Tracking research - An agenda for urban design and planning

8/14/2019 Tracking research - An agenda for urban design and planning

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183

Int rO d Uct IO n

i thee futue fo tg eeh the otext of u deg d plg? wht out

u deg d plg the otext of old hh uqutou tg ght eoe

eveydy pheoeo?

Tg tehologe ee to offe doo to the dy-toe-of-the-de fo

eehe u tude. Potetlly, eveythg e ted d ted, fo people to

good d fo vehle to l; pe ple, oute o ehvou e otoed, d

dvdul people, the ol eto o hole e of people exed.

Tg tehologe e ptully teetg fo u deg d plg opo

to olde tehque ued to odut eeh o hu ehvou, uh tvel d

tvty de. Tg tehologe e t pole to ollet lge dtet o hu

ehvou th hgh level of uy, og detly tepol d ptl dt. Tg

tehologe e t eltvely ey to l ddtol foto dte to dt o te-

pe pth. moeove, tg dt potetlly hghly outve, e t pole

to e the dt vully vlle d (el-te) uulted, oth dvdully d/o

olletvely. wth tle (eve GPs-equpped) ole phoe eteg the e, t pole

tht eehe ll o loge eed to oy out eletg epeettve ple, they

J E rO E n van Sch aIck , TU DELFT

TrackinG rEsEarcH

An AgenDA for UrbAnDesign AnD plAnning

13


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184 tig ese 185

ply t eveyody. moeove, loto-ed eve e pdly developg d e

thu eoo dve fo the pedg of tg deve. Th e tht the deve ght

e ulttely uqutou, thu edeg oe out the deployet of tg deve fo

eeh pupoe oolete.

i lght of th tehologl dveet, the polte opeed up y ug tg

tehologe de eeh ould ee to e ee. but th tully the e?

Th oo h ho tht the tl phe of tehologl developet offe pog

vt fo ulttude of dple. Hoeve, t lo ho tht the pplto of tg

tehologe e qute oplted. afte the opeg gve the pevou hpte,

the gol of th lt hpte of the oo to ythee futue ged fo the pplto of

tg tehologe u deg d plg. Th futue ged ll e developed elo

o the of fou le of quy. Thee eet the et up of the oudtle ohop t the

expet eetg Ua ta:

The polte fo tegtg vgto ue tht e pt of dly lfe d u deg

tte

The polte fo ug tg eeh evlutve, lytl o explotve tool

u deg

The polte fo uppot deo-g plg poee y tg

The polte fo g the vlue d vldty of dt d dt olleto elevt to u

deg d plg

Ftly, the follog eto ethe the uppoto held y eehe o the eleve of

tg tehologe, ptul ogt expet delg th tg tehologe elto

to u deg d plg. agt th goud, the uequet eto exe the

ove-etoed fou le of quy. The ppe olude y foultg futue ged fo the

pplto of tg tehologe u deg d plg ue of pgt y.

back GrO Und : SUP P O SIt IO nS O n t rack InG

t E ch nO LO GIE S

The expet eetg Ua tapovded oe teetg ght to the u delyg

uppoto d vepot o the ole of e tehologe, ptul tg tehologe,

the otext of u deg d plg (ee llutto 13.1). Ftly, 5 jo level e

et pt th egd to tttude tod the elto etee tg tehologe d u

deg d plg, gg fo ept (level 1) to utop (level 5) (ee lo sh,

2008). The tle of llutto 13.1 dffeette etee to u-level fo pgt tttude

(3 d 3) d to u-level fo the utop tttude (5 d 5).

Dtto lo e de etee dffeet type of guet tht uppot tttude

to tehologe. Thee guet expe the ofte plt, though oete explt,

vlue judgeet o the ole of e tehologe the eld of u deg d plg

ptul d oety geel. moeove, thee vlue judgeet e led to the

uppoto held y eehe o the eltohp etee tehology, the ty d people

ehvou. sevel utho dee the y hh the toduto of icT to dly lfe

e the 1990 h ued evel hft to ou the eltohp et out ove, dd the

toduto of old e tehologe uh l tpot d telephoe the pt (Gh

d mv, 1996).

Thee e thee hllege to thee uppoto:

The toduto of dved tg tehologe foe eehe to queto

uppoto o hu ptl ehvou, qulttvely, f ot quttvely, t hge

people tvty ehvou.

