk mk wotd mkfestoi suppay-some ik`motok`s tdc` wotd akwer

mefc`m lkr tde renok`‟s prkmuits jeicuse kl Ido`c c`m O`moc‟s oìrecse o`

fcrbet sdcres.

9. O` :88=, petrkaeuf ciiku`tem lkr 54.= perie`t kl O`moc‟s feridc`mose

expkrts c`m 94.= perie`t kl Ido`c‟s.

=. ]de lo`mo`ns kl FiMk cam, Zkjo`sk`, c`m ]doerleamer (:884) cre ik`soste`t

wotd tdese ikìausok`s.5. Ciikrmo`n tk _ects c`m @n (:888), fc`y Crcj iku`troes akst o`ter`ctok`ca

ikfpetotoveèss o` tde fom- tk acte 3??8s.

<. ]dos cppaoem neèrca equoaojrouf fkmea os mkiufe`tem ikfprede soveay o`

Dertea (3??>) c`m o` tde N]CX mctcjcse mkiufe`tctok` (Mofcrc`c` :88<).

>. Yee c`èx tcjae 4.C.3 lkr tde luaa set kl fcirkeik`kfoi prkgeitok`s jy iku`try.

4. Jeicuse we cre o`terestem o` tde ao`b jetwee` nrkwtd o` expkrts c`m ofprkve-

fe`ts o` tde qucaoty c`m vcroety kl expkrts, tde oìrecse o` vcroety c`m qucaoty

clleits expkrts lrkf kày Ido`c c`m O`moc, tde twk eik`kfoes o` wdoidnrkwtd tcbes pacie reactove tk tde jcseaoè.

?. ]de fkmea resuats o` c` elleitove proie, X *, nove` jy

wdere X os tde cituca proie kl o`movomuca ikffkmoty expkrts2 @ os tde ùfjer

kl vcroetoes2 β os prkmuit qucaoty2 c`m ω, wdoid os cssufem tk equca >.5 (tde

fomrc`ne vcaue o` Duffeas c`m Bae`kw :885), os tde eacstoioty kl sujstotutok`

jetwee` vcroetoes.

38. Yeik`m-jest wealcre ofpcits crose wde` c idc`ne o` c` exkne`kus vcrocjae

aecms tk c idc`ne o` tde quc`toty kl c nkkm trcmem o` tde preseìe kl c mostkr-tok`. Ol, lkr o`stcìe, c` oìrecse o` expkrts lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc rcoses tde vka-

ufe kl ofpkrts ofpkrtem mespote c` ofpkrt muty, ot fcy neèrcte c seik`m-jest

wealcre nco` tdrkund oìrecses o` tcroll reveùe ikaaeitok`s, cs weaa cs c moreit

terfs-kl-trcme nco`.

X @ X * /

,6 . / √ √

β ω

ω

( ) ( ) ( )( )3

3 3

Eik`kfoi Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc ::3



::: Ocìdkvoido`c, Ovc oi, c`m Fcrto`

33. O` tde fkmea wotd prkmuit qucaoty’cunfe`to`n teidòica idc`ne, jeicuse tde

proie kl reaevcìe tk tde ofpkrter os tde elleitove proie, wdoid fcy lcaa wde`

qucaoty c`m vcroety oìrecse, c`m tde proie reaevc`t tk tde prkmuier os tde

cituca proie, wdoid roses wde` qucaoty c`m vcroety oìrecse, ot os pkssojae lkr

tde terfs kl trcme tk ofprkve lkr jktd ofpkrter c`m expkrter.

3:. Ciiku`to`n lkr c qucrter kl ots NMX, ]uòsoc‟s o`mustroca seitkr os acrne ikf-

pcrem wotd tde o`mustroca seitkr kl ots èondjkr Caneroc. ]de seitkr prkmuies

fcoày iaktdo`n c`m lkktwecr, icr pcrts, c`m eaeitroi fcidoèry. Caa tdese

prkmuits cre aobeay tk lcie oìrecsem ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc o`

tdorm fcrbets, oìaumo`n o` ]uòsoc‟s fco` expkrt fcrbet, tde Eurkpec`

Uòk`. Cs c resuat, tde tdorm-fcrbet ikfpetotok` elleit os aobeay tk mkfo`ctetde ktder aobeay elleits mosiussem o` tdos idcpter. Jy ik`trcst, tde jcibjkè kl

Caneroc‟s eik`kfy os tde lkssoa luea eèrny seitkr, wdoid ciiku`ts lkr rkunday

c tdorm kl NMX c`m fkre tdc` ?8 perie`t kl expkrt ecrò`ns. Cs c resuat kl

tde ofpkrtcìe kl tdos seitkr, tde wealcre nco` os acrne, mespote sozcjae ik`trci-

tok` o` fcùlciturem expkrts. ]de wealcre nco` os mkfo`ctem jy tde ofprkve-

fe`t o` tde terfs kl trcme csskioctem wotd oìrecses o` eèrny proies.

39. Metcoaem resuats jy ikffkmoty c`m iku`try lkr expkrt c`m kutput idc`nes

jeicuse kl dond nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc cre cvcoacjae o` c`èx tcjaes 4.C.:

c`m 4.C.9.3=. Metcoaem resuats jy ikffkmoty c`m iku`try lkr expkrt idc`nes jeicuse kl

ofprkvefe`ts o` vcroety c`m qucaoty o` Ido`c c`m O`moc cre sdkw` o` c`èx

tcjaes 4.C.=.

Zelereìes

Cjmea-Bdcaeb, N., c`m B. Bkrcyef. :88>. ‑]de Ofpcit kl Ido`c k` tde Fommae

Ecst.‖ Gkur`ca kl Meveakpo`n Ykioetoes :9 (=)7 9?>’=9=.

Cfoto, F., c`m I. Lreu`m. :884. ‑C` C`ctkfy kl Ido`c‟s Expkrt Nrkwtd.‖ Xkaoiy

Zesecrid ^krbo`n Xcper =<:4, ^kram Jc`b, ^csdo`ntk`, MI. dttp7//nk

.wkramjc`b.krn/>WB=KUFCK8.

Cfoto, F., c`m G. Bkò`ns. :88>. ‑]rcme Aojercaozctok`, O`terfemocte O`puts, c`m

Xrkmuitovoty7 Evomeìe lrkf O`mkèsoc.‖ Cferoic` Eik`kfoi Zevoew ?> (5)7

3<33’94.

C`mk, F., c`m L. Bofurc. :889. ‑]de Lkrfctok` kl O`ter`ctok`ca Xrkmuitok` c`m

Mostrojutok` @etwkrbs o` Ecst Csoc.‖ ^krbo`n Xcper 383<>, @ctok`ca Jurecu

kl Eik`kfoi Zesecrid, Icfjromne, FC.

Jrc`stetter, A., c`m @. Acrmy. :88<. ‑Ido`c‟s Efjrcie kl Nakjcaozctok`.‖ ^krbo`n

Xcper 3:9>9, @ctok`ca Jurecu kl Eik`kfoi Zesecrid, Icfjromne, FC.

Jrkcmfc`, D. :88>. Clroic‟s Yoab Zkcm7 Ido`c c`m O`moc‟s @ew Eik`kfoi Lrk toer .

csdo ntk`, MI7 kram Jc b.



MMX (Meveakpfe`t Mctc Xactlkrf) (mctcjcse). ^kram Jc`b, ^csdo`ntk`, MI.

dttp7//nk.wkramjc`b.krn/M@JZZY?]J8.

Mevao`, Z., C. Estevcmekrmca, c`m C. Zkmrænuez-Iacre. :88<. ‑]de Eferneìe kl

Ido`c7 Kppkrtuòtoes c`m Idcaae`nes lkr Acto` Cferoic c`m tde Icrojjec`.‖

Mcvom Zkibeleaaer Ie`ter, Dcrvcrm Uòversoty, Icfjromne, FC.

MLOM (Mepcrtfe`t lkr O`ter`ctok`ca Meveakpfe`t). :885. ‑]de Elleit kl Ido`c

c`m O`moc‟s Nrkwtd c`m ]rcme Aojercaosctok` k` Xkverty o` Clroic.‖ MIX >8,

Lo`ca Zepkrt, MLOM Ak`mk`.

Mofcrc`c`, J. \., em. :88<. Nakjca ]rcme, Cssostcìe, c`m Xrkmuitok`7 ]de N]CX

< Mctc Jcse. Aclcyette, O@7 Ie`ter lkr Nakjca ]rcme C`caysos, Xurmue

Uòversoty.

Mofcrc`c`, J., E. Ocìdkvoido`c, c`m ^. Fcrto`. :88>. ‑Ikfpeto`n wotd Noc`ts7

^dk o`s, dk Akses;‖ O` Mcìo`n wotd Noc`ts7 Ido`c, O`moc c`m tde Nakjca

Eik`kfy, em. A. C. ô`ters c`m Y. _usul. ^csdo`ntk`, MI, c`m Yo`ncpkre7

kram Jc`b c`m O`stotute kl Xkaoiy Ytumoes.

”””. :88?. ‑Dkw oaa Nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc Clleit tde kram Eik`kfy;‖

Zevoew kl ^kram Eik`kfois 3=5 (9)7 553’>3.

Eveètt, Y., c`m C. \e`cjaes. :88:. ‑Expkrt Nrkwtd o` Meveakpo`n Iku`troes7

Fcrbet E`try c`m Joacterca ]rcme Lakws.‖ ^krbo`n Xcper, dttp7//www.caexc`mroc.uòsn.id/pujaoictok`s/::3>>.

Lreu`m, I., c`m I. Kzme`. :88?. ‑]de Elleit kl Ido`c‟s Expkrts k` Acto`

Cferoic` ]rcme wotd tde ^kram.‖ O` Ido`c‟s c`m O`moc‟s Idcaae`ne tk Acto`

Cferoic, Kppkrtuòty kr ]drect; em. M. Aemerfc`, F. Kacrrecnc, c`m N. Xerry.


Ncuaoer, N., L. Aefkoè, c`m M. U`ca-Beseìo. :88=. Ido`c‟s O`tenrctok` o` Csoc`

Xrkmuitok` @etwkrbs c`m Ots Ofpaoictok`s. Mosiussok` Xcper 8=’E’899, Zesecrid

O`stotute kl Eik`kfy, ]rcme c`m O`mustry, ]kbyk. www.roeto.nk.gp.

Nedadcr, F., ]. Dertea, c`m ^. Fcrto`. 3??=. ‑Eik`kfoi Nrkwtd c`m tde

Idc`no`n Ytruiture kl ]rcme c`m Xrkmuitok` o` tde Xcioloi Zof.‖ Cferoic`

Gkur`ca kl Cnroiuaturca Eik`kfois >< (5)7 3833’338.

Nkamsteo`, C., @. Xo`cum, D. Zeose`, c`m T. Ide`. :88<. ]de Zose kl Ido`c c`m

O`moc7 ^dct‟s o` Ot lkr Clroic; Xcros7 KEIM Meveakpfe`t Ie`tre.

Dc`sk`, N., c`m Z. Zkjertsk`. :88?. ‑Ido`c c`m tde Zeie`t Evkautok` kl Acto`

Cferoic‟s Fcùlcituro`n Expkrts.‖ O` Ido`c c`m O`moc‟s Idcaae`ne tk Acto`

Cferoic7 Kppkrtuòty kr ]drect; em. M. Aemerfc`, F. Kacrrecnc, c`m N. Xerry.


Dertea, ]. ^., em. 3??>. Nakjca ]rcme C`caysos, Fkmeao`n c`m Cppaoictok`s.

Icfjromne U.B.7 Icfjromne Uòversoty Xress.

Duffeas, M., c`m X. Bae`kw. :885. ‑]de \croety c`m Sucaoty kl c @ctok`‟s

Expkrts.‖ Cferoic` Eik`kfoi Zevoew ?5 (9)7 >8=’:9.




Ocìdkvoido`c, E. :88=. ‑]rcme Xkaoiy C`caysos o` tde Xreseìe kl Muty

Mrcwjcibs.‖ Gkur`ca kl Xkaoiy Fkmeao`n :<7 959’>3.

Ocìdkvoido`c, E., F. Ovcòi, c`m ^. Fcrto`. :884. ‑]de Nrkwtd kl Ido`c c`m

O`moc7 Ofpaoictok`s lkr tde Ktder Csoc` Noc`t7 Zussoc.‖ Xkaoiy Zesecrid

krbo`n Xcper 58<5, kram Jc`b, csdo`ntk`, MI. dttp7//nk.wkramjc`b.krn/

5U:UEUAYU8.

Ge`bo`s, Z., c`m I. Emwcrms. :88<. ‑]de Csoc` Mrovers c`m Yuj-Ycdcrc` Clroic.‖

OMY Juaaeto` 9> (3)7 :9’9:.

Bcamkr, @. 3?5>. ‑C Fkmea kl Eik`kfoi Nrkwtd.‖ Eik`kfoi Gkur`ca <> (:<4)7

5?3’<:=.

Acaa, Y., c`m G. êoss. :88=. ‑Ido`c‟s Ikfpetotove ]drect tk Acto` Cferoic7 C`

C`caysos lkr 3??8’:88:.‖ Suee` Eaozcjetd Dkuse ^krbo`n Xcper 3:8,

Uòversoty kl Kxlkrm, Uòtem Bo`nmkf.

Aemerfc`, M., F. Kacrrecnc, c`m N. Xerry, ems. :88?. Ido`c c`m O`moc‟s Idcaae`ne

tk Acto` Cferoic, Kppkrtuòty kr ]drect; csdo`ntk`, MI7 kram Jc`b.

Fcrto`, ^. 3??9. ‑]de Lcaaciy kl Ikfpksotok` c`m Meveakpo`n Iku`try Expkrts

kl Fcùlcitures.‖ ^kram Eik`kfy 3< (:)7 35?’>:.

Fcrto`, ^., E. Ocìdkvoido`c, c`m J. Mofcrc`c`. :884. ‑Eik`kfoi Meveakpfe`t

o` Eferno`n Csoc` Fcrbets7 Ofpaoictok`s lkr Eurkpe.‖ Eurkpec` Zevoew kl Cnroiuaturca Eik`kfois 95 (9)7 989’98.

Fcrto`, ^., c`m X. ^crr. 3??9. ‑Expacoò`n tde Zeactove Meiaoè kl Cnroiuature7

C Yuppay-Yome C`caysos lkr O`mkèsoc.‖ ^kram Jc`b Eik`kfoi Zevoew > (9)7

943’=83.

FiMk`cam, Y., Y. Zkjo`sk`, c`m B. ]doerleamer. :884. ‑Csoc` Nrkwtd c`m ]rcme

Xkaes7 O`moc, Ido`c, c`m Ecst c`m Ykutdecst Csoc.‖ ^kram Meveakpfe`t 9< (:)7

:38’9=.

Zkmrob, M. :88<. ‑^dct‟s Yk Ypeioca cjkut Ido`c‟s Expkrts;‖ Ido`c c`m tde kram Eik`kfy 3= (5)7 3’3?.

Yidktt, X. :884. ‑]de Zeactove Ykpdostoictok` kl Idoèse Expkrts.‖ Eik`kfoi Xkaoiy

:9 (59)7 5’=?.

Ydcaozo, W. :88>. ‑Eèrny c`m Efossok`s7 Akica c`m Nakjca Elleits kl tde Noc`ts‟

Zose.‖ O` Mcìo`n wotd Noc`ts7 Ido`c, O`moc c`m tde Nakjca Eik`kfy, em.

A. C. ô`ters, c`m Y. _usul. ^csdo`ntk`, MI, c`m Yo`ncpkre7 ^kram Jc`b c`m

O`stotute kl Xkaoiy Ytumoes.

Yteve`s, I., c`m G. Be``c`. :88<. ‑Dkw tk Ome`toly ]de ]rcme Ofpcit kl Ido`c k`Yfcaa Iku`troes.‖ O`stotute kl Meveakpfe`t Ytumoes Juaaeto` 9> (3)7 99’=:.

\e`cjaes, C. :88=. ‑Yfcaa, Zefkte, c`m Xkkr;‖ ^kram ]rcme Zevoew 9 (9)7 =59’5>.

ô`ters, A. C., c`m Y. _usul. :88>. ‑O`trkmuitok`7 Mcìo`n wotd Noc`ts.‖ O` Mcìo`n

wotd Noc`ts7 Ido`c, O`moc c`m tde Nakjca Eik`kfy, em. A. C. ô`ters, c`m

::= Ocìdkvoido`c, Ovc oi, c`m Fcrto`



Y. _usul. csdo`ntk`, MI, c`m Yo`ncpkre7 kram Jc`b c`m O`stotute kl Xkaoiy

Ytumoes.

kram Jc`b. :889. Nakjca Eik`kfoi Xrkspeits c`m tde Meveakpo`n Iku`troes :88=.


_ects, C., c`m L. @n. :888. ‑Jeyk`m tde _ecr :8887 Ofpaoictok`s kl tde Fommae

Ecst‟s Zeie`t ]rcme Xerlkrfcìe.‖ O` Ictido`n up wotd tde Ikfpetotok`7

Kppkrtuòtoes c`m ]drects lkr Crcj Iku`troes, em. J. Dkebfc` c`m G. Wcrrkub.

C`` Crjkr7 Uòversoty kl Foidonc` Xress.

_usul, Y., B. @cjesdofc, c`m M. Xerbo`s. :88>. ‑Ido`c c`m O`moc Zesdcpe Nakjca

O`mustroca Neknrcpdy.‖ O` Mcìo`n wotd Noc`ts7 Ido`c, O`moc c`m tde Nakjca

Eik`kfy, em. A. C. ô`ters, c`m Y. _usul. ^csdo`ntk`, MI, c`m Yo`ncpkre7 kram Jc`b c`m O`stotute kl Xkaoiy Ytumoes.






::>

]de iku`troes kl tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic (FE@C) lcie nrkw-

o`n ikfpetotok`”c`m kppkrtuòtoes”lrkf tde rose kl Ido`c c`m O`moc

c`m idc`nes o` tde struiture kl nakjca trcme. ]de sdcre kl Ido`c c`m

O`moc o` nakjca expkrts oìrecsem lrkf cjkut : perie`t o` 3?45 tk fkretdc` 5 perie`t o` 3??5 c`m 33.5 perie`t o` :885. Catdkund Ido`c c`m

O`moc dcve o`te`soloem ikfpetotok` o` nakjca fcrbets, tdey cask prkvome

cmmotok`ca skuries kl mefc`m. ]dos oìrecsem mefc`m prkvomes èw

kppkrtuòtoes lkr FE@C iku`try expkrts c`m c idcìe tk remuie

reaocìe k` trcmotok`ca jut sakw-nrkwo`n fcrbets o` tde Eurkpec`

Uòk` (EU) c`m tde Uòtem Ytctes.

]de rose kl Ido`c c`m O`moc dcs kiiurrem o` tc`mef wotd tde nrkw-

o`n ofpkrtcìe kl nakjca prkmuitok` idco`s c`m tde nrkwtd kl trcme o`

servoies, lueaem jy teid`kaknoica idc`ne c`m meiaoò`n trc`spkrt c`m

teaeikffuòictok` iksts. Catdkund tdey kller èw rkutes tk expkrt c`m

nrkwtd, tdese meveakpfe`ts dcve oìrecsem tde prefouf k` ciiess tk akw-

ikst o`puts. Lorfs tdct dcve tk pcy fkre lkr tdeor bey o`puts, oìaumo`n

I D C X ] E Z ?

Nakjcaozctok` c`m Ikfpetotok`

lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc7 Xkaoiy

Zespk`ses o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m

@krtd Clroic

Xcua Jre`tk`, Auau Yduo, c`m Xeter ^cabe`dkrst



tdkse reactem tk jcibjkè servoies, woaa lo`m ot oìrecso`nay molloiuat tk

o`tenrcte o`tk prkmuitok` idco`s kr ikfpete o` nakjca fcrbets.

]de o`ter`ctok`ca pkaoiy lrcfewkrb o` wdoid FE@C iku`troes cre

ikfpeto`n os evkavo`n, wotd ak`n-stc`mo`n prelereìes o` fcgkr fcrbets

erkmo`n. Ct tde scfe tofe, pkssojoaotoes cre croso`n lrkf èw cnreefe`ts

c`m tde kppkrtuòty tk meepe` exosto`n crrc`nefe`ts.

]dos idcpter excfoès wdetder tde oìrecse o` ikfpetotok` lrkf twk

fcssove eik`kfoi e`totoes c`m idc`nes tk tde `cture kl tde nakjca eik`-

kfy icaa lkr rcmoica idc`nes o` FE@C iku`troes‟ trcme pkaoioes kr wdetder

tdese idc`nes reo`lkrie exosto`n trcme pkaoiy ofperctoves. C bey ossue o`

ikfo`n tk c gumnfe`t k` cpprkprocte pkaoiy respk`ses tk tdese èw idca-ae`nes c`m kppkrtuòtoes os tde soze c`m `cture kl tde cmgustfe`t tdct os

requorem. Os ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc aecmo`n tk sujstc`toca mos-

paciefe`t kl reskuries tdct oìur sonòloic`t iksts wdoae fkvo`n tk èw

citovotoes, kr cre tdere kppkrtuòtoes tk expakot loèr pctter`s kl speiocaozc-

tok` tdct e`tcoa aess mosruptok`; ôaa pkaoioes tdct fotoncte tde ofpcit kl

ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc aofot tde ak`ner-terf icpcioty tk

expakot èw kppkrtuòtoes o` tde nakjca fcrbet;

Nakjcaozctok` c`m tde Expkrt Xerlkrfcìe kl Iku`troeso` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic

Ykfe iku`troes o` tde renok` dcve jee` suiiesslua o` expc`mo`n expkrts

c`m oìrecso`n nakjca fcrbet sdcre o` tde lcie kl oìrecso`n ikfpetotok`

lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc2 ktders dcve see` tdeor nakjca fcrbet sdcre stcn`cte

kr meiaoè (tcjae ?.3). Jetwee` 3??5 c`m :88<, wde` ikfpetotok` o`

nakjca fcrbets lrkf O`moc c`m espeiocaay Ido`c o`te`soloem, tde CrcjZepujaoi kl Enypt, tde Osacfoi Zepujaoi kl Orc`, c`m Gkrmc` oìrecsem

tdeor sdcre kl c nrkwo`n fcrbet. O` ik`trcst, Fkrkiik scw ots sdcre kl tde

nakjca fcrbet meiaoè.

]de ofpkrtcìe kl tde Eurkpec` Uòk` cs c mesto`ctok` lkr FE@C

expkrts dcs mofoòsdem. O` 3??5, tde Eurkpec` Uòk` wcs tde mkfo`c`t

fcrbet lkr expkrts jy tde Fcndrej iku`troes, ciiku`to`n lkr ct aecst

tdree-qucrters kl expkrts. ]de EU fcrbet ciiku`tem lkr cjkut dcal kl

expkrts jy Enypt, Orc`, c`m tde Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi (tcjae ?.:). Jy :88<,

tde Eurkpec` Uòk`‟s sdcre dcm lcaae` o` every iku`try exiept tdeZepujaoi kl _efe` c`m exieemem 58 perie`t o` kày tdree iku`troes

(Caneroc, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc).

FE@C iku`troes‟ perlkrfcìe o` expkrto`n tk tde Eurkpec` Uòk`

dcs jee` foxem. Fefjers kl tde Nual Ikkperctok` Ikuìoa (NII) scw

::4 Jre tk`, Yduo, c`m cabe`dkrst



Nakjcaozctok` c`m Ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc ::?

]cjae ?.3 Zcte kl Expkrt Nrkwtd c`m Idc`ne o` Nakjca Fcrbet Ydcre o` tde Fommae

Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic, jy Iku`try, 3??5’:88<

Iku`try

Cvercne expkrt nrkwtd

rcte (%)

Idc`ne o` sdcre kl wkram

expkrt (perie`tcne pko`ts)

Caneroc 38.4 8.88

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl 39.5 8.85

Orc`, Osacfoi Zep. kl 33.< 8.89

Gkrmc` 3<.3 8.8:

Aejc`k` 3:.= 8.83

Fkrkiik <.= ’8.8:

Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi 4.9 8.88

]uòsoc >.= 8.88_efe`, Zep. kl 3?.3 8.88

Nual Ikkperctok` Ikuìoa 35.8 8.93

Ido`c 3<.4 >.39

O`moc 3=.: 8.9>

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ icaiuactok`s, jcsem k` U@ Ikftrcme mctc.

@kte7 Mctc exiaume foèrca lueas, sdops, c`m pacès.

]cjae ?.: Nrkwtd o` Expkrts tk c`m Idc`ne o` Fcrbet Ydcre kl Eurkpec` Uòk`,

jy Iku`try, 3??5’:88<

Iku`try

Cvercne expkrt

nrkwtd rcte (%)

Idc`ne o` sdcre

kl EU fcrbet

(perie`tcne

pko`ts)

EU sdcre kl

tktca expkrts,

3??5 (%)

EU sdcre kl

tktca expkrts,

:88< (%)

Caneroc 4.5 8.8 >4.? <<.3

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl ?.> ” 5:.4 9?.5Orc`, Osacfoi Zep. kl 9.4 ” 5<.8 :?.=

Gkrmc` =.= 8.8 3?.4 <.>

Aejc`k` 5.5 8.8 :5.> 3<.8

Fkrkiik 5.8 ” ><.8 <<.?

Yyroc`

Crcj Zepujaoi :.= 8.8 ==.< :<.:

]uòsoc >.8 ” 4>.9 4=.<

_efe`, Zep. kl 3?.3 8.8 33.< 34.5

Nual Ikkperctok`

Ikuìoa 3:.4 8.3 :8.3 34.:Ido`c :8.3 5.3 3=.4 :8.5

O`moc ?.: 8.: 9=.? :>.3

]urbey 39.8 8.< <<.9 <8.4


@kte7 Mctc exiaume foèrca lueas, sdops, c`m pacès. ” 6 @enaonojae.



tdeor sdcre kl tde EU fcrbet sujstc`tocaay oìrecse2 Enypt c`m ]uòsoc scw

c fkre fkmest oìrecse2 c`m Orc`, Fkrkiik, c`m Yyroc experoeìem

meiaoès. Enypt, ]uòsoc, c`m tde NII, tknetder wotd ]urbey, oìrecsem

tdeor sdcre kl tde EU fcrbet wdoae remuio`n tde prkpkrtok` kl tdeor

expkrts tk tde Eurkpec` Uòk`, mefk`strcto`n strk`n expkrt perlkrf-

cìe o` tde Eurkpec` Uòk` tknetder wotd expkrt fcrbet moversoloictok`.

O` ik`trcst, fkst iku`troes scw tdeor sdcre kl tde EU fcrbet lcaa kr

refco` uìdc`nem c`m tde ofpkrtcìe kl tde Eurkpec` Uòk` cs c fcr-

bet lkr expkrts meiaoè.

]de meiaoè o` tde ofpkrtcìe kl tde Eurkpec` Uòk` cs c fcrbet lkr

FE@C‟s expkrts dcs ikoìomem wotd oìrecso`n ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`cc`m O`moc. ]de lkaakwo`n mosiussok` tcbes c meeper akkb ct tde mrovers kl

expkrt nrkwtd, wotd c lkius k` tde EU fcrbet.

Expkrt nrkwtd o` FE@C iku`troes dcs te`mem tk je mrove` jy tde

exte`sove fcrno` (tdct os, idc`nes tdct cre tde resuat kl èw expkrt lakws,

wdere c` expkrt lakw fecsures expkrts kl c pcrtoiuacr prkmuit tk c pcr-

toiuacr fcrbet). Kày o` Gkrmc` c`m ]uòsoc os tde ik`trojutok` kl tde

o`te`sove fcrno` (tdct os, nrkwtd reactem tk idc`nes o` expkrt lakws tdct

exostem o` 3??5) nrecter tdc` tdct kl tde exte`sove fcrno` (tcjae ?.9).]de ofpkrtcìe kl tde exte`sove fcrno` lkr tdese iku`troes ik`trcsts

wotd tdct kl ktder iku`troes kl sofoacr oìkfe aeveas, wdere tde o`te`sove

fcrno` dcs jee` fkre mkfo`c`t o` mrovo`n expkrt nrkwtd (Jre`tk` c`m

@ewlcrfer :88>2 Cfurnk-Xcideik c`m Xoerkac :884). K` cvercne lkr

tde perokm 3??5’:88=, tde exte`sove fcrno` ik`trojutem gust 3> perie`t

kl tde expkrt nrkwtd kl akwer-fommae-oìkfe iku`troes (9: perie`t ol

Ido`c os exiaumem) c`m := perie`t kl tde nrkwtd kl donder-fommae-

oìkfe iku`troes.Meiaoò`n lakws kl exosto`n nkkms tk exosto`n fcrbets dcve jee` c mrcn

k` expkrt nrkwtd. Dcm iku`troes jee` cjae tk fco`tco` tde aevea kl exost-

o`n expkrt lakws tdct citucaay meiaoèm kr moscppecrem, expkrt nrkwtd

wkuam dcve jee` fkre tdc` 98 perie`t donder lkr Enypt, =8 perie`t

donder lkr ]uòsoc, c`m <8 perie`t donder lkr Fkrkiik. Lkr tde cvercne

upper-fommae-oìkfe iku`try, tde meiaoè c`m moscppecrcìe kl exosto`n

expkrts remuiem expkrt nrkwtd jy :> perie`t. ]dus, c` ofpkrtc`t lcitkr

jedo`m tde mkfo`cìe kl tde exte`sove fcrno` o` FE@C cppecrs tk je

tde fcnòtume kl meiaoè o` exosto`n lakws.C fkre metcoaem c`caysos kl tde bey prkmuits c`m fcrbets tdct dcve

mrove` idc`nes o` tde o`te`sove c`m exte`sove fcrno`s”c`m ikfpcrosk`

kl tdkse mctc wotd mctc k` tde idc`ne o` Ido`c‟s sdcre kl tde wkram fcr-

bet lkr ecid prkmuit (see c`èx tcjaes ?.C.3 c`m ?.C.:)”sunnests c

:98 Jre tk`, Yduo, c`m cabe`dkrst



]cjae ?.9 O`te`sove c`m Exte`sove Fcrno`s kl Expkrt Nrkwtd kl Iku`troes o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd

(iurre`t mkaacrs)

Iku`try

Oìrecse o`

exosto`n

prkmuits tk

exosto`n

fcrbets

Meirecse o`

exosto`n

prkmuits tk

exosto`n

fcrbets

Extoìtok` kl

exosto`n

prkmuits tk

exosto`n

fcrbets

]ktca

o`te`sove

fcrno`

@ew

prkmuits tk

exosto`n

fcrbets

Exos

prkmu

èw f

Caneroc 5>.8 ’3>.? ’9=.5 =.< :4.9 <>

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl 5>.: ’3?.3 ’3:.3 :<.8 38.3 <9Orc`, Osacfoi Zep. kl <3.3 ’9?.> ’:<.8 ’=.5 :<.= >>

Gkrmc` >4.3 ’?.8 ’<.? <:.: 3:.> :5

Aejc`k` 43.4 ’:3.4 ’::.3 9>.? 3=.? =>

Fkrkiik 338.< ’=>.: ’39.= 58.8 =.5 =5

Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi ??.< ’94.5 ’:3.8 =8.3 3?.9 =8

]uòsoc 383.< ’:5.8 ’3=.: <:.5 4.= :?

_efe`, Zep. kl <3.3 ’?.9 ’3=.5 9>.: 93.> 98


: 9 3



rctder ùcìem voew kl expkrt perlkrfcìe c`m tde ofpcit kl Ido`c.

Lorst, lkr c ùfjer kl iku`troes, tde bey prkmuits tdct dcve mrove` nrkwtd

ct tde o`te`sove fcrno` dcve cask jee` respk`sojae lkr meiaoò`n expkrts.

O` ]uòsoc, lkr excfpae, tde scfe prkmuit nrkup”fe`‟s c`m jky‟s ikttk`

trkusers”os ct tde tkp kl jktd tde aost kl exosto`n prkmuits tdct dcve

oìrecsem expkrts tk exosto`n fcrbets c`m tde aost kl meiaoò`n prkmuits tk

exosto`n fcrbets. ]dos sunnests ik`somercjae idc`ne o` tde struiture kl

fcrbets tk wdoid ]uòsoc expkrts tdos prkmuit. O` Orc`, postcidoks dcve

jee` c fco` skurie kl oìrecsem expkrts tk iertco` fcrbets c`m meiaoò`n

expkrts tk ktder fcrbets. ]de struiture os sofoacr lkr cffkòc o` Caneroc,

pktcssouf idakrome o` Gkrmc`, c`m pdkspdkroi ciom o` Fkrkiik. ]dos pct-ter` sunnests tdct sdolts o` mefc`m jetwee` fcrbets cre sonòloic`t kr

tdct ikfpetotove ik`motok`s moller jy fcrbet.

Yeik`m, lkr fc`y iku`troes tde prkmuits tdct dcve mrove` nrkwtd

c`m tdkse tdct dcve aem tk expkrt meiaoès cre lrkf sofoacr o`mustroes.

]dos os fkst prk`kuìem lkr tde iaktdo`n seitkr. Lkr excfpae, fe`‟s c`m

jky‟s ikttk` trkusers dcve jee` c` ofpkrtc`t skurie kl meiaoò`n

expkrts, wdoae wkfe`‟s c`m noras‟ ikttk` trkusers dcve jee` mrovo`n

donder expkrts. ]dos sunnests tdct o` seitkrs wotd mollere`toctem prkm-uits, wotdo`-o`mustry cmgustfe`t os c` ofpkrtc`t cspeit kl tde respk`se

tk oìrecsem nakjca ikfpetotok`. Lrkf c pkaoiy perspeitove, tdos rcoses

tde questok` kl wdetder tdere cre fecsures cvcoacjae tk nkver`fe`ts tk

suppkrt tdos type kl cmgustfe`t.

]dorm, prkmuits tdct dcve aem tk meiaoò`n expkrts lkr skfe iku`troes

cppecr o` tde aost kl prkmuits tdct dcve jee` mrovo`n expkrt nrkwtd lkr

ktder iku`troes (lkr excfpae, u`wrkundt, u`caakyem caufoùf o` Enypt,

wdere expkrts meiaoèm, c`m Orc`, wdere expkrts oìrecsem). ]de fco`fcrbets tdct dcve jee` ct tde lkrelrk`t kl jktd oìrecses c`m meirecses o`

expkrts ct tde o`te`sove fcrno` cre klte` sofoacr. ]dos sunnests tdct sweep-

o`n stctefe`ts cjkut tde ofpcit kl nakjca ikfpetotok`, espeiocaay lrkf

Ido`c c`m O`moc, k` tde FE@C renok` lo`m aottae suppkrt o` tde mctc c`m

tdct trcme kppkrtuòtoes c`m cmgustfe`t cre tcbo`n pacie ct lcoray loè aev-

eas wotdo` o`mustroes.

Lkurtd, ot os `kt pkssojae tk ome`toly c` kjvokus ao`b jetwee` ikf-

petotok` lrkf Ido`c, cs fecsurem jy tde oìrecse o` nakjca fcrbet

sdcre, c`m expkrt kutikfes ct tde o`te`sove fcrno`. O` fc`y icses, tdeprkmuits tdct cre mrovo`n expkrt nrkwtd o` FE@C dcve see` strk`n

oìrecses o` tde nakjca sdcre kl Ido`c (excfpaes oìaume wkfe`‟s c`m

noras‟ ikttk` trkusers o` Enypt, Gkrmc`, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc c`m onòtok`

woro`n sets o` ]uòsoc).

