Ho hc 12Table of Contents31. Ho hc 12

31.1 Ru - Phenol - Amin

31.1.1 Nhm chc

31.1.2 Dy ng ng ca ru etylic

91.1.3 Phenol

121.1.4 Khi nim v amin

131.1.5 Anilin

151.2 Anehit - Axit cacboxylic - Este

151.2.1 Anehit fomic

171.2.2 Dy ng ng ca anehit fomic

191.2.3 Dy ng ng ca axit axetic

241.2.4 Khi nim v axit cacboxylic

251.2.5 Mi lidf;n quan gia hirocacbon, ru, anehit v axit cacboxylic

251.2.6 Este

271.3 Glixerin - Lipit

271.3.1 Khi nim v hp cht hu c c nhiu nhm chc

281.3.2 Glixerin

301.3.3 Lipit (Cht bĐo)

321.3.4 Khi nim v x phng v cht ty ra tng hp

331.4 Gluxit

341.4.1 Glucoz

351.4.2 Saccaroz

371.4.3 Tinh bt

391.4.4 Xenluloz

411.5 Aminoaxit v Protit

411.5.1 Aminoaxit

421.5.2 Protit

441.6 Hp cht cao phn t v vt liu polime

441.6.1 Khi nim chung

451.6.2 Cht do

471.6.3 T tng hp

481.7 1;i cng v kim lo1;i

481.7.1 V tr ca kim lo1;i trong h thng tun hon. Cu t1;o ca kim lo1;i

491.7.2 Tnh cht vt l ca kim lo1;i

511.7.3 Tnh cht ho hc chung ca kim lo1;i

531.7.4 Dy in ho ca kim lo1;i

541.7.5 Hp kim

561.7.6 n mn kim lo1;i v chng n mn kim lo1;i

581.7.7 iu ch kim lo1;i

601.8 Kim lo1;i cc phn nhm chnh nhm I, II, III

601.8.1 Kim lo1;i phn nhm chnh nhm I (kim lo1;i kim)

621.8.2 Mt s hp cht quan trng ca natri

651.8.3 Kim lo1;i phn nhm chnh nhm II

671.8.4 Mt s hp cht quan trng ca canxi

681.8.5 Nc cng

701.8.6 Nhm

731.8.7 Hp cht ca nhm

751.8.8 Mt s hp kim quan trng ca nhm

761.8.9 Sn xut nhm

781.9 St

781.9.1 V tr. Cu t1;o. Tnh cht ca st

801.9.2 Hp cht ca st

811.9.3 Hp kim st

821.9.4 Sn xut gang

841.9.5 Sn xut thĐp

871.9.6 Khi qut v cc nguydf;n t kim lo1;i phn nhm ph nhm VIII

1. Ho hc 12

1.1 Ru - Phenol - Amin

Ru, phenol v amin c xem l cc dn xut ca hiocacbon hay l cc hp cht hu c c nhm chc. nghin cu chng ny v chng tip theo, trc ht chng ta cn tm hiu khi nim v nhm chc.

1.1.1 Nhm chc

Nhm chc

Ta bit, ru etylic c phn ng vi natri sinh ra kh hiro. Axit axetic lm i mu qu tm thnh , phn ng vi natri cho kh hiro, phn ng vi baz hoc oxit baz cho mui v nc.

Tt c nhng tnh cht ha hc nu trn do nhm - OH (nhm hiroxyl) trong phn t ru v nhm - COOH (nhm cacboxyl) trong phn t axit gy ra ; ta gi nhm OH, nhm COOH l nhm chc.

Vy, nhm chc l nhm nguyn t gy ra nhng phn ng ha hc c trng cho phn t hp cht hu c. Ngoi cc nhm chc OH, - COOH cn cc nhm chc khc nh nhm NH2 (nhm amino), nhm- CH = O (nhm chc anehit)

Cc hp cht hu c c th cha mt hoc nhiu nhm chc trong phn t. Nhng hp cht ch c mt nhm chc trong phn t c gi l hp cht n chc. Th d: Ru etylic l ru n chc, axit axetic l axit n chc.1.1.2 Dy ng ng ca ru etylic

1.1.2.1 ng ng, ng phn v danh php

ng ng, ng phn v danh php ca ru etylic

1. ng ng. Ru etylic v cc cht ng ng nh CH3OH, C3H7OH, C4H9OH hp thnh dy ng ng, c cng thc chung CnH2n+1OH (n 1)v cn c gi l dy ng ng ru no n chc.

2. ng phn. Cc cht trong dy ng ng ca ru etylic m phn t c t ba nguyn t cacbon tr ln, u c hai loi ng phn : ng phnv mch cacbon v ng phnv v tr nhm chc (nhm hiroxyl).

Th d :

- ng phn v mch cacbon :

- ng phn v v tr nhm - OH :

3. Danh php Cc ru trong dy ng ng ca ru etylic thng c gi tn theo hai cch sau :

a) Tn thng thng : Ru + Tn gc hirocacbon no tng ng + ic Th d : CH3 OH ; CH3 - CH2 - OH

Ru metylic Ru etylic

b) Tn quc t : Tn hirocacbon no tng ng + ol Th d : CH3 OH ; CH3 - CH2 - OH

Metanol Etanol

i vi nhng ru, trong phn t c t ba nguyn t cacbon tr ln, tn quc t c gi theo nguyn tc sau :

- Trc ht, chn mch cacbon di nht c cha nhm hiroxyl lm mch chnh. - nh s th t cc nguyn t cacbon trong mch chnh, bt u t pha gn nhm hiroxyl hn. - Sau , gi tn theo trnh t sau : S ch v tr mch nhnh (nu c) + tn mch nhnh (tc tn gc ankyl) + tn mch chnh (tc tn quc t ca hirocacbon no tng ng) + ol + s ch v tr ca nhm hiroxyl. Th d : 3 2 1 1 2 3

Propanol - 1 Propanol - 2

Bng. TNGI CA MT S RU Cng thcTn thng Tn quc t

CH3- OHRu metylicMetanol

CH3- CH2-OHRu etylicEtanol

CH3-CH2-CH2-OHRu n-propylicProtanol - 1

Ru isopropylicPropanol - 2

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OHRu n-butylicButanol - 1

Ru isobutylic2 - Metylpropanol - 1

4. Bc ru Tu theo nhm chc OH lin kt vi nguyn t cacbon bc mt bc, bc hai hay bc bata s c cc ru tng ng : ru bc mt ru bc hai hay ru bc ba. Thd :

1.1.2.2 Tnh cht vt l

Tnh cht vt l ca ru etylic

Nhng ru trong dy ng ngca ru etylic m phn tc t 1 n 12 nguyn tcacbon, u th lng. Nhit si ca chng tng dn khi khi lng phn ttng. Nu so snh vi nhng hirocacbon no c cng s nguyn tcacbon, hoc vi nhng hirocacbon no c khi lng phn tgn tng ng, thy nhit si ca ru cao hn rt nhiu. Th d : Nhit si ca ru metylic l 64,7oC, trong khi ca metan l - 162oC ; ru etylic (M = 46 v.C) si 78,3oC, cn propan (M = 44 .v.C) si - 42oC.