The oo-tehl otext of u eeh otuouly d pdly hgg. The

otul developet of e tehologe fo ue dly lfe e tht people ehvou

et evoet ot gve. The ofuo out ho te e tully ffeted y

developet teleouto h eed e t t poted out y Gh

d mv (1996). Th e tht th the toduto of e tehologe, the hoe of

ujet fo u eeh u de peue to hft.

The toduto of tg tehologe ght hge the tue of u eeh. it gve

eehe the polty of developg e eeh queto lght of the uy d

out of dt, of doptg e eeh tehque due to e dt olleto / geeto

/ oputto / oto polte, d of outg the outoe of eeh

e y, due to the polte of vulto. moeove, the teto of ue

th thee tehologe, hle tg tehologe e ued y eehe to oeve

ehvou, eed pel tteto.

i lght of the dffeet tttude tod tg tehologe, thee hllege

e ytlled to ge of pole pplto d deto fo developg tg

tehologe u deg d plg. Illusio 13.1 ho tht the tttude

dffeette de out the developet of pplto of tg tehologe log thee

le:

the degee to hh upto e de o the uee o people ehvou y icT,

ptul tg tehologe (udeg uppoto o people ehvou held y

u dege d ple)

the degee to hh upto e de o hge the ptl-phyl odto

of people ehvou, ethe y the toduto of icT o othe fto (hgg the ujet

of u deg d plg)


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186 tig ese 187

the degee to hh upto e de th egd to ogog hge et

u eeh d t hypothee ude the uee of icT (hgg the tue of

et eeh u deg d plg)

agt th goud, e tt og tod elt futue fo tg elto

to u deg d plg. The uequet eto povde the uldg lo fo

eeh ged o the of the oudtle ohop held t Ua ta.

LO O k InG at t rack InG aS P art O F d aILy LIF E

a tl pepetve fo futue eeh ged e developed f e loo fo e

to queto g fo tg pt of dly lfe. The ot ovou ft tht the

developet of tg tehologe h ee led to the developet of loto-ed

eve of hh vgto the ot tue e GPs tehology feed fo the

lty tghtjet hh t luhed evel dede go. Fo fe ye o,

the oto of evel dffeet tg tehologe h offeed u de ge of

polte fo pplto (ee hpte 3). reehe oledge tht the oel

pplto of tg tehologe ot e goed. moeove, th hould e te

oppotuty fo the developet of de pplto of tg tehologe.

Fo th pepetve, to ppohe pevl duo etee eehe.Ftly, exple

e eegg of the de-y-de developet of () eve ed o tg tehologe d ()

ptl teveto tht tpte the (o)peee of tg tehologe dly lfe. Fo

th pepetve, tg tehologe e ply ee tehque to oeve ehvou.

Exple e foud o thee ptl le t let, dtguhed y dffeet ode of tpot

d outo, ely pedet olty, vehle-ed olty d ole outo.

Pedet olty jo thee fo develope of loto-ed d loto-e

eve (ee hpte 5 d 7). Hoeve, t th tge, t ot e tted tht tg d

lg e teely led ll the te d eveyhee. Pedet ehvou led to

tou d leue tvte ee to e of ptul teet fo develope of oel

pplto. wth egd to de eeh, tg tehologe offe ptul

dvtge ove ppe de fo egteg ext oute te d the d of tp tht

eeh ujet ely foget, typlly qu tp y foot fo the hoe o the ofe uh

potg lette. Hoeve, g the uy of tg dt o levg doo evoet

tll eed to e jo pot of poveet. i ddto, pedet olty hould e ee

pt of gete olty h. Th hy, geel, eeh o pedet olty

eet getly fo oto of eeh tehque.

Illusio 13.1

te iouio of ig eologies i e u esig plig omi: supposiios, lleges eios.

bsi iue

cgig supposiios

o ii eiou

i u esig

plig

cgig suje of u

esig plig

cgig ue of

ese i u esig

plig

1 The eult of tude

ug dved tg

tehologe e uele

to u deg dplg

U deg d

plg hould ot

oe telf t ll

th uppoto ohu ehvou, t

hgg too ft to e

outed fo deg

Fou o u goud

pl d phyl-

tehl tfoto

of te

U deg d

plg foue o

eltohp th

tehl eld of tudy(e.g. vl egeeg)

ted of ol (ptl)

ee.