:9: Jre tk`, Yduo, c`m cabe`dkrst



Nrkwtd ct tde exte`sove fcrno` sdkws tde oìrecso`n ofpkrtcìe kl

o`tenrctok` o`tk nakjca prkmuitok` idco`s lkr eaeitroica c`m fktkr vedoiae

prkmuits lkr Fkrkiik, ]uòsoc, c`m tk c aesser exte`t Enypt2 tde mkfo-

`cìe kl cnroiuaturca c`m losderoes prkmuits lkr _efe`2 tde oìrecso`n

ofpkrtcìe kl idefoica c`m idefoica prkmuits lkr c ùfjer kl iku`troes2

c`m tde ofpkrtcìe kl steea prkmuits o` tde exte`sove fcrno` lkr fc`y

iku`troes o` tde renok` (see c`èx tcjae ?.C.:). Lkr c ùfjer kl prkmuits

tdct dcve mrove` nrkwtd ct tde exte`sove fcrno`, tde sdcre kl Ido`c o` tde

nakjca fcrbet dcs oìrecsem sonòloic`tay.

Deìe, tdos c`caysos sunnests c ikfpaoictem poiture kl expkrt nrkwtd ct

jktd tde o`te`sove c`m exte`sove fcrno`s. O` tde lkaakwo`n seitok`s, we trytk mostoaa tde bey pkaoiy fesscnes tdct eferne lrkf reie`t trcme perlkrf-

cìe o` tde lcie kl oìrecso`n ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c. Ot os iaecr lrkf tdos

o`vestonctok` tdct sweepo`n cssertok`s cjkut tde ofpcit kl Ido`c k`

FE@C iku`troes‟ expkrts sdkuam `kt je trustem c`m tdct o`trcseitkrca

fkvefe`ts o` reskuries cre c` ofpkrtc`t cspeit kl cmgustfe`t tk nakjca-

ozctok`. dct, tde`, os c` cpprkprocte pkaoiy stcìe tk suppkrt vocjae lorfs

o` cmgusto`n tk èw ikfpetotok` jy laexojay cmgusto`n tdeor prkmuit aoès

c`m jy expakoto`n eferno`n fcrbet òides;

Mrovers kl Fcrbet Ydcre Idc`nes o` tde Eurkpec` Uòk`]k tcbe tde c`caysos lurtder, we akkb ct tde EU fcrbet. Expkrts kl c ùf-

jer kl FE@C iku`troes stcn`ctem c`m tdeor sdcre kl tde fcrbet leaa

jetwee` 3??5 c`m :88<, jut skfe iku`troes, suid cs Enypt, perlkrfem

weaa c`m fc`cnem tk rcose tdeor EU fcrbet sdcre. O` tdos seitok`, we try tk

ome`toly tde fco` mrovers kl idc`nes o` expkrts tk tde Eurkpec` Uòk`,

uso`n ik`stc`t fcrbet sdcre c`caysos.C`èx tcjae ?.C.9 sdkws tde meikfpksotok` kl expkrt nrkwtd ct

tde eondt-monot aevea kl tde Ikfjoèm @kfeìacture o`tk tde ofpcit

kl tde kvercaa nrkwtd kl tde EU fcrbet, tde idc`ne icusem jy tde

ikffkmoty struiture kl ecid iku`ty‟s expkrts (c jocs tkwcrm ikf-

fkmotoes lkr wdoid mefc`m os nrkwo`n rcpomay woaa te`m tk rcose tde

kvercaa expkrt nrkwtd rcte), tde idc`ne icusem jy tde fcrbet strui-

ture (reaocìe k` o`movomuca EU fcrbets tdct nrkw fkre sakway tdc`

ktders woaa te`m tk remuie kvercaa nrkwtd rctes), c`m c ikfpetotoveèss

terf tdct ictides tde ofpcit kl oìrecses o` fcrbet sdcres kl o`movom-uca prkmuit ictenkroes.

Lkr tde seitkrs ome`toloem, tde nrkwtd kl expkrts tk tde Eurkpec` Uòk`

jy Ido`c exieemem tde kvercaa oìrecse o` tde soze kl tde EU fcrbet, wotd

tde mollereìe mrove` fcoày jy ofprkvefe`ts o` ikfpetotoveèss. O` c

Nakjcaozctok` c`m Ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc :99



ùfjer kl icses, tde ikffkmoty c`m fcrbet ikfpksotok` te`mem tk je c

mrcn k` expkrt nrkwtd.

Lkr tde FE@C iku`troes represe`tem, tde poiture dcs jee` fkre

foxem. O` tde fkre trcmotok`ca expkrt prkmuits kl FE@C iku`troes,

suid cs iaktdo`n, expkrt nrkwtd wcs sakwer tdc` tde oìrecse o` tde soze

kl tde EU fcrbet, tdc`bs acrneay tk meiaoò`n ikfpetotoveèss. O` c ùf-

jer kl icses, meiaoò`n ikfpetotoveèss wcs kllset, tk skfe exte`t, jy c

lcvkrcjae ikffkmoty c`m fcrbet ikfpksotok` kl expkrts. Deìe, recaak-

ictok`s tkwcrm lcster-nrkwo`n prkmuits wotdo` seitkrs c`m tkwcrm

expc`mo`n fcrbets dcve jee` ofpkrtc`t lcitkrs o` expkrt nrkwtd. O` c

sfcaa ùfjer kl icses, c lcvkrcjae ikfpksotok` kl expkrts wcs jkasteremjy strk`n ikfpetotoveèss perlkrfcìe (lkr excfpae, fcidoèry Rfcoày

icr pcrtsV o` ]uòsoc). ]dos pctter` sunnests tdct o` neèrca, FE@C‟s cjoa-

oty tk expkrt tk tde Eurkpec` Uòk` dcs jee` ofpcorem jy o`cjoaoty tk

ikfpete wotd my`cfoi expkrters, suid cs Ido`c, jut tdct tdos te`meìy

dcs jee` kllset skfewdct jy recaakictok` tkwcrm fkre rcpomay nrkwo`n

prkmuit c`m fcrbet senfe`ts kl tde Eurkpec` Uòk`.

Jkrmer ]rcme Xkaoioes o` tde @ew Nakjca Eik`kfy Nakjcaozctok`, o` pcrtoiuacr tde o`tenrctok` kl Ido`c c`m O`moc o`tk tde

nakjca eik`kfy, irectes kppkrtuòtoes. ]de cjoaoty kl FE@C iku`troes tk

tcbe cmvc`tcne kl tdef do`nes k` e`dcìo`n ikfpetotoveèss tdrkund

ofprkvefe`ts o` prkmuitovoty, qucaoty, c`m meson`2 ome`tolyo`n c`m expakot-

o`n òide fcrbets2 c`m fkvo`n reskuries lrkf akw- tk donder-prkmuitovoty

citovotoes c`m tkwcrm fkre elloioe`t lorfs jktd wotdo` c`m jetwee` sei-

tkrs. ]rcme pkaoioes pacy c bey rkae o` irclto`n c ikfpetotoveèss strcteny

jcsem k` tdese eaefe`ts.C nrkwo`n jkmy kl resecrid o`moictes tdct wotdo` seitkrs, expkrters te`m

tk je fkre prkmuitove tdc` `kèxpkrters (^cnèr :88>). ]dus, pkaoiy

idc`nes, suid cs c remuitok` o` exter`ca prkteitok`, tdct eìkurcne

reskuries tk fkve tk expkrto`n lorfs te`m tk rcose kvercaa prkmuitovoty

wotdo` jktd tde seitkr ikìerèm c`m tde eik`kfy cs c wdkae. O`meem,

trcme prkteitok` fcy aofot o`vestfe`ts tdct pcrtoiuacr lorfs c`m wkrbers

wkuam ktderwose fcbe tk restruiture c`m rcose prkmuitovoty c`m deìe

ofprkve tde ak`n-terf icpcioty tk ikfpete o` nakjca fcrbets. Ol prktei-

tok` vcroes sonòloic`tay cirkss seitkrs, tde pctter` kl seitkrca o`vestfe`t c`m kutput woaa je mostkrtem cwcy lrkf seitkrs tdct k` cvercne dcve donder

prkmuitovoty c`m strk`ner nrkwtd kppkrtuòtoes tkwcrm akwer-prkmuitovoty,

prkteitem citovotoes. ]rcme prkteitok` tdct rcoses tde proie kl o`terfemocte

o`puts woaa dcfper tde cjoaoty kl lorfs tk ikfpete wotd lorfs lrkf ktder

:9= Jre tk`, Yduo, c`m cabe`dkrst



iku`troes tdct ic` kjtco` tdese o`puts ct nakjca proies. Lo`caay, tde preseìe

kl ikfpaex prkteitok` oìrecses tde jurme` k` iustkfs c`m ic` dcfper

ots rkae o` lcioaotcto`n trcme. Akwer c`m fkre uòlkrf tcrolls ic` caakw ius-

tkfs tk ikìe`trcte k` jkrmer ik`trka luìtok`s c`m, o` ikaacjkrctok` wotd

ktder cneìoes, cmmress `k`tcroll jcrroers.

]dos pkaoiy kjgeitove kl e`suro`n tdct trcme prkteitok` os ik`soste`t

wotd c strcteny kl nakjca ikfpetotoveèss dcs jeikfe fkre, rctder tdc`

aess, ofperctove o` tde lcie kl nakjcaozctok` c`m oìrecso`n ikfpetotok`

lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc. Nakjcaozctok` dcs oìrecsem tde pe`caty lorfs lcie

o` nakjca fcrbets lkr jeo`n u`cjae tk skurie o`puts ikfpetotoveay ct

wkram proies. Ot dcs cask rcosem tde kppkrtuòty iksts tk iku`troes kl jkt-tao`n up reskuries o` akw-prkmuitovoty citovotoes c`m lkrnko`n tde kppkr-

tuòtoes lrkf expc`mo`n donder-prkmuitovoty citovotoes jktd wotdo` c`m

jetwee` seitkrs.

]de ofpkrtcìe kl fco`tcoò`n akw rctes kl prkteitok` os `kt c recsk`

lkr eaofo`cto`n nkver`fe`t o`terve`tok`s o` trcme7 iku`troes fcy je

cllaoitem jy fcrbet c`m nkver`fe`t lcoaures tdct te`m tk ik`strco` tde

sustcoèm expc`sok` kl expkrts c`m nrkwtd. O` fc`y icses, tdese ik`-

strco`ts tk ikfpetotoveèss requore speioloi o`terve`tok`s c`m o`stotutok`s.]dese cre aobeay tk oìaume expkrt c`m o`vestfe`t prkfktok` cneìoes

(tk refemy prkjaefs croso`n lrkf acib kl o`lkrfctok` lkr expkrters c`m

o`vestkrs), stc`mcrms jkmoes, c`m o`terve`tok`s tk ofprkve trc`spkrt aknos-

tois perlkrfcìe. ]rcme restroitok`s o` kversecs fcrbets ic` je c ik`-

strco`t k` relkrfo`n iku`troes jy aofoto`n expkrt kppkrtuòtoes2 elleitove

trcme prelereìes (tdkse tdct cre ikfprede`sove o` prkmuit ikvercne c`m

dcve `k`restroitove ruaes kl krono`) ic` prkvome c wo`mkw kl kppkrtuòty

tk estcjaosd c` expkrt jeciddecm wdoae bey mkfestoi jcrroers tk trcme crecmmressem. Ak`n-terf ikfpetotoveèss, dkwever, requores eaofo`cto`n jcr-

roers tk trcme.

\ortucaay caa FE@C iku`troes pcrtoiopctem o` tde nakjca tre`m tkwcrm

remuiem trcme jcrroers tdct scw tde wkram cvercne kl ofpkrt mutoes mrkp

lrkf 3=.? perie`t o` 3??> tk 38.4 perie`t o` :88>. O`meem, tde remuitok`

o` ofpkrt mutoes dcs k` cvercne jee` fkre prk`kuìem o` tde renok` tdc`

o` tde wkram kvercaa, c`m tde FE@C cvercne dcs jee` ik`verno`n tkwcrm

tde wkram fec` (lonure ?.3). ]dere os sujstc`toca moversoty wotdo` tde

renok`, dkwever, wotd tcroll cvercnes rc`no`n lrkf cjkut 5 perie`t o` tdeNII iku`troes c`m Aejc`k` tk fkre tdc` :8 perie`t o` Orc`, Fkrkiik,

c`m ]uòsoc (lonure ?.:).

]de cvercne tcroll rctes prkvome kày c` cpprkxofcte fecsure kl tde

aevea kl prkteitok`. Ykfe ofpkrts o`tk FE@C iku`troes jeèlot lrkf

Nakjcaozctok` c`m Ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc :95



prelere`toca trectfe`t c`m cre sujgeit tk akwer cppaoem muty rctes.

Fkrekver, cs dond tcrolls mosikurcne ofpkrts, tde trcme-weondtem tcroll

cvercnes te`m tk je akwer tdc` sofpae cvercnes tdct nove equca weondt

tk ecid tcroll aoè. @evertdeaess, cjkut c tdorm kl FE@C iku`troes dcve

:9< Jre tk`, Yduo, c`m cabe`dkrst

8

5

38

35

:8

:5

98

95

=8

=5

58 c. FE@C‟s cvercne

j. FE@C iku`troes‟ cvercnes

3??> 3??4 3???

s o f p a e c v e r c n e k l F L @ m u t o e s , %

sofpae cvercne kl FL@ mutoes, %

:888 :883 :88: :889 :88= :885 :88< :88>

Mctc lkr :88>

8 5 38 35 :8 :5 98

Buwcot

Ycumo Crcjoc

Uòtem Crcj Eforctes

Kfc`

Sctcr

Jcdrco`

Aejc`k`

_efe`, Zep. kl

Gkrmc`

Aojyc


Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl

Caneroc

Orc`, Osacfoi Zep. kl

Fkrkiik

]uòsoc

fcxofuf kl FE@C iku`troes

cvercne kl caa iku`troes o tde wkram fo ofuf kl FE@C iku`troes

cvercne kl FE@C iku`troes

Lonure ?.3 Cvercne ]crolls o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic, 3??>’:88>

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b stcll jcsem k` OFL ]rcme Zestroitoveèss mctcjcse.

@kte7 FL@ 6 fkst lcvkrem `ctok`. FL@ mutoes oìaume iustkfs mutoes kr suridcrnes.



weondtem tcroll cvercnes cjkve 38 perie`t, wdoid os dond jy o`ter`c-

tok`ca stc`mcrms.

O` cmmotok` tk tcroll jcrroers, ofpkrts cask lcie `k`tcroll ofpemofe`ts,

wdoid cre sonòloic`t o` fc`y FE@C iku`troes. Kè kl tde fcgkr lcitkrs

icuso`n dond trcme trc`scitok`s iksts cre reactoveay pkkr trcme c`m trc`s-

pkrt aknostois. ]de aknostois perlkrfcìe o`mex (^kram Jc`b :88>), wdoidos jcsem k` c wkramwome survey kl nakjca lreondt lkrwcrmers c`m express

icrroers, fcbes ot pkssojae tk ikfpcre tde perlkrfcìe kl iku`troes

cirkss c jrkcm set kl trc`spkrt c`m trcme lcioaotctok` mofe`sok`s. Zoider

eik`kfoes cre o` c pksotok` tk mevkte fkre reskuries tk o`vestfe`ts o`

trc`spkrt o`lrcstruiture, o`tercneìy ikkrmo`ctok`, c`m stcll trcoò`n c`m,

deìe, o` neèrca e`gky akwer trcme trc`scitok`s iksts tdc` pkkrer

eik`kfoes. ]de vcst fcgkroty kl FE@C iku`troes, dkwever, sikre jeakw

tde aevea kl aknostois perlkrfcìe tdct wkuam je expeitem nove` tdeor aevea

kl oìkfe (lonure ?.9). Kày Gkrmc`, tde Uòtem Crcj Eforctes, ]uòsoc,

c`m _efe` feet kr exieem tde wkramwome cvercne kl iku`troes o` tdeor

oìkfe iacss. Caa ktder FE@C iku`troes lcaa sdkrt kl expeitctok`s, o`

skfe icses ik`somercjay sk. O` ik`trcst, jktd Ido`c c`m O`moc perlkrf

jetter tdc` tdeor oìkfe peers k` trcme aknostois, wdoid akwers tdeor trcme

trc`scitok`s iksts, oìaumo`n wotd FE@C iku`troes.

Nakjcaozctok` c`m Ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc :9>

’8.< ’8.= ’8.: 8.8 8.: 8.= 8.< 8.4

mevoctok` lrkf tre`m o` o`mex pko`ts

w k r s e t d c ` c v e r c n

e c t

s c f e p e r i c p o t c o ` i k f e

j e t t e r t d c ` c v e r c n e c t

s c f e p e r i c p o t c o ` i k f

e

Buwcot

Caneroc

Mgojkuto


Jcdrco`

Aejc`k`


Fkrkiik

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl

Ycumo Crcjoc

_efe`, Zep. kl

]uòsoc


Gkrmc`

O`moc

Ido`c

Lonure ?.: Cvercne ]crolls o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic, jy Iku`try, :88>

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b stcll, jcsem k` ^kram Jc`b (:88>).



Xkaoiy fcbers o` FE@C cre cwcre kl tde cmverse elleits kl dond trcme

trc`scitok`s iksts c`m cre stcrto`n tk tcbe ikrreitove citok` o` tde crecs

kl tcroll remuitok`s c`m trcme lcioaotctok`. ]de Eurk-Femoterrcèc`

Cnreefe`ts e`voscne pdcso`n o` joacterca lree trcme lkr o`mustroca nkkmskver severca yecrs. O` skfe iku`troes (lkr excfpae, ]uòsoc), tde prkiess

kl refkvo`n tcrolls k` ofpkrts lrkf tde Eurkpec` Uòk` dcs carecmy

jee` ikfpaetem2 o` ktders (lkr excfpae, Fkrkiik), ot os weaa u`mer wcy.

Dond exter`ca trcme jcrroers oìrecse tde rosb tdct trcme woaa je movertem

lrkf akw-ikst tdorm-iku`try prkmuiers tk dond-ikst EU prkmuiers

(lrkf O`moc` suppaoers kl pdcrfcieutoica neèrois tk Eurkpec` suppao-

ers kl jrc`mem pdcrfcieutoicas, lkr excfpae). ]k cvkom kr ik`tco` tde

e`suo`n losica c`m eik`kfoi akss, iku`troes dcve stcrtem tk remuie tdeor

fkst lcvkrem `ctok` (FL@) tcrolls, tderejy aofoto`n tde prelereìe fcr-

no` tdey nrc`t tk tdeor EU pcrtèrs. ]dos prkiess woaa dcve tk ik`toùe

o` krmer tk dcve tde mesorem elleit kl remuio`n c`m eaofo`cto`n cmverse

ofpcits kl trcme moversok` c`m tk tcbe cmvc`tcne kl tde luaa ikst cmvc`-

tcnes kl o`ter`ctok`ca skurio`n, oìaumo`n lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc.


8

5

38

35

:8

:5

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl

j o a c t e r c a o f p k r t - w e o n d t e m c v e r c n e

k l c p p a o e m o f p k r t m u t o e s ,

%

Gkrmc` Fkrkiik ]uòsoc

reactove tk Ido c reactove tk O`moc reactove tk tde wkram

Lonure ?.9 Kvercaa Aknostois Xerlkrfcìe O`mex kl Iku`troes o` tde Fommae Ecst

c`m @krtd Clroic

(donder os jetter)

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b stcll jcsem k` U@I]CM ]rco`s c`m U@ ikftrcme mctcjcses.

@kte7 Mctc cre lrkf :88<, exiept lkr Enypt. Mctc lrkf :885 (actest cvcoacjae) cre usem lkr Enypt.



Ofpkrts lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc

]crolls k` ofpkrts lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc cre dond o` FE@C iku`troes7jktd iku`troes expkrt prkmuits tk FE@C tdct cre sujgeit tk cjkve-

cvercne ofpkrt prkteitok` (lonure ?.=). O` Fkrkiik c`m ]uòsoc, tde mol-

lereìe jetwee` cvercne tcrolls c`m tdkse cppaoem tk Ido`c c`m O`moc os

sujstc`toca. O`meem, cfk`n tde son`ctkroes kl tde Cncmor Cnreefe`t

(Enypt, Gkrmc`, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc), kày Enypt dcs joacterca tcrolls k`

ofpkrts lrkf O`moc tdct cre jeakw tde `ctok`ca fec`.

Ido`c c`m O`moc cask expkrt prkmuits tk FE@C iku`troes tdct cre suj-

geit tk tcroll pecbs (tdct os, very dond tcrolls k` o`movomuca prkmuits). ]de tcr-oll sidemuaes kl tde Cncmor iku`troes sdkw c ik`somercjae ùfjer kl suid

pecbs (meloèm cs tdree tofes tde tcroll cvercne). Ct tde Dcrfkòzem

Yystef sox-monot aevea kl cnnrenctok`, tde `ctok`ca tcroll sidemuaes lkr

:88< sdkw :3= mkfestoi tcroll pecbs o` ]uòsoc, 54 o` Fkrkiik, :9 o`

Gkrmc`, c`m :3 o` Enypt. O` Fkrkiik c`m ]uòsoc caa kl tde tcroll pecbs cppay

tk ofpkrts kl cnroiuaturca prkmuits. Fc`y tcroll pecbs cre prkdojotoveay dond,

jut o` skfe kl tde ikìerèm prkmuit ictenkroes, tdere dcve jee` ofpkrts

lrkf Ido`c kr O`moc (lonure ?.5). Uàess tde trc`scitok`s jeèlotem lrkf

tefpkrcry ikìessok`s kr exefptok`s, tdese lo`mo`ns sunnest tdct tdere cre

Nakjcaozctok` c`m Ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc :9?

8

:

=

<

4

38

3:

Eynpt, Crcj Zep. kl Gkrmc` Fkrkiik ]uòsoc

Ido`c O`moc

` u ` j e r k l m k f e s t o i t c r o l l p e c b s

w o t d

o f p k r t s l r k f I

d o ` c k r O ` m o

c

Lonure ?.= ]crolls o` Ido`c, O`moc, c`m Yeaeitem Iku`troes o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m

@krtd Clroic, :88<

(joacterca ofpkrt-weondtem cvercne kl cppaoem ofpkrt mutoes o` perie`t)

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b stcll jcsem k` U@I]CM ]rco`s c`m U@ Ikftrcme mctcjcses.

@kte7 Mctc cre lrkf :88< kr actest mctc cvcoacjae.



acrne mollereìes o` prkmuitok` iksts c`m deìe acrne u`tcppem kppkrtuò-

toes lrkf lurtder trcme o`tenrctok`.

Ofpkrts lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc dcve oìrecsem o` reie`t yecrs, lkr skfe

prkmuits ik`somercjay sk. C ikffk` meloòtok` kl c` ofpkrt surne os còìrecse o` ofpkrt vcaue kl fkre tdc` 98 perie`t kver tde cvercne kl tde

tdree preiemo`n yecrs. Ciikrmo`n tk tdos meloòtok`, muro`n tde reie`t pcst,

ofpkrts lrkf Ido`c (c`m tk c aesser exte`t O`moc) surnem k` c acrne ùfjer

kl prkmuits. Lkr excfpae, o` Enypt‟s trcme wotd Ido`c, 9> prkmuits o`

:88< sctosloem tde cjkve-fe`tokèm meloòtok`. Dkwever, o` tde kver-

wdeafo`n ùfjer kl icses, tde ofpkrts repaciem ofpkrts lrkf ktder iku`-

troes. O` lcit, o` :88< jktd tktca ofpkrts c`m ofpkrts lrkf Ido`c surnem lkr

kày lkur Enyptoc` prkmuits, sk tdct ot seefs aobeay tdct tde ofpkrt oìrecse

lrkf Ido`c icfe ct tde exte`t kl mkfestoi skuries kl prkmuitok`.Kver tofe, tde ùfjer kl ofpkrt surnes lrkf Ido`c dcs oìrecsem

saondtay o` Enypt, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc. O` ik`trcst, tde lrequeìy kl

ofpkrt surnes lrkf O`moc exdojots c meiaoò`n tre`m crku`m strk`n lauituc-

tok`s (lonure ?.<). ]de trcme mctc mk `kt fcbe ot pkssojae tk cssess wdetder

ofpkrt surnes cre icusem jy tde nrecter elloioeìy kl Csoc` suppaoers kr

:=8 Jre tk`, Yduo, c`m cabe`dkrst

8

3

:

9

=

5

<

` u f j e r k l p r k m u i t

s w o t d o f p k r t o ` i r e c s e s k l

f k r e t d c ` 9 8 %

k v

e r t d e p r e i e m o ` n 9 y e c r s

>

3??4 3??? :888 :883 :88: :889 :88= :885 :88<

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl

Gkrmc` Fkrkiik

]uòsoc

Cncmor cvercne

Lonure ?.5 @ufjer kl Mkfestoi ]croll Xecbs k` Ofpkrts lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc o`

Cncmor Cnreefe`t Iku`troes, :88<

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b stcll jcsem k` U@ Ikftrcme mctcjcse.

@kte7 Kày prkmuits tdct ciiku`t lkr ct aecst 8.9 perie`t kl tktca ofpkrts cre ik`somerem.



oaaenca mufpo`n. ]de saondt oìrecse o` surnes lrkf Ido`c c`m strk`n

vkactoaoty o` surnes lrkf O`moc cre ik`soste`t wotd tde pctter` kl Csoc`

ofpkrts o`tk tde Eurkpec` Uòk` c`m Uòtem Ytctes.

Ncoò`n Ciiess tk Kversecs Fcrbets

Jrecbo`n o`tk kversecs fcrbets klte` prese`ts c fcgkr idcaae`ne. Expkrters

lcie cmmotok`ca trcme trc`scitok`s iksts o` tde lkrf kl jkrmer tcrolls, trc`s-

pkrt expe`ses, c`m renuactkry ikfpaocìe iksts. Fc`y meveakpo`n iku`-

troes jeèlot lrkf prelere`toca fcrbet ciiess o` dond-oìkfe iku`troes, jut

feeto`n ruaes-kl-krono` requorefe`ts c`m ktder ofpkrt renuactok`s ic` stoaa

aofot tde jeèlots kl tde prelereìes c`m sdcpe tde struiture kl trcme lakws.

Ciiess tk tde Fcrbets kl tde Eurkpec` Uòk` c`m tde Uòtem YtctesLorfs tdct lcie oìrecso`n ikfpetotok` fust je cjae tk expakot kppkrtu-

òtoes lkr scaes o` kversecs fcrbets cs pcrt kl tde cmgustfe`t prkiess. ]de

iaktdo`n seitkr os c bey skurie kl expkrts lkr iku`troes o` tde FE@C

renok`, profcroay Enypt, Gkrmc`, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc. ]de seitkr wcs

sujgeit tk very nakkfy premoitok`s ikìerò`n tde ofpcit kl Ido`c k`

Nakjcaozctok` c`m Ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc :=3

8

3

:

9

=

3??4 3??? :888 :883 :88: :889 :88= :885 :88<

` u f j e r k l p r k m u i t

s w o t d o f p k r t o ` i r e c s e s k l

f k r e t d c ` 9 8 %

k v

e r t d e p r e i e m o ` n 9 y e c r s

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl

Gkrmc` Fkrkiik

]uòsoc

Cncmor cvercne

Lonure ?.< @ufjer kl Cncmor Iku`try Expkrts Experoeìo`n Ofpkrt Yurnes lrkf

Ido`c c`m O`moc, jy Iku`try, 3??4’:88<

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b stcll jcsem k` U@ Ikftrcme mctcjcse.

@kte7 Kày prkmuits tdct ciiku`t lkr ct aecst 8.9 perie`t kl tktca ofpkrts cre ik`somerem.



FE@C iku`troes. Ot os kè o` wdoid trcme pkaoioes o` kversecs fcrbets

dcve o`laueìem expkrt kutikfes.

]de Eurkpec` Uòk` c`m tde Uòtem Ytctes refkvem refcoò`n quktcs

cnco`st Ido`c c`m O`moc ct tde e`m kl :88=, suppksemay dercamo`n u`let-

terem ikfpetotok` o` tde nakjca iaktdo`n fcrbet (skfe restroitok`s were

reofpksem muro`n :885 lkr c aofotem perokm). Catdkund tde Eurkpec`

Uòk`‟s ofpkrts kl iaktdo`n lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc cre stoaa sujgeit tk tcr-

olls, fc`y FE@C iku`troes e`gky muty-lree ciiess tk tde Eurkpec` Uòk`

u`mer tde csskioctok` cnreefe`ts. O` cmmotok`, Gkrmc` c`m Fkrkiik dcve

sonèm lree trcme cnreefe`ts wotd tde Uòtem Ytctes, c`m iaktdo`n expkrts

lrkf jktd Enypt c`m Gkrmc` dcve oìrecsem cs c resuat kl tde qucaolyo`no`mustroca zkès sidefe ao`bem tk tde lree trcme cnreefe`t jetwee` tde

Uòtem Ytctes c`m Osrcea.3

Enypt, Gkrmc`, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc cidoevem sonòloic`t oìrecses o`

expkrts kl iaktdo`n jetwee` 3??5 c`m :88<. Expkrts kl bòttem iaktd-

o`n nrew lcster tdc` expkrts kl `k`bòttem iaktdo`n,: wotd fkst kl tde

nrkwtd o` expkrts o` jktd ictenkroes mrove` jy expkrts tk `k`-EU35

iku`troes (lonure ?.>). ]de nrkwtd kl iaktdo`n expkrts lrkf Gkrmc` wcs

mrove` cafkst e`toreay jy scaes o` tde Uòtem Ytctes (lonure ?.4), relaeito`n

:=: Jre tk`, Yduo, c`m cabe`dkrst

8

3,888

:,888

9,888

=,888

U Y $ f o a a o k ` s

5,888

<,888

>,888

3??5 3??< 3??> 3??4 3??? :888 :883 :88: :889 :88= :885 :88<

tktca k`bòttem iaktdo`n expkrts kl k`bòttem iaktdo`n tk`k`-EU35 iku`troes

expkrts kl bòttem iaktdo`n tk`k`-EU iku`troes

tktca bòttem iaktdo`n

Lonure ?.> Iaktdo`n Expkrts jy Iku`troes o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic,

3??5’:88<

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ icaiuactok`s jcsem k` U@ Ikftrcme mctc.



c. expkrts kl bòttem iaktdo`n, Enypt

8

388,888

:88,888

988,888

=88,888

588,888

<88,888

>88,888

488,888

tktca Uòtem

Ytctes

Uòtem

Bo`nmkf

Nerfc`y Lrcìe

j. expkrts kl

8

388,888

:88,888

988,888

=88,888

588,888

<88,888

>88,888

488,888

tktca Uòtem

Ytctes

i. expkrts kl bòttem iaktdo`n, Gkrmc`

8388,888:88,888

988,888=88,888588,888<88,888>88,888488,888?88,888

3,888,888

tktca Uòtem

Ytctes

Ic`cmc Uòtem

Bo`nmkf

@etderac`ms

m. expkrts kl `

8388,888:88,888

988,888=88,888588,888<88,888>88,888488,888?88,888

3,888,888

tktca Uòtem

Ytctes

3??5:88<

Lonure ?.4 Expkrts kl Bòttem c`m @k`bòttem Iaktdo`n jy Enypt, Gkrmc`, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc, jy Ofpk

(tdkusc`ms kl U.Y. mkaacrs)

: = 9



e. expkrts kl bòttem iaktdo`n, Fkrkiik

8

588,888

3,888,888

3,588,888

:,888,888

:,588,888

9,888,888

tktca Lrcìe Ypco` Nerfc`y Uòtem

Bo`nmkf

l. expkrts kl `k

8

588,888

3,888,888

3,588,888

:,888,888

:,588,888

9,888,888

caa

iku`troes

Ypco` Lrcì

n. expkrts kl bòttem iaktdo`n, ]uòsoc

8

588,888

3,888,888

3,588,888

:,888,888

:,588,888

9,888,888

tktca Lrcìe Otcay Ypco` Nerfc`y

d. expkrts kl `

8

588,888

3,888,888

3,588,888

:,888,888

:,588,888

9,888,888

tktca Lrcìe

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ icaiuactok`s jcsem k` U@ Ikftrcme mctc.

Lonure ?.4 Expkrts kl Bòttem c`m @k`bòttem Iaktdo`n jy Enypt, Gkrmc`, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc, jy Ofpkrto`

(tdkusc`ms kl U.Y. mkaacrs)

: = =



profcroay tde ofpcit kl tde qucaoloem o`mustroca zkè sidefe rctder tdc`

tde lree trcme zkè. Zcpom nrkwtd o` expkrts lrkf Enypt tk tde Uòtem

Ytctes cask lkaakwem ofpaefe`tctok` kl c qucaoloem o`mustroca zkè

sidefe.9 Jy ik`trcst, Fkrkiik c`m ]uòsoc refcoèm decvoay lkiusem k`

tde EU fcrbet lkr expkrts kl iaktdo`n, wotd very aottae peètrctok` kl

tde U.Y. fcrbet. Expkrts nrew, jut ct c saunnosd pcie, wotd sonòloic`t

rekroe`tctok` cwcy lrkf Lrcìe c`m Nerfc`y tkwcrm Ypco` c`m tde

Uòtem Bo`nmkf jy Fkrkiik c`m tkwcrm Otcay jy ]uòsoc.

]de ruaes kl krono` u`mer tde lkur iku`troes‟ csskioctok` cnreefe`ts

wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk` dcve ofpkrtc`t ofpaoictok`s lkr tde struiture

kl expkrts c`m tde prkspeits lkr nrkwtd. Enypt, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc tcbeup cjkut ?8 perie`t kl tde prelereìes prkvomem u`mer tde csskioctok`

cnreefe`ts2 Gkrmc`‟s use kl tde prelereìes os fuid akwer. ]de EU ruaes

kl krono` lkr iaktdo`n cre stroit, requoro`n c mkujae trc`slkrfctok`, fec`-

o`n tdct jktd tde wecvo`n c`m fcbo`n up stcnes fust je u`mertcbe` o`

qucaolyo`n iku`troes. U`mer tde csskioctok` cnreefe`ts wotd joacterca

iufuactok , iaktdo`n fcùlciturers o` FE@C iku`troes ic` use wkve`

lcjrois prkmuiem o` tde Eurkpec` Uòk` c`m qucaoly lkr EU prelereìes

k` tde lo`ca prkmuit.= O`meem, tde fcgkroty kl ofpkrts kl lcjrois ikfelrkf Lrcìe, Otcay, c`m Ypco`.

]dese ruaes te`m tk ofpo`ne fkre k` `k`bòttem prkmuits tdc` k`

bòtwecr, wdere teid`kaknoes typoicaay bòt tk sdcpe lrkf ycr`. Lkr k`bòt-

tem prkmuits, tde wecvo`n stcne os mostoìt, c`m tdere cre sujstc`toca

eik`kfoes kl sicae o` tde prkmuitok` kl wkve` lcjrois, wdoid cre tde` iut

tk sdcpe. Fkrkiik c`m ]uòsoc dcve speiocaozem fkre o` tde prkmuitok` kl

`k`bòttem prkmuits (tde vcaue kl expkrts wcs cjkut :.5 tofes tdct kl bòt

prkmuits o` :88<). Fkrkiik c`m ]uòsoc ciiku`tem lkr kè-qucrter kl EUofpkrts kl `k`bòttem iaktdo`n reikrmem cs e`tero`n tde Eurkpec` Uòk`

u`mer c trcme prelereìe prknrcf o` :885 c`m cjkut 98 perie`t kl EU

ofpkrts lrkf pcrtèrs tdct dcm muty-lree ciiess. Lkr bòtwecr, Fkrkiik‟s

c`m ]uòsoc‟s sdcre kl EU prelere`toca ofpkrts wcs aess tdc` 3: perie`t.