S d ru si nhit cao hn v cc phn t ru lin kt vi nhau to thnh mt tp hp cc phn t ru bng cc lin kt tng i yu gi l lin kt hiro

Bn chtca lin kt hiro l s ht tnh in gia nguyn t H tch in dng ( +) vi nguyn t O tch in m ( -).

Do c lin kt hiro, lc ht ln nhau gia cc phn t ru tr nn ln hn. V vy mun tch chng ra khi nhau v chuyn thnh trng thi hi ta cn cung cp nng lng di dng nhit nhiu hn.

Ru metylic, ru etylic v ru propylic tan v hn trong nc v chng cng c th ho tan nhiu cht hu c. T ru butylic tr i tan trong nc ca chng gim.

Tt c cc ru trong dy ng ng ny u nh hn nc.

1.1.2.3 Tnh cht ha hc

Tnh cht ho hc ca ru etylic

Cc phn ng ho hc ca ru xy ra ch yu nhm chc OH v mt phn nguyn t H trong gc hirocacbon.

l cc phn ng th nguyn t H trong nhm OH, phn ng th c nhm OH, phn ng tch nhm OH cng vi mt nguyn tH trong gc hirocacbon.

1. Phn ng vi kim loi kim Cc ru trong dy ng ng ca ru etylic u phn ng c vi kim loi kim (Na, K,) v gii phng hiro.

Th d:

2CH3 - OH + 2Na2CH3 - ONa + H2 Natri metylat

2. Phn ng vi axit a) Vi axit bromhiric : ung nng ru etylic vi axit bromhiric (hay vi hn hp NaBr v H2SO4) ta thu c cht lng etyl bromua :

Phn ng ny chng t trong phn t ru c nhm hiroxyl.

b) Vi axit axetic

3. Phn ng tch nc a) Tch nc t mt phn t ru. Phn ng to anken. Khi un nngru vi dung dch axit sunfuric c (c d), nhit cao, ta c anken.

Th d : un nng ru etylic vi dung dch axit sunfuric c (c d) nhit cao khong 1700C, ta c etilen do mi phn t ru mt mt phn t nc :

Axit sunfuric gi vai tr xc tc v ht nc sinh ra trong phn ng. Phn ng ny c dng iu ch trong phng th nghim.

Phn ng tch nc t ru bc hai hoc bc ba, thng cho hn hp hai anken.

Th d :

Trong nhng phn ng tng t nh trn, phn ng tch nc tun theo quy tc Zaixep : Nhm OH b tch cng vi nguyn t H nguyn t cacbon c bc cao hn. V vy buten 2 l sn phm chnh trong phn ng trn.

b) Tch nc t hai phn t ru. Phn ng to ete. Khi ung nng ru (c d) vi dung dch axit sunfuric c, nhit khng cao, ta c ete.

Th d : Khi un nng ru etylic (c d) vi dung dch axit sunfuric c, nhit khng cao hn 140oC, ta c ietyl ete v hai phn t ru b mt mt phn t nc:

4. Phn ng oxi ha a) Ru bc mtb oxi habi CuO hoc dung dch KMnO4, sinh ra anehit (hp cht c nhm chc -CH = O).

Th d :

Anehit fomic

b) Ru chy trong khng kh, sinh ra CO2, H2O v ta nhit :

Th d :

C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O + 1374 kJ

1.1.2.4 iu ch

iu ch ru etylic

1. Phng php chung : a) Hirat ha anken : ung nng anken vi nc v dng cht xc tc thch hp s thu c ru.

Th d :

Phng php ny c dng iu ch ru etylic trong cng nghip.

Phn ng hirat ho cc ng ng ca etilen xy ra d hn etilen v c th to ra hn hp hai ru ng phn :

S hnh thnhsn phm chnh c gii thch theo quy tc Maccopnhicop.

b) Thy phn dn xut halogen trong dung dch kim un nng dn xut halogen vi dung dch kim cng thu c ru.

Th d:

Phng php ny ch dng trong phng th nghim.

2. Phng php sinh ha iu ch ru etylic : Ln men ru Ln men ru l phng php iu ch ru etylic c bitt trc cng nguyn v cho n nay vn l phng php ph bin.

Nguyn liu ln men ru l go, ng, khoai, sn, r ng, qu chn l cc nguyn liu c cha nhiu tinh bt hoc ng.

Ln men ru l qu trnh sinh ha phc tp, gm nhiu giai on, nhng c th tm tt nh sau :

Trc ht, tinh bt b thy phn thnh ng glucoz nh men xc tc :

Sau nh mt loi men khc, ng glucoz c ln men v chuyn ho thnh ru etylic, kh cacbonic :

Ngy nay ngi ta cn dng xenluloz c trong g (v bo, mn ca) lm nguyn liu iu ch ru etylic. Trc ht, bng con ng ho hc, thy phn xenluloz thnh ng glucoz, sau cho glucoz ln men thnh ru :

1.1.2.5 ng dng

ng dng ca ru etylic

1. Ru metylic - ng dng ch yu ca ru metylic l sn xut anehit fomic nguyn liu cho cng nghip cht do.

- Ru metylic rt c, ch mt lng nh xm nhp vo c th cng c th gy m la, lng ln hn c th gy t vong.

2. Ru etylic - L nguyn liu sn xut cao su tng hp : T ru etylic iu ch ra butaien 1, 3.

Sau trng hp butaien 1, 3 s c cao su tng hp.

- Ru etylic c dng iu ch mt s hp cht hu c nh axit axetic, ietyl ete, etyl axetat

- Do c kh nng ha tan tt mt s cht hu c nn ru etylic c dng pha vecni, dc phm, nc hoa

- Khi chy to nhiu nhit nnru etylic cn c dng lm nhin liu, th d cho n cn trong phng th nghim.