2 it ot gog to e tht

dt hge, ut

dege - e eed to

eoe e of tvty

ehvou geel

d dved tg

tehology good tool

fo tht pupoe

no jo hge -

ologl futo

e deteg fo

tvty ehvou; oe

qulttve hge e

oledged

Due of the phyl

evoet ll e

the tle fto g

u deg d pl.

aoodtg fte

hgg poee uh

hge olty

ehvou though ptl

exlty d gdul

dptto

Vulto ued

ddtol lye u

ly

3 The oe dt the

ette ou odel the

ette e pl

bed o otepoy

ody of oledge te

geogphy

sptl tfoto

odellg oed th

tvty-ed tf

odellg. Fou o

opetolty of odel.

adved tg

tehologe povde

lge out of dt

put odel; tedey

tod lg dte

d dt g; tetg

extg hypothee dodel.

3 adved tg

tehologe povde

get tuet to get

expet fo dffeet

dple o oe tle

Dug plg poe,

expet opo lh

oged evoet

d podue e hed

expet opo

Deo uppot yte Plyful ue of dved

tg tehologe;

g ee

out tvty ehvou;

vulto ued

outo

tuet etee

expet

4 behvou hgg,

o e eed e phyl

odto

atvty d olty

ehvou hge

oth qulttvely d

quttvely due to the

toduto of dved

tg tehologe

Explog e ptl-

phyl odto fo

tvty d olty

ehvou; e oept

fo u deg d

plg, fo exple th

egd to elty

Pojet-ed ex-te

d ex-pot eeh

ug dve tg

tehologe; e

oeptulto of ty-

icT eltohp.

5 i te, phyl

teveto ll eoe

eod to el-te ugeet

rel-te teto

of ole d ole

foto deve ledto e d otolled

tvty d olty

ptte

U plg

oeed th the (el-

te) geet ofu o d hyth

the th th g

phyl hge to te.

Ple bg bothe.

reeh foue o

dg e ppg

d oeptultoof the ty; gog eyod

the e type of eeh

oduted, fo exple,

ug de.

5 The vllty of

dved tg

tehologe ll led

to epoeet of

vl oety goup

u developet d

geet

Pevve oputg led

to e type of ol

eto th poe to

t eue they hve

foto out the

u yte they lve .

U plg h

eoe otto-up

poe eegg fo

vl oety goup

ogg the pe

ug icT. no ple fo

u dege d

ple.

reeh foue o

ppg ol eto


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188 tig ese 189

The tegto of tg deve vehle gog. se fe ye go, -ed

olty h eoe teely oeted to the tehologl developet of tg teholo-

ge. The egly deped ue of vgto deve togly deped o tg teh-

ologe. The ltet developet pot to the futhe tegto of ole phoe tg th

vgto deve fo the pupoe of detetg tf j. Othe vehle e eg ted

ell. The tg of tx, ue d loe eog egly oo, epelly fo

the pot of eet geet, logt o theft peveto. i ptul, od pg ex-

ple of pplto tht h det eleve to u deg d plg. The dvtge

of tg dt olleted th y tht dtet ofte lude vey lely deed goup

of ue, g the tepetto of dt eltvely ey. Hoeve, t lo lt futue po-

lte fo eeh, oehp of thee dtet ot quly tfeed o hed th

eehe.

Ove the lt dede, ole outo h eoe the ot uqutou tehology

vlle fo povdg polte fo tg people. mole phoe hve hgh level of

peetto o glol level. Theoetlly, th developet upply edle oue of

dt fo eehe. i ptul, the oto of olty dt th outo dt

ould e teetg th ve to vetgtg ol o ue eto.

aothe ppoh to tg pt of dly lfe to fou oe o the y hh tg

tehologe hge people ehvou he they tvely ue o pvely y tg

deve. i th e tg e, ut ot ply, ued tehque fo oevto.