]de csskioctok` cnreefe`ts c`m tde reactem ruaes kl krono` dcve

e`cjaem iaktdo`n fcùlciturers, pcrtoiuacray o` Fkrkiik c`m ]uòsoc, tk

o`tenrcte o`tk Eurkpec` prkmuitok` idco`s. Catdkund tdos dcs lcioaotctem

c sujstc`toca rose o` expkrts, ot cask rcoses tde ossue kl wdetder tdese

cnreefe`ts dcve akibem Fkrkiik c`m ]uòsoc, c`m tk c fkre aofotemexte`t Enypt, o`tk prkmuitok` struitures tdct sdeater FE@C prkmuiers

lrkf nrecter ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c o` tde EU fcrbet kr dc`miullem

prkmuiers o` tdeor cjoaoty tk skurie o`puts lrkf èw akictok`s cs c ikf-

petotove respk`se. C` ofpkrtc`t lecture kl tde nakjca iaktdo`n fcrbet os

Nakjcaozctok` c`m Ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc :=5



tde nrkwo`n mefc`m jy acrne juyers tdct iaktdo`n prkmuiers tcbe k`

fkre citovotoes o` tde vcaue idco`, espeiocaay skurio`n meiosok`s rencrm-

o`n o`puts. Zestroitove ruaes kl krono` aofot tde kppkrtuòtoes lkr nakjca

skurio`n. Ikfpaocìe wotd tdese ruaes fcy aecve FE@C prkmuiers oaa

equoppem tk ikfpete ol prelereìe fcrno`s o` tde Eurkpec` Uòk`

meiaoè k` sonò`n kl c fuatoacterca trcme cnreefe`t.

O` suffcry, prelere`toca ciiess tk EU c`m U.Y. fcrbets u`mer lree

trcme cnreefe`ts dcs pacyem c irotoica rkae o` stofuacto`n èw expkrts kl

iaktdo`n lrkf Enypt, Gkrmc`, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc. ]dese seitkrs `kw

èem tk juoam k` tdeor suiiess jy meveakpo`n strctenoes tk jkkst ak`n-terf

ikfpetotoveèss, jktd tk jeèlot lrkf fkre moversoloem ciiess tk o`putsc`m tk prepcre lkr c neèrca remuitok` o` tcrolls tdct wkuam remuie tde

prkteitok` ciikrmem jy prelereìes.

Ciiess tk tde Fcrbets kl Ido`c c`m O`moc]de my`cfoi fcrbets kl Ido`c c`m O`moc prese`t pkte`tocaay ofpkrtc`t

expkrt mesto`ctok`s lkr prkmuits lrkf FE@C iku`troes. Dkwever, `k`-

luea sdopfe`ts tk jktd iku`troes, espeiocaay O`moc, lcie sujstc`toca trcme

jcrroers. ]de twk noc`ts dcve kpeèm up sonòloic`tay kver tde pcst meicme, jut sofpae cvercnes kl FL@ mutoes refco` cjkut 38 perie`t o`

Ido`c c`m fkre tdc` 34 perie`t o` O`moc (lonure ?.?).

]crolls o` Ido`c c`m O`moc k` ofpkrts lrkf tde FE@C renok` cre ne`-

ercaay jeakw cvercne. Xetrkaeuf ic` e`ter Ido`c muty lree, c`m ot os suj-

geit tk c reactoveay akw muty kl 38 perie`t o` O`moc. @k`luea ofpkrts lrkf

Enypt c`m ]uòsoc lcie donder trcme-weondtem cvercne tcrolls o` jktd

Ido`c c`m O`moc2 `k`luea ofpkrts lrkf Gkrmc` c`m Fkrkiik lcie jeakw-

cvercne mutoes o` jktd iku`troes (lonure ?.38). C` kutaoer os ]uòsoc‟sexpkrts tk Ido`c, wdoid eìku`terem very dond mutoes o` :885 jeicuse kl

acrne sdopfe`ts kl mocffkòuf pdkspdcte lertoaozer, wdoid were sujgeit

tk c :> perie`t tcroll.

]de tcroll sidemuaes kl jktd Ido`c c`m O`moc sdkw sujstc`toca vcroctok`,

wotd fkre tdc` 388 tcroll pecbs ecid. O` Ido`c, tdese pecbs ikìer` cnro-

iuaturca c`m o`mustroca prkmuits o` cjkut equca prkpkrtok`s. O` O`moc, lkur-

loltds kl caa pecbs lcaa k` cnroiuaturca tcroll aoès. O` :885, tdere were ofpkrts

lrkf tde Cncmor iku`troes o`tk Ido`c o` sox pecb tcroll aoès c`m sdopfe`ts

o`tk O`moc o` tdree aoès, sunnesto`n tdct skfe FE@C expkrters were cjaetk ciiess tde Idoèse c`m O`moc`s fcrbets mespote very dond tcroll jcrroers.5

]dus, catdkund ciiess tk tde Idoèse c`m O`moc` fcrbets dcs jee`

ofprkvo`n lkr FE@C iku`troes, cs tcrolls dcve ikfe mkw`, tdere refco`s

sikpe lkr lurtder ofprkvefe`ts, wdoid ikuam lcioaotcte donder expkrts

:=< Jre tk`, Yduo, c`m cabe`dkrst



lrkf FE@C iku`troes. Catdkund tdere dcs jee` skfe mosiussok` cjkut

joacterca lree trcme cnreefe`ts wotd Ido`c c`m O`moc, c fkre ciiessojae

c`m ecsoer rkute tk ofprkvem fcrbet ciiess os tdrkund fuatoacterca ènk-

toctok`s ct tde ^kram ]rcme Krncòzctok`. Deìe, ot os ofpkrtc`t tdct

FE@C iku`troes pursue tdeor o`terests o` kjtcoò`n akwer tcrolls k` tde

bey prkmuits tdey expkrt, c`m dcve pkte`toca tk expkrt, o` tde Idoèsec`m O`moc` fcrbets.

Expakotctok` kl Exosto`n Kppkrtuòtoes lkr Expkrt Nrkwtd

Mespote skfe prknress jetwee` 3??5 c`m :885, fkst FE@C iku`troes

expkrt tdeor prkmuits tk aess tdc` 38 perie`t kl tde fcrbets lkr tdeor

prkmuits (tcjae ?.=).< ]dos perlkrfcìe ikfpcres pkkray wotd tdct kl

]urbey, wdoid recides fkre tdc` c qucrter kl tde fcrbets tdct ofpkrt tde

prkmuits ot expkrts. Enypt dcs dcm tde fkst suiiess o` oìrecso`n ots pe`-etrctok` kl kversecs fcrbet.

]de joacterca o`mex kl expkrt fcrbet peètrctok` revecas tde exte`t tk

wdoid expkrters expakot kppkrtuòtoes o` bey kversecs fcrbets. Ot os icaiu-

actem jy movomo`n tde ùfjer kl prkmuits c iku`try expkrts tk c pcrtoiuacr

Nakjcaozctok` c`m Ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc :=>

8

5

38

35

:8

s o f p a e c v e

r c n e k l F L @ m u t o e s ,

%

:5

98

95

=8

3??> 3??4 3??? :888 :883 :88: :889 :88= :885 :88< :88>

O`moc Ido`c

Lonure ?.? Cvercne ]crolls o` Ido`c c`m O`moc, 3??>’:88>

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b stcll jcsem k` OFL ]rcme Zestroitoveèss mctcjcse.@kte7 FL@ 6 fkst lcvkrem `ctok`. FL@ mutoes oìaume iustkfs mutoes kr suridcrnes.



fcrbet jy tde tktca ùfjer kl prkmuits expkrtem jy tdct iku`try (tk c`y-

wdere o` tde wkram) tdct cre ofpkrtem jy tdct pcrtoiuacr fcrbet. ]de mctc

sunnest fc`y kppkrtuòtoes lkr oìrecso`n expkrts kl exosto`n prkmuits

jy expakoto`n cvcoacjae fcrbet kppkrtuòtoes (tcjae ?.5). Fkrkiik, lkr

:=4 Jre tk`, Yduo, c`m cabe`dkrst

8

5

38

35

:8

E n y p

t , C r c j

Z e p .

k l

j o a c t e r c a o f p

k r t - w e o n d t e m c v e r c n e

k l o f

p k r t m u t o e s ,

%

G k r m c `

F k r k i

i k

] u o s o c

E n y p

t , C r c j

Z e p .

k l

G k r m c `

F k r k i

i k

] u o s o c

kvercaa

cvercne

Ido`c‟s ofpkrts O`moc‟s ofpkrts

Lonure ?.38 Joacterca Ofpkrt-êondtem Cvercne kl Ofpkrt Mutoes jy Ido`c c`m

O`moc k` Expkrts lrkf tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic, :88<

(perie`t)

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b stcll jcsem k` U@I]CM ]rco`s c`m U@ Ikftrcme mctcjcses.

@kte7 Mctc cre lrkf :88< kr use tde actest tcroll c`m trcme mctc cvcoacjae.

]cjae ?.= O`mex kl Expkrt Fcrbet Xeètrctok`,

jy Iku`try, 3??5 c`m :885

(perie`t)

Iku`try 3??5 :885

Caneroc :.85 :.=3Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl <.5< 33.98

Orc`, Osacfoi Zep. kl =.<9 <.?=

Gkrmc` :.45 =.4?

Aejc`k` =.39 >.5>

Fkrkiik <.89 4.>4

Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi =.93 >.::

]uòsoc =.=: >.>:

_efe`, Zep. kl 3.59 3.?5

]urbey 39.59 :>.8>

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b stcll icaiuactok`s jcsem k` U@ Ikftrcme mctc.





excfpae, tcbes cmvc`tcne kl 5> perie`t kl tde kppkrtuòtoes tk seaa ots

expkrt prkmuits o` Ypco` jut aess tdc` :8 perie`t kl expkrt kppkrtuòtoes

o` Xkrtunca.

FE@C iku`troes cppecr tk mk pkkray o` expakoto`n kppkrtuòtoes tk seaa

tdeor expkrts o` ktder FE@C iku`troes. ]uòsoc‟s (u`weondtem) cvercne

expkrt fcrbet peètrctok` o` ktder FE@C iku`troes os kày 39 perie`t.

]urbey mkes c jetter gkj kl seaao`n ots expkrt prkmuits o` tde FE@C renok`

tdc` FE@C iku`troes mk. Ot uses cafkst =8 perie`t kl tde kppkrtuòtoes tk

seaa ots prkmuits o` ]uòsoc”c lcr donder perie`tcne tdc` tdct kl Enypt

(34 perie`t). ]dos rcoses tde questok` kl wdy prkmuits tdct dcve prkve` tk

je fcrbetcjae o` skfe iku`troes cre `kt jeo`n expkrtem tk ktder ècrjyiku`troes. ]de akw vcaues kl tde o`mex kl expkrt fcrbet peètrctok` lkr

FE@C fcrbets fcy pcrtay relaeit trcme pkaoiy c`m aknostoica ik`strco`ts tk

trcme jetwee` FE@C iku`troes. ]dey sunnest tde èem tk akkb ct ciiess tk

expkrt lo`cìo`n c`m tde rkae c`m ofpcit kl expkrt prkfktok` jkmoes o`

cssosto`n expkrters o` kverikfo`n o`lkrfctok`ca jcrroers tk seaao`n o` èw

fcrbets.

Ikìausok`s c`m Xkaoiy Fesscnes

C ùfjer kl ossues wcrrc`t tde ctte`tok` kl FE@C pkaoiy fcbers. ]de

fco` lo`mo`ns lrkf tde c`caysos sunnest severca moreitok`s lkr FE@C

nkver`fe`ts7

• Zevoew tde renuactkry c`m oìe`toves e`vork`fe`t, oìaumo`n acjkr

fcrbet renuactok`s, wotd c voew tk lcioaotcto`n o`trcseitkrca cmgust-

fe`t, wdoid seefs tk dcve jee` fkre ofpkrtc`t tdc` o`terseitkrcacmgustfe`t o` tde recitok` kl FE@C lorfs tk oìrecsem ikfpetotok`

lrkf Csoc. Ik`toùe tde prkiess kl tcroll relkrf tk remuie trcme mover-

sok` lrkf prelere`toca cnreefe`ts c`m tde c`toexpkrt jocs kl tde of-

pkrt renofe.

• Zemuie trcme trc`scitok`s iksts jy ofprkvo`n trcme c`m trc`spkrt

aknostois sk tdct prkmuiers ic` tcbe cmvc`tcne kl tdeor neknrcpdoica

prkxofoty tk tde acrne Eurkpec` fcrbet.

• Jrkcme` trcme prkfktok` ellkrts tk `k`trcmotok`ca fcrbets wotdo`

FE@C c`m jeyk`m tk recp uèxpakotem kppkrtuòtoes o` neknrcpdoicaexpkrt moversoloictok`.

• Ik`somer u`mertcbo n c`caytoica wkrb k` tde `cture kl ofpkrt surnes

c`m meterfoè wdetder tdey wcrrc`t tde stre`ntdeò`n kl c`tomufp-

o`n prkvosok`s.




C`èxExpkrt Nrkwtd c`m Ik`stc`t Fcrbet Ydcre C`caysos

]cjae ?.C.3 Bey Ik`trojutkrs tk Expkrt Nrkwtd c`m Meiaoè ct tde O`te`sove Fcrno`

Oìrecse kl exosto`n prkmuits tk kam fcrbets Meirecse kl exosto`

Idc`ne o`

Ido`c‟s sdcre

kl wkram

fcrbet (%)

Caneroc :43=38 C`dymrkus cffkòc 8.88 :?8533 Fetdc`ka (fetdya cai

:48=:? Zcre ncses (exiaumo`n crnk`) 8.83 :?83:3 Etdyaeè

>=8=88 ^cste c`m sircp ikpper 3.88 >:8>3: Yefo-lo osdem prkmu

898<39 Lrkze` sdrofp c`m prcw`s :.?4 >:8338 Xon ork`, k`caaky... >?8333 Woì kt caakyem u`wrkundt ... ’<.8= :43=38 C`dymrkus cffkòc

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa elleit7 >:.9?%

Fco` fcrbets7 Lrcìe, Ypco`, Otcay, ]uòsoc, Fkrkiik (?3.49%)

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa e

Fco` fcrbets7 Otcay, Ypco`, Lrc`

Enypt,

Crcj Zep. kl

848538 Krc`nes, lresd kr mroem 8.>: 8>83?8 Ktder pktctkes, lresd

>83438 Nacss jecms, ofotctok` pecras. 5.39 ><8338 Caufoùf u`wrkun

<:8=<: ^kfe ‟s/noras‟ trkusers, kl ikttk` 4.=< 5:843: U`jaecidem paco` ik

<:89=: Fe ‟s/jkys‟ trkusers, ikttk` 9.<5 5:8388 Ikttk`, kt icrmem k

><83:8 Caufoùf u`wrkundt, caakyem 3.=4 <:85:8 Fe ‟s kr jkys‟ sdorts k

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa elleit7 :3.3:%

Fco` fcrbets7 Uòtem Ytctes, Otcay, Ycumo Crcjoc,Uòtem Bo`nmkf, Nerfc`y (5?.>5%)


Fco` fcrbets7 Uòtem Ytctes, U`(=5.95%)

: 5 3





:48?:8 Xdkspdkroi ciom ... :.=> 8>83?8 Ktder pktctkes, lres

=?83?? Xro`tem jkkbs, jrkidures, aeclaets 33.8: >38:9? Mocfk`ms, `kò mu

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa elleit7 5=.>9%

Fco` fcrbets7 Ywotzerac`m, ]urbey, Ycumo Crcjoc, Uòtem Ytctes,

Gkrmc` (>:.85%)

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa

Fco` fcrbets7 Ycumo Crcjoc, Lrc

(58.88%)

Fkrkiik <:8=<: ^kfe ‟s/noras‟ trkusers, ikttk` 4.=< 898>5? Kitkpus (exiaumo`n

:48?:8 Xdkspdkroi ciom ... :.=> :48?:8 Xdkspdkroi ciom

:53838 U`nrku`m cturca icaiouf

pdkspdctes >.88

<:89=: Fe ‟s/jkys‟ trkusers

<38?38 ]-sdorts, so`naets ... ikttk`, =.<4 938598 Mocffkòuf dymrk

8>84:8 Jec`s, lresd kr idoaaem ’3.:8 <:8<=8 ^kfe ‟s/noras‟ jakus

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa elleit7 :3.9=%

Fco` fcrbets7 Ypco`, Lrcìe, Uòtem Bo`nmkf, Jeanouf,

Nerfc`y (<4.35%)


Fco` fcrbets7 Lrcìe, Nerfc`

Uòtem Bo`nmkf (<?.==%)

Yyroc`

Crcj

Zepujaoi

838=38 Aove sdeep ’3.9< 5:8388 Ikttk`, kt icrmem k

358?38 \orno` kaove koa c`m lrcitok`s 8.88 388988 Jcraey

5:8388 Ikttk`, kt icrmem kr ikfjem ’8.9? =38::3 Xoibaem sbo`s kl sdee

838=:8 Aove nkcts ’8.=: 4=>3?9 Ytkrcne uòts ...

=3853: Ydeep, acfj sbo` aectder ’:.:: 388338 Muruf wdect

]kp 5 ik`trojutok` tk kvercaa elleit7 <8.4?%

Fco` fcrbets7 Ycumo Crcjoc, Otcay, Gkrmc`, ]urbey, Ypco` (>4.:>%)


Fco` fcrbets7 Otcay, Gkrmc`, Ycu

]uòsoc <:89=: Fe ‟s/jkys‟ trkusers, ikttk` 9.<5 <:89=: Fe ‟s/jkys‟ trkusers

45==98 Onòtok` woro`n sets <.?? <:8<=8 ^kfe ‟s/noras‟ jakus

<:8=<: ^kfe ‟s/noras‟ trkusers, ikttk` 4.=< <:85:8 Fe ‟s kr jkys‟ sdorts,459<58 Eaeitroica swotides ... <.4: <:89=9 Fe ‟s/jkys‟ trkusers

<:3:38 Jrcssoeres 3<.5? :48?:8 Xdkspdkroi ciom

: 5 9



]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa elleit7 :>.=5%

Fco` fcrbets7 Lrcìe, Otcay, Nerfc`y, Jeanouf, Ypco` (49.>5%)


Fco` fcrbets7 Nerfc`y, Lrcìe

_efe`, Zep. kl 898:3? Lresd kr idoaaem scafk omce 8.34 8?8333 Ikllee, kt rkcstem k

848988 Jc`c`cs, oìaumo`n pac`tco`s 8.89 838=38 Aove sdeep

898>=? Iuttae losd c`m squom 4.?< ><8:88 ^cste c`m sircp, cau

898>?? Cquctoi o`vertejrctes, es, ’8.<5 838=:8 Aove nkcts

8438?8 Ktder lruot, lresd, es 8.<5 >=8=88 ^cste c`m sircp, ikp

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa elleit7 >:.:8%

Fco` fcrbets7 Ycumo Crcjoc2 ]dcoac`m2 Dk`n Bk`n, Ido`c2

Ypco`2 Gcpc` (4?.=>%)


Fco` fcrbets7 Ycumo Crcjoc, U`

tde Zepujaoi kl Bkrec (<>.4=%


]cjae ?.C.3 Bey Ik`trojutkrs tk Expkrt Nrkwtd c`m Meiaoè ct tde O`te`sove Fcrno` (ik`toùem)

Oìrecse kl exosto`n prkmuits tk kam fcrbets Meirecse kl exosto`

Idc`ne o`

Ido`c‟s sdcre

kl wkram

fcrbet (%)

: 5 =



]cjae ?.C.: Bey Ik`trojutkrs tk Expkrt Nrkwtd c`m Meiaoè ct tde Exte`sove Fcrno`

Xrkmuit

Oìrecse kl exosto`n prkmuits tk ew fcrbets Oìrecse kl ew

Idc`ne o`

Ido`c‟s sdcre

kl wkram

fcrbet (%)

Caneroc >:8==? Lerrkus wcste c`m sircp, ork`, kr steea ’8.9: 938:48 Foxtures kl urec c`m

:43=38 C`dymrkus cffkòc 8.88 348=88 Ikikc jutter, lct, c`

>:84:= Lact raam prkm, o/`cs, o` ikoa, dr, :.5> :?8:== Foxem xyaeè oskfe

:538:8 Nrku`m cturca icaiouf pdkspdctes 3.4? 9?8338 Xkayetdyaeè dcvo`n

9?83:8 Xkayetdyaeè dcvo`n c speioloi nrcv 8.34 4=<<?= Xcrts c`m ciiesskroe

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa elleit7 >8.98%Fco` fcrbets7 ]urbey, Fkrkiik, tde @etderac`ms, Nerfc`y,

O`moc (>:.85%)

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa Fco` fcrbets7 Lrcìe, Ypco`, U

Otcay (<>.>4%)

Enypt,

Crcj Zep. kl

>:84:= Lact raam prkm, o/`cs, o` ikoa, dr, :.5> :5:9:? Xkrtac`m iefe`t (ex

:5:938 Iefe`t iao`bers 3:.<: >:8:=3 Lerrk-idrkfouf ik`

938:38 Urec 5.:5 >:3538 Jcrs c`m rkms, o/`cs,

9?83:8 Xkayetdyaeè dcvo`n c speioloi nrcv 8.34 4=33:3 ]urjk-prkpeaaers kl

45==98 Onòtok` woro`n sets c`m ktd woro`n set <.?? >::498 Jcrs c`m rkms, caaky s

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa elleit7 98.9:%

Fco` fcrbets7 Ypco`, Uòtem Bo`nmkf, Uòtem Ytctes, YcumoCrcjoc, Otcay (94.=5%)


Fco` fcrbets7 Yumc`, Ycumo CrOtcay (>9.?3%)

: 5 5



Orc`, Osacfoi

Zep. kl

:?8533 Fetdc`ka (fetdya caikdka) ’8.>5 :<8333 @k`cnnakferctem o

5>8338 Icrpets c`m ktder textoae lakkr ikvero`ns ’5.5> >:8<38 O`nkts, ork` kr k`c

:?8:=9 p-Tyaeè ’9.59 :?3>9< ]erepdtdcaoi ciom c`

>:84:= Lact raam prkm, o/`cs, o` ikoa, dr, :.5> 943>38 Foxem cabyaje`zeè

>=8?3? Xacte, sdeet, c`m strop kl reloèm ikpper :.=> :?99<3 Feacfoè

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa elleit7 93.<9%Fco` fcrbets7 Ido`c, O`moc, Uòtem Ytctes, Ycumo Crcjoc,

tde Zepujaoi kl Bkrec (55.45%)

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaaFco` fcrbets7 Ido`c, O`moc, Yc

Gkrmc` 938598 Mocffkòuf dymrkne` krtdkpdksdcte <.<> :?8438 Xde`ka kr pde`ka-c

9385:8 Foèrca kr idefoica lertoaozers wot 8.>4 :49=:3 @otrctes kl pktcssou

<384:3 ^kfe ‟s/noras‟ jroels c`m pc`toes =.=8 <38::8 ^kfc ‟s kr noras‟ ik

9385=8 Cffkòuf modymrkne` krtdkpdksdcte =.>= :48398 Laukroè2 jrkfoè

<389=9 Fe ‟s kr jkys‟ trkusers, eti, kl sy ’=.=3 <384:: ^kfe ‟s kr noras‟ jr

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa elleit7 :?.9?%

Fco` fcrbets7 Uòtem Ytctes, Gcpc`, Ycumo Crcjoc, Etdokpoc,

Osrcea (5>.<9%)


Fco` fcrbets7 Uòtem Ytctes, Y

Bkrec, Ido`c (5>.:=%)

Aejc`k` :48?:8 Xdkspdkroi ciom :.=> :?8338 Ciyiaoi dymrkicrjk

:=8338 ]kjciik, kt steffem/stroppem 3.<8 458:39 Neèrcto`n sets, moe

858=88 Nuts, jacmmers, stkfcids kl còfcas 5.>= :495:< Xdkspdctes kl icaio

45:5:8 ]rc`sfossok` cppcrctus, lkr rcmokte 3=.:5 4==?88 Fcid lkr tde flr kr

]cjae ?.C.: Bey Ik`trojutkrs tk Expkrt Nrkwtd c`m Meiaoè ct tde Exte`sove Fcrno` (ik`toùem)

Xrkmuit


Idc`ne oÌdo`c‟s sdcre

kl wkram

fcrbet (%)

: 5 <



9?:998 Icrjkys, jkttaes, lacsbs, c`m sofoacr 9.98 45==<8 Eaeitroi ik`muitkrs,

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa elleit7 :3.?3%

Fco` fcrbets7 Gkrmc`, Enypt, Ycumo Crcjoc, O`moc,

Uòtem Bo`nmkf (93.34%)


Fco` fcrbets7 Enypt, Ycumo Cr

Otcay (<:.>8%)

Fkrkiik 45===3 Eaeitroi ik`muitkrs, lkr c vkatcne 35.94 >83??8 Nacss lojers (oìaumo

45==98 Onòtok` woro`n sets <.?? 45:<?: Zcmok refkte ik`tr

45=:3? Fk`kaotdoi o`tenrctem ioriuots, es 5.3= >:3=:8 Jcrs c`m rkms,o/`cs,

45=3:? ]rc`sostkrs ... 4.:: ?=83:8 Yects, fktkr vedoiae

9385=8 Cffkòuf modymrkne` krtdkpdksdcte =.>= ?98<?8 Fuòtok`s kl wcr c`

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa elleit7 =3.33%

Fco` fcrbets7 Ypco`2 Yo`ncpkre2 Ido`c2 Dk`n Bk`n, Ido`c2

Otcay (5=.??%)


Fco` fcrbets7 Lrcìe, Ypco`, C

Yyroc` Crcj

Zepujaoi

388338 Muruf wdect 8.8: 5:8535 Uìkfjem so`nae i

5:8388 Ikttk`, kt icrmem kr ikfjem ’8.9? 938:38 Urec:53838 U`nrku`m cturca icaiouf pdkspdctes >.88 4=333: ]urjk-gets kl c tdru

<3849: ^kfe ‟s kr noras‟ pygcfcs, eti., kl 3.?> 45==5? Eaeitroi ik`muitkrs,

::8:38 ^cters (oìaumo`n foèrca c`m cerctem) 8.53 5:84=: Ikakrem paco` ikttk

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa elleit7 93.5?%

Fco` fcrbets7 Gkrmc`, Enypt, Yumc`, Caneroc, Ido`c (55.94%)


Fco` Fcrbets7 Enypt, Otcay, Gkrm

]uòsoc 45==98 Onòtok` woro`n sets c`m ktder

woro`n set

<.?? 4>84?= Yteero`n wdeeas, ste

>:38=? Lact rkaaem prkm, o/`cs, pactem kr :.<3 >:389? Lact rkaaem prkm, o/`c

4>84:3 Yclety sect jeats lkr fktkr vedoiae 3.?3 <989?? Iurtco`s c`m o`terok

<=89=8 Lkktwecr, wotd c fetca tke-icp, aec 35.=: <98=?9 Luròsdo`n crtoiaes k

459>38 Jkcrms, pcèas, oìaumo`n uferoica =.=4 8989=? Lrkze` tu`cs, es

: 5 >



]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa elleit7 34.5<%

Fco` fcrbets7 Lrcìe, Otcay, Uòtem Bo`nmkf, Xkac`m,Ypco` (55.8=%)


Fco` fcrbets7 Lrcìe, Caneroc,

_efe`, Zep. kl 898:9: Lresd kr idoaaem yeaakwlo` tu`c ’8.3: 8>8938 Kòk`s c`m sdcaakts

898>=? Iuttae losd c`m squom 4.?< 898=:8 Lrkze` losd loaaets

=38::3 Xoibaem sbo`s kl sdeep kr acfjs ’8.89 3<8=3= Xrepcrem kr preserv

8989>? Lrkze` losd, es >.83 353>?8 Emojae prepcrctok`s

:=83:8 ]kjciik, pcrtay kr wdkaay steffem :.54 :98:38 Jrc`s, sdcrps, c`m k

]kp 5 ik`trojutok`s tk kvercaa elleit7 54.=4%

Fco` fcrbets7 Otcay, Lrcìe, Ycumo Crcjoc, Xcrcnucy,

Nerfc`y (5>.93%)


Fco` fcrbets7 Ycumo Crcjoc, En


]cjae ?.C.: Bey Ik`trojutkrs tk Expkrt Nrkwtd c`m Meiaoè ct tde Exte`sove Fcrno` (ik`toùem)

Xrkmuit


Idc`ne o`

Ido`c‟s sdcre

kl wkram

fcrbet (%)

: 5 4











\enetcjae prkmuits >38,::4 3>=.4 <8.: 95.4 ’33.:

Lkkmstulls <83,>3= :94.< 385.< 5.9 ’3.=

Foèrca prkmuits >?4,49> 93<.5 349.> =<.: <.>

Idefoica c`m caaoem o`mustry 9,559,>3: :<8.3 344.3 ’>5.: 9.4

Xacstois c`m rujjers 9,>43,9?5 =9<.9 :95.> ’5.5 ’8.4 Zcw domes, sbo`s, aectder,

c`m lurs 9,8?>,889 3<9.8 >5.: =9.3 8.:

^kkm c`m wkkm prkmuits :,55<,?== =<3.3 3:<.8 38:.= 9.3

]extoaes 3,4=?,8:9 :3>.? :3.? :>.4 :.<

Iaktdes 3<,:<9,53: =33.8 3??.< ’=.5 5.=

Lkktwecr c`m decmnecr =,4?=,=?5 93<.> 3?4.8 ’::.5 ’>.4

Ytkè c`m nacss =,=3>,?4: 4<:.9 :><.5 ?<.> 8.8

Fetcas ?,45?,484 <=>.< 99=.: ’3?.9 33.?

Fcidoèry c`m eaeitroica 94,999,:3: >5>.4 99>.> ’35.9 =.8

]rc`spkrtctok` :,::5,3:< 3,>?3.5 >49.3 ’:8.3 ’:9.>

Fosieaacèkus 3?,349,955 =3<.9 ::>.5 ’3?.8 =.9

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b stcll icaiuactok`s jcsem k` Eurkstct mctc.

@kte7 exiaumo`n Dcrfkòzem Yystef Ikmes :>, 44, c`m 4?, c`m uso`n cvercne sdcre o` icaiuactok`s.

: < 9



:<= Jre tk`, Yduo, c`m cabe`dkrst

@ktes

3. ]de ruaes kl krono lkr tde qucaoloem o`mustroca zkès speioly c 95 perie`t vcaue-cmmem requorefe`t tdct fust je sctosloem wotd o`puts lrkf Osrcea,

Gkrmc`, kr tde êst Jc`b c`m Nczc, wotd c foòfuf kl 33.> perie`t lrkf

Gkrmc`, 4.8 perie`t lrkf Osrcea, c`m tde refco`mer lrkf c`y kl tde tdree

eik`kfoes. ]de lree trcme cnreefe`t otseal dcs c 95 perie`t vcaue-cmmem ruae,

caa kl wdoid fust je sctosloem jy o`puts lrkf Gkrmc`, c`m c requorefe`t tdct

caa kl tde fcbo`n up kl tde prkmuit fust je u`mertcbe` o` Gkrmc`.

:. Bòttem iaktdo`n (DY <3) c`m `k`bòttem iaktdo n (DY <:) were sepcrctem

jeicuse kl tdeor mollere`t prkmuitok` teid`kaknoes, wdoid dcve ofpkrtc`t

ofpaoictok`s lkr tde ofpcit kl ruaes kl krono` o` trcme cnreefe`ts.

9. Enypt wcs aess suiiesslua o` oìrecso`n expkrts tk Nerfc`y c`m tde Uòtem

Bo`nmkf.

=. U`mer joacterca iufuactok`, krono`cto`n fcterocas (tdkse tdct sctosly tde ruae kl

krono` tdct pertco` tk tde fcterocas) ofpkrtem lrkf c pcrtèr tk tde trcme cnree-

fe`t, o` tdos icse textoae lcjrois lrkf tde Eurkpec` Uòk`, ic` je iku`tem cs

sctoslyo`n tde ruae kl krono` lkr qucaolyo`n o`puts lkr tde lo`ca expkrtem prkmuit.

5. Catdkund Ido`c dcm fkre pecbs tdc` O`moc, O`moc‟s pecb tcrolls were donder.

<. ]dos o`mex os icaiuactem jy movomo`n tde ùfjer kl expkrt/fcrbet joactercalakws jy tde ùfjer kl joacterca lakws tdct wkuam kiiur ol tde iku`try were

tk expkrt ots prkmuits tk caa tde fcrbets tdct ofpkrt suid prkmuits. Lkr metcoas,

see Jre`tk` c`m @ewlcrfer (:88?).

Zelereìes

Cfurnk-Xcideik, C., c`m F. M. Xoerkac. :884. ‑Xctter`s kl Expkrt Moversoloictok`

o` Meveakpo`n Iku`troes7 O`te`sove c`m Exte`sove Fcrno`s.‖ Xkaoiy Zesecrid

krbo`n Xcper ==>9, kram Jc`b, csdo`ntk`, MI.

Jre`tk`, X., c`m Z. @ewlcrfer. :88>. ‑^ctido`n Fkre tdc` tde Mosikvery

Idc`èa7 Expkrt Iyiaes c`m Moversoloictok` o` Meveakpfe`t.‖ Xkaoiy Zesecrid

krbo`n Xcper =98:, kram Jc`b, csdo`ntk`, MI.

cnèr, G. :88>. ‑Expkrts c`m Xrkmuitovoty7 C Yurvey kl tde Evomeìe lrkf Lorf-

Aevea Mctc.‖ ^kram Eik`kfy 98 (3)7 <8’4:.

kram Jc`b. :88>. Ik`èito`n tk Ikfpete7 ]rcme Aknostois o` tde Nakjca Eik`kfy,

csdo`ntk` MI7 kram Jc`b.



XC Z ] O \

Zenok`ca O`tenrctok`





:<>

Zenok`ca trcme cnreefe`ts dcve jee` prkaolercto`n jktd o` tde Fommae

Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic (FE@C) renok` c`m nakjcaay, tdeor ùfjer oìrecs-

o`n cafkst soxlkam kver tde pcst twk meicmes (lonure 38.3). Yuid cnree-

fe`ts ic` irecte kppkrtuòtoes tk expc`m eik`kfoi ao`bs tdrkund gko`t

citok` tk kverikfe o`stotutok`ca cs weaa cs pkaoiy jcrroers tk lakws kl

nkkms, servoies, icpotca, c`m acjkr. ]dey ic` deap iku`troes recp jeèlots

lrkf o`ter`ctok`ca o`tenrctok` wdoae cmmresso`n tdeor pcrtoiuacr èems

c`m cmgustfe`t icpciotoes. Ol tde remuitok` kl o`trcrenok`ca trcme jcrroerslksters pcrtèr iku`troes tk expc`m kutput c`m expkrts kl prkmuits o`

wdoid tdey cre o`ter`ctok`caay ikfpetotove, tde proie kl lo`ca nkkms kr prk-

muitok` o`puts k` tde ofpkrto`n iku`try fcrbet lcaas, tk tde jeèlot kl ik`-

sufers c`m o`put-puridcso`n prkmuiers. O` tdos icse, wealcre-e`dcìo`n

trcme os irectem.

