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Track 1: Mobility & Accessibility Planning
Robert Cervero, Elizabeth Deakin, Chris Cherry, Jennie Day
Associates: Pan Haixiao (Tongji University);
Ronaldo Balassiano (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro)
Track 1: Years 1-2 (Case Contexts)Mobility Benefits of Accessibility PlanningMobility Benefits of Accessibility Planning
• Transit Oriented Development: SAN DIEGO – Job Access: Disparities among Modal Options– Channeling Job & Housing Development to Transit-Served Areas
• Mixed Uses & Jobs-Housing Balance: SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA– Which form of Smart Growth yields biggest VMT reduction?
• Advancing Accessibility Planning in the Developing World– Bogotá, Colombia: Metrovivienda: “bundling” Transport & Housing– Beijing & Shanghai China: Deconcentration: Effects of Built
Environment & TOD on travel
Isochronic Measure of Job Accessibility via Isochronic Measure of Job Accessibility via Auto-HighwayAuto-Highway:: Mission Valley, 2000 Mission Valley, 2000
#< 15 min. 383,600
0-30 min. 731,900
0-45 min. 1,175,500
0-60 min. 1,374,300
Number of Jobs that can be reached viaNumber of Jobs that can be reached viaAuto-Highway during P.M. Peak HourAuto-Highway during P.M. Peak Hour
SAN DIEGOCOUNTY
#
Number of Jobs that can be reached viaTransit during P.M. Peak Hour
Isochronic Measure of Job Accessibility via Isochronic Measure of Job Accessibility via Public TransitPublic Transit: : Mission Valley, 2000 Mission Valley, 2000
SAN DIEGOCOUNTY
#0-30 min. 173,700
< 15 min. 96,100
0-45 min. 280,400
0-60 min. 306,600
Note: Grayrepresentsno transit servicesIsochronic Measure of Isochronic Measure of
Job Accessibility Job Accessibility via via Public TransitPublic Transit: :
Mission Valley, 2000 Mission Valley, 2000
Number of Jobs that can be Number of Jobs that can be reached via Transit reached via Transit
during P.M. Peak Hourduring P.M. Peak Hour
SAN DIEGOCOUNTY
Time
Isochrone A.I. Auto A.I. Transit
Accessibility Advantage:
Auto to Transit
< 15
Min. 380,000 75,000 5.13
15-30
Min. 735,000 170,000 4.32
30-45
Min. 1,180,000 280,000 4.21
45-60
Min. 1,375,000 340,000 4.04
Automobility’s Accessibility Advantage: Automobility’s Accessibility Advantage: San Diego 2000San Diego 2000
Time
Isochrone
Accessibility AdvantageAccessibility Advantage Auto to Transit
2030
Trend-line
Projections
2030
Smart Growth/TOD
Projections
< 15
Min. 5.46 1.67
15-30
Min. 6.70 1.75
30-45
Min. 7.65 1.79
45-60
Min. 7.95 1.94
Accessibility Planning as Land-Use Mixing Accessibility Planning as Land-Use Mixing
The CrossingsMixed-Use Community
Linking Housing to Jobs vs. Retail/ServicesLinking Housing to Jobs vs. Retail/Services
Regional Jobs-Housing Regional Jobs-Housing
BalanceBalance Neighborhood/Community-ScaleNeighborhood/Community-Scale
Mixed Uses: Mixed Uses: New Urbanism New Urbanism
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Solano
Napa
Sonoma
Marin
San Mateo
San Francisco
Santa Clara
Contra Costa
Alameda
.-,80
.-,680
.-,880
.-,580
.-,280
(/101
(/101N
5 0 5 10 15 20 25 Miles
BATS Households#
Locations of ~ 16,000Locations of ~ 16,000BATS Households,BATS Households, 2000
Activity-Based SurveyActivity-Based SurveyTrip ToursTrip Tours
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Occupationally Matched Jobs within 4 Miles (quartiles)
< 8,000
8,000 - 18,000
18,000 - 31,000
> 31,000
5 0 5 10 15 20 25 Miles
N
Napa
Sonoma
Solano
MarinContra Costa
Alameda
San Mateo
Santa Clara
San Francisco
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Jobs Accessibility Jobs Accessibility Index Index (OM)(OM) = =# of jobs in
employed-resident’soccupation (exec/prof;
support/service; blue collar)
< 4 miles
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Retail/Service Jobs within 4 Miles (quartiles)
< 19,000
19,000 - 48,000
48,000 - 95,000
> 95,000
5 0 5 10 15 20 25 Miles
N
Napa
Sonoma
Solano
MarinContra Costa
Alameda
San Mateo
Santa Clara
San Francisco
#
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Retail-Service Retail-Service Accessibility Accessibility
Index =Index =# of retail-service
jobs < 4 miles of residence
Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT), LN
Coeff. Std. Err. Prob. Coeff. Std. Err. Prob.
