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Trad 101: Languages and Cultures of East Asia
Cultural Concepts in Language
Expressing Hierarchy in Japanese and Korean
Historical background
Japan
JOMON (10,000 - 300 BCE) - nomadic people known for rope pottery; they lived along the coasts and mostly ate shellfish
Historical background
Japan
YAYOI (300 BCE – 300 CE) – agriculture introduced; small local clan governments; change in pottery and introduction of an aesthetic value which is still found in Japan today; emergence of Shinto
Historical background
Japan
KOFUN (YAMATO) (300 – 645) – known for keyshaped tombs (although many were round) where clan leaders were buried
Historical background
Japan
ASUKA (645 -710) – formation of Japanese state
NARA (710 - 794) – capital moved to Nara, which was modeled after the Chinese city Chang'an; first Japanese texts; the Emperors are Shinto priests (descended from the Sun Goddess) but also promote Buddhism
Historical background
Japan
HEIAN (794-1185) – capital moved to Heian-kyo (modern Kyoto); Fujiwara clan dominates the Imperial household through marriage politics; art and literature flourish
Historical background
Japan
KAMAKURA (1185-1333) – beginning of bakufu-court system
MUROMACHI (1333 -1568) – Portuguese arrive in Japan; introduction of guns
EDO (TOKUGAWA) (1600 -1868) – Period of Isolation; Minimal trading with the Dutch and Chinese; very peaceful time due to government control; Neo-Confucian values play a large role at this time as do Neo-Shinto values; four classes (samurai, farmers, craftsmen, merchants) based on (Neo)-Confucianism
Historical background
Japan
MEIJI (1868 -1912) – Japan's period of isolation ended when Commander Parry showed up; Contact with the West, particularly Germany and England
Historical background
Japan
TAISHO (1912-1926)
SHOWA (1926-1989)
HEISEI (1989- )
Questions?
Any questions?
Historical background
Korea
18 BCE-660 CE – The "Three Kingdoms Period" (Pakche, 18 BCE-661 CE; Koguryo, 37 BCE-668 CE; Shilla, 57 BCE-660 CE).
Historical background
Korea
661 CE -935 CE – Shilla seizes most of the Three Kingdoms
918 CE-1389 CE – Koryo Dynasty; Shilla loses control
− 1392 CE -1910 C E – General Yi Song-gye establishes the Choson Dynasty; Hangul alphabet created (mid 15th c.). Moving printing type invented.
Historical background
Korea
Japanese Colonization (1910-1945)
Pacific War (1931-1945)
Korean War (1950-1953)
Politeness
English
What kind of expressions do we have to indicate politeness?
We don't have specific verbs or verbal endings, but avoid certain words (swear words)
thanks vs. thank you
welcome vs. you're welcome
'sup vs. nice to meet you/how do you do
Politeness
Japanese
Honorific system can be found as early as the Nara period
Honorific system of the Nara and Heian periods are very different from the modern Japanese Honorific system
The modern honorific system was created during the Meiji period to reflect class system of Tokugawa period
Politeness
Japanese
uchi (/uti/) vs. soto
uchi refers to your in-group and soto to your out-group
your uchi and soto change depending on who you're talking to and what you're talking about
Politeness
Japanese five levels of speech
plain informal
� used with members of your uchi such as family and close friends; and/or you're talking with your uchi about someone of equal or lower status
� declarative verbs end in -u/-ru: yomu 'read'; taberu 'eat'
� negative end in -anai/-nai: yomanai 'doesn't/won't read'; tabenai 'doesn't/won't eat'
Politeness
Japanese five levels of speech
− plain formal
either uchi or soto relationship between speaker and listener but they're not close; and/or talking about someone of equal or lower status
� declarative verbs end in -imasu/-masu: yomimasu 'read'; tabemasu 'eat'
� negative end in -imasen/-masen: yomimasen'doesn't/won't read'; tabemasen 'doesn't eat'
Politeness
Japanese five levels of speech
respectful informal
uchi relationship between speaker and listener but they're not close; and/or talking about someone of higher status
honorific prefix o- added before verbs
� declarative verbs end in the infinitive (-i) plus ni naru; or a suppletive form: oyomininaru 'read'; meshiagaru 'eat'
� negative end in infinitive plus -ni naranai: oyomininaranai'doesn't/won't read'; meshiagaranai 'doesn't eat'
Politeness
Japanese five levels of speech
respectful formal
uchi or soto relationship between speaker and listener but they're not close; and/or talking about someone of higher status
honorific prefix o- added before verbs
� declarative verbs end in the infinitive (-i) plus ni narimasu; or a suppletive form: oyomininarimasu 'read'; meshiagarimasu 'eat'
� negative end in infinitive plus -ni narimasen: oyomininarimasen 'doesn't/won't read'; meshiagarimasen'doesn't eat'
Politeness
Japanese five levels of speech
humble formal
� uchi or soto relationship between speaker and listener but they're not close; and the speaker is talking about his/her own actions, or actions of an uchi member to a superior
honorific prefix o- added before verbs
� declarative verbs end in the infinitive (-i) plus shimasu or a suppletive form: oyomishimasu 'read'; itadakimasu 'eat'
� negative end in infinitive plus -shimasen: oyomishimasen'doesn't/won't read'; itadakimasen 'doesn't eat'
Questions?
Any questions?
Politeness
Korean
Six levels of speech
PolitenessKorean
Six levels of speech
2 – btw classmates; 3 – parents to kids; 4 – btw kids and parents; 5. supervisor; 6. president
Politeness
Korean
Six levels of speech
Politeness
Korean
Other ways honorifics are expressed
Insertion of -si
Politeness
Korean
Other ways honorifics are expressed
honorific case particles
-ɛ is the indirect object marker (plain)
-kkɛ is the indirect honorific object particle
toŋsəŋ-ɛ ʧuta. 'give to a classmate'
sonsəŋ-nim-kkɛ ʧuta. 'give to a teacher'
Questions?
Any questions?