Zenok`ca trcme oòtoctoves ic` cask dcve jeèloioca o`moreit elleits.

Kpeò`n mkfestoi fcrbets tk pcrtèr iku`troes, lkr excfpae, ic` oìrecse

ikfpetotok` o` seitkrs wotd prevokusay donday ikìe`trctem o`mustrocastruitures, remuio`n tde fk`kpkaostoi proio`n pkwer kl oìufje`ts. Yuid

prkikfpetotove ofpcits cre pcrtoiuacray ofpkrtc`t lkr iku`troes tdct dcve

kày `csie`t mkfestoi ikfpetotok` pkaoioes.

Zenok`ca ikkperctok` ic` cask je elleitove o` dcrfkòzo`n iustkfs prk-

iemures c`m mkfestoi renuactok`s. Cmkpto`n ikffk` ruaes k` o`vestfe`t,

I D C X ] E Z 3 8

Zenok`ca O`tenrctok`7 Ytctus,

Meveakpfe`ts, c`m Idcaae`nes

Auau Yduo c`m Xeter ^cabe`dkrst







pcrtèr tk ct aecst kè renok`ca eik`kfoi cnreefe`t, c`m fc`y iku`troescre fefjers kl love kr fkre suid cnreefe`ts.

Lkr c ak`n tofe, pkaoiy fcbers lkiusem tdeor o`tenrctok` ellkrts pro-

fcroay k` o`trc-FE@C crrc`nefe`ts. Zeie`tay, cnreefe`ts wotd pcrt-

èrs lrkf kutsome tde renok`, `ktcjay tde Eurkpec` Uòk` c`m tde

Uòtem Ytctes, dcve cssufem c fkre prkfoè`t rkae. Excfpaes oìaume

tde Eurk-Fem Cnreefe`ts jetwee` tde Eurkpec` Uòk` c`m severca

Femoterrcèc` FE@C iku`troes, cs weaa cs joacterca cnreefe`ts

jetwee` tde Uòtem Ytctes c`m Jcdrco`, Gkrmc`, Aejc`k`, Fkrkiik, c`m

Kfc`. C acrne ùfjer kl joacterca o`vestfe`t c`m ikkperctok` cnree-

fe`ts wotdo` FE@C lurtder cmms tk tde ikfpaoictem wej kl o`stotu-

tok`ca crrc`nefe`ts (tcjae 38.3).

]de fc`y o`tenrctok` oòtoctoves c`m cnreefe`ts `ktwotdstc`mo`n, fc`y

kjservers perieove tde kutikfe cs moscppko`to`n. C`caytoica wkrb kver tde

:>8 Yduo c`m cabe`dkrst

Jkx 38.3

]de Ak`n Dostkry kl O`tenrctok` o` tdeFommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic

Fc`y pc`renok`ca ikkperctok` cttefpts dcve jee` acuìdem soìe Crcj o`me-

pe`meìe. Ellkrts dcve rc`nem lrkf sdcaakw, joacterca crrc`nefe`ts tdct were

ik`loèm tk tcroll remuitok`s lkr c sfcaa ùfjer kl nkkms tk ikfprede`sove prk-

nrcfs tdct cofem tk irecte pc`-Crcj fcrbet o`stotutok`s (Ncaca c`m Dkebfc`

:889). Ac`mfcrb cnreefe`ts muro`n c lorst pdcse o` tde 3?58s c`m 3?<8s oìaume

tde trc`sot cnreefe`t sonèm jy fefjers kl tde Crcj Aecnue kl 3?592 tde CrcjEik`kfoi Uòty Cnreefe`t kl 3?5>2 c`m tde cttefpt jy tde Crcj Zepujaoi kl

Enypt, Orcq, Gkrmc`, c`m tde Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi tk lkrf c` Crcj Ikffk`

Fcrbet o` 3?<=.

C seik`m pdcse kl renok`ca o`tenrctok` wcs acuìdem lkaakwo`n tde koa jkkf

kl tde 3?>8s. Eondtee` fefjers kl tde Crcj Aecnue sonèm tde ]rcme Lcioaotctok`

c`m ]rcme Xrkfktok` Ciikrm kl 3?432 tde Nual Ikkperctok` Ikuìoa (fcme up kl

Jcdrco`, Buwcot, Kfc`, Sctcr, Ycumo Crcjoc, c`m tde Uòtem Crcj Eforctes) wcs

cask estcjaosdem tdct yecr. ]de sdkrt-aovem Crcj Ikkperctok` Ikuìoa c`m tde CrcjFcndrej Uòk` icfe o`tk exosteìe o` 3?4?. O` 3??>, tde Cnreefe`t k` tde

Nrecter Crcj Lree ]rcme Crec wcs sonèm. O` :88=, Enypt, Gkrmc`, Fkrkiik, c`m

]uòsoc sonèm tde Cncmor Cnreefe`t, wdoid estcjaosdem c lree trcme crec cfk`n

tde lkur iku`troes.

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs, jcsem k` Ncaca c`m Dkebfc` :889.



Lonure 38.: ]de @etwkrb kl FE@C Zenok`ca Cnreefe`ts Os Me`se

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs.

@kte7 Kày fcgkr cnreefe`ts cre mepoitem. Cncmor 6 Cncmor Cnreefe`t lkr tde Estcjaosdfe`t kl c Lree ]rcme Wkè jetwee` Crcjoi Femoterr

IKFEYC 6 Ikffk` Fcrbet lkr Ecster` c`m Ykutder` Clroic2 EIK 6 Eik`kfoi Ikkperctok` Krncòzctok`2 EL]C 6 Eurkpec` Lree ]rcme Csski

@krwcy, c`m Ywotzerac`m2 NCL]C 6 Nrect Crcj Lree ]rcme Cnreefe`t2 NII 6 Nual Ikkperctok` Ikuìoa.

Uòtem Ytctes

CFU

Caneroc

Fcurotcòc

Fkrkiik

]uòsoc

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl

Aojyc

Gkrmc`Cncmor

IKFEYC

Aejc`k`êst Jc`b c`m

Nczc Orcq

Buwcot

Jcdrco`Sctcr

Uòtem Crcj Ef

Kfc`

Ycumo Crcjoc

NII

_efe`, Zep. kl

NCL]C F

Yo`ncpkre

Mgojkuto

Juru`mo, Ikfkrks,Ik`nk (Mef. Zep. kl),Erotrec, Etdokpoc, Be`yc,Fcmcncsicr, Fcacwo,Fcurotous, Zwc`mc,Yeyideaaes, Yumc`,Ywczoac`m, Unc`mc,Wcfjoc, Wofjcjwe

EL]C Eurkpec` Uòk`

Orc`, Osacfoi

renok`ca cnreefe`ts joacterca cnreefe`ts

Yyroc` Crcj Zep.

: > 3



]cjae 38.3 Joacterca ]rectoes wotdo` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic

Caneroc Jcdrco` Mgojkuto

Enypt,

Crcj

Zep. Orcq

Orc`,

Osacfoi

Zep. Gkrmc` Buwcot Aejc`k` Aojyc Fkrkiik Kfc` Sctcr

Caneroc ’ ’

Jcdrco` ’ ’

Mgojkuto ’ ’

Enypt,

Crcj Zep.

JO], ]C JO] JO] j

Orcq ’ JO] j ’ L]C ’ ’

Orc`, Osacfoi

Zep.

JO], ]C JO] ’ JO] j ’ ’ ’

Gkrmc` JO], ]C JO], L]C ’ JO], L]C ’ ’

Buwcot JO], ]C ’ ’ JO] JO], ]C ’ JO] j, L]C

Aejc`k` ]C L]Cc, JO] ’ ]C, JO], L]C JO] ]C,L]C JO] ]C, JO] ’

Aojyc ’ ’ ’ JO], ]C ’ ’ ’ ’ ’

Fkrkiik ]C JO] ’ JO], L]C JO] j, ]C JO], LC JO], L]C JO], ]C LC, JO] JO], ]C

Kfc` JO] ’ ’ JO] ’ JO] ’ ’ JO] c ’ JO], LC ’

Sctcr ]C ’ ’ JO] j ’ JO], ]C ’ ’ LC ’ JO], LCj ’

Ycumo Crcjoc ’ ’ ’ JO] ’ ’ ’ ’ ]C ’ ]C ’ ’

Yyroc` Crcj

ZepujaoiJO] j, ]C ]C, JO] ’ JO], ]C JO] j, ]Cj JO], ]C JO], L]C JO], ]C ]C, JO] JO], ]C JO], LC JO] j, LC JO] j, ]C

]uòsoc JO] j, ]C ’ ’ JO], L]C ’ JO] JO], L]C JO] j, ]C JO] JO] j, L]C JO] j, L]C JO] ’

Uòtem Crcj

Eforctes

JO] ’ ’ JO] ’ ’ L]C JO] j ]C, JO] ’ JO], LC,

L]C

’ ’

êst Jc`b

c`m Nczc

’ ’ ’ ]C, JO] ’ ’ ]C ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’

_efe`, Zep. JO] j, ]C JO] j ’ JO] ’ JO] JO] JO] j LC, JO] ’ JO] j, LC JO] ’

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b stcll jcsem k` `ctok`ca skuries.

@kte7 Lrcfewkrb Cnreefe`ts (LC) icaa lkr ikkperctok` c`m exidc`ne kl o`lkrfctok` c`m expertose. Lree ]rcme Cnreefe`ts (L]C) o`vkave jrkc

(]C) cre aess mefc`mo`n tdc` L]Cs jut fkre ikìrete tdc` LCs (c ]C ikuam, lkr excfpae, oìaume tcroll remuitok`s, speioca exefptok`s, kr irec

prkvome o`vestkr prkteitok`. Mkujae ]cxctok` ]rectoes (M]]) cvkom tde fuatopae ofpksotok` kl tcxes jy pcrtèr iku`troes.

c. 6 @kt rctoloem 2 j. 6 @kt e`lkriem2 otcaois 6 stctus u`b`kw`2 ’ 6 `kt cppaoicjae2 `k prelere`toca trcme jetwee` tde twk iku`troes u`mer tde r

: > :



pcst meicme o`moictes tdct o`tenrctok` dcs lcaae` sdkrt kl expeitctok`s c`m

acns meveakpfe`ts o` ktder renok`s. ‑Nrcvoty fkmeas‖”wdoid estofcte

trcme pkte`toca jetwee` iku`troes jcsem k` eik`kfoi soze, neknrcpdoica mos-

tcìe, c`m ktder iku`try idcrciterostois”ik`soste`tay lo`m tdct trcme wotdo`

FE@C os jeakw tde aevea prkgeit jy tde fkmeas (see, lkr excfpae, Foòesy,

@une`t, c`m _kusel :88=2 Xïromy :885c2 Cidy :88<). Expac`ctok`s lkr tdos

acibauster o`tenrctok` perlkrfcìe oìaume tde akw ikfpaefe`tcroty o`

prkmuitok` struitures2 tde very uève` aevea kl ofpkrt prkteitok` cirkss tde

renok`2 tde persosteìe kl sonòloic`t `k`tcroll jcrroers tk trcme2 c`m tde acib

kl ikvercne kl servoies, o`vestfe`t, c`m acjkr fkjoaoty o` pcst o`tenrctok`

ellkrts. ]de ferot kl tdese mollere`t expac`ctok`s os irotoicaay cssessem o` tdelkaakwo`n seitok`s.

Akw Ikfpaefe`tcroty c`m Uève` Ofpkrt Xrkteitok`]de sdcre kl o`trcrenok`ca trcme o` tktca feridc`mose trcme oìrecsem kver

tde pcst twk meicmes o` fc`y FE@C iku`troes (lonure 38.9). @evertdeaess,

tde exte`t kl o`trcrenok`ca trcme refco`s akwer tdc` o` caa ktder renok`s

kl tde wkram exiept Ykutd Csoc (^kram Jc`b :885). ]de rctok kl

Zenok`ca O tenrctok 7 Ytctus, Meveakpfe`ts, c`m Idcaae`nes :>9

Lonure 38.9 Fc`y FE@C Iku`troes Dcve Oìrecsem ]deor O`trcrenok`ca

]rcme kver ]ofe

8

38

:8

98

=8

58

<8

3?45 3??8 3??5 :888 :885

s d c r e k l o ` t r c - F

E @ C f e r i d c ` m o s e e x p k r t s o `

t k t c a f e r i d c ` m o s e e x p k r t

s ,

%

Caneroc Jcdrco` Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl Orc`, Osacfoi Zep. kl

Gkrmc` Buwcot Uòtem Crcj Eforctes

Ykurie7 OFL Moreitok`s kl ]rcme mctcjcse.





fkre tdc` dcal kl `k`-koa expkrts2 renok`ca expkrts refco` o` so`nae-monot

terrotkry o` Caneroc, Aojyc, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc.Excfo`ctok` kl sujnrkups kl iku`troes o` tde fcgkr renok`ca trcme

cnreefe`ts ik`lorfs tde sdcaakw ao`bs o` feridc`mose trcme (tcjae 38.:).

@kè kl tde lkur fefjers kl tde Cncmor Cnreefe`t trcmes fkre tdc`

9 perie`t kl tktca ofpkrts c`m expkrts wotd tde ktder tdree pcrtèrs. ]rcme

os cask foòfca cfk`n tde love fefjers kl tde Crcj Fcndrej Uòk`,

wotdo` wdoid o`trcrenok`ca trcme represe`ts fkre tdc` 9 perie`t kl tktca

ofpkrts c`m expkrts kày o` ]uòsoc.

Irkss-iku`try ètwkrbs kl suppaoers ic` je fcgkr mrovers kl o`tenrc-

tok`. Kver tde pcst twk meicmes, suid ètwkrbs dcve jee` estcjaosdem

o` tde cutkfkjoae o`mustry o` Ecster` Eurkpe c`m o` tde eaeitrkòis

o`mustry o` Ecst Csoc2 tdey dcve sonòloic`tay ik`trojutem tk tde o`ter-

`ctok`ca eik`kfoi suiiess kl tdese renok`s. Yystefs kl o`terreactem

suppaoers tcbe cmvc`tcne kl o`teriku`try wcne mollere`tocas wotdo` tde

Zenok`ca O tenrctok 7 Ytctus, Meveakpfe`ts, c`m Idcaae`nes :>5

Lonure 38.5 FE@C Mesto`ctok`s Cre kl Ykfe Ofpkrtcìe lkr @k`-Koa Expkrts

8

38

:8

98

=8

58

<8

nrkupcvercne

E n y p

t , C r

c j Z e p .

k l

G k r m

c `

A e j c

k `

F k r

k i i k

] u ` o s o c

C a n e r

o c

O r c ,

O s a c f o i

Z e p .

k l

Y y

r o c ` C r

c j Z e p u j a o i

J c d r

c o `

B u w c o t

A o j y

c

S c t c r

Y c u m o C r

c j o c

U `

o t e m C r

c j E f o r c

t e s

reskurie-pkkr,

acjkr-cju`mc`t

iku`troes

s d c r e k l o ` t r

c - F E @ C ` k ` - k o a f e r i d c ` m o s e

e x p k r t s o ` t k t c a ` k ` - k o a f e r i d c ` m o s e e x p k r t s , %

reskurie-roid,

acjkr-cju`mc`t

iku`troes

reskurie-roid,

acjkr-ofpkrto`n

iku`troes

Ykurie7 U@ Ikftrcme mctcjcse.

@kte7 Mctc cre lrkf :88< kr actest yecr cvcoacjae.



renok`, sdkrt trc`spkrt mostcìes, c`m eik`kfoes kl sicae lrkf speioca-ozctok` (Dcmmcm :88>). ]de resuato`n lrcnfe`tctok` kl prkmuitok` os

o`te`solyo`n o`trcrenok`ca trcme jut te`ms tk mepe`m decvoay k` extrcre-

nok`ca mefc`m lkr lo`ca nkkms. Deìe, c twk-prk`nem strcteny jcsem k`

iakser o`tenrctok` kl lcitkr c`m prkmuit fcrbets tk lcioaotcte tde efer-

neìe kl prkmuitok` ao`bs wotdo` tde renok` c`m kpe`èss tkwcrm o`ter-

`ctok`ca fcrbets seefs esse`toca lkr suiiess.

Nakjca trcme o` pcrts c`m ikfpkè`ts, wdoid ic` je see` cs c prkxy

lkr exidc`nes o` prkmuitok` ètwkrbs, dcs expc`mem fkre my`cfoicaay

tdc` ik`ve`tok`ca trcme o` lo`ca nkkms. FE@C iku`troes dcve ak`n acnnem

o` ètwkrb trcme (_ects c`m @n :888), catdkund skfe Fcndrej iku`troes

dcve jee` ictido`n up o` reie`t yecrs (lonure 38.<). ]uòsoc, o` pcrtoiuacr,

dcs see` ots sdcre kl pcrts c`m ikfpkè`ts expkrts cafkst tropae kver

tde pcst meicme, lrkf aess tdc` = perie`t tk 38 perie`t kl tktca expkrts.

:>< Yduo c`m cabe`dkrst

]cjae 38.: ]rcme wotd Xcrtèrs o` Zenok`ca Cnreefe`ts, :88<

(perie`tcne kl tktca feridc`mose ofpkrts c`m expkrts)

Iku`try

Cncmor

Cnreefe`t

Crcj

Fcndrej

Uòk`

Nual

Ikkperctok`

Ikuìoa

Nrecter Crcj

Lree ]rcme

Crec

FE@C iku`troes

Caneroc 3.:

Jcdrco` 95.8 94.<

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl 3.5 39.<

Orcq 3=.>

Gkrmc` 9.8 95.>

Buwcot =.5 >.=Aejc`k` 98.<

Aojyc :.> 5.3

Fkrkiik 3.: :.: >.5

Kfc` 33.8 3:.:

Sctcr <.= >.5

Ycumo Crcjoc =.3 ?.3

Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi =<.>

]uòsoc 3.= <.> >.=

Uòtem Crcj Eforctes =.4 >.=

_efe`, Zep. kl :=.5@k`-FE@C iku`troes

Fcurotcòc :.4

Yumc` 34.9

Ykurie7 OFL Moreitok`s kl ]rcme mctcjcse.

@kte7 Efpty ieaas o`moicte `k prelere`toca trcme jetwee` tde twk iku`troes u`mer tde respeitove cnreefe`t.





tde rc`ne kl :5’98 (_ects 3??4). O` ik`trcst, tde joacterca ikfpaefe`tcr-

oty jetwee` pcors kl FE@C iku`troes os akw, rcreay exieemo`n so`nae-monot

aeveas (tcjae 38.9). O` fkst icses, tde ikfpaefe`tcroty kl `k`-koa trcme os

donder tdc` lkr tktca trcme, catdkund ot stoaa exieems c vcaue kl :8.

Kè pksotove kutaoer o` tde mctc os Jcdrco`, wdoid cs c` ofpkrter sdkws

very strk`n ikfpaefe`tcroty wotd ktder luea expkrters o` tde renok`. ]dos

lo`mo`n os mrove` jy tde Jcdrco` Xetrkaeuf Ikfpc`y‟s reloèry, kè kl

tde acrnest prkiesso`n lcioaotoes o` tde Fommae Ecst. ]de uòt‟s reloò`n

icpcioty os tcbe` up kày pcrtay jy prkiesso`n irume petrkaeuf tdct

krono`ctes lrkf Jcdrco`‟s kw` koa loeam2 tde refcoò`n spcre icpcioty os

usem lkr reloò`n ofpkrtem irume. Deìe, Jcdrco` cppecrs o` trcme stc-tostois cs c acrne-sicae petrkaeuf ofpkrter (c`m acrne-sicae expkrter kl

reloèm petrkaeuf prkmuits) c`m c ikfpaefe`tcry trcmo`n pcrtèr tk

tde irume petrkaeuf expkrters o` tde renok`.

]de lo`mo`ns kl kvercaa akw trcme ikfpaefe`tcroty o` tde renok` cre

ik`soste`t wotd ecraoer c`caysos (see, lkr excfpae, Dcvryaysdy` c`m Bu`zea

:888). Ykfe kjservers kte tdct ikfpaefe`tcroty os donder wotd @krtder`

trcmo`n pcrtèrs (lkr excfpae, EU fefjers c`m tde Uòtem Ytctes) tdc`

wotd iku`troes wotdo` tde renok` (Xïromy :885j). Zenok`ca o`tenrctok`pkaoioes cre tdus aobeay tk idc`ne tde pctter` kl ikfpaefe`tcroty kày

nrcmucaay c`m kver tde ak`ner terf.

Uève` ofpkrt prkteitok`. C`ktder ofpemofe`t tk suiiesslua o`tenrctok`

os tde uève` aevea kl ofpkrt prkteitok` cirkss tde renok`. Mollereìes

o` tcrolls ofpay tdct o`mustroes o` pcrtèr iku`troes jeèlot tk c mollero`n

exte`t lrkf pkaoiy-neèrctem trc`slers, sk tdct tde iksts c`m jeèlots

kl fkvo`n tk lreer trcme cre uèveày mostrojutem. U`mer tdese ioriuf-stcìes, cidoevo`n cnreefe`t tk kpe` fcrbets cfk`n renok`ca pcrtèrs

os pkaotoicaay molloiuat.

Fkrekver, fco`tcoò`n dond fkst-lcvkrem-`ctok` (FL@) tcrolls os cssk-

ioctem wotd c dond rosb kl eik`kfoicaay ikstay trcme moversok`. O` pcrtoiu-

acr, seaeitove kpeò`n tkwcrm renok`ca pcrtèrs ic` movert trcme lakws lrkf

fkre elloioe`t tdorm-iku`try prkmuiers tk aess elloioe`t pcrtèr iku`try

prkmuiers, resuato`n o` c akss kl tcroll reveùes wotdkut tde jeèlots kl

akwer puridcso`n iksts. Deìe, dond-prkteitok` iku`troes ic` je cmverseay

clleitem jy renok`ca o`tenrctok`. ]de rosb kl trcme moversok` os lurtderoìrecsem ol tde o`te`soty kl trcme jetwee` pcrtèrs jelkre joacterca aojer-

caozctok` os akw, cs ot os o` FE@C.

]de sofpae cvercne kl FL@ mutoes o` FE@C iku`troes rc`nes lrkf

cjkut 5 perie`t o` tde Nual Ikkperctok` Ikuìoa (NII) iku`troes c`m

:>4 Yduo c`m cabe`dkrst









dond exter`ca trcme jcrroers, tdere os c rosb tdct trcme os movertem lrkf

akw-ikst tdorm-iku`try prkmuiers (suid cs O`moc` suppaoers kl neèroi

pdcrfcieutoicas) tk dond-ikst EU prkmuiers (suid cs Eurkpec` suppaoers

kl jrc`mem pdcrfcieutoicas). ]k cvkom kr ik`tco` tde e`suo`n losica c`m

eik`kfoi akss, iku`troes dcve stcrtem tk remuie tdeor FL@ tcrolls, aofot-

o`n tde prelereìe fcrno` tdey nrc`t tk tdeor EU pcrtèrs. ]dos prkiess

woaa dcve tk ik`toùe ol ot os tk dcve tde mesorem elleit kl remuio`n c`m

eaofo`cto`n cmverse ofpcits kl trcme moversok`.

@k`tcroll Jcrroers c`m Xkkr ]rcme Aknostois

ôtd tde wkramwome prknress fcme o` tcroll remuitok` kver tde pcst twkmeicmes, pkaoiy fcbers dcve oìrecso`nay turèm tdeor ctte`tok` tkwcrm

renuactkry c`m aknostoica ofpemofe`ts tk trcme, wdoid `kw cre klte` fkre

ikstay tdc` tcrolls c`m neèrcte `k kllsetto`n reveùe. Ikkperctove ellkrts

jy nkver`fe`ts tk refkve mosirofo`ctkry renuactok`s, ofprkve iustkfs

prkiemures, c`m remuie trc`spkrt iksts cre, tderelkre, ofpkrtc`t cspeits kl

fkmer` renok`ca cnreefe`ts. FE@C iku`troes lcie sujstc`toca idcaae`nes

o` tdos crec jeicuse kl c aenciy kl restroitove `k`tcroll fecsures c`m èn-

aeit kl trcme-lcioaotcto`n ellkrts.]de sotuctok` os icpturem o` reie`t c`caytoica wkrb. O` pcrtoiuacr, c

tecf kl c`caysts o` tde ^kram Jc`b‟s Zesecrid Mepcrtfe`t dcs estofctem

c` Kvercaa ]rcme Zestroitoveèss O`mex (K]ZO). ]dos o`mex ikrrespk`ms tk

tde uòlkrf tcroll tdct ol ofpksem k` caa ofpkrts lrkf pcrtèr iku`troes

wkuam aecve kvercaa ofpkrts uìdc`nem. ]de fecsure fcbes ot pkssojae tk

moscnnrencte tktca jcrroers tk trcme o`tk tcroll c`m `k`tcroll ikfpkè`ts.

]de estofctok` os jcsem k` mctc lkr tde ecray :888s (Bee, @oiotc, c`m

Kacrrecnc :885).]de c`caysos revecas tdct `k`tcroll jcrroers tk trcme cre fkre sujstc`-

toca o` tde FE@C tdc` o` c`y ktder renok` kl tde wkram (lonure 38.4).

@k`tcroll jcrroers ik`trojute fkre tk trcme restroitoveèss tdc` mk tcrolls.

]dey cre pcrtoiuacray pervcsove c`m restroitove o` acjkr-cju`mc`t FE@C

iku`troes.

O` skfe icses, `k`tcroll jcrroers ic` sonòloic`tay remuie kr eve` ùaaoly

tde trcme prelereìes o` renok`ca cnreefe`ts. Lkr excfpae, tde Nrecter Crcj

Lree ]rcme Crec (NCL]C) Cnreefe`t pdcsem o` prelere`toca tcroll remui-

tok`s cfk`n fefjers, aecmo`n tk lree o`trcrenok`ca trcme jy :885.Dkwever, skfe ofpkrto`n iku`troes csbem expkrters lrkf pcrtèr iku`troes

tk kjtco` speioca ofpkrt perfots tdct dcve tk je prese`tem tk tde jkrmer

cneìoes tk jeèlot lrkf tde prelereìes (Loacao :88>). Ol c` ofpkrt-

ikfpeto`n o`mustry ic` je dcrfem jy tde ofpkrts, tdese perfots cre

:4: Yduo c`m cabe`dkrst



klte` relusem2 ofpkrters tdus dcve dcm tk pcy tde luaa FL@ tcrolls. ]k c

acrne exte`t, tde`, tde remuiem-tcroll prelereìes exost kày k` pcper, `kt

o` prcitoie.Mollereìes o` tde ruaes kl krono` kl tde vcrokus renok`ca cnreefe`ts

ic` neèrcte cmmotok`ca ikfpaocìe iksts. Catdkund fkst kl tde o`trcre-

nok`ca cnreefe`ts cmdere tk c =8 perie`t vcaue-cmmem ruae tk ik`ler kro-

no`, tdey moller wotd respeit tk iufuactok` ruaes. Catdkund NCL]C caakws

lkr mocnk`ca iufuactok` (tdct os, tde use kl o`puts lrkf ktder fefjer

iku`troes tkwcrm tde vcaue-cmmem tcrnet), tde Crcj Fcndrej Uòk` c`m

tde Cncmor Cnreefe`t mk `kt (ôppea :885). O` cmmotok`, tde o`trcre-

nok`ca ruaes kl krono` cre fcrbemay mollere`t lrkf tdkse pertcoò`n o` tde

Eurk-Fem ik`text, sk tdct ikfpcòes servo`n jktd FE@C c`m Eurkpec`fcrbets fcy dcve tk ru` pcrcaaea prkiurefe`t c`m prkmuitok` prkiesses

tk sctosly tde respeitove requorefe`ts.

Lorf surveys ik`lorf tde exosteìe kl pervcsove c`m restroitove `k`-

tcroll jcrroers o` tde renok`. O` c stumy ikvero`n eondt FE@C iku`troes,

Zenok`ca O tenrctok 7 Ytctus, Meveakpfe`ts, c`m Idcaae`nes :49

Lonure 38.4 @k`tcroll Fecsures cre Donday Zestroitove o` FE@C Iku`troes

8 5 38 35 :8

uòlkrf tcroll equovcae`t, %

:5 98 95 =8

Ecst Csoc c`m Xcioloi

Eurkpe c`m Ie`trca Csoc

Acto` Cferoic c`m Icrojjec`


Ykutd Csoc

Yuj-Ycdcrc` Clroic

reskurie-pkkr, acjkr-cju`mc`t

iku`troes

reskurie-roid, acjkr-cju`mc`t

iku`troes

reskurie-roid, acjkr-ofpkrto`niku`troes

`k`tcroll jcrroers tcrolls

Ykurie7 Bee c`m ktders :885.



Wcrrkub (:889) lo`ms tdct ikfpcòes put tde iksts kl ikfpayo`n wotd

`k`tcroll fecsures ct fkre tdc` 38 perie`t kl tde vcaue kl nkkms sdoppem

k` cvercne. Ikfpcòes ikfpaco` cjkut iufjerskfe renuactok`s c`m

oèlloioe`t kr o`cpprkprocte jkrmer prkiemures.

O`meem, ofpkrto`n c`m expkrto`n citovotoes cppecr tk je fkre molloiuat

tk u`mertcbe o` FE@C iku`troes tdc` o` ktder fommae-oìkfe eik`kfoes

(lonure 38.?). Catdkund k` cvercne FE@C nkver`fe`ts requore aondter

ofpkrto`n c`m expkrto`n mkiufe`tctok` tdc` tdeor iku`terpcrts o`

akw-oìkfe Yuj-Ycdcrc` Clroic kr o` Ykutd Csoc, tde ùfjer kl mki-

ufe`ts exieems tde cvercne lkr fommae-oìkfe Acto` Cferoic c`m

Ecst Csoc. C sofoacr poiture efernes wotd respeit tk jkrmer meacys c`mtde tofe requorem tk ikfpaete tde ofpkrto`n kr expkrto`n prkiess

(lonure 38.38).

]de ^kram Jc`b‟s èw Aknostois Xerlkrfcìe O`mex (^kram Jc`b

:88>c), wdoid os jcsem k` c wkramwome survey kl nakjca lreondt lkrwcrmers

c`m express icrroers, fcbes ot pkssojae tk ikfpcre iku`troes cirkss c jrkcm

set kl trc`spkrt c`m trcme lcioaotctok` mofe`sok`s. Zoider iku`troes cre o` c

pksotok` tk mevkte fkre reskuries tk o`vestfe`ts o` trc`spkrt o`lrcstrui-

ture, o`tercneìy ikkrmo`ctok`, c`m stcll trcoò`n2 trcme trc`scitok`s iksts o`

:4= Yduo c`m cabe`dkrst

Lonure 38.? ]rcme Xrkiemures o` FE@C Cre Iufjerskfe

5 < >

ùfjer kl mkiufe`ts requorem

4 ? 38


Ecster` Eurkpe c`m Ie`trca Csoc



Yuj-Ycdcrc` Clroic

Ykutd Csoc




Eurkpe c`m Ie`trca Csoc

Yuj-Ycdcrc` Clroic

Ykutd Csoc

o f p k

r t m k i u f e ` t s

e x p k r t m k i u f e ` t s

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b Mko`n Jusoèss :884 mctcjcse.





kl sdopfe`ts. ]de fkst fcrbem aknostois idcaae`nes cre kjservem cfk`n

tde reskurie-roid acjkr-cju`mc`t nrkup kl iku`troes, wotd pcrtoiuacray

prk`kuìem ncps o` aknostois ikfpeteìe c`m icrnk trcibo`n c`m trcio`n.

]dos pkkr perlkrfcìe fondt relaeit acib kl pressure lrkf tde provcte

seitkr tk ofpaefe`t o`stotutok`ca relkrfs kl trcme c`m trc`spkrt prkie-

mures cs tde resuat kl tde mkfo`cìe kl luea expkrts.Aknostois ofpemofe`ts clleit jktd nakjca c`m renok`ca trcme. Aknostois

idco` c`caysos sunnests tdct trc`spkrt c`m `k`trc`spkrt aknostois iksts lkr

expkrt ikffkmotoes lrkf tde FE@C renok` represe`t >’:5 perie`t kl

ac`mem prkmuit proies (Mevao` c`m _ee :885). Ot wkuam cppecr tdct sonòl-

oic`t nco`s ikuam je recpem lrkf kverdcuao`n tde renuactkry renofe lkr

tde truibo`n seitkr, oìrecso`n ikfpetotok` o` pkrt c`m cor lreondt servoies,

rekroe`to`n iustkfs cutdkrotoes tkwcrm trcme lcioaotctok`, c`m meveakpo`n

irkss-jkrmer trc`sot prkiemures sofoacr tk tde ]OZ (trc`sot o`ter`ctok`ca

rkutoer) icrèts fkmea, wdoid prkvomes cutdkrozem kperctkrs wotd tde lcioa-

oty tk trc`spkrt secaem ik`tcoèrs lrkf c iustkfs klloie kl mepcrture o` kè

iku`try tk c iustkfs klloie kl mesto`ctok` o` c`ktder iku`try. Cmmresso`n

pkrt ik`nestok`, ofprkvo`n trc`ssdopfe`t renuactok`, c`m juoamo`n c` o`te-

nrctem fuatofkmca trc`spkrtctok` systef ikuam cask yoeam dond movome`ms

:4< Yduo c`m cabe`dkrst

Lonure 38.33 ]de Aknostois Xerlkrfcìe kl Fkst FE@C Iku`troes Os Jeakw

Expeitctok`s

3.5

:.8

:.5

9.8

9.5

=.8

=.5

8 5 38 35 :8 :5 98 95 =8 =5

per icpotc oìkfe, UY$ tdkusc`ms (XXX)

k v e r c a a a k n o s t o i s p e r l k r

f c ` i e o ` m e x ( d o n d e r o s j e t t e r )

Mgojkuto Caneroc

_efe`, Zep. kl

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl

Fkrkiik

Gkrmc`

Aejc`kÒrc`, Osacfoi Zep. kl

]uòsoc

YcumoCrcjoc

Jcdrco` Buwcot

UòtemCrcj

Eforctes tre`m aoè


Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b :88>c.@kte7 ]de sfcaa mocfk`ms cre `k`-FE@C iku`troes. XXX 6 puridcso`n pkwer pcroty.



lkr fc`y FE@C iku`troes. Ykfe c`caysts estofcte tdct tde wealcre

jeèlots lrkf o`trcrenok`ca trcme lcioaotctok` wkuam je fkre tdc` tdreetofes cs dond cs tdkse lrkf o`trcrenok`ca tcroll eaofo`ctok` (Me`òs :88<).