Job Accessibility: No. of jobs in person’s occupation < 4 miles of residence, LN -0.338 0.013 .000 -- -- --
Job Accessibility: Total No. of jobs (all occupations) < 4 miles of residence, LN -- -- -- -0.306 0.011 .000
Motor vehicles per licensed driver, LN 1.101 0.047 .000 1.106 0.047 .000
Driver's License (0-1) 2.467 0.099 .000 2.488 0.099 .000
Male (0-1) 0.061 0.030 .041 0.090 0.030 .003
Full-time Student (0-1) -1.023 0.305 .001 -0.985 0.305 .001
Private Sector Job (0-1) 0.247 0.025 .000 0.233 0.024 .001
Executive/Professional Employment (0-1) 0.317 0.037 .000 0.126 0.036 .082
Employee Flex-Time Privileges (0-1) 0.145 0.032 .000 0.152 0.032 .000
Constant 3.234 0.160 .000 3.286 0.163 .000
Summary Statistics:
F statistics (prob.) 544.23 (.000) 344.13 (.000)
R2 .188 .188
Number of Cases 16,503 16,503
Job-Accessibility Job-Accessibility (occupation-adj.)
&& Work-Tour VMT Work-Tour VMT
Control Variables
Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT), LN
Coeff. Std. Err. Prob.
Retail-Service Accessibility: No. of retail and service jobs < 4 miles of residence, LN -0.168 0.008 .000
Motor vehicles per licensed driver, LN 0.211 0.040 .000
Driver's License (0-1) 0.669 0.071 .000
Personal Income > $40,000 per year (0-1) 0.012 0.007 .070
Age (years), LN 0.218 0.034 .000
Latino (0-1) -0.151 0.062 .015
Male (0-1) -0.080 0.025 .002
Constant 2.215 0.174 .000
Summary Statistics:
F statistics (prob.) 629.44 (.000)
R2 .289
Number of Cases 12,405
Retail/Service AccessibilityRetail/Service Accessibility&& VMT (Shop, Services, Eating) VMT (Shop, Services, Eating)
Elasticities Elasticities (absolute values)(absolute values)
Daily VMT of Work Trips (Daily VMT of Work Trips (function offunction of Job-AccessJob-Access) ) Daily VMT of Shop/Service Trips (Daily VMT of Shop/Service Trips (function offunction of Retail-Service AccessRetail-Service Access) )
0.338
0.168
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Job Access
Retail-ServiceAccess
Elasticity of VMT as Function of Accessibility
Prop. total VMT * Elasticity of Work VMT as functionAdvantageAdvantage = for work purpose of job-accessibility index_____________
IndexIndex JHBJHB Prop. total VMT for * Elasticity of Shop-Service VMT as(VMT) shop-service purpose function of retail-service accessibility index
AIAIJHBJHB (VMT) = [(.367) * (-.338)] / [(.428) * (-.168)]
= 1.7251.725
…biggest “bang for the buck” is jobs-housing balance combined with retail/services near residences or jobs … for efficient chaining of shop & work related trips
Relative Advantage (Jobs-Housing Balance)Relative Advantage (Jobs-Housing Balance)
Findings in ContextFindings in Context
• Accessibility increases # of Tours & Links per Tour (Crane hypothesis)
• Because lengths of tours & links are shorter, VMT & VHT decline (consistent
with Krizek’s findings in Puget Sound)
• Net impacts of Balance & MXD: Reduction in Travel Consumption
INFORMAL SETTLEMENTSINFORMAL SETTLEMENTS
• Between 1961 & 2001, 6500 Hectares of land were illegally occuppied