To exple of eeh ujet th lght e eeh o ho the ue of tg

tehologe hge people etl p (ee lo hpte 11), d eeh o ho the

ue of tg tehologe hge people te d pe ue. although thee e elevt

eeh ujet, th hpte foue o tg tehologe eeh tuet.

wht oluo e d fo loog t tg tehologe pt of dly lfe?i

h ey s hua sy, shovl (2007; f. hpte 2) tte: The ft tht eve-

eg popoto of hu oety ottly e tg deve t ll te d

ll ple ete e polte fo ptl eeh. reehe e expeted to

egly explot d deped o t let out - o flty th d the futue uquty

of tg deve. Th depedey e t ul to develop y to o o the

ode etee uvety d oel opeto d tetvely th the ue of thee

tehologe. i th lght, udetdg ue-tehology teto etl to the futue

developet of eeh.

Th pepetve ho tht t ul to e e of e elted to the dot ode

of tpot eeh pojet. Dot tegoe e pedet tg, utoole

tg y -vehle GPs deve d the tg of pul tpot vehle uh ue o

othe eve tpot uh tx o go vehle. Oe uh eeh the eglet

of ultodlty tvel h o tvty h. Th e delt th y deployg tg

deve ove loge peod of te d hvg deve ed o the ody. The toduto of

the ole phoe tg deve tht e ued fo tg eeh ght olve oe

of thee pole. Hoeve, evel eehe hve ed tht ole-phoe tg ot

the ultte e to ll eeh queto to tle ug tg deve. moeove, eh

of thee tehologe fl to olve the oo of people tht e ot ug thee tehologe.

it ould ee tht ttegy of tlo-de tehologe et fo de pupoe, hle

fo geel pupoe, the tegto d optlty of tehologe eey th ve

to get ovege y tg tehologe y dffeet evoet pole. Th,

tu, ould led to e pplto de eeh.

E vaLUat IO n, anaLySIS and E x P LO rat IO n WIt h t h E

h E LP O F t rack InG

a eod pepetve o futue eeh ged e developed he ovg fo fou

o ue-tehology teto tod the teto etee the u dege d tg

tehology. Th eto exe the polte of u g tg eeh evlutve,

lytl o explotve tool u deg. Exploto, ly d evluto e eetl

eleet of y u deg d plg poe. Fo exploto, ly d evluto y

ug tg tehologe to e of vlue, t pott tht eult e detly led to

the developet of ptl ttege d the phyl deg of pe.

The ue of tg tehologe evlutve tool l up to the dee of u dege

to tet the effet of ptl teveto. although tg people fo th pupoe ee

to e logl tep, t ot ple. Hdly y logtudl tude hve ee oduted

(otle exepto e the mObiDriVE dtet (axhue, Ze, shfelde,

rdfe & Hupt, 2002), ee shfelde, axhue, atlle & bele (2002)o thg

logtudl dt fo dffeet oue, d the o of ah, a, sl, aup, klle &

m (2007)o ggegted ole phoe dt ove the oue of ye). moeove, o tude

ug tg tehologe e o to hve pupoefully teted tuto efoe d

fte ptl teveto. Th y e due to the ft tht the tehque eltvely e

d tll developet ot tude o f e egded plot tude, d eeh

h oly tutully foued o tg tehque the lt ouple of ye. aothe o

futhe explto ould e the ft tht thee e tutul pole pplyg tg

tehologe th y, uh l of llge to oo logtudl eeh fo

th ptl plg pte. Hoeve, exple e vlle of to plg pte


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190 tig ese 191

hvg ooed eeh o tvty ptte fo ptl plg pupoe ug de

(ee boele, sde, she, Djt & Veug, 2005).

Dt fo GPs deve offe ple polte to vule dvdul t. Th e

tg dt vlle fo the vul ly of ptl tutue. Fo othe tg deve,

thee e hot of expeet ug vulto fo the pupoe of vulg hyth,

o o ple hee people top d loo oud (ee hpte 8). To type of vulto

hve ee getly tulted y the toduto of tg tehologe, ely dy

vulto (ove) d tetve vulto. Tg oted th dffeet y

of developg tetve gey, e.g. updtg d oetg, ddg photogph tel to

t d the teto eedded loto-ed eve (ee lo hpte 12).

by tg pe tget goup uh the htt of ty o vto to ty, hlde,

oe o eth goup, the ue of tg tehology help lye pe ptte of

ue d lye the pole tht ptul goup eoute he ovg oud ty.

spe houehold oguto hve ot ee ued uh ttg pot tg

eeh, ut hve ee dy-ed tvty eeh.

