Trade and trafficking of precursor chemicals --Chinese …cms.ginad.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/China-Trade-and... · Trade and trafficking of precursor chemicals --Chinese angle

CHINA Office of National Narcotics Control Commission

Trade and trafficking of

precursor chemicals

--Chinese angle

Wu Tingfang

May 2, 2013, Riyadh，Saudi Arabia


Part One Background

Part Two Legal Trade

Part Three Illicit Trafficking

Part Four Best Practice

Part Five Conclusion


I. What is precursor chemical

II. Precursor chemical’s dual

characteristics

Part One Background




1. BMK 8. Anthranilic acid

2. PMK 9 . Lysergic acid

3. Piperonal 10. Ergometrine

4. Safrol 11. Ergotamine

5. Sassafras oil 12. (Pseudo) ephedrine etc.

6. Isosafrol 13. Hydroxylimine

7. N-acetylanthranilic acid 14. O-chlorophenyl cyclopentyl ketone

Category Ⅰ

Listed precursors in China




Category Ⅱ

1. Phenylacetic acid

2. Acetic anhydride

3. Chloroform

4. Ethyl ether

5. Piperidine

Category Ⅲ

1. Toluene

2. Acetone

3. MEK

4. PP

5. H2SO4＊

6. HCl＊

The salts of the substances listed whenever the existence of such salts is possible

except for ＊ .


I. International legal trade & PEN online

3250

570

920

326.9 422

1088831.6

1441.5

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Shipments

suspended from

2005 to 2012,

China

Part Two Legal Trade


Substance Average amount

Reported seized annually

Average amount reported in international

trade annually

Seizures as a proportion of average annual

trade(percentage)

Acetic anhydride(litres) 139 000 288 997 000 ＜1

N-Acetylanthranilic acid(kilograms) ＜100 2 000 ＜1

Ephedrine bulk (kilograms) 28 800 212 000 14

Ephedrine preparations (kilograms) 800 5 000 16

Ergometrine(grams) 700 48 000 1

Ergometamine(grams) 18 000 869 000 2

Isosafrole(litres) 100 16 000 1

Lysergic acid(grams) 300 3 000 7

PMK(litres) 1 100 100 1100

Norephedrine(kilograms) 200 168 000 ＜1

BMK(litres) 8 600 57 000 15

Phenylacetic acid(kilograms) 259 700 2 464 000 11

Piperonal(kilograms) 1 600 8 476 000 ＜1

Potassium permanganate(kilograms) 59 500 16 895 000 ＜1

Pseudoephedrine bulk(kilograms) 16 300 1 068 000 2

Pseudoephedrine Preparations(kilograms) 2 700 71 000 4

Safrole, safrole-rich oils(sassafras)(litres) 13 200 4 075 000 ＜1

Substances in Table I of the 1988 UN Convention: Seizures as a proportion of trade reported by Governments on form D,

2007-2011


Substance Average amount

Reported seized annually

Average amount reported in

international trade annually

Seizures as a proportion of

average annual

trade(percentage)

Acetone(litres) 1 243 000 973 288 000 ＜1

Anthranilic acid(kilograms) ＜1000 1 549 000 ＜1

Ethyl ether (litres) 66 000 6 717 000 1

Hydrochloric acid (litres) 760 000 348 515 000 ＜1

Methy ethyl ketone(litres) 69 000 1 424 389 000 ＜1

Piperidine(litres) ＜1000 1 410 000 ＜1

Sulphuric acid(litres) 1 048 000 8 500 353 000 ＜1

Toluene(litres) 102 000 963 563 000 ＜1

Substances in Table II of the 1988 UN Convention: Seizures as a proportion of trade reported by Governments on form D,

2007-2011


II. Internal legal trade(use) &

Domestic administration EG. AA--Consumption is split fairly evenly between cellulose acetate

use and other uses including flavors and fragrances, dyes, TAED,

artificial sweeteners, polymers and resins; filter-tip is also a significant

consumer of acetic anhydride, but sometimes for the pharmaceutical

industry as well.

Both ephedrine and pseudoephedrine increase blood pressure and act

as bronchodilators, with pseudoephedrine having considerably less

effect. Ephedrine promotes weight loss, decreases gastric

emptying. Pseudoephedrine is indicated for the treatment of nasal

congestion sinus congestion, Eustachian tube congestion and vasomotor

rhinitis etc.




Competent authorities NNCC

Public Security

Commerce

Food and Drug

Administration

Work Safety

Supervision

Customs

Man

ufactu

re and D

istributio

n o

f Non

-

pharm

aceuticals

Man

ufactu

re, Distrib

utio

n an

d P

urch

ase

of P

harm

aceuticals

Purch

ase and T

ransp

ortatio

n

Licen

se for E

xport an

d Im

port

Superv

ision o

f ship

men

ts

Coordinator



Administrative Measures

Manufacture Distribution Purchase Transport Imp.& Exp.

CategoryⅠ

(Pharmaceuticals)

Ministerial

Provincial

City

Ministerial

Category Ⅰ(Non-

pharmaceuticals)

Provincial

Category Ⅱ City County

County

Category Ⅲ City County

Classified administration

Licensing system

Administrated jointly by several agencies

Administrated by different levels of agencies


Ⅰ. Current drug situation in China

Part Three Illicit Trafficking


1. Large proportion of heroin and ice smuggled

from “Golden Triangle”，which remains the

drug source posing most serious harms to China.

The opium cultivation in “Golden Triangle”

decreased dramatically，the seizure of heroin

from this area decreased obviously, while that of

methamphetamine increased sharply.