- Trong i sng hng ngy, ru etylic cn c dng pha chcc loi ru ung vi nng khc nhau. Cn ch rng, ung nhiu ru rt c hi cho c th ; ngi nghin ru c th mc bnh suy dinh dng, gim th lc

1.1.3 Phenol

1.1.3.1 Cng thc cu t1;o

Cng thc cu to ca phenol

Khi thay th nguyn t hiro trong vng benzen ca hirocacbon thm bng nhm hiroxyl ta c loi hp cht gi l phenol :

Nu thay th nguyn t hiro mch nhnh ca hirocacbon thm bng nhm hiroxyl, ta c ru thm. Th d:

Vy, phenol l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t ca chng c nhm hiroxyl lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t cacbon ca vng benzen. Cht tiu biu v quan trng nht ca cc hp cht phenol l C6H5 OH v ta thng gi l phenol.

M hnh phn t phenol C6H5OH c trnh by hnh :

1.1.3.2 Tnh cht vt l

Tnh cht vt l ca phenol

Phenol l cht rn, tinh th khng mu, c mi c trng, nng chy 43oC. lu ngoi khng kh, phenol b oxi ha mt phn nn c mu hng v b chy ra do hp th hi nc.

Phenol t tan trong nc lnh, tan trong mt s cht hu c. Phenol rt c, gy bng nng khi ri vo da

1.1.3.3 Tnh cht ho hc

Tnh cht ho hc ca phenol

Trong phn t nhm phenol c nhm OH nn phenol cng c phn ng th nguyn t hiro ca nhm OH. Mt khc do c vng benzen nn phenol cn cho phn ng th brom vo vng benzen.

1. Phn ng vi kim loi kim Tng t nh ru, khi cho kim loi kim (Na, K) vo phenol nng chy, thy phn ng xy ra mnh lit, kh hiro thot ra nhanh :

2C6H5OH + 2Na 2C6H5 ONa + H2

Natri phenolat

2. Phn ng vi baz Khc vi ru, phenol d phn ng vi baz. Khi cho phenol dng rn hoc nng chy vo dung dch natri hiroxit, phenol tan dn, dung dch tr thnh trong sut :

C6H5OH + NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O

Natri phenolat

(tan trong nc)

Nh vy phenol phn ng c c vi kim loi kim v baz. iu chng t phenol c tnh axit, do phenol cn c gi l axit phenic. Tuy vy tnh axit ca phenol rt yu. Phenol khng i c mu qu tm thnh . Phenol b axit cacbonic y ra khi natri phenolat :

C6H5ONa + CO2 + H2O C6H5OH + NaHCO3 Tnh axit ca phenol mnh hn ca ru. l do nh hng ca gc phenyl C6H5 n nhm OH. Thc t ru khng phn ng c vi dung dch baz.

3. Phn ng vi kh brom Nh nc brom vo dung dch phenol, thy kt ta trng xut hin tc thi :

Qua phn ng trn ta thy, cc nguyn t hiro trong gc phenyl ca phenol d tham gia phn ng th hn cc nguyn t hidro trong phn t benzen. l do nh hng ca nhm OH n gc phenyl

nh hng ca gc phenyl n nhm hiroxyl v nh hng ca nhm hiroxyl n gc phenyl c gi lnh hng qua li gia cc nguyn ttrong phn t.1.1.3.4 iu ch

iu ch phenol

Trong cng nghip, phenol c iu ch bng nhiu cch. Th d :

- Tch t nha than trong qu trnh luyn than cc.

- T benzen iu ch ra clobenzen bng dung dch kim c nhit cao, p sut cao theo s :

1.1.3.5 ng dng

ng dng ca phenol

Phenol c dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau : - Cng nghip cht do : phenol l nguyn liu iu ch nha phenolfomaehit.

- Cng nghip t ha hc : T phenol tng hp ra t poliamit.

- Nng dc : T phenol iu ch c cht dit c di v kch thch t thc vt 2,4 - D ( l mui natri ca axit2,4 iclophenoxiaxetic).

- Phenol cng l nguyn liu iu ch mt s phm nhum, thuc n (axit picric).

- Do c tnh dit khun nn phenol c dng trc tip lm cht st trng, ty u, hoc iu ch cc cht dit nm mc (ortho - v para - nitrophenol)

1.1.4 Khi nim v amin

1.1.4.1 Cng thc cu t1;o

Cng thc cu to ca amin

Khi thay th mt hay nhiu nguyn t hiro trong phn tamoniac bng mt hay nhiu gc hirocacbon ta c cc hp cht hu c gi l amin. Th d :

CH3 NH2 Metylamin (Amin bc mt 1)

C6H5 NH2 Phenylamin hay anilin (Amin bc 1)

Vy amin l nhng hp cht hu c sinh ra do nguyn t hiro trong phn t amoniac c thay bng gc hirocacbon. Tu theo s nguyn t hiro trong phn t amoniac c thay th, ta c amin bc mt, amin bc hai, hay amin bc ba. Nhm NH2 c gi l nhm amino.1.1.4.2 Tnh cht chung

Tnh cht chung ca amin

Tng t amoniac, amin c tnh cht baz : - Dung dch amin mch h trong nc i mu qu tm thnh xanh.

- Amin phn ng vi axit cho mui.

Sau y ta s nghin cu anilin, cht tiu biuquan trng thuc loi amin thm.

1.1.5 Anilin

1.1.5.1 Cng thc cu t1;o

Cng thc cu to ca anilin

Anilin c cng thc phn t C6H7N v cng thc cu to:

M hnh anilin c trnh by trn hnh di y.

1.1.5.2 Tnh cht vt l

Tnh cht vt l ca anilin

Anilin l cht lng khng mu. lu trong khng kh, n dn dn ng sang mu nu en do anilin b oxi hat t trong khng kh. Anilin hi nng hn nc, rt t tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong ru, ete, benzen Anilin rt c v c mi kh chu.1.1.5.3 Tnh cht ho hc

Tnh cht ho hc ca anilin

Phn ng ha hc ca anilin xy ra nhm NH2 (tnh baz) v gc phenyl C6H5 (phn ng th nguyn t hiro bng brom). 1. Tnh baz Tng t amoniac, anilin c tnh baz, phn ng vi axit cho mui.