Deployg tg deve explotve tool ght help developg oe ue-oeted

ptl eo. The ee of the pote of ue pet pevlet the eld of

ptl plg d deg, lthough to lted degee (e.g. ee fo dffeet glekle

(2005) d Gehl & soholt (2002)). The pplto of tg tehologe the eduto

of plg pofeol d oete deg d plg pojet e pott

tep fod the developet of ee of people tvty ptte. i ptul, the

deployet of tg deve ohop evoet ogt dffeet teholde

plg poe ght help to uld udetdg plyful y y ug tg-ed

vulto edu. The oto of othe ed uh photogph, dgtl ote

o eodg ould eh th ppoh (f. hpte 9).

wht e olude fo loog t tg tehologe fo the pepetve of u

deg? The dded vlue of tg tehologe th egd ltelly le gettg the

ue the ptue.Futhe, the evluto of ptl teveto h ee ly pled o the

ged y ptpt of Ua ta. Flly, the pepetve of u dege

d pel tteto to the pote of vulg tg dt.

d E SIGn and d E cISIO n SUP P O rt by t rack InG

movg y fo oe o le hd-o ppohe to tg deve, th eto exe

ho tg tehologe ght eoe pt of de y of tuet ued y u

dege d ple. The fou th eto o the polte of ole fo tg

tehologe opute-ded deo-g plg poee.

The toduto of tg tehologe dly lfe eette the ethg of the

theoetl feo fo eeh o tvty ptte, uh thoe developed the eld

of te geogphy. a jo pplto of tg tehologe the ue of tg dt

fo odellg tvty ehvou (ee hpte 10 d 11). suh odel e ued deo

uppot yte ptl plg poee. wth egd to odellg tvty ehvou,

tg ply doule ole ueg people ehvou d t the e te povde

tool to vetgte tht ehvou, et out ele th hpte. reehe geelly

expet hghe uy fo the odel he they ue tg dt ted of dt fo

tvel de. aothe expetto tht tg eeh e ed out le te

d t le ot, d ollet gete out of dt th he ug tdtol eeh

tehque.

a ue of tl expeet dte the polty of el-te put the geet

of u pe (ee hpte 8). Ptul e of pplto ould e tf geet o

the geet of evet. Th ould hve jo plto fo the y hh pul pe

d od e deged, lthough the tehology too e to tpte the pee effet.

although t y eog futut, the el-te geet of u pe

teetg veue of futue eeh.

aothe gle fo hh deg d deo uppot e egded the ue of geogph

foto yte d ode ee the ue of lye ppohe(ee hpte 4; fo

tl eve of lye ppohe ee e.g. sh & kle, 2007). Tg dt e

upepoed o geogphl d futol p, ethe dte o th vul p

ovely. The ofotto etee dffeet dtet o dffeet type of vul foto

uppot the g of deg hoe.

wht e olude fo loog t tg tehologe fo the pepetve of opute-

ded deo uppot? a ddeed the peedg eto, vulto edtg

tuet hghly pott uppotg deo-g deg d plg poee.

The puue of hghe level of uy the dve fo the lge le ue of tg

tehologe. The lt of ht pole he ug tg tehologe fo deg d

deo uppot hve ot yet ee ehed.


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192 tig ese 193

vaLUE , vaLId It y and acc E SS t O d at a: P raGMat IcS

and IMP LIcat IO nS

The lt pepetve fo futue eeh ged o tg tehologe u deg d

plg goe to tg dt. i th eto, e fou o g the vlue d

vldty of dt d dt olleto elevt to u deg d plg. wht d of dtet

e efeed to hee? wht level of uy eeded, deed d fele? Th lt eto,

hh uldg lo e developed fo futue eeh ged fo tg tehologe

u deg d plg, loo t ehg tg dt, dt olleto ethod d the

eleve of le d olude y ddeg pvy.