• 18% of urban land consumed • 22% of the population lived in informal
settlements in 2000• Average daily commute time for residents of
Bogotá’s informal housing > 2 ½ hours
• Between 1961 & 2001, 6500 Hectares of land were illegally occuppied
• 18% of urban land consumed • 22% of the population lived in informal
settlements in 2000• Average daily commute time for residents of
Bogotá’s informal housing > 2 ½ hours
Informal Housing in BogotInformal Housing in Bogotáá
EXPERIENCIA RECIENTE DE PLANEACIÓN EN BOGOTÁ
TransMilenio Corridors & Metrovivienda Projects
Metrovivienda:Metrovivienda: Bundling low-cost housing & low-cost transport; Metrovivienda projects sited near planned TransMilenio lines
Work Trip Origins, 2002
Work Trip Destinations, 2002
Estimated Job-Access Benefits of MetroviviendaEstimated Job-Access Benefits of MetroviviendaAccess to Low-Skilled Jobs via Transit within 1 Hour Access to Low-Skilled Jobs via Transit within 1 Hour Rose by Factor of 2.3 for Metrovivienda Residents; Rose by Factor of 2.3 for Metrovivienda Residents;
Bigger benefit – reduced commuting costsBigger benefit – reduced commuting costs
Advancing AccessibilityAdvancing AccessibilityPlanning in ChinaPlanning in China
• To relieve some of the pressure on the city center, Beijing has built a light rail train line to the urban periphery to spur development. Up to 400,000 new housing units are being developed around three transit stations.
Current Mode to WorkWalk4%
Bicycle5%
Public Bus25%
Company Bus10%Taxi
2%
Private Car16%
Subway37%
Motorcycle<1%
E-Bicycle1%
IR
CC
ORNon-TOD
TOD
Previous Mode to Work
Walk, 16.17%
Bicycle, 27.72%
Public Bus, 31.02%
Company Bus, 6.93%
Taxi, 0.66%
Private Car, 6.93%
Motorcyle, 0.00%
E-Bicycle, 0.33%
Subway, 4.95%
• Intercept survey of 303 residents at 4 suburban districts, August 2005• Previous commute time = 38 min.; Current commute time = 52 min
BeijingBeijing: Built Environments Matter: Built Environments Matter
Relocation, TOD, and Travel Behavior
Inner Ring
Outer Ring
Non-TOD
Rail Line
TOD
Hypotheses:
Movers from the central city to a suburban locales:* Increase VKT per capita * Higher increases for non-TOD than TOD locales* Higher transit mode splits (mainly for work trips) for TOD residences * Changes in vehicle ownership status is an important mediating variable.
The Survey – Current and Retrospective Questions On…
Mode, O/D, Travel Time and Cost For Most Recent
• Commute trip
• Supermarket shopping trip
• City-center shopping trip
• Social trip
• Personal business trip (banking, haircut, etc.)
Household Information
• Vehicles and travel modes available
• Number of family members, working adults
• Income
• Rent/own status.
Housing and Travel-Cost Information
• Monthly transit and auto-relatedcosts (parking, petrol, etc.)
• Apartment size
• Tenancy
• Monthly housing costs
Relocation Status and Housing Satisfaction
• Choice or relocated mover
• Apartment, neighborhood, and travel satisfaction relative to previous location.