Th d: Nh axit clohiric c vo anilin, ta c mui rn phenylamoni clorua, tan c trong nc :

C6H5 NH2 + HCl C6H5 NH3Cl

Phenylamoni clorua

Tuy vy, tnh baz ca anilin yu hn ca amoniac do nh hng ca gc phenyl. Anilin khng lm xanh nc qu.

Do tnh baz yu nn c th y anilin ra khi mui phenylamoni clorua bng dung dch kim.

C6H5 NH3Cl + NaOH C6H5 NH2 + NaCl + H2O

2. Phn ng vi brom Nh dung dch brom vo dung dch anilin thy phn ng xy ra tc thi. Sn phm to thnh dng kt ta mu trng l 2, 4, 6 - tribromanilin :

Qua phn ng trn cho thy, do nh hng ca nhm NH2 n gc phenyl nn phn ng th brom vo anilin d hn th vo benzen. Nhm amino v gc phenyl trong phn t anilin c nh hng qua li ln nhau.1.1.5.4 iu ch

iu ch anilin

C nhiu phng php iu ch anilin, nhng phng php thng dng l kh nitrobenzen C6H5 NO2 bng hiro nguyn t(hiro mi sinh).C6H5 NO2 + 6H C6H5 NH2 + 2H2O

Nitrobenzen Anilin

Hiro nguyn tc sinh ra bng cch cho kim loi (Fe c trong gang, Sn,) v axit clohiric vo ngay hn hp phn ng.

1.1.5.5 ng dng

ng dng ca anilin

Anilin l nguyn liu quan trng trong nhiu ngnh sn xut nh : - Sn xut phm nhum (phm en anilin)

- iu ch thuc cha bnh.

1.2 Anehit - Axit cacboxylic - Este

1.2.1 Anehit fomic

1.2.1.1 Cng thc cu t1;o

Cng thc cu to ca anehit fomic

Anehit fomic, cn gi l fomanehit, c cng thc phn t CH2O v cng thc cu to :

Nhm (- C - OH) c gi l nhm chc anehit.

Nguyn t cacbon v oxi trong nhm (nhm cacbonyl) lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt i, trong c mt lin kt (xch ma) tng i bn v mt lin kt (pi) km bn.

M hnh phn t anehit fomic c trnh by trn hnh bn.

1.2.1.2 Tnh cht vt l

Tnh cht vt l ca anehit fomic

Anehit fomic l cht kh, khng mu, c mi xc kh chu, tan nhiu trong nc. Dung dch cha khong 40% anehit fomic trong nc c gi l fomon hay fomalin.1.2.1.3 Tnh cht ho hc

Tnh cht ho hc ca anehit fomic

Phn ng ha hc ca anehit fomic xy ra ch yu nhm chc anehit. 1. Phn ng cng hiro (phn ng kh anehit) Dn hn hp anehit fomic v hiro qua ng ng cht xc tc niken (hoc platin) nung nng s thu c ru metylic :

Phn ng xy ra do lin kt b t, hiro kt hp vi nguyn tcacbon v nguyn toxi ca nhm cacbonyl.

2. Phn ng oxi haanehit Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca anehit fomic l b oxi ha bi cc cht oxi ho, th d bc oxit Ag2O. Nh dung dch amoniac c Ag2O vo dung dch anehit fomic, un nng nh, ta thy trn thnh ng nghim xut hin lp bc kim loi sng bng nh gng.

Trong phn ng ny anehit fomic b oxi hathnh axit fomic v ion bc b kh thnh bc kim loi. Phng trnh phn ngc rt gn nh sau :

Phn ng ny cn c gi l phn ng trng gng.

Cng c th dng ng (II) hiroxit Cu(OH)2 oxi ha anehit fomic : Nh dung dch anehit fomic vo ng nghim cha kt ta Cu(OH)2, ung nng nh s thy kt ta gch ca Cu2O.

3. Phn ng vi phenol Anehit fomic phn ng vi phenol c axit hoc baz xc tc s thu c sn phm polime, gi l nha phenolfomaehit. Ty theo iu kin tin hnh phn ng, ta s nhn c cc loi nha c cu to khc nhau.

Th d : un nng dung dch fomalin vi phenol (d) c axit xc tc ta c loi nha c cu to mch thng. S phn ng c th vit nh sau :

1.2.1.4 iu ch

iu ch anehit fomic

Trong cng nghip, anehit fomic c iu ch bng phng php sau : oxi haru metylic bng oxi khng kh, nh cht xc tc ng kim loi (hoc platin hay bc kim loi), nhit cao (500-7000C).

1.2.1.5 ng dng

ng dng ca anehit fomic

Anehit fomic c nhiu ng dng quan trng trong cng nghip i sng : - Sn xut cht do phenolfomanehit, keo urefomanehit.

- Do c tc dng dit vi khun, c bit vi khun gy thi ra, nn dung dch formanehit c dng ngm xc ng vt, thuc da, ty u...

1.2.2 Dy ng ng ca anehit fomic

1.2.2.1 ng ng v danh php

ng ng v danh php

1. ng ng Anehit fomic v cc cht ng ng CH3 - CH = O, C2H5 - CH = O, C3H7 - CH = O hp thnh mt dy ng ng, c cng thc CnH2n+1CH = O (n 0) v cn c gi l dy ng ng ca anehit no n chc.

Anehit no n chc l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c mt nhm chc anehit (- CH = O) lin kt vi gc hirocacbonno. 2. Danh php a) Tn thng thng : Anehit + tn ca axit hu c tng ng. Th d :

b) Tn quc t : Tn quc t ca hirocacbon no tng ng (gm c nguyn t cacbon ca nhm CH = O) + al (xem bng).

Bng. TN GI CA MT S ANEHIT NO N CHC Cng thcTn thngTn quc t

H - CH = OAnehit fomicMetanal

CH3 - CH = OAnehit axeticEtanal

CH3 - CH2 - CH = OAnehit propionicPropanal

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 = OAnehit n-butiricButanal

Anehit iso-butiric2-Metylpropanal

1.2.2.2 Tnh cht vt l

Tnh cht vt l

Anehit fomic th kh, cc ng ng tip theo th lng. Nhit si ca anehit thp hn hn nhit si ca ru tng ng, do anehit khng c lin kt hiro gia cc phn t. Th d: Anehit axetic si 210C, ru etylic si 78,30C.1.2.2.3 Tnh cht ho hc

Tnh cht ho hc

Tng t anehit fomic, nhng anehit khc cng tham gia cc phn ng sau : 1. Phn ng cng hiro (phn ng kh anehit) Khi cng hiro c xc tc, anehit b kh thnh ru :

2. Phn ng oxi haanehit Anehit b oxi hathnh axit hu c tng ng. Cht oxi hal bc oxit hoc ng (II) hiroxit v.v... Th d :

Phn ng ny c gi l phn ngtrng gng v c trng cho anehit nn c dng nhnra chng.