U`tcppem Kppkrtuòtoes o` tde O`tenrctok`kl Yervoies c`m Lcitkr FcrbetsC`ktder pkaoiy relkrf crec wotd acrne pkte`toca jeèlots lrkf renok`ca

o`tenrctok` os tde servoies seitkr. Yervoies ciiku`t lkr c very acrne sdcre

kl NMX c`m cre ofpkrtc`t o`puts o`tk tde prkmuitok` kl fkst nkkms2

refkvo`n jcrroers tk e`try lkr jktd mkfestoi c`m lkreon` lorfs c`m

oìrecso`n tde elloioeìy kl servoies meaovery tdus prkfoses sujstc`toca

eik`kfoi nco`s, `kt kày lkr tde exter`ca seitkr jut lkr tde e`tore eik`-

kfy. ]dese sozcjae c`m jrkcmay sprecm nco`s klte` fcbe ot pkaotoicaay

fkre lecsojae tk nctder suppkrt lkr relkrf o` servoies tdc` o` cnroiuature

kr o`mustry. Fkrekver, aojercaozctok` kl servoies o` prelere`toca crrc`nefe`ts

Zenok`ca O tenrctok 7 Ytctus, Meveakpfe`ts, c`m Idcaae`nes :4>

Lonure 38.3: Aknostois Xerlkrfcìe \croes otdo` Iku`try Nrkups c`m Cirkss

Ikfpkè`ts

:.8 :.5 9.8

aknostois perlkrfcìe o`mex (donder os jetter)

9.5 =.8

iustkfs

o`lrcstruiture

o`ter`ctok`ca sdopfe`ts

aknostois ikfpeteìe

trcibo`n c`m trcio`n

mkfestoi aknostois iksts

tofeaoèss

kvercaa aknostois

perlkrfcìe o`mex

cvercne wkram cvercne reskurie-roid,

acjkr-ofpkrto`n iku`try

cvercne reskurie-roid,

acjkr-cju`mc`t iku`try

cvercne reskurie-pkkr,

acjkr-cju`mc`t iku`try

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b :88>c.

@kte7 ]de donder tde o`mex, tde jetter tde perlkrfcìe.



icrroes lewer rosbs kl oìkfe aksses tdc` prelere`toca feridc`mose trcme,

jeicuse aolto`n fkst ikffk` servoies restroitok`s mkes `kt ikst tde nkv-

er`fe`t reveùes2 tdere cre tdus `k trcme moversok` elleits.

Suc`totctove c`caysos uso`n eik`kfywome fkmeas sunnests tdct o` Enypt

c`m ]uòsoc, ikfprede`sove relkrfs kl servoies tdct o`vkave oìrecsem

ikfpetotok` c`m renuactkry strecfaoò`n wkuam yoeam jeèlots tdct cre twk

tk tdree tofes cs nrect cs tdkse cidoevem tdrkund tcroll refkvca cakè

(Bk`c` :889). ]de soze kl tde relkrf jeèlots mepe`ms, kl ikurse, k` tde

exte`t kl prerelkrf kpe`èss c`m tde elloioeìy kl tde mkfestoi servoies

seitkr, tde icpcioty kl iku`troes tk ikpe wotd cmgustfe`t èems, c`m tde

pkaotoica ikffotfe`t tk fkmeròzctok`. FE@C iku`troes dcve o` tde pcst tcbe` very mollere`t cpprkcides tkwcrm o`ter`ctok`ca servoies o`tenrctok`,

cs oaaustrctem jy tde very moverse exte`t kl Neèrca Cnreefe`t k` ]rcme o`

Yervoies (NC]Y) aojercaozctok` ikffotfe`ts kl tde renok`‟s ^kram ]rcme

Krncòzctok` (^]K) fefjers (lonure 38.39).

Zenok`ca o`tenrctok` cnreefe`ts o` FE@C neèrcaay mk `kt ikver serv-

oies trcme kr mk sk kày tk c foòfca exte`t (lkr excfpae, tdrkund o`te`-

tok`s kl ikkperctok` o` iertco` servoies seitkrs). O`trcrenok`ca mollereìes

o` renuactok`s, restroitok`s k` iurreìy ik`vertojoaoty, c`m aofots k` tde

:44 Yduo c`m cabe`dkrst

Lonure 38.39 NC]Y Ikffotfe`ts Oaaustrcte \cryo`n Zelkrf Fo`memèss

cirkss tde Zenok`

8 5 38 35 :8 :5 98 95 =8

Jcdrco`

Sctcr


Buwcot

Kfc`

Ycumo Crcjoc

]uòsoc

Mgojkuto

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl

Fkrkiik

Gkrmc`

ùfjer kl sujseitkrs ikverem (kut kl 55)

sdcre kl aojercaozctok` ikffotfe`ts

sdcre kl u`jku`m ikffotfe`ts

r e s k u r i e - r o i

d ,

a c j k r - o f p k r t o ` n

i k u ` t r o e s

r e s k u r i e - p k k r ,

a c j k r

- c j u ` m c ` t

i k

u ` t r o e s

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs, jcsem k` `ctok`ca NC]Y sidemuaes.



pdysoica fkvefe`t kl pekpae cre irecto`n c sotuctok` o` wdoid ot os klte`

ecsoer lkr FE@C servoies prkvomers tk kpercte o` iku`troes kutsome rctder

tdc` wotdo` tde renok`. Nove` tde my`cfoi meveakpfe`t kl servoies

expkrts (lonure 38.3=), cs weaa cs tde ikfpaefe`tcroty kl èt expkrters

kl servoies o` acjkr-cju`mc`t iku`troes c`m èt ofpkrters o` reskurie-roid

iku`troes (lonure 38.35), tdere ikuam je sonòloic`t kppkrtuòtoes lkr

oìrecsem renok`ca exidc`ne.

Ykfe iku`troes dcve jee` sdkwo`n tde wcy. Buwcot, lkr excfpae, dcs

pursuem c` expkrt strcteny lkr teaeikffuòictok`s servoies tk tde

renok`ca fcrbet, jeikfo`n kè kl tde wkram‟s acrnest prkvomers. Ots expkrts

cafkst tropaem o` kè yecr tk recid $9.= joaaok` o` :88< (^kram Jc`b :884). Buwcoto servoie prkvomers cre ik`èito`n c` estofctem :> foaaok`

fkjoae sujsirojers o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m Yuj-Ycdcrc` Clroic.

O` tde femoica tkurosf seitkr, c` cnreefe`t jetwee` Aojyc c`m ]uòsoc

k` reofjursefe`t lkr trectfe`t ik`trojutem tk tde meveakpfe`t kl

ikfpetotove decatd servoies o` ]uòsoc. Aojyc`s represe`t 48 perie`t

kl ]uòsoc‟s decatd tkurosf oìkfes (^kram Jc`b :88>j).

Zenok`ca O tenrctok 7 Ytctus, Meveakpfe`ts, c`m Idcaae`nes :4?

Lonure 38.3= Fcgkr Yervoies Expkrters Dcve Yonòloic`tay Oìrecsem ]deor Kutput

8

:

=

<

4

38

3:

3=

3<

34

3??< 3??> 3??4 3??? :888

s e r v o i e s e x p k r t s ,

U Y $ j o a a o k ` s

:883 :88: :889 :88= :885 :88<

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl Aejc`k` Fkrkiik

Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi ]uòsoc

Ykurie7 OFL Jcacìe kl Xcyfe`t stctostois.



]kurosf fkre neèrcaay dcs jee` c fcgkr servoies expkrt seitkr lkr fc`y

FE@C iku`troes. ]kurost crrovcas oìrecsem o` caa iku`troes wotdo` tde

renok` c`m expc`mem kvercaa jy cafkst 58 perie`t jetwee` :883 c`m :885,

wotd tde nrkwtd o` crrovcas lrkf ktder FE@C iku`troes saondtay kutpcio`n

tde kvercaa cvercne. ]kurosts lrkf wotdo` tde renok` ciiku`tem lkr cjkut

=5 perie`t kl tktca crrovcas o` :885. ]de ofpkrtcìe kl tde renok`ca fcr-bet lkr tkurosf expkrts rc`nes womeay. O` Aojyc, ?: perie`t kl caa `k`res-

ome`t vosotkrs were lrkf ktder FE@C iku`troes o` :885. O` ik`trcst, o`

Fkrkiik tde sdcre wcs c fere 9 perie`t (lonure 38.3<).

FE@C iku`troes tdct dcve ikìaumem lree trcme cnreefe`ts wotd tde

Uòtem Ytctes dcve oìaumem servoies seitkr prkvosok`s, `ktcjay ikìerò`n

jc`bo`n, o`surcìe, c`m teaeikffuòictok`s, o` tdese cnreefe`ts. ]dese

crrc`nefe`ts neèrcaay akib o` prevcoao`n kpe`èss2 o` kày skfe icses, suid

cs tde jc`bo`n seitkr o` Jcdrco`, mk tdey o`vkave idc`nes o` restroitem citov-

otoes. C ènctove aost cpprkcid e`sures ikvercne kl caa citovotoes `kt expaoiotay

exefptem. Fkst kl tde trectoes ik`tco` rctidet feidcòsfs, fecò`n tdct

èw cutk`kfkus aojercaozctok` ikffotfe`ts cre sujsufem u`mer tde

terfs kl tde cnreefe`ts. ]dese extrcrenok`ca o`tenrctok` pcrcmonfs fondt

prkvome uselua tefpactes lkr lurtder o`trc-FE@C servoies o`tenrctok`.

:?8 Yduo c`m cabe`dkrst

Lonure 38.35 FE@C Ik`tco`s Jktd @et Expkrters c`m @et Ofpkrters kl Yervoies

’< ’5 ’= ’9 ’: ’3 8

èt servoies trcme pksotok`, :88<, UY$ joaaok`s

3 : 9 = 5 <

Ycumo Crcjoc

Buwcot

Kfc`

Aojyc

_efe`, Zep. kl Gkrmc`

êst Jc`b c`m Nczc

Mgojkuto


Jcdrco`

]uòsoc

Aejc`k`

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl

Fkrkiik

’99




]de cnreefe`ts wotd tde Uòtem Ytctes prkvome lkr trectfe`t kl lkr-

eon` o`vestkrs k` tde scfe jcsos cs mkfestoi o`vestkrs (‑`ctok`ca trect-

fe`t‖) c`m ik`tco` fecsures jc`ò`n mosirofo`ctok` cfk`n o`vestkrs

lrkf fefjer iku`troes (‑`k`mosirofo`ctok`‖). Yuid prkteitok`s, o` ikf-

jo`ctok` wotd cpprkprocte trcme ruaes c`m aojercaozem fcrbet ciiess, ic`

dcve pksotove elleits k` o`lakws kl lkreon` o`vestfe`t. O`wcrm LMO stkibs

dcve expc`mem o` fc`y FE@C iku`troes kver tde pcst meicme, recido`n

c` cvercne >8 perie`t kl NMX o` reskurie-pkkr, acjkr-cju`mc`t iku`troes

o` :88< (lonure 38.3>). ]dos nrkwtd dcs jee` `kt cs my`cfoi cs o` ktder

eferno`n eik`kfoes, suid cs tdkse o` Ecster` Eurkpe (Jre`tk`, Jcrkìeaao,

c`m Fcakuide :88<).

O`wcrm LMO os fuid aess ofpkrtc`t o` tde reskurie-roid iku`troes

o` tde renok`7 tde LMO tk NMX rctok dcs citucaay lcaae` o` tde renok`‟s

Zenok`ca O tenrctok 7 Ytctus, Meveakpfe`ts, c`m Idcaae`nes :?3

Lonure 38.3< ]ktca c`m O`trc-FE@C ]kurosf Expkrts Dcve Nrkw` Ytrk`nay

8 3


: 9 = 5

crrovcas kl `k`resome`t tkurosts, foaaok`s

< > 4 ?Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl

Gkrmc`

Aejc`k`

Fkrkiik

]uòsoc

Caneroc

Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi_efe`, Zep. kl

Jcdrco`

Buwcot

Aojyc

Kfc`

Sctcr

Ycumo Crcjoc


d ,


i k u ` t r o e s

r e s k u r i e - r o i d ,

a c j k r - c j u ` m c ` t

i k u ` t r o e

s


a

c j k r - c j u ` m c ` t

i k u ` t r o e s

:885FE@C `k`-FE@C

:883

Ykurie7 ^kram ]kurosf Krncòzctok`, _ecrjkkb kl ]kurosf Ytctostois :88>.



reskurie-roid, acjkr-cju`mc`t iku`troes. Zeskurie-roid FE@C iku`troes

cre expkrters kl icpotca2 tde koa jkkf kl :88>’84 neèrctem sonòloic`t

reskuries wotd wdoid tk pursue o`vestfe`t kppkrtuòtoes wotdo` tde

renok` c`m jeyk`m. FE@C icpotca fcrbets dcve see` c laurry kl citovoty,

wotd fcrbet icpotcaozctok`s oìrecso`n jy c lcitkr kl fkre tdc` 38 soìe

:888. O` pcrtoiuacr, resome`toca c`m ikfferioca reca estcte c`m provcte

equoty dcm jee` jkkfo`n jelkre tde nakjca eik`kfoi c`m lo`cìoca irosos

ikkaem fcrbet exiesses. Iku`troes iakse tk tde Nual renok`, suid cs Gkrmc`,

reieove c acrne sdcre kl tdeor lkreon` icpotca o`lakws lrkf reskurie-roid

FE@C iku`troes2 o` fkre mostc`t Fkrkiik, FE@C o`vestkrs ciiku`tem

lkr cjkut 38 perie`t kl tktca LMO o` :88<.Ykfe kjservers dcve crnuem tdct FE@C o`tenrctok` dcs trcmotok`caay

jee` mrove` fkre jy fonrctok` tdc` jy fkvefe`t kl nkkms, servoies, kr

icpotca (Lcwzy :889). O`meem, acjkr fkvefe`ts, o` pcrtoiuacr lrkf

:?: Yduo c`m cabe`dkrst


Lonure 38.3> O`wcrm LMO Ytkibs Dcve Expc`mem Yujstc`tocaay o` Zeskurie-Xkkr

Iku`troes

8 :8 =8 <8

sdcre kl NMX, %

48 388 3:8

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl

Gkrmc`

Aejc`k`

Fkrkiik

]uòsoc

Caneroc


Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi_efe`, Zep. kl

Jcdrco`

Buwcot

Aojyc

Kfc`

Sctcr

Ycumo Crcjoc



d ,


i k u ` t r o e s


d ,


i k u ` t r o e s


a c

j k r - c j u ` m c ` t

i k u ` t r o e s

:88< 3??<



acjkr-cju`mc`t iku`troes tk eik`kfoes o` tde Nual renok`, dcve jee` very

ofpkrtc`t (lonure 38.34). FE@C iku`troes cre represe`tem cfk`n tde tkp

:8 refottcìes-reieovo`n iku`troes wkramwome (^kram Jc`b :88<c), o` terfs

kl jktd tde cfku`t kl refottcìes reieovem (Enypt, Fkrkiik) c`m tde sdcre

kl refottcìes oìkfe o` NMX (Gkrmc`). ]de Nual renok` cakè os dkfe tk

fkre tdc` 39 foaaok` tefpkrcry ik`trcituca wkrbers, wdk refottem cjkut

$<8 joaaok` tk tdeor dkfe iku`troes o` :88>, fkstay o` FE@C c`m Csoc.

Mespote tde prkfoè`t rkae kl o`trcrenok`ca acjkr fkjoaoty, fonrc`ts

mk `kt e`gky tde scfe rondts kl estcjaosdfe`t c`m lreemkf kl fkvefe`t

cs, lkr excfpae, Eurkpec`s mk o` tde Eurkpec` Uòk`. Acjkr-reieovo`n

iku`troes o` FE@C retco` jrkcm mosiretok` tk nrc`t, reluse, c`m cmfo`-oster resomeìe perfots c`m voscs. Kìe o` c iku`try, fonrc`ts mk `kt

dcve tde rondt tk prcitoie tde prklessok` kl tdeor idkoie (c`m pkssojay

prevokus experoeìe) jut dcve tk ikfpay wotd `ctok`ca renuactok`s

rencrmo`n aoie`so`n c`m reiknòtok` kl qucaoloictok`s. Deìe, tdere os

sujstc`toca rkkf lkr pkaoiy fcbers tk ofprkve tde renuactkry e`vork`-

fe`t lkr tde o`trcrenok`ca fkvefe`t kl wkrbers c`m prklessok`cas.


Lonure 38.34 Zefottcìes Lakws Cre o` Aoè wotd Acjkr E`mkwfe`ts

’35 ’3: ’? ’< ’9 8

èt reieopts kl wkrber refottcìes c`m efpakyee

ikfpe`sctok` cs c sdcre kl NMX, %

9 < ? 3: 35

Jcdrco`

Buwcot

Aojyc

Kfc`

Ycumo Crcjoc

Caneroc



_efe`, Zep. kl

Enypt, Crcj Zep. kl

Gkrmc`

Aejc`k`

Fkrkiik

]uòsoc

r e

s k u r i e - r o i

d ,

a c j

k r - o f p k r t o ` n

i k u ` t r o e s

r e s k u r i e - r o i d

,

a c j k r - c j u ` m c `

t

i k u ` t r o e s



i k u ` t r o e s

Ykurie7 ^kram Jc`b Nakjca Meveakpfe`t Lo`cìe mctcjcse.



Kpe` Zenok`caosf

Zenok`ca o`tenrctok` os `k pc`ciec. ôtd aofotem ikvercne kl servoies c`mfkvefe`t kl prkmuitok` lcitkrs o` exosto`n cnreefe`ts, dond FL@ tcrolls

c`m `k`tcroll jcrroers o` skfe iku`troes wotdo` tde renok`, c`m sdcres kl

o`trcrenok`ca o` tktca trcme klte` o` tde so`nae monots, eve` c mkujao`n kl

ofpkrts c`m expkrts lrkf c`m tk renok`ca pcrtèrs”catdkund weaikfe”

wkuam `kt neèrcte tde eik`kfoi nrkwtd rctes iku`troes o` tde renok`

cspore tk feet. ]dere cre, kl ikurse, kèik`kfoi cspeits kl renok`ca o`te-

nrctok`, suid cs seiuroty kr iuaturca exidc`ne, tdct cre ofpkrtc`t o` tdef-

seaves. Jut ot seefs cmvoscjae lkr FE@C pkaoiy fcbers tk lkius lorst k`dkw tk fco`tco` c`m stre`ntde` tdeor iku`troes‟ ikfpetotoveèss o` tde

nakjca fcrbet c`m kày tde` tk csb wdct ik`trojutok` renok`ca o`tenrctok`

ic` fcbe tkwcrm cidoevo`n tdos e`m.

Ytrk`ner renok`ca ao`bs dcve c ik`struitove rkae tk pacy. Xrelere`toca

kpeò`n kl fcrbets ic` deap expkrt-kroe`tem lorfs aecr` dkw tk e`ter lkr-

eon` fcrbets, lo`m lkreon` suppaoers c`m iustkfers, c`m irecte eik`kfoes

kl sicae tdct ic` sujseque`tay je put tk nkkm use o` nakjca fcrbets cs

weaa. Expkso`n ofpkrt-ikfpeto`n lorfs tk lkreon` ikfpetotok` k` c aof-

otem o`trcrenok`ca jcsos fondt lkrie tdef tk upnrcme tdeor kller, wdoid o`

tur` fondt prepcre tdef lkr tde loerie ikfpetotok` o` tde nakjca fcrbet

lkaakwo`n sujseque`t, fkre ikfprede`sove trcme pkaoiy relkrfs.

Zenok`ca cnreefe`ts ic` cask prkvome c trcoò`n nrku`m lkr pkaoiy fcb-

ers c`m seòkr klloiocas, wdk ic` nco` experoeìe o` ènktocto`n donday

teidòica cspeits kl tde trcme pkaoiy e`vork`fe`t, suid cs ruaes kl krono`,

c`m aecr` dkw tk e`ncne o` ikffk` ruae-fcbo`n. Dkò`n tdese sboaas

jelkre e`tero`n o`tk pkaoiy relkrf mosiussok` wotd fcgkr pacyers, suid cs

tde Eurkpec` Uòk` kr tde Uòtem Ytctes, kr o` tde ik`text kl fuatoact-erca ^]K ènktoctok`s os aobeay tk resuat o` kutikfes tdct jetter relaeit

mkfestoi o`terests. O`tenrctok` wotd sofoacray struiturem eik`kfoes o` tde

renok` fondt cask prkvome c` kppkrtuòty tk dcrfkòze seaeitem ruaes c`m

renuactok`s cirkss pcrtèr iku`troes tk c nrecter exte`t tdc` wkuam je pks-

sojae ct tde fuatoacterca stcne c`m tk jeèlot lrkf tde resuato`n eik`kfoes

kl sicae lkr o`trcrenok`ca cs weaa cs extrcrenok`ca trcme.

]rcme cnreefe`ts ic` cask deap reo`lkrie pksotove eaefe`ts o` tde

mkfestoi relkrf prknrcf jy cìdkro`n pkaoiy o` tde cnreefe`t otseal.Yuid cnreefe`ts fcbe ot fkre molloiuat lkr mkfestoi akjjy nrkups tk

reverse pkaoiy relkrfs o` krmer tk preserve kr e`dcìe tdeor eik`kfoi

re`ts, jeicuse idc`nes wkuam requore ik`se`t jy caa renok`ca pcrtèr iku`-

troes. ]dos rkae kl e`dcìo`n pkaoiy iremojoaoty seefs pcrtoiuacray ofpkrtc`t

:?= Yduo c`m cabe`dkrst



lkr servoies c`m o`vestfe`t relkrfs, wdoid klte` cof tk cttrcit acrne-sicae,

ak`n-terf o`vestkrs.

]de jest-mesonèm renok`ca cnreefe`ts cre kl aofotem vcaue ol tdey cre

`kt ofpaefe`tem. Fc`y renok`ca cnreefe`ts o` FE@C akkb strk`ner k`

pcper tdc` o` prcitoie. Kè ofpemofe`t tk elleitove ofpaefe`tctok` os tde

prkaolerctok` kl cnreefe`ts. Ol mollere`t renok`ca oòtoctoves dcve mollere`t

seitkr c`m prkmuit ikvercne, aojercaozctok` sidemuaes, c`m ruaes kl krono`,

tde` ofpaefe`tctok` cneìoes, suid cs iustkfs, fcy `kt dcve tde icpcioty

tk put tde cnreefe`t prkvosok`s o`tk prcitoie. Acib kl trust c`m ikffot-

fe`t k` jktd tde expkrt some (wotd respeit tk tde iremojoaoty kl iertoloictes

kl krono`, lkr excfpae) c`m tde ofpkrt some (wotd respeit tk tde mosire-tok`cry cppaoictok` kl cmfoòstrctove ruaes c`m requorefe`ts, lkr excfpae)

cask dcfper ofpaefe`tctok`. êaa-luìtokò`n fkòtkro`n feidcòsfs

c`m sustcoèm dond-aevea pkaotoica ctte`tok` tk o`stotutok`ca ofprkvefe`ts

ikìerò`n remuitok`s o` tcroll c`m jedo`m tde jkrmer jcrroers cre esse`toca

lkr tde suiiess kl renok`ca o`tenrctok` oòtoctoves.

Zelereìes

Cidy, A. :88<. Cssesso`n Zenok`ca O`tenrctok` Xkte`toca o` @krtd Clroic. Uòtem

@ctok`s Eik`kfoi Ikffossok` lkr Clroic (U@EIC) mkiufe`t EIC-

@C/ZCJC]/OIE/TTO/9/O, :3st feeto`n kl tde O`ternkver`fe`tca Ikffottee

kl Experts, U@EIC, Zcjct.

Jre`tk`, X., E. Jcrkìeaao, c`m F. Fcakuide. :88<. ‑]rcme c`m O`vestfe`t

O`tenrctok` kl tde Fcndrej.‖ Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic krbo`n Xcper ==,

kram Jc`b, csdo`ntk`, MI.

Me`òs, C. :88<. ‑]de Ofpcit kl Zenok`ca ]rcme Cnreefe`ts c`m ]rcme

Lcioaotctok` o` tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic Zenok`.‖ Xkaoiy Zesecrid krbo`n Xcper 949>, kram Jc`b, csdo`ntk`, MI.

Mevao`, G., c`m X. _ee. :885. ‑]rcme Aknostois o` Meveakpo`n Iku`troes7 ]de Icse

kl tde Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic.‖ ^kram Eik`kfy :4 (9)7 =95’5<.

Lcwzy, Y. :889. ‑]de Eik`kfois c`m Xkaotois kl Crcj Eik`kfoi O`tenrctok`.‖

O` Crcj Eik`kfoi O`tenrctok`7 Jetwee` Dkpe c`m Zecaoty, em. C. Ncaca c`m

J. Dkebfc`. Icork7 Enyptoc` Ie`ter lkr Eik`kfoi Ytumoes2 ^csdo`ntk`,

MI7 Jrkkbo`ns O`stotutok` Xress.

Loacao, W. :88>. O`ve`tcore et ïvcauctok` mes fesures `k`tcrolcores cu Fcrki . Xrkgeit Zepkrt, ^kram Jc`b, ]rcme Mepcrtfe`t, ^csdo`ntk`, MI.

Ncaca, C., c`m J. Dkebfc`. :889. Crcj Eik`kfoi O`tenrctok`7 Jetwee` Dkpe c`m

Zecaoty. Icork7 Enyptoc` Ie`ter lkr Eik`kfoi Ytumoes2 ^csdo`ntk`, MI7

Jrkkbo`ns O`stotutok` Xress.






”””. :88>j. ]uòsoc‟s Nakjca O`tenrctok`7 Yeik`m Neèrctok` Zelkrfs tk Jkkst

Nrkwtd c`m Efpakyfe`t. csdo`ntk`, MI7 kram Jc`b.

”””. :884. Ytre`ntdeò`n FE@C‟s ]rcme c`m O`vestfe`t Ao`bs wotd Ido`c c`m

O`moc. csdo`ntk`, MI7 kram Jc`b.

kram ]kurosf Krncòzctok`. :884. _ecrjkkb kl ]kurosf Ytctostois :88> . Fcmrom7

kram ]kurosf Krnc ozctok`.

_ects, C. 3??4. ‑^dct Ic` Je Expeitem lrkf Clroic` Zenok`ca ]rcme

Crrc`nefe`ts; Ykfe Efporoica Evomeìe.‖ ^krbo`n Xcper, ^kram Jc`b,

O`ter`ctok`ca ]rcme Movosok`, ^csdo`ntk`, MI.

_ects, C., c`m L. @n. :888. ‑Jeyk`m tde _ecr :8887 Ofpaoictok`s kl tde Fommae

Ecst‟s Zeie`t ]rcme Xerlkrfcìe.‖ O` Ictido`n Up wotd tde Ikfpetotok`7

]rcme Kppkrtuòtoes c`m Idcaae`nes lkr Crcj Iku`troes, em. J. Dkebfc` c`m

G. Wcrrkub. C`` Crjkr7 Uòversoty kl Foidonc` Xress.

Wcrrkub, G. :889. ‑C Yurvey kl Jcrroers tk ]rcme c`m O`vestfe`t o` Crcj

Iku`troes.‖ O` Crcj Eik`kfoi O`tenrctok`7 Jetwee` Dkpe c`m Zecaoty, em. C. Ncaca

c`m J. Dkebfc`. Icork7 Enyptoc` Ie`ter lkr Eik`kfoi Ytumoes2 ^csdo`ntk`,

MI7 Jrkkbo`ns O`stotutok` Xress.

Zenok`ca O tenrctok 7 Ytctus, Meveakpfe`ts, c`m Idcaae`nes :?>





:??

Ytumoes dcve sdkw` tdct renok`ca o`tenrctok` o` tde Fcndrej (Caneroc,

Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc) os akw (^kram Jc`b :88<) c`m tde pkte`toca lkr

o`tenrctok` kl prkmuit fcrbets os aofotem, nove` c vcroety kl eik`kfoi

mosoìe`toves reacto`n tk tde struiture kl prkmuitok`, e`mkwfe`ts, c`m

soze kl tde Fcndrej eik`kfoes. C renok`ca strcteny jcsem k` fcrbet o`te-

nrctok` kl feridc`mose prkmuits os tdus uàobeay tk neèrcte c sujstc`-toca oìrecse o` nrkwtd. Ct tde scfe tofe, pkaoiy jcrroers ik`strco` tde

kppkrtuòtoes lkr e`dcìem trcme c`m o`vestfe`t o` tde Fcndrej. ]dese

iku`troes systefctoicaay u`merperlkrf, pcrtoiuacray o` tde crec kl pkaoiy

relkrfs kl servoies, tde iku`troes kl Ie`trca c`m Ecster` Eurkpe. ]dos

idcpter crnues tdct meeper eik`kfoi o`tenrctok` (lkiusem k` servoie aoj-

ercaozctok` c`m o`vestfe`t iaofcte relkrfs) c`m womer o`tenrctok` (wotd

tde Eurkpec` Uòk`) dcve tde pkte`toca tk neèrcte fkre sujstc`toca

eik`kfoi nco`s tdc` wkuam je kjtcoèm lrkf renok`ca o`tenrctok` kl nkkms fcrbets.3

I D C X ] E Z 3 3

Eik`kfoi Nco`s kl Zenok`ca

Cnreefe`ts o` tde Fcndrej7

Meeper versus ômer O`tenrctok`

Xcakfc C`ks Icserk c`m Ncèsd Bufcr Yesdc`



Ykfe Ikìeptuca Ossues

^dct Os ‑Meep‖ O`tenrctok`;Eik`kfoi o`tenrctok` ic` je rencrmem cs c ik`toùuf lrkf ‑sdcaakw‖ o`te-

nrctok` (jcsem k` tde refkvca kl ofpkrt tcrolls c`m quc`totctove restroi-

tok`s) tk ‑meep‖ o`tenrctok` (jcsem k` expaoiot nkver`fe`t citok`s tk

remuie tde fcrbet-senfe`to`n elleit kl mkfestoi renuactkry pkaoioes c`m

renuactok`s ktder tdc` tcrolls c`m lkrfca `k`tcroll jcrroers). Meep o`tenrc-

tok` o`vkaves pkaoioes c`m renuactok`s ‑ct tde jkrmer,‖ suid cs iustkfs iaecr-

cìe c`m iertoloictok` tdct ofpkrts sctosly mkfestoi stc`mcrms kl qucaoty

ik`trka. Ot cask oìaumes ‑jedo`m-tde-jkrmer‖ pkaoioes c`m renuactok`s tdct ofpkse c jurme` k` jusoèss citovoty c`m clleit fcrbet ik`testcjoaoty.

]dese meeper mkfestoi pkaoiy relkrfs oìaume dkrozk`tca pkaoioes (suid cs

trcme, exidc`ne rcte, c`m ikfpetotok` pkaoiy c`m ktder cspeits kl tde

kvercaa o`vestfe`t iaofcte) c`m seitkr-speioloi pkaoioes clleito`n trcme o`

servoies c`m tde elloioe`t prkvosok` kl bey jcibjkè servoie seitkrs (suid

cs lo`cìe, trc`spkrt, teaeikffuòictok`s, eèrny, c`m wcter).

Jeèlots kl meeper o`tenrctok`. ]de icse lkr meeper eik`kfoi o`tenrctok`

dcs jee` persucsoveay fcme o` tde trcme aotercture (Dkebfc` c`m Bk`c`

3???2 Bk`c` c`m Fcsbus :889). ]de jeèlots kl meep o`tenrctok` cre esto-

fctem tk je lcr nrecter tdc` tdkse lrkf sdcaakw o`tenrctok` lkiusem k`

feridc`mose trcme aojercaozctok`. Meeper eik`kfoi o`tenrctok` ic`

expc`m trcme c`m kppkrtuòtoes lkr lkreon` moreit o`vestfe`t (LMO),

o`muie acrne prkmuitovoty nco`s, c`m e`dcìe tde kvercaa ikfpetotoveèss

kl Fcndrej eik`kfoes.

Oèlloioeìoes o` tde prkvosok` kl bey jcibjkè servoies ikupaem wotd

dond trc`scitok` iksts icusem jy renuactkry ik`strco`ts rcose prkmuitok` c`mtrcmo`n iksts. Kpeò`n up fcrbets o` teaeikffuòictok`s, trc`spkrt,

lo`cìe, c`m ktder ètwkrb o`mustroes tk ikfpetotok` c`m ofprkvo`n tde

kvercaa renuactkry lrcfewkrb lkr jusoèsses wkuam jktd deap lorfs tdct

e`ncne o` trcme c`m ofprkve tde elloioeìy kl mkfestoi o`mustroes tdct prk-

vome servoies tk lorfs tdct prkmuie c`m trcme. Yervoie seitkr c`m o`vestfe`t

iaofcte relkrfs ic` remuie tde iksts kl trcme-reactem trc`spkrt, aknostois, c`m

bey prkmuitok` o`puts, suid cs lo`cìe, teaeikffuòictok`s, mostrojutok`,

c`m ktder servoies. ]dese servoies o`puts represe`t 38’:8 perie`t kl prkmuitok` iksts o` tde Fcndrej (^kram Jc`b :885). Meeper eik`kfoi

o`tenrctok` wkuam cask ofprkve tde renok`‟s cttrcitoveèss tk fuato`ctok`ca

e`terproses. ]de akictok` kl fuato`ctok`cas os iruiocaay clleitem jy tde sikpe

lkr elleitove skurio`n kl o`puts c`m tde cjoaoty tk fkve o`puts quoibay c`m

idecpay cirkss `ctok`ca jku`mcroes.

988 C`ks Icserk c`m Bufcr Yesdc`



Zctok`cae lkr c renok`ca cpprkcid tk meeper o`tenrctok`. Fuid kl wdct

os èemem ikuam je pursuem tdrkund uòacterca citok` jy iku`troes2 serv-

oie seitkr c`m o`vestfe`t iaofcte relkrfs cre èemem o` tdeor kw` rondt

o` tde Fcndrej iku`troes. Ncaca c`m Dkebfc` (:889) prkvome twk per-

sucsove crnufe`ts”c pkaotoica eik`kfy crnufe`t c`m c` eik`kfoi

oìe`tove crnufe`t”o` lcvkr kl c renok`ca cpprkcid tk meeper o`tenrctok`

o` tde Fcndrej.

Lorst, servoie aojercaozctok` relkrfs cre aobeay tk resuat o` ik`trcitok`

kr eaofo`ctok` kl mkfestoi lorfs tdct jeèlot lrkf prkteitok`, wdoae

lorfs o` seitkrs o` wdoid tde iku`try dcs c ikfpcrctove cmvc`tcne cre

aobeay tk expc`m. Lorfs tdct ik`trcit te`m tk je acrner c`m ikìe`trctem2lorfs tdct expc`m te`m tk je sfcaa c`m mospersem. ]de pkaotoica ik`-

strco`ts ofpksem jy tdos mospcroty ikuam je kverikfe ol tde Fcndrej

iku`troes ikaaeitoveay cnreem k` c sequeìe kl seaeitem seitkr relkrfs.

Zenok`ca ikkperctok` o` seaeitem servoie seitkrs ikuam cask deap meloè

tde rondt pkaoiy sequeìo`n c`m ikfpaefe`tcry citok`s èemem tk

oìrecse ikfpetotok` o` tde seaeitem seitkrs (lkr excfpae, ofpaefe`to`n

mkw`strecf provctozctok`s jelkre cmkpto`n upstrecf pkaoiy relkrfs2

aojercaozo`n cor trc`spkrt wotdkut aojercaozo`n corpkrt sakts mkes `kt aecmvery lcr). ]dos type kl renuactkry ossue te`ms tk je on`krem jy `ctok`ca

seitkrca renuactkrs c`m ikuam je cmmressem fkre elloioe`tay o` c renok`wome

cpprkcid.