Ftly, the foto detly deved fo the dt geelly ot ufet to d

gt oluo out ehvou o tvty ptte. addtol foto equed

to e ot eeh queto elevt to ptl plg, e.g. o the type of tvty, ho

the tvty ed out th o the queto of hethe the tg deve ed

ll the te d y the ght peo (f. Lee-Goel, 2002). addtol dt e olleted

ulteouly o detly fo othe oue (ee Veee, mt, bohte, neuug,

Ooteo & Qu, 2005; Je, wet, De beuelee & Vhoof, 2004). it lo e deved

fo the dt o fo pevouly oted foto though the ue of lgoth

o othe oputtol tehque (ee e.g. wolf, Guele & bh 2001). To dede o

elevt eeh queto d ethod of olletg ddtol dt d to tepet eult,

eeh te e uetly developg ultdply te, ludg evel tehology

pelt, dte pelt, geogphe d ple. The lt goup geelly lted

to tpotto pelt, lthough ptl ple o u dege e oolly

luded eeh te (ee e.g. ittute fo molty reeh imOb t Uvety Helt,

belgu).

seodly, eehe hve poted out ted heey dt-g loly gg goud

ove dt-gtheg. it eog ee to ollet lge out of dt, oth te of

te d ue of people. The g queto e ho e thee people? d eve oe

teetg ho e they ot? a hft oug fo eletg ple of the populto

hh eehe deploy deve to the developet of dt-g poedue d to

poedue tht deped o voluty uplodg of dt y dvdul. Hoeve, dt-g

ot olve ll dt pole. The oehp d elty of lge dtet fo exple,

uh ole phoe loto dt, tll ofte lted to the ope olletg the dt.

Thdly, the le d ope of tg eeh pojet ll ly detee the deed

level of uy d ve ve. sle d ope e deteed y the ptl tvty ptte

hh eeh teeted, the te g of eeh ple, d the ue of people

ted. both the ethod d the outoe dffe uttlly he the eeh ptlly

lted to ll e, e.g. t tel o to lge e, e.g. egol tvty ptte,

o to the elto etee e d tp of dffeet le, e.g. eeh o tout tvel

ptte. The dffeee etee tg tude foug o gle tvty, o tvty

h o o oplete tvty ptte eh eed dffeet level of uy d othe

ddtol dt. mot eehe ee to gee o 7-dy peod the ot elevt d

fele te ut fo tg dvdul tvty ptte, ut eeh ot foug o

tvty ptte o dvdul level doe ho dffeet tepol g (e.g. eeh o the

ue of pul pe oe dy d ght). choe th egd to the tepol le of tudy

e, ut e ot ayelted to the ptl le o to the ue of ptpt d

ve ve. ipott fto ho hoe e de egdg the le d ope of eeh

pojet e the elty of dt (e.g. elted to the eeh udget) d the logt of the

dtuto of deve. The ze of the goup of epodet lo pott th led to

dffeee the logt of eeh d othe equeet fo dt geet, ut lo to

othe type of eeh l, fo exple o the ggegte effet of ehvou.

Fouthly, he loog t the expet opo dug Ua ta, the dffeet eth

plto of ug tg tehologe ee ot gudg odeg the futue of u

deg d plg lght of dved tg tehologe. Futue eeh hould put

pvy o the ged.

wht e olude fo loog t tg tehologe fo the pepetve of dt?

Fo tehology-dve ppoh, e eed to tu tod ppoh tht pote

the eo fo odutg the eeh the t ple. Th e tht tehology-dve

eeh h to oet up to oete pole u deg d plg. it lo e

tht the htet of eeh pojet hould loglly oet to ht t eey to

o. Th oud logl, ut e e tll the ely tge of th eeh eld, eeh

expeet e ofte dve y ht pole the th ht e eed to o. To e the

ght hoe etee GPs, ole phoe o othe tehologe, deo h to e te to

oth the level of uy d the ddtol dt equed.

LO O k InG back at Urb a nism o n Tra c k:

an aGE nd a and SO ME cO ncLUd InG rE Mark S

The gol of th lt hpte of the oo to foulte futue ged fo the pplto

of tg tehologe u deg d plg. The hpte h folloed fou le of

quy, loog t tg tehologe fo dffeet pepetve: tg tehologe

pt of dly lfe, the polte of ug tg eeh evlutve, lytl o


7/8

194 tig ese 195

explotve tool u deg, the polte fo uppot deo-g plg

poee y tg d ltly the vlue d vldty of dt d dt olleto. Hoeve,

dug the expet eetg Ua ta, the thee dued th hpte fled to

povde edy-de ged fo futue eeh u deg d plg. The edte

eult of the expet eetg ee fgety, ovelppg, of dffeet ode d ufly

ed tod potve ppoh to e tehologe. Th hpte h eotuted

ue of udelyg pple though tl eve of the eult of the expet

eetg. The edg of the eult th hpte oloued y eph o the eleve

fo u deg d plg, toge th the edte put of the ptpt ould hve

dted. Th dto tht tg tehology h yet to g goud u

deg d plg. The queto theefoe e ed to hethe thee futue fo

tg eeh u deg d plg.