1.2.2.4 iu ch

iu ch

Phng php chung l oxi ha ru bc mt bng oxi khng kh nhit cao, c cht xc tc. Th d :

Phng php ring iu ch anehit l cng nc v axetilen nh cht xc tc HgSO4 :

1.2.3 Dy ng ng ca axit axetic

1.2.3.1 ng ng v danh php

ng ng v danh php ca axit axetic

1. ng ng Axit axetic v cc cht ng ng H - COOH, C2H5 - COOH, C3H7 - COOH v.v hp thnh dy ng ng, c cng thc chung CnH2n+1COOH (n 0) vcn c gi l dy ng ng ca axit cacboxylic no n chc.

Axit cacboxylic no n chc l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c mt nhm cacboxyl (- COOH) lin kt vi gc hirocacbon no. M hnh phn t axit axetic c trnh by trong hnh bn.

2. Danh php a) Tn thng thng : Tn thng thng ca axitcacboxylic l tn c lin quan n ngun gc tm ra chng.

b) Tn quc t : Tn quc t ca axit cacboxylic c gi theotrnh t sau : Axit + tn quc t ca hirocacbon no tng ng (gm c nguyn tcacbon ca nhm COOH) + oic Bng. TN GI CA MT S AXIT CACBOXYLIC NO N CHC Cng thc Tn thng thng Tn quc t

H - COOH Axit fomicAxit metanoic

CH3 - COOHAxit axeticAxit etanoic

CH3 - CH2 - COOHAxit propionicAxit propanoic

CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - COOHAxit n - butiric Axit butanoic

Axit iso - butiricAxit 2 - metylpropanoic

1.2.3.2 Tnh cht vt l

Tnh cht vt l ca axit axetic

Cc axit trong dy ng ng ca axit axetic u l nhng cht lng hoc cht rn. Nhit si ca axit cao hn hn nhit si ca ru c cng s nguyn tcacbon, do hai phn t axit lin kt vi nhau bi hai lin kt hiro v lin kt hiro ca axit bn hn ca ru :

Th d : Nhit si ca axit axetic l 1180C, ca ru etylic l 78,30C. Ba axit ng u dy ng ng tan v hn trong nc, cc axit tip theo ch tan c hn.

1.2.3.3 Tnh cht ha hc

Tnh cht ho hc ca axit axetic

Phn ng ha hc ca axit cacboxylic xy ra ch yu nhm cacboxyl. l phn ng th nguyn thiro ca nhm COOH (tnh axit), phn ng th c nhm hiroxyl ca nhm COOH (phn ng este ha). 1. Tnh axit Cc axit trong dy ng ng ca axit axetic c y tnh cht ca axit yu.

a) S in li : Trong nc, axit cacboxylicin li thnh ion, i mu qu tm thnh .

Th d :

CH3 - COOH CH3 - COO + H+

S in li ny chng t rng, do nh hng ca nhm cacbonyl () nn nguyn t hiro trong nhm cacboxyl ca axit linh ng hn nguyn t hiro trong nhm hiroxyl ca ru. Nhng kh nng in li ca axit cacboxylic cn yu, chng l nhng axit yu.

b) Phn ng vi kim loi : Dung dch axit cacboxylic tc dng vi nhng kim loi c tnh kh mnh u gii phng hiro v to mui.

Th d :

2CH3 - COOH + Mg (CH3 - COO)2Mg + H2 Magie axetat

c) Phn ng vi baz v oxit baz : Dung dch axit cacboxylic phn ng vi baz hoc oxit baz cho mui v nc.

Th d:

H - COOH + NaOH H - COONa + H2O

Natri fomiat

d) Phn ng vi mui : Khi phn ng vi mui ca axit yu hn, hoc d bay hi, axit cacboxylic u y c cc axit ra v to thnh mui mi.

Th d :

2CH3 - COOH + CaCO3 (CH3 - COO)2Ca + H2O + CO2

Canxi axetat

2. Phn ng vi ru (phn ng este ha) Khi un nng axit cacboxylic vi ru, c axit sunfuric c xc tc, s thu c sn phm l este. Phn ng ny c gi l phn ng este ha.

Th d :

c im ca phn ng este ha l thun nghch. Mun cn bng chuyn dch sang pha to thnh etyl axetat cn cho d mt trong hai cht u (ru etylic hoc axit axetic), ng thi chng ct ly ngay etyl axetat ra khi hn hp phn ng. Ngoi vai tr xc tc, axit sunfuric c cn c tc dng ht nc sinh ra chuyn dch cn bng sang pha to thnh este.

1.2.3.4 iu ch axit axetic

iu ch axit axetic

1. Ln men gim Phng php c in iu ch axit axetic l ln men gim, tc l oxi haru etylic bng oxi khng kh, c mt men gim thnh axit axetic (men gim c sinh ra bi vi khun Mycoderma aceti. Vi khun ny cn khng kh sng v khi tip xc vi ru tit ra cht men oxi haru thnh axit axetic).

iu kin thun li cho s ln men gim l : ru khng qu 10o, nhit 25-30oC, ru v men gim c tip xc nhiu vi khng kh.

- Theo phng php ca Past (Pasteur), ru long c cha trong thng va rng va nng, ru c rt dn xung ti y thng khi v lp vng men gim pha trn.

- Theo phng php ca Sutxenbac (Schutzenbach), ngi ta cho ru long chy chm t trn xung qua lpv bo c tm men gim. ng thi khng kh c thi ngc t pha di ln.

Phng php ny cho hiu sut cao hn phng php ca Pasteur.

- Nhn dn ta thng lm gim n bng cch ln men gim dung dchru long, ng trong lin s, chu snh, Sau mt vi thng, ru long bin thnh gim. C th thay dung dchru long bng nc ma, nc mt Trong trng hp ny, cc cht ng c ln men thnh ru, sau thnh gim.

Mun mau c gim n, nn ly mt tmen gim c sn, th vo nguyn liu ang ln men. Mun gim n c mi v hp dn ngi tathng cho thm qu chn nh chui, vi, da

2. Chng g Trongcng nghip ngi ta chng g trong ni kn nhit khong 400-500oC .

Cc cht thuc sau khi lm lnh l : hc n (lng xung y) v hn hp lng gm nc, axit axetic, ru metylic v axeton CH3 - CO - CH3. Axit axetic c tch ra thnh dng tinh khit bng phng php ha hc v chng ct.