Yeik`m, meeper renok`ca o`tenrctok` ic` aecm tk renuactkry eik`kfoes

kl sicae kr sikpe. Zenok`ca ikkperctok` ic` deap refkve `ctok`ca e`try

jcrroers c`m ofprkve fcrbet ik`testcjoaoty jy prkvomo`n c lkica pko`t lkr

relkrf c`m feidcòsfs tk fkòtkr prknress. C`ktder pkte`toca crec lkr

renok`ca ikkperctok` os estcjaosdfe`t kl renok`ca renuactkry cneìoes tkkversee ètwkrb servoies (teaeikffuòictok`s, eaeitroioty, trc`spkrt).

Zenok`ca renuactkry cneìoes ikuam lcioaotcte ikkperctok` cfk`n Fcndrej

iku`troes tdct cre o`vesto`n o` c`m fc`cno`n tde pdysoica ètwkrbs jy

ossuo`n renok`wome aoie`ses lkr c fcrbet tdct wkuam je acrne e`kund tk

cttrcit nakjca pacyers. ]de irectok` kl renok`ca ètwkrbs kl renuactkrs

ikuam lcioaotcte tde exidc`ne kl jest renuactkry prcitoies (lkr excfpae,

tdrkund teidòica wkrbo`n nrkups) c`m e`sure tde ik`soste`t cppaoictok`

kl teidòica sclety c`m e`vork`fe`tca renuactok`s.

Fecsuro`n tde Nco`s lrkf Zenok`ca O`tenrctok`]dos idcpter estofctes tde nco`s lrkf meeper c`m womer eik`kfoi o`te-

nrctok` jy cssesso`n tde ofpcit kl c renok`ca trcme cnreefe`t (Z]C)

jetwee` tde Fcndrej c`m tde Eurkpec` Uòk`, mrcwo`n k` tde wkrb kl

Eik`kfoi Nco`s kl Zenok`ca Cnreefe`ts7 Meeper versus ômer O tenrctok` 983



Mee c`m Ncao (:889). Meeper o`tenrctok` os prkxoem jy c fkve tkwcrm

servoie seitkr aojercaozctok` c`m ots ofpcit k` nrkwtd, expkrts, c`m LMO

(tdos c`caysos mrcws k` tde wkrb kl Eside`jcid c`m Dkebfc` :885). ]de

nco`s lrkf o`tenrctok` cre fecsurem jy tde ofpcit k` NMX jetwee`

:885 c`m :835 u`mer love sie`croks7

• ]de stctus quk ik`somers `k idc`nes lrkf iurre`t o`tenrctok` pkaoioes.

• Ydcaakw o`tenrctok` excfoès tde sotuctok` o` wdoid c` Z]C os lkrfem

tdct eaofo`ctes fkst tcrolls k` c`m ktder jcrroers tk o`trcrenok`ca fer-

idc`mose trcme.

• ômer o`tenrctok` excfoès tde sotuctok` o` wdoid Fcndrej iku`troeslkrf c renok`ca feridc`mose trcmo`n jaki wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk`

(tdos sie`crok os ikfpcrem wotd tde nco`s kl ecid iku`try‟s uòacterca

o`tenrctok` wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk`).

• Meeper o`tenrctok` excfoès tde sotuctok` o` wdoid Fcndrej iku`-

troes fkve tkwcrm servoie seitkr aojercaozctok` c`m o`vestfe`t iaofcte

relkrfs.

• Meeper c`m womer o`tenrctok` excfoès tde sotuctok` o` wdoid Fcndrej

iku`troes lkrf c renok`ca trcmo`n jaki wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk` c`mfkve tkwcrm servoie seitkr aojercaozctok` c`m o`vestfe`t iaofcte

relkrfs.

Ykfe Fetdkmkaknoica Ossues

Omecaay, tdos c`caysos wkuam sofuacte tde ofpcit kl ecid pkaoiy sie`crok k`

tde eik`kfoi perlkrfcìe lkr o`movomuca Fcndrej iku`troes, uso`n c ik`-

soste`t fkmea kl tde Fcndrej eik`kfoes. Aofots k` reskuries, mctc, c`mcpprkprocte fkmeao`n lrcfewkrbs lkrie skfe ikfprkfose wotd tdos

omeca. O`stecm, we reay k` stctostoica reactok`sdops merovem lrkf stumoes kl

wkramwome experoeìe tk represe`t tde typoica ofpcit kl suid o`tenrctok`

sidefes, cssufo`n tdct tdese reactok`sdops cppay k` cvercne tk tde

Fcndrej cs c wdkae. ]dese sie`croks sdkuam tdus je voewem cs oaaustrc-

tok`s kl tde nco`s tdct ikuam je expeitem lrkf renok`ca o`tenrctok`, `kt

premoitok`s kl tde aobeay ofpcit. (Metcoas k` fetdkmkakny, mctc, c`m

eik`kfetroi resuats cre prese`tem o` tde c`èx tk tdos idcpter.)

]dos cpprkcid ofpaoes tdct we mk `kt cssess tde fcrno`ca nco`s kl

renok`ca ikkperctok` o` tde servoie seitkrs. ]dos c`caysos os dcfperem jy

tde cjseìe kl metcoaem mctc k` trcme c`m o`vestfe`t o` servoies jy sei-

tkr, tde cjseìe kl renok`caay ikfpcrcjae ikfputcjae neèrca equoaojrouf

98: C`ks Icserk c`m Bufcr Yesdc`



(INE) fkmeas, c`m tde acib kl upmctem c`m moscnnrenctem o`put-kutput

tcjaes lkr tde tdree Fcndrej iku`troes. Fuid wkrb stoaa èems tk je mkè

k` ome`tolyo`n wdere renok`ca ikkperctok` ic` prkfkte `ctok`ca servoie

seitkr relkrfs kr neèrcte ‑sicae‖ elleits lkr tde iku`troes ikìerèm.

O`meem, pkaoiy relkrfs o` servoies cre aobeay tk pksotoveay clleit trcme wotd

caa pcrtèrs (`kt gust wotd ktder Fcndrej iku`troes).

Yie`croks

Yie`crok 37 ]de Ytctus Suk

O` tde cjseìe kl lurtder ellkrts tk o`tenrcte tde Fcndrej eik`kfoes,NMX per icpotc (o` ik`stc`t :888 mkaacrs) wkuam oìrecse 98 perie`t o`

Caneroc, :> perie`t o` Fkrkiik, c`m =3 perie`t o` ]uòsoc jetwee` :885

c`m :835 (lonure 33.3). ]dese prkgeitok`s cre jcsem k` tde cssufptok`

tdct tde iku`troes wkuam ik`toùe tk nrkw ct tde cvercne c`ùca per

icpotc reca nrkwtd rctes experoeìem jetwee` :888 c`m :88=.

Yie`croks : c`m 97 Feridc`mose ]rcme Aojercaozctok`7

Ydcaakw versus ômer O`tenrctokÒ` sie`croks : c`m 9, we try tk cssess tde eik`kfoi nco`s lrkf c renok`ca

o`tenrctok` sidefe lkiusem k` feridc`mose trcme aojercaozctok` o` tde

Fcndrej. ê cssufe tdct fefjers kl tde Z]C remuie tk zerk fkst tcrolls


8.8

8.5

3.8

3.5

:.8

:.5

9.8

9.5

=.8

Caneroc ]uòsocFkrkiik

i k ` s t c ` t : 8 8 8

U Y $ , t d k u s c ` m s

:885 :835

Lonure 33.3 Xrkgeitem Zeca per Icpotc Oìkfe o` Fcndrej Iku`troes,

:885 c`m :835

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ icaiuactok`s jcsem k` mctc lrkf ^kram Jc`b :885j.

@kte7 Xrkgeitok`s cre jcsem k` tde cssufptok` tdct iku`troes ik`toùe tk nrkw ct tde cvercne c`ùca per icpotc

reca nrkwtd rctes experoeìem jetwee` :888 c`m :88=.



c`m ktder jcrroers tk trcme cfk`n tdefseaves wdoae beepo`n uìdc`nem

tdeor jcrroers tk trcme wotd iku`toes kutsome tde nrkup. Fefjers kl tde Z]C

cask cmkpt ruaes kl krono` tk meterfoè wdoid nkkms cre eaonojae tk irkss tde

Z]C‟s o`ter`ca jkrmers lree kl tcroll. ]de Z]C mkes `kt e`tcoa lurtder o`te-

nrctok` kl tde fcrbets kl tde pcrtoiopcto`n iku`troes, suid cs lree fkvefe`t

kl icpotca, acjkr, c`m teid`kakny, kr tde dcrfkòzctok` kl mkfestoi pkaoioes

c`m renuactok`. Jeicuse typoica Z]Cs lkius k` feridc`mose trcme, tde quc`-

totctove fkmeas c`m prkxoes we use tk cssess tde ofpcit kl c Z]C icpture

profcroay tde elleits kl feridc`mose trcme o`tenrctok`.

C` Z]C ic` lkster nrkwtd tdrkund c ùfjer kl idc`èas. Lorst, jy

nrc`to`n ciiess tk idecper icpotca nkkms ofpkrts, tde Z]C ic` fcbe scv-o`ns c`m o`vestfe`t fkre elleitove o` expc`mo`n tde icpotca stkib,

tderejy e`dcìo`n ak`n-terf nrkwtd. Yeik`m, tde Z]C ic` eìkurcne

tde spoaakver kl teid`kakny tdrkund trcme jetwee` cmvcìem c`m aess

cmvcìem iku`troes, cs e`trepreèurs o` aess cmvcìem iku`troes aecr`

lrkf c`m ofotcte e`trepreèurs o` fkre cmvcìem iku`troes jy kjserv-

o`n tde prkmuits tdey prkmuie. ]dorm, tk tde exte`t tdct c` Z]C oìrecses

LMO, ot ik`trojutes moreitay tk tde expc`sok` kl icpotca stkib. LMO fcy

cask icuse nrecter spoaakvers kl teid`kakny tdc` wkuam je pkssojae wotdcrfs-ae`ntd trcme kày. Kur c`caysos, juoamo`n k` wkrb jy Gcufktte

(:88=) c`m metcoaem o` tde c`èx, sunnests tdct c acrner renok`ca fcrbet

ic` rcose tde aevea kl LMO stkib o` tde Fcndrej iku`troes. Lo`caay, tdere

fcy je my`cfoi elleits, cs c` oòtoca oìrecse o` tde aevea kl reca oìkfe

lcioaotctes nrecter scvo`ns c`m o`vestfe`t, prkfkto`n ak`n-ru` nrkwtd.

Dkwever, c` Z]C ic` cask icuse elloioeìy aksses lrkf trcme moversok`,

wdoid kiiurs wde` akica lorfs ofpkrt donder-ikst (jut zerk-tcroll) nkkms

lrkf prkmuiers wotdo` tde Z]C rctder tdc` akwer-ikst (jut sujgeit tktcroll) nkkms lrkf kutsome tde Z]C.

Yie`crok :7 Ydcaakw o`tenrctok`”Fcndrej Z]C. e lorst ik`somer tde

ofpcit k` per icpotc NMX kl sie`crok : (sdcaakw o`tenrctok`). O` tdos sie-

`crok, tde Fcndrej iku`troes gko` c` Z]C lkiusem k` feridc`mose trcme

aojercaozctok`. ]dos efporoica exeriose mrcws k` estofctes lrkf c pcèa

renressok` c`caysos lkaakwo`n Jerdeak` (:88=), o` wdoid per icpotc oìkfe

nrkwtd mepe`ms k` tde fcrbet soze kl exosto`n Z]Cs jetwee` 3?48 c`m

:88= (fecsurem jy tde suf kl tde sdcre kl tde pcrtèr iku`troes NMX tkwkram NMX): c`m c set kl ik`trka vcrocjaes, oìaumo`n oòtoca per icpotc

NMX, tde rctok kl nkver`fe`t ik`sufptok` tk NMX, tde o`vestfe`t

rcte, LMO cs c perie`tcne kl NMX, dufc` icpotca, tde sdcre kl fcùlci-

turem expkrts o` tktca expkrts, tde rctok kl tktca trcme tk NMX, c` o`mex

98= C`ks Icserk c`m Bufcr Yesdc`





:: perie`t jetwee` :885 c`m :835 reactove tk tde stctus quk”> perie`t-

cne pko`ts fkre tdc` ol tde tdree iku`troes gko` tde Eurkpec` Uòk`

uòactercaay (lonure 33.:, pcèa j). Caakicto`n tde nco`s tk tde o`movomuca

Fcndrej iku`troes uso`n oìkfe weondts lrkf :88=, c` Z]C wotd tde

Eurkpec` Uòk` os expeitem tk oìrecse per icpotc oìkfe jy c` cmmo-

tok`ca :> perie`t o` Caneroc, :: perie`t o` Fkrkiik, c`m 3< perie`t o`

]uòsoc jetwee` :885 c`m :835.

ê cask ik`somer dkw tde twk sie`croks wkuam clleit tde Fcndrej

iku`troes‟ `k`-koa expkrts, uso`n c fkmea sofoacr tk tdct usem tk esto-

fcte tde ofpcit k` per icpotc oìkfe. ]de efporoica estofctes cppecr

o` tde c`èx.O`tenrcto`n tde nkkms fcrbet kl Fcndrej iku`troes wkuam dcve c fcr-

no`ca ofpcit k` reca `k`-koa expkrts. Jetwee` :885 c`m :835, tde vcaue

kl reca `k`-koa expkrts o` tde Fcndrej iku`troes wkuam oìrecse jy c tktca

kl 9.5 perie`t k` cvercne ikfpcrem wotd tde stctus quk. Ol ecid Fcndrej

iku`try sepcrcteay lkrfs c` Z]C wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk`, tde fcrbet

lkr Fcndrej iku`troes‟ expkrts wkuam expc`m ik`somercjay. Jetwee`

:885 c`m :835, reca `k`-koa expkrts wkuam ècray mkujae k` cvercne rea-

ctove tk tde stctus quk (lonure 33.9).

98< C`ks Icserk c`m Bufcr Yesdc`

8

3

:

9

=

5

<

>

4

?

38

:885 :835 :885 :835

iku`try renok`ca trcme

cnreefe`ts wotd tde EU

Fcndrej renok`ca trcme

cnreefe`ts wotd tde EU

Caneroc ]uòsoc Fkrkiik

i k ` s t c ` t : 8 8 8 U Y $ , t d k u s c ` m s

Lonure 33.: Xrkgeitem Zeca per Icpotc Oìkfe u`mer Zenok`ca ]rcme Cnreefe`t

wotd Eurkpec` Uòk`, :885 c`m :835

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs.



Lo`caay, ol tde Fcndrej iku`troes gko` tde Eurkpec` Uòk` trcmo`n jaki

cs c nrkup, tde tktca expkrt vcaue o` reca terfs wkuam rose jy c lcitkr kl

:.5 k` cvercne jetwee` :885 c`m :835 reactove tk tde stctus quk.

Yie`crok =7 Meeper O`tenrctok`7 Yervoie Aojercaozctok`c`m O`vestfe`t Iaofcte Zelkrfs

Nove` tde aofotem fcnòtume c`m pkte`toca lkr o`trc-Fcndrej feridc`-mose trcme, ot os mesorcjae tk ik`somer meeper o`tenrctok`, wotd c lkius k`

tde servoie seitkrs. Oìk`sosteìoes cirkss iku`troes o` tde mkfestoi renu-

actok`s nkverò`n, lkr excfpae, jc`bo`n, teaeikffuòictok`s, c`m o`sur-

cìe ic` ikfpaoicte c`m o`terlere wotd o`ter`ctok`ca trc`scitok`s. Ot wcs

tde refkvca kl suid mosirepcìoes tdct ik`stotutem fuid kl tde Eurkpec`

Uòk`‟s fkve tkwcrm tde so`nae fcrbet tdct wcs ikfpaetem o` 3??:.

]de icse lkr meeper o`tenrctok` dcs jee` fcme jy Dkebfc` c`m

Bk`c` (3???) o` tde ik`text kl Eurk-Femoterrcèc` lree trcme. Jy ikkr-

mo`cto`n stc`mcrms, renuactok`s, c`m prkiemures cak`n c` EU fkmea, tde

Fcndrej iku`troes wkuam fcbe ot sonòloic`tay ecsoer lkr jktd akica c`m

lkreon` lorfs tk kpercte o` jktd fcrbets. ]dos wkuam `kt kày jeèlot

lorfs tdct e`ncne o` trcme per se, jut cask deap fkmeròze c`m fcbe fkre

elloioe`t mkfestoi o`mustroes o` tde Fcndrej tdct prkvome servoies tk lorfs

Eik`kfoi Nco`s kl Zenok`ca Cnreefe`ts7 Meeper versus ômer O tenrctok` 98>

8

38

:8

98


i k ` s t c ` t : 8 8 8


:885

iku`try renok`ca trcme cnreefe`ts wotd tde EU, :835

uòk` renok`ca trcme cnreefe`ts wotd tde EU, :835

Lonure 33.9 Xrkgeitem @k`-Koa Expkrts o` Fcndrej Iku`troes u`mer Zenok`ca

]rcme Cnreefe`t wotd Eurkpec` Uòk`, :885 c`m :835

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ icaiuactok`s.



tdct prkmuie c`m trcme. Cs we woaa see, renok`ca o`tenrctok` ellkrts tdct

lkius k` servoies ic` pkte`tocaay neèrcte nco`s fc`y tofes nrecter tdc`

tdkse lrkf prelere`toca feridc`mose trcme aojercaozctok`.

Mctc sdkw tdct tde Fcndrej iku`troes cre `kt sonòloic`t expkrters kr

ofpkrters kl ikfferioca servoies o` wkram trcme. Jcrroers tk trcme o` serv-

oies cre iaecray ofpkrtc`t o` tdese iku`troes. Yeverca stumoes sdkw tdct

oèlloioe`t renuactok` c`m c acib kl ikfpetotok` neèrcte ikstay c`m akw-

qucaoty servoies o` tde Fcndrej iku`troes. ]dese prkjaefs resuat o` donder

o`surcìe prefoufs c`m dond pkrt servoie iksts cs weaa cs pkkr trc`spkrt

c`m acib kl stkrcne lcioaotoes, tdus o`dojoto`n expkrt expc`sok`. C renok`ca

cnreefe`t tdct caakws lree e`try o`tk servoie citovotoes wkuam deap mkfes-toi servoie ikfpcòes expc`m tk renok`ca fcrbets jelkre ve`turo`n o`tk

tde fkre ikfpetotove wkram fcrbets.

Ot os molloiuat tk sepcrcte mkfestoi aojercaozctok` lrkf irkss-jkrmer aoj-

ercaozctok` kl servoies. ]de fecsurefe`t kl servoies te`ms tk aufp tdef

tknetder. ]dos sie`crok tderelkre excfoès tknetder tde ofpcit kl aojer-

caozo`n irkss-jkrmer servoies c`m relkrfo`n tde mkfestoi pkaoioes c`m

renuactok`s lkr servoies.

Cs c lorst cpprkcid, we ik`somer tde ofpcit kl c sfcaa ofprkvefe`t o`tde renuactkry renofe nkverò`n servoies. Zesuats lrkf c pcèa nrkwtd

renressok` reveca tdct c kè-pko`t oìrecse o` tde prknress relkrf o`mex o`

tde o`lrcstruiture seitkr, lo`cìoca seitkr, kr o`vestfe`t iaofcte os csskio-

ctem wotd c` oìrecse kl cjkut : perie`tcne pko`ts o` tde rcte kl nrkwtd

kl per icpotc oìkfe, dkamo`n o`lactok` c`m tde idc`ne o` tde o`vestfe`t-

tk-NMX rctok ik`stc`t (tcjae 33.3). ]de nrkwtd ofpcit kl servoie pkaoiy


]cjae 33.3 Xrkgeitem Ofpcit kl Uòt Oìrecse o` Yervoie Zelkrf O`mex k` C`ùca

per Icpotc Zeca NMX Nrkwtd o` Fcndrej Iku`troes

(perie`t)

O`lrcstruiture

Lo`cìoca

servoies

O`vestfe`t

iaofcte

Fcndrej :.84 :.:8 :.8<

Ykutd-Ecst Eurkpe 9.>> 5.4= >.95

Ie`trca c`m Ecster` Eurkpe :.?8 =.88 5.4>

Lkrfer Ykvoet Uòk` 33.8= 33.84 ?.<<Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ icaiuactok`s.

@kte7 Fcndrej 6 Caneroc, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc2 Ykutd-Ecst Eurkpe 6 Cajcòc2 Jksòc c`m Derzenkvo`c2 Juancroc2

Irkctoc2 Fciemkòc, L_Z2 Zkfcòc2 c`m Yerjoc c`m Fk`teènrk2 Ie`trca c`m Ecster` Eurkpe 6 Izeid Zepujaoi,

Du`ncry, Xkac`m, Yakvcb Zepujaoi, c`m Yakveòc2 Lkrfer Ykvoet Uòk` 6 Crfeòc, Czerjcogc`, Jeacrus, Estkòc,

Nekrnoc, Bczcbdstc`, Byrnyz Zepujaoi, Actvoc, Aotducòc, Fkamkvc, Zussoc` Lemerctok`, ]cgobostc`, ]urbfeòstc`,

Ubrcoè, Uzjebostc`.



relkrfs o` tde Fcndrej os akw ikfpcrem wotd tde pkte`toca nco`s lkr

iku`troes o` Ecster` Eurkpe c`m tde lkrfer Ykvoet Uòk`.

e tde` use tdese resuats tk evcaucte tde ofpcit kl c fkre mrcfctoi

ofprkvefe`t o` servoies pkaoioes. Cssufe tdct ecid Fcndrej iku`try

nrcmucaay relkrfs ots servoie seitkrs c`m ots renuactkry lrcfewkrb jy :835

tk cidoeve ikfpaete servoie aojercaozctok` c`m c` o`vestfe`t iaofcte tdct

os o` aoè wotd o`ter`ctok`ca jest prcitoie (o` ktder wkrms, cssufe tdct tde

relkrf o`mex roses lrkf c` cvercne kl :.= o` :885 tk c fcxofuf vcaue kl

=.9 jy :835). U`mer tdos cssufptok`, reca per icpotc NMX wkuam rose c`

cmmotok`ca 9= perie`t o` Caneroc, :> perie`t o` Fkrkiik, c`m := perie`t

o` ]uòsoc jetwee` :885 c`m :835. Lonure 33.= ikfpcres tdos nrkwtdsie`crok wotd tde stctus quk nrkwtd sie`crok mesirojem o` Yie`crok 3.

Ofpcit k` expkrts. Yervoie seitkr relkrf wkuam deap jkkst expkrts jy

remuio`n tde ikst c`m ofprkvo`n tde qucaoty kl servoies expkrters requore.

ôtd nrcmuca servoie aojercaozctok` ikfpaetem jy :835, reca `k`-koa

expkrts vcaue wkuam oìrecse 39> perie`t o` Caneroc, >= perie`t o`

Fkrkiik, c`m <4 perie`t o` ]uòsoc reactove tk tde stctus quk (lonure 33.5).

Ofpcit k` LMO. Yervoie seitkr relkrfs wkuam cask ofprkve tde cttrcitove-

èss kl Fcndrej iku`troes lkr lkreon` o`vestkrs. C kè-uòt oìrecse o` tde

prknress relkrf o`mex lkr o`lrcstruiture, tde lo`cìoca servoie seitkr, c`m

Eik`kfoi Nco`s kl Zenok`ca Cnreefe`ts7 Meeper versus ômer O tenrctok` 98?

3

3.5

:

:.5

9

9.5

=

=.5

:885 :835 :885 :835 :885 :835


i k ` s t c ` t : 8 8 8


stctus quk servoie aojercaozctok` c`m o`vestfe`t iaofcte relkrfs

Lonure 33.= Xrkgeitem Zeca per Icpotc Oìkfe o` Fcndrej Iku`troes Nove` Yervoie

Aojercaozctok` c`m O`vestfe`t Iaofcte Zelkrfs, :885 c`m :835

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs.



tde o`vestfe`t iaofcte wkuam rcose tde stkib kl LMO jy 4.4 perie`t kl

NMX o` Caneroc, 4.5 perie`t o` Fkrkiik, c`m ?.: perie`t o` ]uòsoc. ]de

estofctem oìrecse o` LMO lkr c kè-uòt rose o` tde prknress relkrf o`mexos sfcaaer lkr tde Fcndrej iku`troes tdc` lkr tde trc`sotok` eik`kfoes kl

Ykutd-Ecst Eurkpe, tde lkrfer Ykvoet Uòk`, kr Ie`trca-Ecst Eurkpe

(tcjae 33.:). K` cvercne, c kè-uòt oìrecse o` tde prknress relkrf o`mex

rcoses tde LMO stkib o`tk tde Fcndrej iku`troes jy ?.: perie`tcne pko`ts

k` tde lo`cìoca servoie seitkr o`mex c`m 4.5 perie`tcne pko`ts k` tde

o`vestfe`t iaofcte o`mex.

]k oaaustrcte tde pkte`toca ofpcit kl servoie seitkr relkrf k` LMO, we

lorst estcjaosd c jcseaoè prkgeitok` lkr nrkwtd o` tde stkib kl LMO o`tde Fcndrej iku`troes o` tde cjseìe kl relkrf. ]dos jcseaoè os equca tk

tde cvercne nrkwtd rcte kjservem jetwee` 3??= c`m :88= (983 perie`t

lkr Caneroc, ?< perie`t lkr Fkrkiik, c`m :=4 lkr ]uòsoc). Cssufo`n tde

prknressove ofpaefe`tctok` kl servoie relkrfs ikfpaetem jy :835, tde

aevea kl LMO stkib os c`toiopctem tk rose jy c` cmmotok`ca 9=: perie`t o`

Caneroc, 3:4 perie`t o` Fkrkiik, c`m :33 perie`t o` ]uòsoc ikfpcrem

wotd tde nrkwtd premoitem wotdkut lurtder relkrfs (lonure 33.<).

Yie`crok 57 Meeper c`m ômer O`tenrctok`]de loltd sie`crok cssufes tdct tde Fcndrej iku`troes jktd lkrf c trcm-

o`n jaki wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk` c`m meepe` o`tenrctok` ellkrts jy nrcm-

ucaay aojercaozo`n servoies c`m lurtdero`n o`vestfe`t iaofcte relkrfs tk

cidoeve o`ter`ctok`ca jest prcitoie jy :835. U`mer tdos sie`crok, expeitem


8

:

=

<

4

38

3:

3=

3<

Caneroc

i k ` s t c ` t : 8 8 8 U Y $ ,

j o a a o k ` s

]uòsocFkrkiik

:885 :835

Lonure 33.5 Xrkgeitem \caue kl @k`-Koa Expkrts o` Fcndrej Iku`troes Nove`

Yervoie Yeitkr Zelkrfs, :885 c`m :835

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs.



cvercne c`ùca per icpotc nrkwtd jetwee` :885 c`m :835 os <.: perie`t o`

Caneroc, 5.> perie`t o` Fkrkiik, c`m 5.4 perie`t o` ]uòsoc (lonure 33.>).

Xer icpotc reca NMX jetwee` :885 c`m :835 wkuam rose c` cmmotok`ca

5> perie`t o` Caneroc, 53 perie`t o` Fkrkiik, c`m 94 perie`t o` ]uòsoc

ikfpcrem wotd tde nrkwtd rcte repkrtem o` tde stctus quk kl Yie`crok 3.


]cjae 33.: Xrkgeitem Ofpcit kl Uòt Oìrecse o` Yervoie Zelkrf O`mex k` LMO Ytkib

o` Fcndrej Iku`troes

(perie`tcne kl NMX)

O`lrcstruiture relkrfs

Lo`cìoca seitkr

servoies

O`vestfe`t

iaofcte relkrfs

Fcndrej 4.49 ?.:3 4.59

Ykutd-Ecst Eurkpe 3:.55 39.5> 3:.?9

Lkrfer Ykvoet Uòk` 3?.39 34.95 35.8:

Cvercne 3>.9> 3>.94 3=.<=

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs. Yee c`èx.

@kte7 Fcndrej 6 Caneroc, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc2 Ykutd-Ecst Eurkpe 6 Cajcòc2 Jksòc c`m Derzenkvo`c2 Juancroc2

Irkctoc2 Fciemkòc, L_Z2 Zkfcòc2 c`m Yerjoc c`m Fk`teènrk2 Lkrfer Ykvoet Uòk` 6 Crfeòc, Czerjcogc`,

Jeacrus, Estkòc, Nekrnoc, Bczcbdstc`, Byrnyz Zepujaoi, Actvoc, Aotducòc, Fkamkvc, Zussoc` Lemerctok`, ]cgobostc`,

]urbfeòstc , Ubrcoè, Uzjebostc`.

8

=8

48

3:8

:885 :835 :885 :835 :885 :835


U Y $ ,

j o a a o k ` s

stctus quk servoie aojercaozctok` c`m o`vestfe`t iaofcte relkrfs

Lonure 33.< Xrkgeitem LMO Ytkib o` Fcndrej Iku`troes Nove` Yervoie

Aojercaozctok` c`m O`vestfe`t Iaofcte Zelkrfs, :885 c`m :835

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs.



]dos prkgeitem cmmotok`ca nrkwtd fcy kverstcte pkte`toca nco`s,

jeicuse we cssufe tdct tde jeèlots lrkf Yie`crok : (o`tenrctok` wotd

tde Eurkpec` Uòk`) c`m Yie`crok 9 cre cmmotove. O` lcit, skfe kl tde

idc`èas tdct prkmuie tde nco`s cre tde scfe o` tde twk sie`croks.

Ikìausok`s

]dos idcpter prkvomes skfe evomeìe tdct tde strcteny tdct kllers tde

nrectest eik`kfoi nco`s lkr Fcndrej iku`troes os kè tdct lkiuses k`meeper o`tenrctok` (tdrkund servoie seitkrs c`m o`vestfe`t iaofcte

relkrfs cofem ct ofprkvo`n ikfpetotok` c`m fcrbet ik`testcjoaoty) c`m

womer o`tenrctok` (pcrtoiuacray ol tde Fcndrej were tk lkrf c trcmo`n jaki

wotd tde Eurkpec` Uòk`).

Cidoevo`n tdese nco`s os `kt cutkfctoi. Zecpo`n tde luaa jeèlots lrkf

meeper o`tenrctok` woaa requore tde elleitove cmkptok` kl renuactkry

relkrfs tk cidoeve eik`kfoi elloioeìy ct tde `ctok`ca aevea, cs weaa cs c

dond menree kl renuactkry ikkperctok` ct tde irkss-jkrmer aevea. Ct tdescfe tofe, neknrcpdoica c`m iuaturca prkxofoty tk EU fcrbets os c`

ofpkrtc`t ikfpcrctove cmvc`tcne lkr tde Fcndrej iku`troes. Zefkvo`n

`k`tcroll jcrroers tk tdese fcrbets”oìaumo`n oèlloioeìoes o` tde jcib-

jkè servoie seitkrs”os irotoica tk expakoto`n tdese cmvc`tcnes.

93: C`ks Icserk c`m Bufcr Yesdc`

3

3.5

:

:.5

9

9.5

=

=.5

:885 :835 :885 :835 :885 :835


i k ` s

t c ` t : 8 8 8


stctus quk Fcndrej renok`ca trcme cnreefe`ts

Fcndrej renok`ca trcme cnreefe ts wotd Eurkpec` Uòk` servoie aojercaozctok`

Lonure 33.> Xrkgeitem per Icpotc Oìkfe o` Fcndrej Iku`troes Nove` Fcndrej

Zenok`ca ]rcme Cnreefe`t, EU Zenok`ca ]rcme Cnreefe`t, c`m Yervoie Yeitkr

Zelkrfs, :885 c`m :835

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs.



C`èx7 Fetdkmkakny

]dos c`èx mesirojes tde fetdkmkaknoica cpprkcid c`m mctc skuries tdct were usem tk estofcte tde eik`kfoi nco`s kl womer renok`ca o`tenrctok` o`

tde Fcndrej.

Ofpcit kl Fcndrej Z]C k` LMO kuam c acrner Fcndrej renok`ca trcme cnreefe`t (Z]C) clleit tde lkr-

eon` moreit o`vestfe`t (LMO) reieovem jy tde tdree fefjer iku`troes;

Mkes prknress k` bey pkaoiy crecs (suid cs emuictok` c`m lo`cìoca stcjoa-

oty) clleit tde èt ofpcit kl LMO;

]k meterfoè ol LMO wkuam oìrecse ol tde Fcndrej iku`troes irectem

c renok`ca fcrbet, we estofctem c` efporoica fkmea, jcsem k` tde wkrb

kl Gcufktte (:88=). Gcufktte lkiusem k` Z]Cs o`vkavo`n 48 meveakpo`n

iku`troes jetwee` 3?48 c`m 3???. ]de mctc set usem dere ikvers 48 mevea-

kpo`n iku`troes c`m exte`ms tde perokm kjservem tk :88=.

]de meterfo`c`ts kl tde eik`kfetroi fkmea oìaume tde lkaakwo`n

lcitkrs79

3. Yoze kl tde dkst fcrbet. O` cmmotok` tk oìaumo`n tde soze kl tde mkfes-toi fcrbet prkxoem jy reca nrkss mkfestoi prkmuit (NMX), tde fkmea

oìaumes c` cater`ctove fecsure kl fcrbet soze tdct tcbes tde vcaue kl

tde renok`ca fcrbet soze lkr iku`troes jeak`no`n tk c Z]C c`m tde vca-

ue kl tde mkfestoi soze lkr stc`m-cakè iku`troes. ]de renok`ca fcrbet

soze os tde suf kl tde mkfestoi fcrbet soze c`m tde fcrbet soze kl caa

iku`troes sdcro`n c Z]C wotd tde iku`try ik`somerem. Zeca NMX mctc

cre lrkf tde kram Meveakpfe`t O`moictkrs mctcjcse.

:. Cnnakferctok` elleits. ]dere fcy je oìe`toves tk akicte èw LMO iakse

tk exosto`n LMO jeicuse kl ao`bs jetwee` prkgeits, tde cvcoacjoaoty kl

suppkrt servoies, kr lcvkrcjae ctok`ca ik`motok`s son`caem jy tde pres-

eìe kl ktder lorfs. ]dos os icpturem uso`n acnnem vcaues kl tde LMO

stkib, wdoid ic` cask je o`terpretem cs tde rcte ct wdoid tde stkib kl

LMO cmgusts tk ots kptofca aevea. ]de qucaoty kl o`lrcstruiture os c`ktder

cnnakferctok` vcrocjae, prkxoem uso`n tde ùfjer kl teaevosok` sets

per icpotc, cs repkrtem o` tde MO. ]dos vcrocjae os kt stctostoicaay son-

òloic`t o` eotder Gcufktte‟s (:88=) c`caysos kr tdos stumy.

9. Acjkr ikst c`m qucaoty. Ykfe LMO o` meveakpo`n iku`troes os fktovctem

jy akw acjkr ikst2 skfe os mrcw` jy tde qucaoty kl acjkr. ]de fkmea

oìaumes tde cvercne sidkkao`n yecrs lkr tde pkpuactok` kver tde cne kl




35 lrkf Jcrrk c`m Aee (:888) cs c prkxy lkr acjkr qucaoty c`m tk skfe

exte`t c` o`verse prkxy lkr acjkr ikst.

=. Jusoèss/o`vestfe`t iaofcte. ]de iaofcte lkr jusoèss/o`vestfe`t clleits

tde ikst kl mko`n jusoèss o` c lkreon` iku`try. ê lkaakw Gcufktte

(:88=) o` uso`n tde lo`cìoca rosb o`mex ik`struitem jy tde Xkaotoica Zosb

Yervoies Nrkup (XZYN), wdoid fecsures tde iurre`t ciiku`t c`m lkr-

eon` mejt pksotok`, èt aoquomoty, c`m exidc`ne rcte stcjoaoty.