although the ethu expeed th oo ugget tht thee deed futue fo

tg tehologe u deg d plg, t ot e te fo gted tht u

dege d ple ll ee tg tehologe edtely d opletely.

nethe t e ued tht eehe d dege ll o te the tep fo olletg

d poeg dt the otext of tvel ehvou tude o tvty ehvou tude to

tully pplyg the oledge qued he g u deg o dg up pl.

it flly to th tht tg tehologe ulouly olve ll pole u

deg d plg elted to pplyg oledge to eehg hu ehvou (f. Te

Hede & wjelt, 1994). wth egd to ug tg tehologe the otext of u,

t pott fo tehology-oeted eehe to e e tht the lguge of u

deg d plg vul. i ddto, the polte of ug tg tehologe e.g.

the tegto of tepol d ptl dt d the tegto of dvdully olleted dt

d ggegted dt hould e fully exploted th ve to edeg the elevt to u

deg d plg. Hoeve, thee o g epe fo optg the eleve of tg

eeh.

i th lght, gt the dop of tttude th egd to tg tehologe

the otext of u deg d plg (ee llutto 13.1), ue of pefeee

fo ppohe e tted fo vou peled eld of oledge. Thee hve

ee pled d e ed o the dg of the expet eetg Ua ta.

Tpotto-oeted ett pefe odellg d ulto ppoh. U

dege ee to pefe ppoh foug o the eg ee of hu

ehvou. sptl ple d to et extet geogph foto pelt ee

to pefe ult-te d/o ult-ethod ppohe. Geogph foto pelt

d tpotto pelt oth tut tht the log u, e ll e povded y the

developet of exteve dte o dt ehoug. moe geelly uppoted y dffeet

pelto e (1) the pplto of logtudl eueet ug tg tehologe

efoe d fte ptl teveto d (2) ult-to, ultdply ppohe to

plg. Hoeve, oth thee ppohe e d to eoute gt pole

eeh d plg pte. sevel y fod e oeved of.

i the hot te, polte e () the g of fud fo ultdply o, ()

developg doue o pvy d ethl odeto th egd to ug tg

tehologe the otext of u plg d deg, () developg od p fo

pleetto u deg d plg, (d) ttg ug tg tehologe

ptptoy plg poee u atool, (e) developg ophtted

vulto tool d pple, uldg fo geovulto, ut foug oe o

egful epeetto fo plg d deg poee.

Othe gol e puued th eltvely loge te. reeh e tegtheed

oth te of effot d ultdplty; () etg odto fo optve eeh

ug dt fo tude ug tg tehology. Dffeet le of eeh ould fou

o tdd d/o the optlty of tg dt, dt ehoug d uppotve

optve eeh o tpotto yte d u yte le; () opetolg

ehvoul d deo odel ed o tg dt; () developg e y of olletg

dt ug ovtve tg tehologe o ovtve pplto of tg tehologe

fo pe deg d plg-oeted eeh, fo exple the developet of logtudl

tude.

attept to foulte loge-te eeh gol y u the of eog futut. both

tehologl dveet d oetl ted eoe hghly eue d upedtle

o th te hozo. To te of thg ee to dote duo o th log-te

eeh futue: () el-te plg d () utlty. Hoeve, th the otext of th

hpte, thee ujet e too exteve to e futhe developed. we olude hoeve tht

tg tehologe e hee to ty. it e egded the t of ultple dple to

develop oopeto pplto of tg tehologe u deg d plg

tht, etpholly peg, go eyod uldg o dge f they ee de of

ood, ptpt t the expet eetg tted. i the ed, the ege of th hpte,

d pehp of th ete oo, tht t ot ple to pply o eve tegte tg

tehologe u deg d plg. it hoeve detely othhle.


8/8

196 tig ese 197

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