Cho hn hp lng tc dng vi vi ti bin axit axetic thnh mui canxi axetat. Sau em chng ct tch ly axeton v ru metylic. Mui canxi axetat cn li c un nng vi axit sunfuric. Sau em chng ct tch axit axetic ra khi kt ta canxi sunfat.

3. Tng hp t axetilen Phng php hin i iu ch axit axetic l tng hp t axetilen. Cho axetilen cng nc, dng muithy ngn (HgSO4 hoc HgCl2) lm cht xc tc, to thnh anehit axetic.

Sau , oxi ha anehit axetic bng oxi khng kh, c cht xc tc l mui mangan axetat:

Qu trnh tng hp axit axetic trong cng nghip c thc hin qua nhiu cng on.

- Thp hp nc : Dn axetilen v dung dchxc tc trong nc nng ( nhit khong 80oC) i vo thp hp nc theo hng t y i ln (theo nguyn tc cng chiu).

Anehit axetic c to thnh ti thp ny.

- Thp ra : Anehit sinh ra cn ln axetilen c dn sang y thp ra. Hn hp kh i t y ln nh thp ra, cn nc c ti t trn xung theo nguyn tc ngc chiu.

Axetilenkhng tan trong nc s bay ln v c thu hi. Anehit tan trong nc, to thnh dung dchanehit.

- Thp chng ct : Dung dch anehit axetic c dn sang thp chng ct tch anehit ra khi nc.

- Thp oxi ha : Dn kh anehit axetic v oxi (hoc khng kh) sang thp oxi hatheo hng t y i ln. Dung dch cht xc tc (mangan axetat) chy t pha trn xung theo nguyn tc ngc chiu. Ti thp ny, anehit axetic c oxi ha thnh axit axetic. Tch axit ra khi cht xc tc bng phng php chng ct v tinh ch tip s thu c axit axetic.

1.2.3.5 ng dng

ng dng ca axit axetic

1. Axit axetic - Axit axetic c dng iu ch mt s mui axetat kim loi dng lm cht cm mu trong cng nghip nhum (nh nhm axetat, st axetat, crom axetat), lm nguyn liu sn xut bt sn (nh ng axetat, ch axetat).

- Axit axetic l mt trong nhng nguyn liu iu ch xenluloz axetat dng cho cng nghip sn xut t nhn to, phim khng chy.

- Axit axetic cn c dng iu ch mt s este lm cht thm (xem bi este) lm thuc cha bnh (aspirin).

- Dung dch axit axetic 2 - 5% (sn phm ca qu trnh ln men gim t ru etylic, ng, mt) c dng lm gim n.

2. Axit panmitic v stearic Mui natri ca axit panmitic n - C15H31COOH v stearic n - C17H35COOH c dng lm x phng.

1.2.4 Khi nim v axit cacboxylic

1.2.4.1 nh ngha

nh ngha axit cacboxylic

Axitcaboxylic khng no n chc l nhng hp cht hu c m phnt c mt nhm cacboxyl lin kt vi gc hirocacbon khng no (c lin kt i hoc ba). Tiu biu v quan trng nht l nhng axit c mt lin kt i trong phn t.

Th d :

CH2 = CH - COOH axit acrylic

CH3 - (CH2)7 - CH = CH - (CH2)7 - COOH axit oleic

Cng thc chung ca cc axit trong dy ng ng ny l CnH2n - 1 COOH (n 2).1.2.4.2 Tnh cht ho hc

Tnh cht ho hc ca axit cacboxylic

Doc nhm cacboxyl v gc hirocacbon khng no trong phn t nn cc axit acrylic, metacrylic v oleic c y tnh cht ca mt axit v tnh cht ca hirocacbon khng no. 1. Tnh axit. Tng t cc axit cacboxylic no n chc, trong dung dch nc, cc axit cacboxylic khng no n chc cng in li thnh ion H+ v anion gc axit. Cc axit cacboxylic khng no tc dng vi kim loi c tnh kh mnh gii phng hiro, tc dng vi baz v oxit baz to thnh mui v nc, phn ng vi ru cho este.

2. Phn ng cng Tng t hirocacbon khng no, cc axit cacboxylic khng no n chc c phn ng cng vi halogen, vi axit halogenhiric, vi hiro c cht xc tc.

Th d :

CH2 = CH - COOH + Br2 CH2Br CHBr COOH

Axit 2, 3 - ibrompropionic

3. Phn ng trng hp Tng t anken, cc axit cacboxylic khng no n chc c lin kt i d dng tham gia phn ng trng hp to thnh hp cht cao phn t.

Th d :

1.2.4.3 ng dng

1. Cc sn phm trng hp axit acrylic v axit metacrylic, c bit cc este ca chng, c nhiu ng dng trong cng nghip. ng ch hn c l polimetyl metacrylat. Sn phm ny c gi l thy tinh hu c. N rt cng, khng gin v trong sut. Polimetyl metacrylat c dng ch to lngknh, thu knh, vt liu cho k thut laze, lm rng gi 2. Axit oleic c trong thnh phn du m ng vt, thc vt v c dng sn xut x phng.

1.2.5 Mi lidf;n quan gia hirocacbon, ru, anehit v axit cacboxylic

Ta bit rng, t hirocacbon c th iu ch ra dn xut halogen ca hirocacbon, thy phn dn sut halogen cho ru. Sau , oxi haru bc mt thnh anehit, tip tc oxi haanehit s thu c axit cacboxylic. Ta c th trnh by mi lin quan bng s tng qut sau :

Ngc li, anehit cng hiro c cht xc tc li cho ru bc mt, ru phn ng vi axit halogenhiric cho dn xut halogen :

Nh vy, t chc hu c ny chng ta c th iu ch ra chc hu c khc qua mt hay nhiu phn ng chung gian.

1.2.6 Este

Este l sn phm ca phn ng este ha gia axit hu c hoc axit v c vi ru. Th d :

1.2.6.1 Cng thc cu t1;o v danh php

Cng thc cu to v danh php ca este

1. Cng thc cu to Este ca axit cacboxylic n chc v ru n chc c cng thc cu to chung :

Gc R v R1 c th ging nhau hoc khc nhau, c th l gc hirocacbon no hoc khng no.