5. Kpe`èss. ]rcme kpe`èss ic` clleit LMO o` c vcroety kl wcys. Akwer

ofpkrt jcrroers ic` remuie tcroll-gufpo`n LMO, jut fcy oìrecse verto-ica LMO jy lcioaotcto`n tde ofpkrts kl o`puts c`m fcidoèry. Akwer

expkrt jcrroers cttrcit vertoica LMO jy lcioaotcto`n tde reexpkrt kl

prkiessem nkkms2 tdey cttrcit dkrozk`tca LMO jy expc`mo`n tde fcrbet

soze. Kpe`èss os fecsurem uso`n tde expkrt-tk-NMX rctok, ikrreitem

lkr pkpuactok` c`m iku`try soze wotd mctc tcbe` lrkf tde ^MO.

<. Akictok`ca cmvc`tcne. O` cmmotok` tk tde cjkve vcrocjaes, fecsures tdct

quc`toly tde ncp jetwee` mkfestoi c`m Z]C emuictok` aeveas, lo`c`-

ioca stcjoaoty, c`m o`lrcstruiture cre oìaumem. ]dese fecsures cof ct cssesso`n tde akictok`ca cmvc`tcne kl c iku`try reactove tk ktder iku`-

troes o` tde Z]C. ]de donder tde emuictok` aevea, lo`cìoca stcjoaoty, c`m

o`lrcstruiture qucaoty o` c iku`try ikfpcrem wotd ktder Z]C fef-

jers, tde donder ots akictok`ca cmvc`tcne lkr LMO wotdo` tde Z]C.

O` ots fkst ikfpaete lkrf, tde efporoica fkmea tcbes tde lkaakwo`n lkrf7

a` LMO o,t 3

a a` LMO ot

c 3 a` _ ot c : a` ZEN_ ot

j 3 n _ot

j :ZENn _,ot n 3 a` emui ot n : a` NCXemui ot m 3 a` loòt m : a` NCXloòt

l 3 a` tv ot l

: a` NCXtv ot q res( T / NMX )ot f o w t 3 e o,t 3,

wdere LMO me`ktes tde stkib kl LMO (o` :888 mkaacrs) o` iku`try o2 _

me`ktes reca NMX (o` :888 mkaacrs)2 ZEN_ me`ktes fcrbet soze, exte`mem

tk oìaume Z]C fcrbet soze lkr iku`troes jeak`no`n tk c Z]C2 n _ me`ktes

reca NMX nrkwtd2 ZENn _ me`ktes tde cvercne reca nrkwtd rcte o` c` Z]C

tk wdoid tde iku`try jeak`ns2 emui me`ktes tde cvercne yecrs kl emu-

ictok` kl pekpae kver cne 352 lo` os tde XZYN lo`cìoca rosb o`mex2 tv ostde ùfjer kl teaevosok` per icpotc2 res( T / NMX ) os tde fecsure kl trcme

kpe`èss (tde prelox NCX me`ktes tde rctok jetwee` tde mkfestoi vcaue

kl tde vcrocjae c`m tde cvercne vcaue lkr caa iku`troes sdcro`n c` Z]C

wdoid iku`try o)2 f me`ktes tde iku`try‟s loxem elleits2 c`m w me`ktes

93= C`ks Icserk c`m Bufcr Yesdc`



tde tofe elleit. O` krmer tk foòfoze e`mkneèoty ikìer`s c`m ciiku`t

lkr tde sakw cmgustfe`t kl tde LMO stkib, tde fkmea uses acnnem vcaues

kl tde expac`ctkry vcrocjaes. Zeca NMX nrkwtd lkr c iku`try c`m tde

Z]C‟s cvercne reler tk nrkwtd jetwee` t ’ 3c`m t .

]de scfpae ikvers 48 meveakpo`n iku`troes muro`n tde perokm

3?48’:88= (tcjae 33.C.3). O` krmer tk lkius k` tde femouf terf, we

idkse c tofe o`tervca kl love yecrs, movomo n tde scfpae perokm o`tk love suj-

perokms 3?48’4=, 3?45’4?, 3??8’?=, 3??5’??, c`m :888’8=. ]de renres-

sok` reactes tde e`m-kl-perokm LMO stkib (lkr excfpae, 3?4=) tk tde

jeno`ò`n-kl-perokm vcaues kl tde expac`ctkry vcrocjaes (lkr excfpae, 3?48)

(tcjae 33.C.:).]cjaes 33.C.9 c`m 33.C.= estofcte tde nrkwtd o` LMO stkib o` ecid

iku`try o` tde Fcndrej tdct wkuam resuat lrkf tde irectok` kl c

renok`ca fcrbet. ]de sofuactok` uses estofctem eacstoiotoes lrkf tde

efporoica fkmea o` tcjae 33.C.: c`m :88= mctc. ]de oìrecse o` fcrbet

soze icusem jy tde irectok` kl c Z]C wkuam aecm tk c` estofctem oìrecse

o` LMO stkib kl < perie`t o` Caneroc, 33 perie`t o` Fkrkiik, c`m 3< per-

ie`t o` ]uòsoc. O` Fkrkiik, tde tktca LMO nco` sullers lrkf tde akwer emu-

ictok` aevea kl ots pkpuactok` reactove tk tdct kl tde renok`, wdoiddondaondts tde vcaue kl oìrecso`n emuictok`ca cttco`fe`t tdere.


]cjae 33.C.3 Eik`kfoes Usem o` LMO Zenressok`

Zenok` Eik`kfoes

Csoc Jc`nacmesd2 Ido`c2 Dk`n Bk`n, Ido`c2 O`moc2 O`mkèsocc2 Zepujaoi

kl Bkrec2 Fcacysocc2 Fyc`fcr2 Xcbostc`2 Xcpuc @ew Nuoèc2

Xdoaoppoèsc2 Yo`ncpkrec2 Yro Ac`bc2 ]dcoac`mc

Eurkpe Juancroc, Du`ncry, Xkac`m, Zkfcòc

Acto` Cferoic c`m

tde Icrojjec`

Crne`to`cc, Jkaovocc, Jrczoac, Idoaec, Ikakfjocc, Ikstc Zoicc, Mkfoòic`

Zepujaoi, Eiucmkrc, Ea Ycavcmkrc, Ncutefcacc, Dcoto, Dk`murcsc,

Gcfcoicc, Fexoikc, @oicrcnucc, Xc`cfcc, j, Xcrcnucyc, Xeruc, ]roòmcm

c`m ]kjcnkc, Urunucyc, Zep÷jaoic Jkaovcroc`c me \eèzueacc

Fommae Ecst c`m

@krtd Clroic

Caneroc, Jcdrco`c, Iyprus, Crcj Zepujaoi kl Enypt, Osacfoi Zepujaoi

kl Orc`, Osrcea, Gkrmc`, Buwcotc, Fkrkiik, Yyroc` Crcj Zepujaoi,

]uòsoc, ]urbey

Yuj-Ycdcrc` Clroic Jkstwc`cc, Icferkk`c, Mefkirctoi Zepujaoi kl Ik`nk (lkrferay

Wcore)c, Ndc`cc, Be`ycc, Aojerocc, Fcacwoc, Fcao, Fkzcfjoquec,

@onerc, Yeèncac, Yoerrc Aekèc, Ykutd Clroicc, Yumc`c, ]c`zcòcc, ]knkc, Unc`mcc, Wcfjocc, Wofjcjwec

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs.

c. ]dos eik`kfy jeak`nem tk c Ykutd-Ykutd Z]C o` 3??5.

j. Xc`cfc os kt lkrfcaay c fefjer jut dcs aofotem prelere`toca cnreefe`ts wotd o`movomuca fefjers kl tde

Ie`trca Cferoic` Ikffk` Fcrbet (ICIF).



]dese resuats sdkuam je o`terpretem wotd icutok`. Catdkund uselua lkr

estofcto`n ikrreactok`s k` c jrkcm scfpae kl kjservctok`s, tde efporoica

LMO fkmea fcy `kt je cmequcte tk lkreicst LMO lkr o`movomuca iku`troes.

Ktder vcrocjaes, suid cs reactove wcne iksts, c jetter prkxy lkr o`lrcstruiture,

c`m ktder aojercaozctok` cspeits, wkuam deap reloè tde prkgeitok`s.. ]dese

prkjaefs `ktwotdstc`mo`n, tdos exeriose oaaustrctes tde èem lkr fefjeriku`troes o` c Z]C tk caon` mkfestoi jusoèss ik`motok`s wotd tde renok`‟s

jest perlkrfer o` krmer tk seiure tdeor sdcre kl tde LMO jeèlots. Deìe,

tde irectok` kl c renok`ca fcrbet fcy eìkurcne ikfpetotok` jetwee`

pcrtèr iku`troes.

Ofpcit kl Yervoie Xkaoiy Zelkrfs k` Nrkwtd, ]rcme, c`m LMO ]dos seitok` uses tde servoie relkrf o`moictkrs ik`struitem lkr Fcndrej

iku`troes jcsem k` tde Eurkpec` Jc`b lkr Zeik`struitok` c`m

Meveakpfe`t (EJZM) fetdkmkakny tknetder wotd := trc`sotok`

eik`kfoes o` Ecster` Eurkpe jetwee` 3??8 c`m :88= tk excfoè tde

reactok`sdop jetwee` servoie seitkr relkrfs c`m LMO stkib aeveas, fer-

idc`mose expkrts, c`m nrkwtd. ]de efporoica speioloictok` juoams k`

wkrb jy Eside`jcid c`m Dkebfc` (:885). ]de EJZM o`moictkrs cre

93< C`ks Icserk c`m Bufcr Yesdc`

]cjae 33.C.: Zenok`ca Fkmea kl tde Aevea kl LMO Ytkib

Mepe`me`t vcrocjaes7 akn (LMO +3

)Ikelloioe`ts Ytc`mcrm errrkr

Akn LMO 8.=8 (8.8:)***

Akn _ 8.89 (8.8>)

Akn ZEN_ 8.8? (8.89)***n

y 8.59 (8.=4)ZEN n

y 3.=8 (8.>4)*

Akn (emui) 8.8: (8.35)

Akn (NCXemui) 8.=? (8.::)**

Akn (lo`cìe) 8.3? (8.33)*

Akn (NCXlo`) ’8.8= (8.3=)

Zesomuca (Expkrts/NMX) 8.35 (8.8=)***_ecr 3?45 8.:5 (8.85)***

_ecr 3??8 8.54 (8.85)***

_ecr 3??5 8.?3 (8.8>)***

_ecr :888 8.?= (8.84)***

@ufjer kl kjservctok`s 99:

@ufjer kl iku`troes 48

@kte7 Zenressok` uses c lecsojae Neèrcaozem Aoècr Yqucre Zenressok` wotd ikrreitok` lkr pcèa det-

erksbemcstoioty. Ot oìaumes iku`try loxem elleits c`m akn(tv) c`m akn NCXtv.




suffcrozem acter o` tcjae 33.C.3:. ]de vcrocjaes c`m iku`troes excf-

oèm cre aostem o` tcjae 33.C.<.

]de resuats lkr tde LMO stkib renressok` uso`n c loxem-elleit pcèa

struiture wotd o`tercitove muffoes lkr tde Fcndrej c`m Ykutd-Ecst

Eurkpe cre lku`m o` tcjae 33.C.>2 tde ikelloioe`ts reaevc`t tk servoie

Eik`kfoi Nco`s kl Zenok`ca Cnreefe`ts7 Meeper versus ômer O tenrctok` 93>

]cjae 33.C.9 Cituca c`m Xremoitem LMO Ytkib tk NMX

o` Caneroc, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc

(perie`t)

Cituca LMO/NMX Xremoitem LMO/NMX

Caneroc

3?45 9.? 9.4

3??8 9.? =.9

3??5 =.3 5.<

:888 >.9 <.4

:88= 33.= 4.<

Cvercne <.3 5.4

Fkrkiik

3?45 34.9 35.4

3??8 3<.4 3<.5

3??5 :9.= :=.:

:888 :4.: 9:.:

Cvercne :3.> ::.:

]uòsoc

3?45 55.5 =5.<

3??8 >:.: 55.9

3??5 48.9 >5.<

:888 <=.9 ?<.>

:88= >>.4 4>.=

Cvercne >8.8 >:.3

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs.

@kte7 Jcsem k` renressok` o` tcjae 33.C.:.

]cjae 33.C.= Nrkwtd o` LMO Ytkib tk NMX Ofpaoem jy

Irectok` kl c Fcndrej Zenok`ca Fcrbet

(perie`t)

]ktca elleit

Fcrbet

soze elleit

Zeactove

emuictok` elleit

Caneroc 39.< <.3 >.3

Fkrkiik ’:.= 38.5 ’33.>

]uòsoc 3?.? 35.4 9.<

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs.

@kte7 Xremoitok`s cre jcsem k` LMO stkib renressok` o` tcjae 33.C.3. ]de sofuactok`

kl c renok`ca fcrbet os jcsem k` mctc lkr :888.




]cjae 33.C.5 Ykutd-Ykutd Zenok`ca ]rcme Cnreefe`ts

Zenok`/cnreefe`t Fefjer iku`troes/eik`kfoes

Csoc

Csskioctok` kl Ykutd Ecst Csoc`

@ctok`s (CYEC@)

Jruèo, Icfjkmoc (soìe 3???), O`mkèsoc, Ack Xekpae‟s

Mefkirctoi Zepujaoi (soìe 3??>), Fcacysoc, Fyc`fcr

(soìe 3??>), tde Xdoaoppoès, Yo`ncpkre, ]dcoac`m,

\oet`cf (soìe 3??5)


Nual Ikkperctok` Ikuìoa (NII)

(soìe 3?43)

Jcdrco`, Buwcot, Kfc`, Sctcr, Ycumo Crcjoc, Uòtem Crcj

Eforctes

Acto` Cferoic c`m tde Icrojjec`

C`mec` Xcit (lree trcmezkè soìe 3??9)

Jkaovoc, Ikakfjoc, Eiucmkr, Xeru (soìe 3??>), Zep÷jaoicJkaovcroc`c me \eèzueac

Icrojjec` Ikffuòty c`m

Ikffk` Fcrbet (ICZOIKF)

C`tonuc c`m Jcrjumc, Jcdcfcs, Jcrjcmks, Jeaoze,

Mkfoòic, Nre`cmc, Nuyc`c, Gcfcoic, Fk`tserrct, Yt.

Botts-@evos, Yt. Auioc, Yt. \oìe`t c`m tde Nre`cmoès,

Yuro`cfe (soìe 3??5), ]roòmcm c`m ]kjcnk

Ie`trca Cferoic` Ikffk`

Fcrbet (ICIF)

Ikstc Zoic, Ea Ycavcmkr, Nuctefcac, Dk`murcs, @oicrcnuc,

Xc`cfc

Ikffk` Fcrbet kl tde Ykutd

(FEZIKYUZ) (soìe 3??3)

Crne`to`c, Jkaovoc (soìe 3??<), Jrczoa, Idoae (soìe 3??<),

Xcrcnucy, Urunucy

Nrkup kl ]dree (N9)

(soìe 3??5)

Ikakfjoc, Fexoik, Zep÷jaoic Jkaovcroc`c me \eèzueac

Acto` Cferoic` O`tenrctok`

Csskioctok` (ACOC)

(soìe 3?43)

Crne`to`c, Jkaovoc, Jrczoa, Idoae, Ikakfjoc, Eiucmkr,

Fexoik, Xcrcnucy, Xeru, Urunucy, Zep÷jaoic Jkaovcroc`c

me \eèzueac

Yuj-Ycdcrc` Clroic

Ikffk` Fcrbet lkr Ecster`

c`m Ykutder` Clroic

(IKFEYC) (ikffk`

fcrbet soìe 3??=)

C`nkac, Juru`mo, Ikfkrks, Mefkirctoi Zepujaoi kl

Ik`nk, Mgojkuto, Crcj Zepujaoi kl Enypt, Erotrec,

Etdokpoc, Be`yc, Fcmcncsicr, Fcacwo, Fcurotous,

@cfojoc, Zwc`mc, Yeyideaaes, Yumc`, Ywczoac`m,

Unc`mc, ]c`zcòc, Wcfjoc, Wofjcjwe

Ikffu`cutï Eik`kfoque et

Fk`ïtcore m‟Clroque Ie`trcae

(IEFCI)

Icferkk`, Ie`trca Clroic` Zepujaoi, Idcm, Zepujaoi kl

Ik`nk, Equctkroca Nuoèc, Ncjk`

Irkss Jkrmer Oòtoctove (IJO)

(soìe 3??9)

Juru`mo, Ikfkrks, Be`yc, Fcmcncsicr, Fcacwo,

Fcurotous, @cfojoc, Zwc`mc, Yeyideaaes, Ywczoac`m,

]c`zcòc, Unc`mc, Wcfjoc, Wofjcjwe

Eik`kfoi Ikffuòty kl

êster` Clroic` Ytctes

(EIK^CY)

Jeò`, Jurbo`c Lcsk, Icpe \erme, Iýte m‟Ovkore, ]de

Ncfjoc, Ndc`c, Nuoèc, Nuoèc-Josscu, Aojeroc, Fcao,

@oner, @oneroc, Yeènca, Yoerrc Aekè, ]knk (Fcurotcòcaelt o` :88:)

Ykutder` Clroic` Iustkfs

Uòk` (YCIU)

Jktswc`c, Aesktdk, @cfojoc, Ykutd Clroic, Ywczoac`m

(ik`toùem)



relkrfs ofpcit cre mospacyem o` tcjae 33.C.4. ]de stkib kl LMO tk NMX

o` tde Fcndrej roses jy 4.4 perie`tcne pko`ts lkr every uòt oìrecse o`

tde o`lrcstruiture o`mex, ?.: perie`tcne pko`ts lkr every uòt oìrecse o`

tde lo`cìoca servoies seitkr o`mex, c`m 4.5 perie`tcne pko`ts lkr every

Eik`kfoi Nco`s kl Zenok`ca Cnreefe`ts7 Meeper versus ômer O tenrctok` 93?

]cjae 33.C.5 Ykutd-Ykutd Zenok`ca ]rcme Cnreefe`ts (ik`toùem)

Zenok`/cnreefe`t Fefjer iku`troes/eik`kfoes

Ykutder` Clroic`

Meveakpfe`t

Ikffuòty (YCMI)

C`nkac, Jktswc`c, Mefkirctoi Zepujaoi kl Ik`nk (soìe

3??:), Aesktdk, Fcacwo, Fcurotous (soìe 3??5),

Fkzcfjoque, @cfojoc (soìe 3??:), Yeyideaaes (3??:),

Ykutd Clroic (soìe 3??=), Ywczoac`m, ]c`zcòc, Wcfjoc,

Wofjcjwe

Uòk` Eik`kfoque

et Fk`ïtcore (UEFKC)

Jeò`, Jurbo`c Lcsk, Iýte m‟Ovkore, Nuoèc-Josscu (soìe

3??>), Fcao, @oner, Yeènca, ]knk

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs, jcsem k` upmctem o`lkrfctok` lrkf Gcufktte :88=.

@kte7 Uàess fe`tokèm ktderwose, tde Z]Cs were o` elleit muro`n tde e`tore 3?48’:88= perokm.

]cjae 33.C.< Mkiufe`tctok` kl Mctc Usem o` Xcèa C`caysos lkr Yervoie Zelkrfs

\crocjae (meloòtok`) Ykurie kl mctc

Nrkwtd (per icpotc NMX nrkwtd) ^kram Jc b, kram Meveakpfe t O`moictkrs mctcjcse

O`vestfe`t/NMX (nrkss loxem icpotca

lkrfctok`/NMX)

OFL, ^kram Eik`kfoi Kutakkb mctcjcse

Idn O`vestfe`t/NMX (idc`ne o`

o`vestfe`t/NMX)

OFL, ^kram Eik`kfoi Kutakkb mctcjcse

O`lactok` (ik`sufer proie o lactok`) OFL, kram Eik`kfoi Kutakkb mctcjcse

Irosos (muffy lkr lo`cìoca

irosos/crfem ik`laoit)

`.c.

LMO/NMX (skib kl LMO/NMX) U@I]CM

Lo`cìe (cvercne kl EJZM

relkrf o`mexes k` jc`bo`n c`m

`k`jc`bo`n lo`cìoca seitkr)

EJZM ]rc`sotok` Zepkrt :88=

O`lrcstruiture (cvercne kl EJZM

relkrf o`mexes k` o`lrcstruiture

Rteaeikf, rcoa, rkcm, wcter, pkwerV)


O`viaof (cvercne kl EJZM relkrf

o`mexes k` provctozctok` c`m

aojercaozctok`)


Yervoie (cvercne kl O`viaof c`m

o`lrcstruiture)


Ykurie7 Cutdkrs.

@kte7 Iku`try scfpae7 Cajcòc, Caneroc, Crfeòc, Czerjcogc`, Jeacrus, Juancroc, Irkctoc, Izeid Zepujaoi, Estkòc,

Nekrnoc, Du`ncry, Bczcbdstc`, Byrnyz Zepujaoi, Actvoc, Aotducòc, L_Z Fciemkòc, Fkamkvc, Fkrkiik, Xkac`m,

Zkfcòc, Zussoc` Lemerctok`, Yakvcb Zepujaoi, Yakveòc, ]cgobostc`, ]uòsoc, Ubrcoè, Uzjebostc`.

U@I]CM 6 Uòtem @ctok`s Ik`lereìe k` ]rcme c`m Meveakpfe`t. `.c. 6 `kt cppaoicjae.



]cjae 33.C.> Loxem-Elleits Xcèa Estofctes kl LMO Ytkib tk NMX k` Yervoie Yeitkr Zelkrfs, 3??8’:88=

(perie`t)

Fkmea ùfjer (3) (:) (9) (=)

O`mepe`me`t vcrocjaes

O`lrcstruiture relkrf o`mex 3>.9>

(8.??)***

3?.39

(9.:>)***

FNJ*o`lrcstruiture o`mex ’38.98

(9.:>)***

YEE*o`lrcstruiture o`mex ’<.54

(:.38)***

Lo`cìe relkrf o`mex 3>.94

(3.33)***

34.95

(3.34)***

FNJ*lo`cìe ’?.3=

(=.3<)***YEE*lo`cìe ’=.>>>

(:.<:)***

O`vestfe`t iaofcte o`mex

FNJ*o`vestfe`t iaofcte o`mex

YEE*o`vestfe`t iaofcte o`mex

Z: 8.53 8.5: 8.=5 8.=5

@k. kl kjservctok`s 9>8 9>8 9>8 9>8

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs.

@kte7 Iku`try scfpae7 FNJ 6 Caneroc, Fkrkiik, c`m ]uòsoc2 YEE 6 Cajcòc, Jksòc c`m Derzenkvo`c, Juancroc, Irkctoc, L_Z Fciemkòc, Zkfc

Ytc`mcrm errkrs cre o` pcre`tdeses. Z: vcaues cre lkr wotdo` renressok`s.


9 : 8



uòt oìrecse o` tde o`vestfe`t iaofcte o`mex. ]dese oìrecses cre sfcaaer

tdc` o` ktder trc`sotok` eik`kfoes (tcjae 33.C.4).

]de reactok`sdop jetwee` feridc`mose expkrts (o` ik`stc`t :888 mkaacrs)

c`m servoie relkrfs os cask excfoèm uso`n c sofoacr speioloictok` wotd tde

cmmotok`ca oìausok` kl c` eik`kfoi rosb o`moictkr cvcoacjae lrkf tdeO`ter`ctok`ca Iku`try Zosb Nrkup (OIZN) (tcjae 33.C.?). K` cvercne, c

uòt oìrecse o` tde o`lrcstruiture, lo`cìoca servoies seitkr, c`m o`vestfe`t

iaofcte o`mex os expeitem tk rcose reca expkrts jy 8.33 perie`t c yecr.

]urò`n tk tde ofpcit kl servoie relkrfs o` tde Fcndrej k` reca per

icpotc NMX, tde nrkwtd renressok` reactes per icpotc NMX nrkwtd tk

idc`ne o` tde rctok kl o`vestfe`t tk NMX, o`lactok`, c`m ecid relkrf o`mo-

ictkr o` tur`”`cfeay, lo`cìe, o`lrcstruiture, c`m o`vestfe`t iaofcte c`m

tdeor o`tercitok`s wotd tde Fcndrej, Ykutd-Ecst Eurkpe, c`m Ie`trca c`mEcster` Eurkpe nrkupo`ns (tcjaes 33.C.38 c`m 33.C.33). C uòt oìrecse

o` o`lrcstruiture, lo`cìoca seitkr, c`m o`vestfe`t iaofcte os csskioctem

wotd c` oìrecse o` per icpotc nrkwtd rcte kl : perie`t, dkamo`n o`lactok`

c`m tde idc`ne o` tde o`vestfe`t-tk-NMX rctok ik`stc`t. ]dos ofpcit os

wecber tdc` tde ofpcit o` Ecster` Eurkpec` iku`troes, wdoid cppecr tk

nco` tde fkst lrkf relkrf.

]de EJZM Yervoies Zelkrf O`moies]de EJZM Yervoie Zelkrf o`mex fecsures relkrf prknress o` lo`cìe,

o`lrcstruiture c`m tde o`vestfe`t iaofcte. ]de o`mex rc`nes lrkf 3

(aottae relkrf prknress) tk =.9 (ikfpaetem ofpaefe`tctok` kl c luaa

servoie relkrf cne`mc) (tcjae 33.C.3:). Mctc were ikfpoaem c`ùcaay

lkr 3??8’:88=.

Eik`kfoi Nco`s kl Zenok`ca Cnreefe`ts7 Meeper versus ômer O tenrctok` 9:3

]cjae 33.C.4 Ofpcit kl Uòt Oìrecse o` Zelkrf O`mex k` Ytkib

kl LMO-tk-NMX Zctok, 3??8’:88=

(perie`t)

O`lrcstruiture

Lo`cìoca

servoies

O`vestfe`t

iaofcte

Fcndrej (FNJ) 4.49 ?.:3 4.59

Ykutd-Ecst Eurkpe (YEE) 3:.55 39.5> 3:.?9

Lkrfer Ykvoet Uòk` (LYU)

c`m Ie`trca c`m Ecster` Eurkpe 3?.39 34.95 35.8:

Cvercne 3>.9> 3>.94 3=.<=

Ykurie7 Merovem lrkf LMO renressok` o` tcjae 33.C.>.

@kte7 Fcndrej 6 Caneroc, Fkrkiik, ]uòsoc. Lkrfer Ykvoet Uòk` 6 Crfeòc, Czerjcogc`, Jeacrus, Estkòc, Nekrnoc,

Actvoc, Aotducòc, Bczcbdstc`, Byrnyz Zepujaoi, Fkamkvc, Zussoc` Lemerctok`, Ubrcoè, ]cgobostc`, ]urbfeòstc`,

Uzjebostc`. Ie`trca c`m Ecster` Eurkpe 6 Izeid Zepujaoi, Du`ncry, Xkac`m, Yakvcb Zepujaoi, Yakveòc. Ykutd-Ecst

Eurkpe 6 Cajcòc, Jksòc c`m Derzenkvo`c, Juancroc, Irkctoc, L_Z Fciemkòc, Zkfcòc, Yerjoc c`m Fk`teènrk.



Nrkwtd Ofpcit kl Zenok`ca ]rcme Cnreefe`tsZenok`ca o`tenrctok` fcy dcve pksotove nrkwtd elleits o` tde preseìe kl

eik`kfoes kl sicae. C` ecraoer seitok` excfoèm tde fcrbet-soze ofpcit

kl Z]C fefjersdop k` LMO. ]dos seitok` excfoès tde elleit kl o`tenrc-

tok` k` per icpotc nrkwtd. Zenok`ca o`tenrctok` os fecsurem jy oìausok`

kl c` Z]C vcrocjae, lkaakwo`n Jertdeak` (:88=), tdct `kt kày ik`somers

wdetder c nrkup kl iku`troes dcs c` Z]C jut cask icptures tde sdcre kl

tde pcrtèr iku`troes‟ NMX tk wkram NMX.]de jcsoi estofctok` strcteny uses c sicaem-mkw` pcèa nrkwtd renres-

sok` ik`sosto`n kl ?= iku`troes (see tcjae 33.C.5) jetwee` 3?48 c`m

:88=. Love-yecr cvercnes spc` 3?48’4=, 3?45’4?, 3??8’?=, 3??5’??,

c`m :88=’8=. ]de renok`ca cnreefe`ts oìkrpkrctem o` tde Z]C vcrocjae

ikver joacterca cnreefe`ts, iku`try-csskioctok` cnreefe`ts, c`m csskioc-

tok` cnreefe`ts. Xer icpotc NMX nrkwtd os fecsurem uso`n ik`stc`t :888

mkaacrs.= ]de ik`trka vcrocjaes oìaume oòtoca NMX per icpotc, tde rctok kl

nkver`fe`t ik`sufptok` tk NMX, tde o`vestfe`t rcte, LMO cs c perie`t-cne kl NMX, dufc` icpotca (prkxoem jy tde cvercne yecr kl sidkkao`n lkr

tde pkpuactok` jeakw 35 yecrs kl cne), tde sdcre kl fcùlciturem expkrts

o` tktca expkrts, tde rctok kl tktca trcme tk NMX,5 c`m c` o`mex kl lo`cìoca

rosb c`m c fecsure kl o`vestfe`t iaofcte skuriem lrkf tde OIZN.

]de estofctes sunnest tdct gkoò`n c` cnreefe`t wotd iku`troes wotd c

sdcre kl wkram NMX kl 3 perie`t oìrecses tde per icpotc nrkwtd rcte

8.8:4 perie`tcne pko`ts (tcjae 33.C.39). ]de ofpaoictok` kl tdos resuat os

tdct iku`troes kr renok`s wkuam nco` fkre jy sonò`n cnreefe`ts wotd

acrner pcrtèrs. O` :88=, c`ùca per icpotc nrkwtd (o` ik`stc`t mkaacr

terfs) wcs 9.< perie`t o` Caneroc, 8.>: o` Fkrkiik, c`m =.? perie`t o`

]uòsoc. Lkrfo`n c Fcndrej renok`ca crrc`nefe`t wkuam dcve c aofotem

ofpcit k` tde nrkwtd rctes kl tde tdree iku`troes nove` tde sfcaa soze kl

tde renok`‟s fcrbet.

9:: C`ks Icserk c`m Bufcr Yesdc`

]cjae 33.C.? Ofpcit kl Uòt Oìrecse o` Zelkrf O`mex

k` Zeca Expkrt Nrkwtd, 3??8’:88=

(perie`t)

Mepe`me`t vcrocjae7 akn expkrt vcaue

(ik`stc`t :888 UY$) Ikelloioe`ts Ytc`mcrm errkr

Lo`cìe 8.33: (8.85)**

O`lrcstruiture 8.333 (8.85)**

O`vestfe`t iaofcte 8.38? (8.8<)*

@kte7 Zesuats cre merovem lrkf sepcrcte renressok` ik`tcoò`n acnnem per icpotc reca NMX,

c OIZN eik`kfoi rosb o`mex`, c`m kè servoie relkrf o`mex.

** Yonòloic`t ct tde 5% aevea2 * sonòloic`t ct tde 38% aevea.



]cjae 33.C.38 Loxem Elleits Xcèa Estofctes kl per icpotc NMX nrkwtd c`m Yervoie Yeitkr Xkaoioes, 3??

(perie`t)

Fkmea ùfjer (3) (:) (9) (=)

O`mepe`me`t vcrocjaes

Idc`ne o` O`vestfe`t/NMX 8.9>3

(8.8<)***

8.95:

(8.8<)***

8.=:=

(8.8>)***

8.94=

(8.8<)***

O`lactok` ’8.88:

(8.88)***

’8.883

(8.88)***

’8.88:

(8.88)***

’8.883

(8.88)***

Lo`cìe relkrf o`mex 4.8:=

(8.<5)**

33.849

(8.4?)***

FNJ*lo`cìe ’?.84>5:

(:.9>)***

YEE*lo`cìe ’=.<359?

(3.=?)***

IEE*lo`cìe ’<.94??

(3.<?)***

O`lrcstruiture relkrf o`mex <.34=

(8.<5)***

33.8=:

(8.?4)***

FNJ*o`lrcstruiture o`mex ’4.?<=

(:.3=)***

YEE*o`lrcstruiture o`mex ’>.:5>

(3.=>)***

IEE*o`lrcstruiture o`mex ’4.358

(3.<8)*** 9 : 9



O`vestfe`t iaofcte o`mex

FNJ*o`vestfe`t iaofcte o`mex

YEE*o`vestfe`t iaofcte o`mex

IEE*o`vestfe`t iaofcte o`mex

Z: 8.=< 8.58 8.9? 8.=<

@k. kl kjservctok`s 9>8 9>8 9>8 9>8

@kte7 Ytc`mcrm errkrs cre o` pcre`tdeses. Z squcres cre lkr wotdo` renressok`s. Ycfpae oìaumes :> iku`troes. FNJ 6 Fkrkiik, Caneroc, ]uòsoc2

Juancroc, Irkctoc, L_Z Fciemkòc, Zkfcòc, Yerjoc c`m Fk`teènrk2 IEE 6 Izeid Zepujaoi, Du`ncry, Xkac`m, Yakvcb Zepujaoi, Yakveòc.

***Yonòloic`t ct tde 3% aevea2 **sonòloic`t ct tde 5% aevea2 *sonòloic`t ct tde 38% aevea.

]cjae 33.C.38 Loxem Elleits Xcèa Estofctes kl per icpotc NMX nrkwtd c`m Yervoie Yeitkr Xkaoioes, 3??8

(perie`t)

Fkmea ùfjer (3) (:) (9) (=)

9 : =



Eik`kfoi Nco`s kl Zenok`ca Cnreefe`ts7 Meeper versus ômer O tenrctok` 9:5

]cjae 33.C.33 Ofpcit kl Uòt Oìrecse o` Yervoie Zelkrf O`mex k` C`ùca

per Icpotc Zeca NMX Nrkwtd, 3??8’:88=

(perie`t)

O`lrcstruiture Lo`cìoca servoies O`vestfe`t iaofcte

Fcndrej (FNJ) :.84 :.:8 :.8<

Ykutd-Ecst

Eurkpe (YEE) 9.>> 5.4= >.95

Ie`trca c`m Ecster`

Eurkpe (IEE) :.?8 =.88 5.4>

Lkrfer Ykvoet

Uòk` (LYU) 33.8= 33.84 ?.<<

Ykurie7 Merovem lrkf nrkwtd renressok` o` tcjae 33.C.38.

@kte7 FNJ 6 Caneroc, Fkrkiik, ]uòsoc2 YEE 6 Cajcòc, Jksòc c`m Derzenkvo`c, Juancroc, Irkctoc, L_Z Fciemkòc,

Zkfcòc, Yerjoc c`m Fk`teènrk2 IEE 6 Izeid Zepujaoi, Du`ncry, Xkac`m, Yakvcb Zepujaoi, Yakveòc2

LYU 6 Crfeòc, Czerjcogc`, Jeacrus, Estkòc, Nekrnoc, Actvoc, Aotducòc, Bczcbdstc`, Byrnyz Zepujaoi, Fkamkvc, Zuss-

oc` Lemerctok`, Ubrcoè, ]cgobostc`, ]urbfeòstc`, Uzjebostc`.