The seizure of heroin and ice tablets in Yunnan

province is 5.4 MT and 9 MT respectively.

A. Illicit drugs smuggled into China

through multiple channels


Opium poppy productions in Myanmar (Mt)


2. The threats and harms of heroin from Afghanistan are

increasing.

Opium Yield in Afghanistan from 2000 to 2012 2012，Chinese law

enforcement

authority cracked

down 98 cases

related to “Golden

Triangle” , with

heroin seizure

192.4kg.


3. Ecstasy/ Cocaine/Marijuana from other areas in the world.

Eg. Cases relating to cocaine from South America occurred

sometimes.

23 cocaine cases were cracked down in 2012 with seizure 64.1kg.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

250

31

558

41

440

50

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011


Cases relating to foreign interests happened more and more often .

During 2012, 1312 cases involving foreign interests were countered,

1695 foreign suspects were arrested, 4.6 drugs were seized, relating

to 78 countries .

823

1016 921

1215

1401 13991312

1060

1299 1206

15481677

17231695

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

case numbers suspects arrested

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012


0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

5352.89

9905.43

4904.79

7080

14320

53807300

16200

4700

2010

2011

2012

Drug seizure in 2010--2012

Heroin Ice tablets Ketamin

B. Illegal manufacture and trafficking get more and more serious


1. Drug production problem is still severe

2012，uncovered 228 crystal clan-labs with seizure 1237.4kg，destroyed 81 Ketamin clan-labs with seizure 1194.2kg.

76 131

244

391 378357

326

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

The number of clan-labs destroyed from 2006 to 2012


Sichuan Hubei

Guangdong

2. Prominent problem： Drug production method spread by internet.

Illicit trade through internet. Drug production mainly concentrated in

southern or southwestern area.


3. Drug abusers structure

changing

2, 098, 000 registered

abusers at present.


A. Diversion trends.

1. Ephedrine type substances divert into domestic clan-labs in

China.

2. Hydroxylimine， O-chlorophenyl cyclopentyl ketone are

diverted into Ketamine clan-labs in China.

3. More and more kinds of non-listed chemicals are diverted into

illicit channel.

* APAAN

* Ethyl Phenyl Acetate

* BMK Bsulfiet

II. Current precursor chemicals diversion trend and

reasons in China



EPA APAAN

PMK glycidate

BMK Bisulfiet




B. Reasons for diversion

1. High profits and low cost in precursor chemicals

manufacturing and trafficking

2. Huge domestic demand for illicit drugs.

3. Easy access to the synthesizing formula

4. No many difficulties of obtaining non-listed

chemicals

5. Difficulty of identifying and fighting against the

precursor chemicals related crimes


Strengthening supervision and administration

Enterprises are encouraged to report suspicious order

Encouraging the enforcement to set up

Partners relations with the enterprises

I. Internal efforts

Part Four Best Practice


Software developed

Associations established

Special operations launched each year nationwide or key areas


EG. In 24 July, the National conference on Precursor Chemical

Control was convened in Hangzhou of Zhejiang province by

the NNCC to deploy a special operation nationwide from

August to December, which aimed to adjust supervision

measures for key categories, regulate the manufacture and

operating order of precursor chemicals, and crack down on

illicit dealing and smuggling of precursor chemicals. During the

operation, more than 3000 publicity activities were organized,

215 pieces of publicity materials were distributed, 116,000

precursor chemical enterprises and 171,000 chemical industry

workers were checked. More than 2000 public and secret

investigation had been conducted regarding precursor

chemicals enterprises and chemical and medicine products

markets, 2955 enterprises required to rectify within a time limit,

and 2209 enterprises suspended. During the operation, 800

precursor chemicals cases were uncovered, 899 suspects

arrested and 4083 tons of precursors seized.


Seizures of precursor chemicals (Mt), 2005-2011

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

157.8

1460

592

1113

649

869

1834.8




Regulations on Administration of Precursor Chemicals

The first national regulation

Promulgated by the State Council of

P.R.C.

Effective as of November 1, 2005

II. Legal system




Criminal Law

Crimes of smuggling precursor chemicals

Crimes of illegally distributing or purchasing

precursor chemicals

Article

350

Maximum punishment is no more than 10-year

imprisonment.




Opinions on the Applicable Law to

deal with the Criminal Cases on

smuggling and illegal trade of

ephedrine compound

preparations

2012.06.26

“The lowest limitation of ephedrine

and pseudoephedrine extracted from

ephedrine compound preparations

related to any activity conducted as

regulated in this document, which will

be punished in the name of

smuggling precursor chemicals or

illegal trade of precursor chemicals,

should be 5 kg.”


Actively joining the projects ＆ operations

launched by UN

eg、 Project Cohesion, Project Prism,

Operation DICE, Operation PILA

Expert Working Group on Precursor Chemicals

under

Shanghai Cooperation Organization established

Case cooperation with relevant countries

III. International cooperation


China-NL MOU (2004)

China-EU Agreement (2008)

China-AU MOU(2013)

China-NZ MOA (2013)


There’s an old saying, if you want to walk fast, walk

alone; but if you want to walk far, walk together. It

should recognize that, none of any country can solve the

problem by its self alone, global cooperation is much

more needed in the modern society. Every country

should come to the common sense that, there’ll be no

use to blame others but shoulder its responsibilities.

More can be done to prevent diversions, and the

international community, through cooperation.

Part V Conclusion


Thank you！

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Trade and trafficking of precursor chemicals --Chinese …cms.ginad.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/China-Trade-and... · Trade and trafficking of precursor chemicals --Chinese angle