Cng thc chung ca este gia axit cacboxylic no n chc v ru no n chc l CnH2nO2 (n 2). 2. Danh php Tn thng thng ca este c gi nh sau : Tn gc hirocacbon ca ru + tn gc axit c ui at Th d :

H - COO - CH3Metyl fomiat

CH3 - COO - CH3Metyl axetat

CH3 - COO - C2H5Etyl axetat

CH3 - CH2 - COO - C2H5Etyl propionat

1.2.6.2 Tnh cht vt l

Tnh cht vt l ca este

Este ca axit cacboxylic thng l nhng cht lng d bay hi. Este si nhit thp hn so vi cc axit cacboxylic to nn este , do khng c lin kt hiro gia cc phn t este.

Cc este u nh hn nc, rt t tan trong nc.

c im ca este l c mi thm d chu, ging mi qu chn.

Th d : Etyl fomiat c mi qu to, isoamyl axetat c mi chui chn, amyl propionat c mi da chn

1.2.6.3 Tnh cht ho hc

Tnh cht ho hc ca este

Tnh cht ho hc quan trng nht ca este l phn ng thy phn (phn ng vi nc). Qu trnh thy phn c thc hin trong dung dch axit hoc baz.

Trong dung dchaxit : un nng este vi nc, c axit v c xc tc, phn ng to ra axit cacboxylic v ru. Nhng cng trong iu kin , axit cacboxylic v ru li phn ng vi nhau cho este.

Th d :

Phn ng theo chiu t tri sang phi l phn ngthy phn este, phn ng theo chiu t phi sang tri l phn ng este ha. Vy phn ng thy phn este trong dung dchaxit l phn ng thun nghch. Trong dung dch baz : ung nng este trong dung dchnatri hiroxit, phn ng to mui ca axit cacboxylic v ru.

Th d :

l phn ng khng thun nghch, v khng cn axit cacboxylic phn ng vi ru to li este. Phn ng ny cn c gi l phn ng x phng ha.

1.2.6.4 iu ch

iu ch este

C nhiu phng php iu ch este, nhng phng php thng dng nht l dng phn ng este ha gia ru vi axit cacboxylic.

1.2.6.5 ng dng

ng dng ca este

Trong cng nghip thc phm, mt s este c mi thm hoa qu khng c, c dng tng thm hng v cho bnh ko, nc gii kht

Trong cng nghip m phm, mt s este c mi thm hp dn c pha vo nc hoa, x phng thm, kem bi da

Nhiu este c kh nng ha tan tt nhiu cht hu c nn c dng pha sn.

Mt s este l nguyn liu sn xut si tng hp. Thy phn hu c

1.3 Glixerin - Lipit

1.3.1 Khi nim v hp cht hu c c nhiu nhm chc

Khi nim v hp cht hu c c nhiu nhm chc

Nhng hp cht hu c trong phn t c t hai nhm chc tr ln l nhng hp cht c nhiu nhm chc. Nu hp cht trong phn t c hai hay nhiu nhm chc ging nhau, ta gi l hp cht a chc.

Th d :

HOCH2 - CHOH - CH2OH Glixerin

HOOC - (CH2)4 - COOHAxit aipic

H2N - (CH2)6 - NH2Hexametyleniamin

Nhng hp cht trong phn t c hai hay nhiu nhm chc khng ging nhau c gi l cht tp chc. Th d:

H2N - CH2 - COOHAxit aminoaxetic

HOCH2 - (CHOH)4 - CH = OGlucoz

1.3.2 Glixerin

1.3.2.1 Cng thc cu t1;o

Cng thc cu to ca glixerin

Grixerin l ru a chc, c cng thc phn t C3H8O3 v cng thc cu to :

hoc vit di dng thu gn l : HOCH2-CHOH-CH2OH

T khi nim v ru n chc v ru a chc ta c nh ngha v ru : Ru l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c mt hay nhiu nhm hiroxyl lin kt vi gc hirocacbon.1.3.2.2 Tnh cht vt l

Tnh cht vt l ca glixerin

Glixerin l cht lng snh, khng mu, c v ngt, tan nhiu trong nc.

1.3.2.3 Tnh cht ho hc

Tnh cht ho hc ca glixerin

1. Phn ng vi natri Tng t ru no n chc, glixerin phn ng vi natri gii phng hiro :

2. Phn ng vi axit (phn ng este ha) Tng t ru no n chc, glixerin phn ng c vi nhiu axit v c v hu c cho este.

V d :

3. Phn ng vi ng (II) hirotxit Khc vi ru no n chc, glixerin phn ng c vi ng (II) hiroxit cho dung dch ng (II) glixerat mu xanh lam, trong sut.

ng (II) glixerat

Phn ng xy ra rt d dng, cho mu xanh c trng nn dng nhn bit glixerin ni ringhoc ru a chc ni chung.

1.3.2.4 iu ch

iu ch glixerin

Trong cng nghip, glixerin c iu ch bng cch un nng du thc vt hoc m ng vt vi dung dch kim :

Hin nay, glixerin cn c tng hp t propilen ly t kh crackinh du m.

1.3.2.5 ng dng

ng dng ca glixerin

- ng dng quan trng nht ca glixerin l iu ch thuc n glixerin trinitrat.

- Glixerin cn c dng nhiu trong cng nghip dt, thuc da do c kh nng gi nc lm mm da, vi.....

- Cho thm glixerin vo mc in, mc vit, kem nh rng s gip cho cc sn phm chm b kh.

1.3.3 Lipit (Cht bĐo)

1.3.3.1 Tr1;ng thi thidf;n nhidf;n ca lipit

Trng thi thin nhin ca lipit

Lipit, cn gi l chtbo (tc du, m ng vt, thc vt) l mt trong nhng thnh phn c bn ca c th ng vt, thc vt

ng vt, lipit tp trung nhiu nht trong m m. thc vt, lipit tp trung trong nhiu ht, qu

1.3.3.2 Cng thc cu t1;o ca lipit

Cng thc cu to ca lipit

Khi thy phn lipit (cht bo) ngi ta thu c glixerin v cc axit cacboxylic (cn gi l axit bo). Mt khc, khi un nng glixerin vi cc axit bo, li thu c lipit. Vy, lipit(cht bo) l este ca glixerin vi cc axit bo. Cng thc cu to phn t ca lipit c th vit :

Trong phn t lipit, gc ru phi l glixerin, gc axit bo c th khc nhau. Cc axit bo l axit no hoc khng no.