]cjae 33.C.3: Meloòtok` kl =.9 Zc`bo`n k` Zelkrf O`moies

O`mex Ikfpkè`ts

Lo`cìe • Jc`bo`n c`m o`terest rcte aojercaozctok`7 Luaa ik`verneìe kl jc`bo`n

acws c`m renuactok`s wotd tde Jc`b lkr O`ter`ctok`ca Yettaefe`ts (JOY)

stc`mcrms2 prkvosok` kl luaa set kl ikfpetotove jc`bo`n servoies

• Yeiurotoes fcrbets c`m `k`jc`b lo`cìoca o`stotutok`s7 Luaa ik`verneìe

kl seiurotoes acws c`m renuactok`s wotd tde O`ter`ctok`ca Krncòzctok`

lkr Nkver`fe`tca Yeiurotoes Ikffossok`s (OKYIK) stc`mcrms2 luaay

meveakpem `k`jc`b o`terfemoctok`

O`lrcstruiture • Eaeitroi pkwer7 Ikst-relaeitove tcrolls tdct prkvome cmequcte oìe`tove lkr

elloioeìy ofprkvefe`ts2 provcte seitkr tdct os decvoay o`vkavem o` tde

u`ju`maem c`m weaa-renuactem seitkr2 luaay aojercaozem seitkr, wotd weaa-

luìtokò`n crrc`nefe`ts lkr ètwkrb ciiess c`m luaa ikfpetotok` o`neèrctok`

• Zcoawcys7 Yepcrctok` kl o`lrcstruiture lrkf kperctok`s c`m lreondt lrkf

pcsse`ner kperctok`s2 luaa movestfe`t c`m trc`sler kl csset kwèrsdop

ofpaefe`tem kr pac`èm, oìaumo`n o`lrcstruiture c`m rkaao`n stkib2

estcjaosdfe`t kl rcoa renuactkr c`m ofpaefe`tctok` kl ciiess proio`n

• Zkcms7 Luaay meie`trcaozem rkcm cmfoòstrctok`2 ikfferiocaozem rkcm

fco`te`cìe kperctok`s ikfpetotoveay cwcrmem tk provcte ikfpcòes2

rkcm user idcrnes tdct relaeit luaa iksts kl rkcm use c`m csskioctem

lcitkrs, suid cs ik`nestok`, ciiome`ts, c`m pkaautok`2 womesprecm

provcte seitkr pcrtoiopctok` o` caa cspeits kl rkcm prkvosok`2 luaa pujaoiik`suatctok` k` èw rkcm prkgeits.

• ]eaeikffuòictok`s7 Elleitove renuactok` tdrkund o`mepe`me`t e`toty2

ikdere`t renuactkry c`m o`stotutok`ca lrcfewkrb tk meca wotd tcrolls,

o`terik`èitok` ruaes, aoie`so`n, ikìessok` lees, c`m speitruf

caakictok`2 preseìe kl ik`sufer kfjumsfc`

(ik`toùem)



9:< C`ks Icserk c`m Bufcr Yesdc`

• ^cter c`m wcstewcter7 Luaay meie`trcaozem c`m ikfferiocaozem utoaotoes2

luaay cutk`kfkus renuactkr wotd ikfpaete cutdkroty tk revoew c`m

e`lkrie tcroll aeveas c`m qucaoty stc`mcrms2 womesprecm provcte seitkr

pcrtoiopctok` tdrkund servoie/fc`cnefe`t/aecse ik`trcits2 dond-

pkwerem oìe`toves, luaa ikìessok`s, kr movestoture kl wcter c`m

wcstewcter servoies o` fcgkr urjc` crecs

Yervoies • Cvercne kl o`lrcstruiture c`m lo`cìe

O`vestfe`t

iaofcte

• Acrne-sicae provctozctok`7 Fkre tdc` >5 perie`t kl e`terprose cssets o`

provcte kwèrsdop2 sonòloic`t prknress k` ikrpkrcte nkver`cìe kl

tdese e`terproses• Yfcaa-sicae provctozctok`7 @k stcte kwèrsdop kl sfcaa e`terproses2

elleitove trcmcjoaoty kl ac`m

• Nkver`cìe c`m e`terprose restruituro`n7 Elleitove ikrpkrcte ik`trka

exeriosem tdrkund mkfestoi lo`cìoca o`stotutok`s c`m fcrbets,

lkstero`n fcrbet-mrove` restruituro`n

• Xroie aojercaozctok`7 Ikfpaete proie aojercaozctok`, wotd `k proie ik`trka

kutsome dkuso`n, trc`spkrt, c`m `cturca fk`kpkaoes

• ]rcme c`m lkreon` exidc`ne systef7 Zefkvca kl fkst tcroll jcrroers2

fefjersdop o` ^kram ]rcme Krncòzctok`

• Ikfpetotok` pkaoiy7 Elleitove e`lkriefe`t kl ikfpetotok`2 u`restroitem

e`try tk fkst fcrbets

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs, jcsem k` EJZM :88=.

]cjae 33.C.3: Meloòtok` kl =.9 Zc`bo`n k` Zelkrf O`moies (ik`toùem)

O`mex Ikfpkè`ts

]cjae 33.C.39 Iku`try Loxem-Elleits Nrkwtd Zenressok`, 3?48’:88=

(love-yecr cvercnes)

Mepe`me`t vcrocjae7 per-icpotc NMX nrkwtd

Akn oòtoca per-icpotc NMX ’<.?>3***Nkver`fe`t ik`sufptok` tk NMX (%) ’8.8<>*

O`vestfe`t tk NMX (%) 8.38:***

LMO tk NMX (%) 8.859

Fcùlcituro`n expkrts tk feridc`mose expkrts (%) 8.883

Dufc` icpotca (cvercne yecr kl sidkkao`n lkr pkpuactok`

035 yecrs kl cne)

8.338

]rcme tk NMX (%) 8.8:?***

Lo`cìoca rosb o`mex 8.8=?**

O`vestfe`t iaofcte o`mex 8.9=3***

Cjskaute Z]C 8.8:4***@ufjer kl iku`try nrkups ?=

Z: (wotdo`) 8.53

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs.

@kte7 Xerokm muffoes cre `kt sdkw`.






=. ]de nrkwtd ofpcit kl c Z]C os sofoacr wde` per icpotc nrkwtd os fecsurem

uso`n puridcso`n proie pcroty proies.

5. Cmmotok`ca ik`trka vcrocjaes tdct were oòtocaay oìaumem jut acter mosicrmem

jeicuse kl tde acib kl stctostoica sonòloicìe croso`n lrkf aofotem vcroctok`

cirkss tofe o` c loxem-elleit speioloictok` were trcmo`n pcrtèr‟s nrkwtd c`m

jkrmero`n iku`troes‟ sdcre kl wkram NMX.

Zelereìes

Jcrrk Z. G., c`m G.-^. Aee, :888 ‑O`ter`ctok`ca Mctc k` Emuictok` Cttco`fe`t7

Upmctes c`m Ofpaoictok`s.‖ @JEZ ^krbo`n Xcper @k. >?33. @ctok`ca Jurecukl Eik`kfoi Zesecrid, Icfjromne, Fcss.

Jertdeak`, F. :88=. ‑Nrkwtd Elleits kl Zenok`ca O`tenrctok` Cnreefe`ts.‖

krbo`n Xcper, Ie trca Jc`b kl Idoae, Yc tocnk.

EJZM (Eurkpec` Jc`b lkr Zeik`struitok` c`m Meveakpfe`t). :88=. EJZM

]rc`sotok` Zepkrt :88=. Ak`mk`7 EJZM. dttp7 //trc`sotok`repkrt.ik.ub/]ZK/j/

trc`sotok`-repkrt/vkaufe:88=/ossue3.

Mee, X., c`m G. Ncao. :889. ‑]de ]rcme c`m O`vestfe`t Elleits kl Xrelere`toca

]rcmo`n Crrc`nefe`ts.‖ ^krbo`n Xcper 383<8, @ctok`ca Jurecu kl Eik`kfoi

Zesecrid, Icfjromne, FC.

Eside`jcid, L., c`m J. Dkebfc`. :885. ‑Yervoies Xkaoiy Zelkrf c`m Eik`kfoi

Nrkwtd o` ]rc`sotok` Eik`kfoes, 3??8’:88=.‖ Zesecrid ^krbo`n Xcper 9<<9,

kram Jc`b, csdo`ntk`, MI.

Ncaca, C., c`m J. Dkebfc`, ems. :889. Crcj Eik`kfoi O`tenrctok`7 Jetwee` Dkpe

c`m Zecaoty. csdo`ntk`, MI7 Jrkkbo`ns O`stotutok` Xress.

Dkebfc`, J., c`m M. Bk`c`. 3???. ‑Meep O`tenrctok`, @k`mosirofo`ctok`, c`m

Eurk-Femoterrcèc` Lree ]rcme.‖ Xkaoiy Zesecrid ^krbo`n Xcper :398, ^kram

Jc`b, ^csdo`ntk`, MI.

Gcufktte, L. :88=. ‑Lkreon` Moreit O`vestfe`t c`m Zenok`ca ]rcme Cnreefe`ts7

]de Fcrbet Yoze Elleit Zevosotem.‖ ^krbo`n Xcper ^X/8=/:8<, O`ter`ctok`ca

Fkètcry Lu`m, ^csdo`ntk`, MI.

Bk`c`, M., c`m B. Fcsbus. :889. ‑Suc`tolyo`n tde Ofpcit kl Yervoies

Aojercaozctok` o` c Meveakpo`n Iku`try.‖ Xkaoiy Zesecrid ^krbo`n Xcper

93?9, ^kram Jc`b, ^csdo`ntk`, MI.

Fñaaer-Ge`tsid, M. :885. Meeper O`tenrctok` c`m ]rcme o` Yervoies o` tde Eurk-

Femoterrcèc` Zenok`. ^kram Jc`b/Eurkpec` Ikffossok` Xrknrcffe k`Xrovcte Xcrtoiopctok` o` Femoterrcèc` O`lrcstruiture. ^csdo`ntk`, MI7

^kram Jc`b.

kram Jc`b. :885c. Nakjca Eik`kfoi Xrkspeits. ^csdo`ntk`, MI7 ^kram Jc`b.

9:4 C`ks Icserk c`m Bufcr Yesdc`



”””. :88<. Lkstero`n Donder Nrkwtd c`m Efpakyfe`t o` tde Bo`nmkf kl Fkrkiik.


kram Meveakpfe`t O moictkrs (mctcjcse). dttp7//mctc.wkramjc`b.krn/mctc-ictcakn/

wkram-meveakpfe`t-o`moictkrs. ^kram Jc`b, ^csdo`ntk`, MI.

kram Eik`kfoi Kutakkb mctcjcse. dttp7//www.ofl.krn/exter ca/ s/is.cspx;om6:4.

O`ter`ctok`ca Fkètcry Lu`m, csdo`ntk`, MI.

Eik`kfoi Nco`s kl Zenok`ca Cnreefe`ts7 Meeper versus ômer O tenrctok` 9:?





993

C

Cncmor Cnreefe`t, 4, :=8 l, :>8j, :>5,:><t, :49

cor trc`spkrtctok`servoies relkrf o` Fkrkiik, 39<, 39>,

3==’=>, 35=t Caneroc

mostcìe fetrois c`m, ?4’388ETX_ fetroi, ?<’?4

Yee cask expkrt moversoloictok` o` Caneroc2servoies trcme meveakpfe`t o` Caneroc

c`toexpkrt jocs, 5, 5>, :58Crcj Aecnue, :>8jCrcj Fcndrej Uòk`, 4, :>8j, :>5’>>,

:><t, :49Yee cask meep versus wome o`tenrctok` o`

Fcndrej iku`troesCsoc` Noc`ts. Yee Ido`c c`m O`moc

J

jcibjkè servoies relkrf o` Fkrkiik, 5’<,395’9<

ofpaefe`to`n ikfpetotok` pkaoioes,355’5>

aojercaozctok` relkrfs c`m servoie seitkrkpe`èss, 39>, 394’9? l

akibo`n o` relkrfs, 359’55kptok`s lkr renuactkry ik`verneìe wotd

EU, 3=8’55renuactkry relkrf kptok`s, 359’5=t stre`ntdeò`n renuactkry lrcfewkrb,

39>, 3=8jc`bo`n c`m ktder lo`cìoca servoies

servoies relkrf o` Fkrkiik, 39<,3=>’58, 359t

Jreusd-Xcnc` test, :?

I

icse stumoes o` èw expkrt prkmuits, =,=>’=4

mollusok` c`m lecr kl ofotctok`, 55’5>e`trepreèurs, 5:, 59’5=j, 5=’55lcitkrs ik`strcoò`n meveakpfe`t, 5=’55fetdkmkakny, 53kvervoew, =4’=?, 58t

tronners lkr èw expkrt citovotoes,53’5=

Ido`c c`m O`mocrose kl, 3, :, 9, >, ::>’:4Yee cask ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c

c`m O`moc2 eik`kfoi nrkwtd o` Ido`cc`m O`moc

O`mex

@kte7 j, l, c`m t o`moicte jkxes, lonures, c`m tcjaes, respeitoveay.



iaktdo`n expkrtskversecs fcrbet ciiess, :=:’== l, :=:’=<

ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc, :, >,::>’:4

c`toexpkrt jocs, 5cvercne tcrolls o` Ido`c c`m O`moc,

:=< l, :=> l cvercne tcrolls o` FE@C iku`troes c`m,

:95, :9< l, :9>, :9> l ikìausok`s c`m pkaoiy fesscnes lkr

FE@C iku`troes, :58EU fcrbet sdcre idc`nes, :99’9=ofpkrt mutoes c`m, :95’94

ofpkrt surnes lrkf O`moc, :=8’=3, :=3 l aknostois perlkrfcìe o`mex c`m, :9>,

:94 l FE@C expkrt nrkwtd c`m nakjca

fcrbet sdcre, ::4, ::?t FE@C expkrts tk EU iku`troes, ::4,

::?t, :98, :54’<9t . Yee cask kversecsfcrbet ciiess

FE@C o`te`sove c`m exte`sovefcrno`s kl expkrt nrkwtd, :98,:93t, :53’54t

FE@C perlkrfcìe c`m, ::4’9?`k`tcroll ofpemofe`ts o` FE@C

iku`troes c`m, :9>’94tcroll rctes c`m, :95’94, :9?’=3, :9? l trcme jcrroers c`m, :95’94trcme prelereìes, >, :94trcme prkteitok` c`m, :9=’94trcme trc`scitok` iksts, >, :9>’94

ikfpetotoveèssfecò`n kl, 3’:, 9

ikìe`trctok` o`mexesNoò, 39, 35, 34, 3? l, :>, :?’98, 99, 94,=:’=9t

Derlo`mcda, 39, 35, 3> l, 34, :>, :?’98,99, 9<’9>, =8’=3t

]deoa, 39, 35, 3< l, 34, :8 l, :3 l, 9<’9>,94’9?, =8’=3t

M

meep versus wome o`tenrctok` o` Fcndrej

iku`troes, 4, :??ikìeptuca ossues, 988’98:ikìausok`s, 93:fecsuro`n nco`s lrkf, 983’:fetdkmkaknoica ossues, 98:’9fetdkmkakny lkr estofcto`n nco`s,

939’:>

sie`croks, 98:’3:Ykutd-Ykutd renok`ca trcme cnreefe`ts,

934’3?t mostcìe fetrois

Caneroc c`m, ?4’388Mutid mosecse, <4’<?, 3?=, :3=, :3<

E

eik`kfoi nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`mocc`ùca jcseaoè nrkwtd rctes o` seaeitem

eik`kfoes, :3>t idc`nes o` expkrts icusem jy extrc

nrkwtd, :34t, ::8t idc`nes o` kutput icusem jy extrc

nrkwtd, :3?t ikìausok`s, <’>, :3=’3<expkrto`n tk Ido`c c`m

O`moc c`m, 3?5lkur idc`èas kl nrkwtd, 3?=’:89ofpkrto`n lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc

c`m, 3?5’?<o`moreit trcme ofpcits c`m, 3??’:88bey lectures, 3?9’?=aotercture revoew, 3?=’:89stumoes, :88’:89stumy fetdkmkakny, mctc, c`m sofuactok`

meson`, :89’<stumy resuats, <’>, :8<’3=tdorm-fcrbet ikfpetotok` c`m, 3?>’??

Enypt, Crcj Zepujaoi kl expkrt moversoloictok`. Yee icse stumoes o`

èw expkrt prkmuitsE@X. Yee Eurkpec` @eondjkrdkkm Xkaoiy

e`trepreèursèw expkrt prkmuits c`m, 5:, 59’5=j,5=’55

Estkòcaojercaozctok` kl teaeikffuòictok`s

seitkr, 3=5jEU. Yee Eurkpec` UòkÈurk-Femoterrcèc` Cnreefe`t, :94, :>8,

:43, :49Eurkpec` Jc`b lkr Zeik`struitok` c`m

Meveakpfe`t fetdkmkakny, 93<’:3

Yervoie Zelkrf o`mex, 9:3, 9:5’:<t Eurkpec` @eondjkrdkkm Xkaoiy (E@X), <,

39<, 39>, 3=8kptok`s lkr Fkrkiik‟s renuactkry

ik`verneìe wotd EU, 3=8’55stre`ntdeò`n renuactkry lrcfewkrb,

39>, 3=8

99: O`mex



Eurkpec` Uòk` (EU)ciiess tk EU fcrbets, :=3’=<

ciquos ikffu`cutcore, 3=8, 3=>, 358’53moreitoves nkverò`n

teaeikffuòictok`s, 3=3’=9jEU fcrbet sdcre idc`nes, Ido`c c`m

O`moc, :99’9=lo`cìoca servoies prkvosok`s lkr

Eurkpec` c`m ciiessok` pcrtèrsdops,3=4, 3=?t, 358

FE@C expkrts tk EU iku`troes, ::4,::?t, :98, :54’<9t . Yee cask kversecsfcrbet ciiess

Fkrkiik‟s kptok`s lkr renuactkryik`verneìe wotd, 3=8’55

renuactkry ik`verneìe wotd tde.Yee Eurkpec` @eondjkrdkkmXkaoiy (E@X)

expkrt ikìe`trctok`, 9’=, 39’3=ikìe`trctok` rctoks, 35, 34. Yee cask

ikìe`trctok` o`mexesikìausok`s, 95’9<Derlo`mcda o`mex, =? l o`moictkrs kl expkrt

moversoloictok`, 9<’=9rc`mkf-elleits estofctok`, :?

expkrt ikìe`trctok` fkmea, :<’95efporoica resuats, :?’99, 9= l rkjustèss, 99, 95

expkrt moversoloictok`, 9’5, 39, 3=’:3o` Caneroc. Yee expkrt moversoloictok`

o` Canerocicse stumoes, =>’=4, 53’5>ikìausok`, <8’<3

experofe`tctok` c`m ofotctok`, 5>’<8ofpcit kl LMO k`, 39, 3=, ::’:<o`moictkrs kl, 9<’=9èw prkmuit aoès c`m fcrbets, 3=, 34,

3? l, :8 l, :3 l, =>’=4, 53’5>pkaoiy meson`, 5>’<8o` ‑reskurie-pkkr‖ iku`troes, =4’=?, 58t trcmotok`ca, 3=, 34tre`ms o`, 35, 3< l, 3> l, 34

expkrt moversoloictok` o` Caneroc, =, <9’<=iurre`t o`mustroca pkaoiy strcteny, 44’?:

mepe`meìe k` dymrkicrjk`s c`m, <4’>=mostcìe fetrois, ?4’388Mutid mosecse c`m, <4’<?, 3?=, :3=, :3<ETX_ fetroi, ?<’?4acib kl moversoloictok`

expac`ctok`s, <4’>=fetrois teidòica metcoa, ?<’388

èw fetdkmkakny tk, >=’48pkaoiy ofpaoictok`s, 44’?<

pkssojoaoty spcie c`m, 43’44, 4? l provcte seitkr meveakpfe`t ik`strco`ts

c`m, >8’>:prkmuit spcie c`m, >5’48prkmuit spcie tk sic` pkssojoaoty spcie,

43’44, 4? l prkteitokòsf c`m, >:’>9reca exidc`ne rcte vkactoaoty c`m, <?’>8re`t seebo`n c`m, >9’>=speiocaozctok` c`m, >=’>5struiturca trc`slkrfctok`

ik`somerctok`s, ?:’?<struiture kl Caneroc` eik`kfy, <=’<4

expkrt nrkwtd c`m ik`stc`t fcrbet sdcrec`caysos, FE@C iku`troes, :53’<5t

Expkrt Fcrbet Ciiess Lu`m (LCFET)]uòsoc, 5?, 5?j

expkrt servoies o` Fkrkiik. Yee jcibjkèservoies relkrf o` Fkrkiik

expkrt servoies o` ]uòsocciiess tk iremot c`m, 393ciiku`to`n, 33:’39, 3:>’:4t, 3:?, 393cmfoòstrctove c`m lo`cìoca ik`strco`ts

c`m, 393’9:, 39: l ikfpetotove ikfpe`sctok` iksts, 33?’::ik`somerctok`s lkr nrkwtd c`m pkverty

remuitok`, 5, 385’38e`noèero`n c`m cridoteiture, 333’3:,

334’3?, 334 l, 3:<, 3:>’:4t, 3:4, 393lrcìkpdkè fcrbets, 38>’?dufc` reskurie jcse c`m, 334’3?OI]-e`cjaem servoies, 5, 385’<,

38> l, 339’34, 3:8 l, 3::’:=,3:9 l, 398, 398jofpemofe`ts tk expkrts, 5, 3::’:=o`sulloioe`t teaeikf

o`lrcstruiture, 3:9’:=o`ter`ctok`ca ikfpetotoveèss o`, 33>’:=acib kl expkrt kroe`tctok`, 3:9acib kl sulloioe`t sicae, 3::aenca servoies, 339, 3:>’:4t, 3:?, 393fcrbet ciiess restroitok`s, 3:5’:?femoica servoies c`m femoica tkurosf, 5,

338’33, 333t, 3:3’::, 3:3t, 3:<,3:>’:4t, 393

kllsdkro`n, 5, 385’<, 38>’?, 38> l,33>’34, 33> l

perlkrfcìe o` eferno`nservoies, 338’3>

pkaoiy ik`somerctok`s, 38?’38

O`mex 999



prklessok`ca emuictok` c`m trcoò`nc`m, 3:=’:5

prklessok`ca reputctok` c`mstc`mcrms o`, 334’3?

pujaoi te`mers c`m, 393renuactkry kjstciaes tk prklessok`ca

servoies trcme, 3:5’:?, 393struiturca ik`skaomctok` c`m, 398’93tcsbs tk stre`ntde`

ikfpetotoveèss, 3:=’9:teid`kakny pcrbs c`m, 398j

expkrt skpdostoictok` (ETX_) fetroiCaneroc, ?<’?4

exte`sove fcrnoìdc`nes o`, 34FE@C iku`troes, :98, :93t, :53’54t

L

LCFET (Expkrt Fcrbet Ciiess Lu`m)]uòsoc, 5?, 5?j

lkreon` moreit o`vestfe`t (LMO)ofpcit kl Fcndrej renok`ca

fcrbet k`, 939’3<

ofpcit k` expkrt moversoloictok`, 39,3=, :9’:<

o`wcrm LMO stkibs, :?3’?:, :?: l servoie aojercaozctok` c`m, 98?’38, 933 l,

933t, 93<’:3tre`ms o` LMO lakws, ::’:9

LrcìeLreìd e`try o`tk Caneroc` superfcrbet

seitkr, 343j

N

Neèrca Cnreefe`t k` ]rcme o` Yervoies(NC]Y), 39>, 35:, 3<9, 345,:44, :44 l

Noò o`mex, 39, 35, 34, 3? l, :>, :?’98, 99,94, =:’=9t

nakjcaozctokÌdo`c c`m O`moc c`m, :9=’94. Yee cask

ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c c`m O`mocikìausok`s c`m pkaoiy fesscnes lkr

FE@C iku`troes, :58

expkrt nrkwtd c`m ik`stc`t fcrbet sdcre c`caysos, :53’<5t

FE@C iku`troes c`m, :=3’58FE@C ofpkrt mutoes jy Ido`c c`m

O`moc, :=<, :=4 l FE@C o`mex kl expkrt fcrbet

peètrctok`, :=>, :=4, :=4t, :=?t, :58

FE@C kppkrtuòtoes lkr expkrtnrkwtd, :=>’58

kpe` renok`caosf, :<?, :?=’?5 ^]K-paus crrc`nefe`ts, :<?

nakjca suppay idco`s kr prkmuitok`ètwkrbs, 3, 4, :89, :<?

Nrecter Crcj Lree ]rcme Crec (NCL]C)Cnreefe`t, :>8j, :><t, :4:, :49

Nual Ikkperctok` Ikuìoa, 35, :8=, ::4,:98, :>8j, :><t, :>4, 985

D

Dcusfc``-]cyakr estofctkr, :?Dcusfc`` test, :?Derlo`mcda o`mex, 39, 35, 3> l, 34, :>,

:?’98, 99, 9<’9>, =8’=3t

O

OI] servoies. Yee o`lkrfctok` c`mikffuòictok` teid`kaknoes servoies

ofpkrts lrkf Ido`c c`m O`moc, :9?’=3Yee cask ikfpetotok` lrkf Ido`c

c`m O`mocO`moc. Yee Ido`c c`m O`moco`lkrfctok` c`m ikffuòictok`

teid`kaknoes (OI]) servoies]uòsoc, 5, 385’<, 38> l, 339’34, 3:8 l,

3::’:=, 398, 398jo`te`sove fcrno`, ==`

idc`nes o`, 34FE@C iku`troes, :98, :93t, :53’54t

o`vestfe`t iaofcte relkrfs, 98>’38

G

Gkrmcèxpkrt moversoloictok`. Yee icse stumoes o`

èw expkrt prkmuits

A

Aejc`kèxpkrt moversoloictok`. Yee icse stumoes o`

èw expkrt prkmuitsaojercaozctok` relkrfs c`m servoie seitkr

kpe`èss, 98>’38Estkòc, 3=5jEstkòc‟s teaeikffuòictok`s

seitkr, 3=5jlkreon` moreit o`vestfe`t c`m, 98?’38,

933 l, 933t, 93<’:3feridc`mose trcme, 989’>

99= O`mex



Fkrkiik, 39>, 394’9? l servoies trcme o` Caneroc, 34<j

Aknostois Xerlkrfcìe O`mex, :4=’4<,:4= l, :45 l

F

Fcndrej iku`troes. Yee meep versus womeo`tenrctok` o` Fcndrej iku`troes

fcrotofe trc`spkrtctok`servoies relkrf o` Fkrkiik, 39<, 39>,

358’53, 35=t femoica servoies c`m femoica tkurosf, :4?

]uòsoc, 5, 338’33, 333t, 3:3’::, 3:3t,3:<, 3:>’:4t, 393FE@C (Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic)

neèrca o`lkrfctok` c`m ik`somerctok`s,:’9

feridc`mose trcmeaojercaozctok`, 989’>

Fommae Ecst c`m @krtd Clroic (FE@C)neèrca o`lkrfctok` c`m ik`somerctok`s,

:’9Yee cask speioloi iku`troes

Fkrkiikexpkrt moversoloictok`. Yee icse stumoes o`

èw expkrt prkmuitsservoies relkrfs. Yee jcibjkè servoies

relkrf o` Fkrkiikfkst-lcvkrem `ctok` tcrolls c`m mutoes

renok`ca o`tenrctok` c`m, :9<, :94, :=<,:>4, :43, :4:, :49, :?=

@

`k`tcroll jcrroers c`m ofpemofe`ts,:9>’94, :4:’4=

@krtd Clroic. Yee Fommae Ecst c`m @krtdClroic (FE@C)2 speioloi iku`troes

K

kllsdkro`n, :, 5, 33> l expkrt servoies o` ]uòsoc, 5, 385’<,

38>’?, 38> l, 33>’34kpe` lkrest icaiuactok`s kl mostcìe,

??’388kpe` renok`caosf, :<?Kvercaa ]rcme Zestroitoveèss O`mex

(K]ZO), :4:kversecs fcrbet ciiess

ciiess tk Idoèse c`m O`moc` fcrbets,:=<’=>, :=4 l

ciiess tk EU c`m UY fcrbets, :=3’=<iaktdo`n expkrts, :=:’== l, :=:’=<

X

Xc`-Crcj Lree ]rcme Crec, 4Yee cask Nrecter Crcj Lree ]rcme Crec

(NCL]C) Cnreefe`t pkrt servoies

servoies relkrf o` Fkrkiik, 39<,39>, 358’53

servoies relkrf o` Zkfcòc, 353, 35:jprovcte seitkr meveakpfe`t

kram Jc`b repkrt, 9prkmuit spcie, >5’48tk sic` pkssojoaoty spcie, 43’44, 4? l

prklessok`ca servoiesrelkrf o` Fkrkiik, 39<, 39>, 353’59,

359’5=t, 355prkteitokòsf, >:’>9

prkxofoty icaiuactok`s kl mostcìe, ?4’??

Z

reca exidc`ne rcte vkactoaoty, <?’>8relkrfs

pcie kl, 9renok`ca o`tenrctok`, 3, :, 9, 4

joacterca cnreefe`ts, 4, :>8, :>:t .Yee cask speioloi cnreefe`ts

nrcvoty fkmeas, :>9dostkry kl o`tenrctok` o` FE@C

iku`troes, :<?, :>8jo`trcrenok`ca trcme, :>8, :>9’4:o` Fcndrej iku`troes. Yee meep versus

wome o`tenrctok` o` Fcndrej iku`troesfkst-lcvkrem `ctok` tcrolls c`mmutoes, :9<, :94, :=<, :>4, :43,:4:, :49, :?=

kpe` renok`caosf, :<?, :?=’?5pcrtèrs lrkf kutsome tde renok`, :>8prelere`toca kpeò`n kl fcrbets, :?=renok`ca c`m prelere`toca trcme

cnreefe`ts, :, 4, :<>’<?,:<4 l, :?=’?5

refottcìes, :?9, :?9 l

teaeikffuòictok`s servoies, :4?trcme moversok`, :>4trcme prelereìes, :4: ^]K-paus crrc`nefe`ts, :<?

renok`ca o`tenrctok` lcoaures, :<?’>9joacterca ikfpaefe`tcroty, :>4, :>?’48t akw ikfpaefe`tcroty, :>=’>4

O`mex 995



`k`tcroll jcrroers, :4:’4=pkkr trcme c`m trc`spkrt aknostois,

:4=’4<, :4= l, :45 l o` servoies c`m lcitkr fcrbets

o`tenrctok`, :4>’?9uève` ofpkrt prkteitok`, :>9,

:>4, :43’4:renuactkry ik`verneìe wotd tde Eurkpec`

Uòk`. Yee Eurkpec` @eondjkrdkkmXkaoiy (E@X)

re`t seebo`n, >9’>=

Y

servoies trcmenrkwtd o`, 3, :, 9, 93<’:3aojercaozctok`, 98>’38renok`ca o`tenrctok`, :4>’?9wkram servoies expkrts, jy type, 38< l

servoies trcme o` Caneroc, <, 3<9mkfestoi prkmuitok` elloioeìy, <, 3>5’45o`ter`ctok`ca trcme cnreefe`ts, <, 349’45aojercaozctok` ik`somerctok`s, 34<jkpe`èss, <, 3>5

pkaoiy ik`somerctok`s, 345’4>provctozctok` prknrcf, <, 3>5’>4, 348’43prkfkto`n eik`kfoi moversoloictok` c`m

expkrt nrkwtd, 343’49quc`tolyo`n tde ofpkrtcìe kl, 3<9’<?renuactkry renofe, <, 3>4, 3>?jtkurosf meveakpfe`t strcteny, <, 34:u`merstc`mo`n tde ofpkrtcìe kl, 3<?’>5

]

teaeikffuòictok`sEU moreitoves nkverò`n, 3=3’=9jaojercaozctok` o` Estkòc, 3=5jrenok`ca o`tenrctok`, :4?servoies relkrf o` Fkrkiik, 39<,

39>, 3=3’==]deoa o`mex, 39, 35, 3< l, 34, :8 l, :3 l,

9<’9>, 94’9?, =8’=3t tkurosf

renok`ca o`tenrctok`, :4?’?8, :?3 l Yee cask femoica servoies c`m femoica

tkurosftrcme elleits kl rose kl Ido`c c`m O`moc. Yeeeik`kfoi nrkwtd o` Ido`c c`m O`moc

]rcme Lcioaotctok` c`m ]rcme Xrkfktok`Ciikrm kl 3?43, :>8j

trc`spkrt servoies relkrf o` Fkrkiik, 39<,39>, 3==’=>, 358’53, 35=t

]uòsocexpkrt moversoloictok`. Yee icse stumoes o`

èw expkrt prkmuitsLCFET, 5?, 5?j

servoies trcme. Yee expkrt servoies o`]uòsoc

U

Uòtem Ytcteslree trcme cnreefe`ts wotd FE@C

iku`troes, :?8’?3

99< O`mex





EIK-CUMO]

E`vork`fe`tca Jeèlots Ytctefe`t

]de ^kram Jc`b os ikffottem tk preservo`n

e`mc`nerem lkrests c`m `cturca reskuries.

]rcme Ikfpetotoveèss kl tde Fommae Ecst

c`m @krtd Clroic7 Xkaoioes lkr Expkrt

Moversoloictok` os pro`tem k` c reiyiaem

pcper fcme wotd 58-perie`t pkst-ik`sufer

wcste. ]de Klloie kl tde Xujaosder lkaakws

tde reikffe`mem stc`mcrms lkr pcper uscne

set jy tde Nree` Xress Oòtoctove, c `k`prklot

prknrcf suppkrto`n pujaosders o` uso`n lojer

tdct os `kt skuriem lrkf e`mc`nerem lkrests.

Lkr fkre o`lkrfctok`, vosot www.nree`-

pressoòtoctove.krn.

Ycvem7

• 3< trees

• 5 foaaok` J]Us kl

tktca eèrny

• 3,=>< pku`ms kl èt

nree`dkuse ncses

• >,384 ncaak`s klwcste wcter

• =9: pku`ms kl skaom

wcste



Lonure =.> C \osuca Zeprese`tctok` kl tde Xrkmuit Ypcie

Ykurie7 Domcank c`m ktders :88>.



Lonure =.4c Caneroc o` tde Xrkmuit Ypcie, 3?>5

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ icaiuactok`s, uso`n mctc lrkf U@ IKF]ZCME.



Lonure =.4j Caneroc o` tde Xrkmuit Ypcie, :888

Ykurie7 Cutdkrs‟ icaiuactok`s, uso`n mctc lrkf U@ IKF]ZCME.



Lonure =.33 Xrkxofoty vs. Ykpdostoictok`

Lonure =.3: Xrkxofoty vs. Ytrctenoi \caue

X Z K M _ ’ E T X _ ( t d k u s c ` m s )

:.5 9 9.5 =

’38

38

:8

8

=.5

me`soty (o`verse)

Ykurie7 Cutdkr‟s icaiuactok`s uso`n U@ IKF]ZCME & Foòstry kl Exter`ca ]rcme.

X Z K M _ ’ E T X _ ( t d k u s c ` m s )

’38

38

:8

8

:.5 9 9.5 = =.5

me`soty (o`verse)

petrkaeuf

lkrest

còfca prkmuits

acjkr-o`te`sove

fcidoèry

rcw fcterocas

trkpoica cnroiuature

ierecas

icpotca-o`te`sove

idefoicas



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