Cc axit bo no thng gp l :

CH3 - (CH2)14 - COOHAxit panmitic

CH3 - (CH2)16 - COOHAxit stearic

1.3.3.3 Tnh cht vt l ca lipit

Tnh cht vt lca lipit

nhit phng, lipit ng vt (m), thng trng thi rn (m b,m cu ). Lipit loi ny cha ch yu cc gc axit bo no. Mt s t lipit ng vt trng thi lng( du c), do thnh phn gc axit bo khng no tng ln.

Lipit thc vt (du thc vt) hu ht trng thi lng (du lc, du da), do cha ch yu gc axit bo khng no.

Cc lipit u nh hn nc, khng tan trong nc, nhng tan nhiu trong cc cht hu c nh benzen, xng, clorofom

1.3.3.4 Tnh cht ho hc ca lipit

Tnh cht ho hcca lipit

1. Phn ng thy phn v phn ng x phng ha Tng t cc este khc, tnh cht ha hc quan trng nht ca lipit l phn ng thy phn. C th un nng lipit vi nc c axit xc tc, hoc ung nng lipit vi nc trong ni kn p sut cao (25 at) v nhit cao (220oC).

Phn ng trn c c im thun nghch.

Nu ung nng cht bo vi dung dchkim s thu c glixerin v hn hp mui natri ca cc axit bo (gi l x phng).Phn ng xy ra nhanh hn v mt chiu :

2. Phn ng cng hiro (hiro ha lipit lng) un nng hn hp lipit lng, c bt Ni xc tc, trong ni kn v dn vo dng kh hiro c p xut cao s xy ra phn ng cng hiro vo gc axit bo khng no.

Th d :

Kt qu l sau phn ng thu c lipit trng thi rn. Phng php ny dng trong cng nghip ch bin mt s du thnh m rn, hoc b nhn to c gi tr s dng cao hn.

1.3.3.5 S chuyn ho lipit trong c th

Cht bo l mt trong nhng thnh phn c bn trong thc n ca ngi, v n gi mt vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh dinh dng. Khi b oxi hachm trong c th, cht bo cung cp nhiu nng lng hn cht m (protit) v cht bt (gluxit): 1 gam cht bo cho khong 38,87 kJ, trong khi 1 gam cht m cho khong 23,41 kJ, cn 1 gam cht bt cho khong 17,56 kJ.

V cht bo khng tan trong nc, nn chng khng th trc tip thm qua mao trng rut i vo c th. Nh c men ca dch tu v dch trng, cht bo b thy phn thnh glixerin v axit bo. Glixerin c hp th trc tip, cn axit bo khi tc dng vi mt bin thnh dng tan v cng c hp th qua mao trng rut vo thnh rut. glixerin v axit bo kt hp vi nhau. Cht bo mic tng hp i vo mu v chuyn vo m m. T cc m ny, cht bo li c th iti cc m v c quan khc. y cc cht bo b thy phn v b oxi hachm thnh kh cacbonic v hi nc, ng thi gii phng nng lng cung cp cho s hot ng ca c th.

Khi n nhiu cht bo, hoc khi cht bo trong c th khng c oxi haht th lng cn d ctch li thnh nhng m m.

1.3.4 Khi nim v x phng v cht ty ra tng hp

1.3.4.1 Khi nim v x phng

Khi nim v x phng

Khi un nng cht bo vi dung dch natri hiroxit (hoc vi kali hiroxit), ta thu c glixerin v mui natri (hoc kali) ca cc axit bo.

Hn hp mui natri (hoc kali) ca cc axit bo c gi l x phng. Thnh phn ch yu ca x phng l mui natri ca axit panmitric C15H31COONa v mui natri ca axit stearic C17H35COONa.

1.3.4.2 Khi nim v cht ty ra tng hp

Khi nim v cht ty ra tng hp

Hin nay ngoi phng php thy phn du m ng thc vt sn xut x phng, ngi ta cn tng hp c nhiu cht khng phi l mui natri ca axit cacboxylic, nhng c tc dng ty ra nh x phng. Nhng hp cht c gi l cc cht ty ra tng hp (cn gi l bt git tng hp hay x phng bt).

Th d : Mui natri ca axit oexylbenzensunfonic C12H25 - C6H4 - SO3Na. Axit oexylbenzensunfonic C12H25 - C6H4 -SO3H c tng hp t cc sn phm du m, sau cho axit ny phn ng vi Na2CO3 c mui natri ca n.

2C12H25 - C6H4 - SO3H + Na2CO3 2C12H25 - C6H4 - SO3Na + H2O + CO21.3.4.3 Tc dng ty ra ca x phng v ca cht ty ra tng hp

Tc dng ty ra ca x phng v ca cht ty ra tng hp

X phng v cht ty ra tng hp c tnh cht hot ng b mt cao. Chng c tc dng lm gim sc cng b mt ca cc vt bn du m bm trn da, vi.... do vt bn du m c phn chia thnh nhiu phn nh hn v c phn tn vo nc. Ngi ta s dng kh nng ca x phng v cht ty ra tng hp vo mc ch git ra.

Khng nn dng x phng git ra trong nc cng (nc cng l nc c cha cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ ), v phn ln x phng s mt tc dng do kt ta di dng mui panmitat hoc stearat canxi v magie.

u im ca bt git tng hp l c th git ra ngay c trong nc cng.

Nu x phng. Mun iu ch x phng, ngi ta un nng cht bo vi dung dch kim trong thng ln. Hn hp cc mui natri (x phng) sinh ra trng thi keo. Mun tch x phng ra khi hn hp nc v glixerin phi cho thm mui n vo dung dch .

X phng natri rt t tan trong nc mui, v vy chng s ni ln thnh mt lp ng c pha trn. Sau em tho ring ra, ngui, p cho rn v ct thnh bnh. C th cho thm cht mu (khng c) hoc cht thm trc khi p v ng thnh bnh.

Trong nh my iu ch x phng cn c cng on tch viu ch glixerin. Sau khi tch x phng dung dchcn li c cha glixerin, mui n, v cc tp cht khc. C th s l bng phng php ha hc trc lm kt ta tp cht, lc ri em chng ct di p xut thp. Khi dung dch m c, dng my li tm thu hi mui n, tip tc ct phn on thu ly glixerin.

1.4 Gluxit

Gluxit l nhng hp cht huc tp chc, c cha nhiu nhm hiroxyl (- OH) v c nhm cacbonyl () trong phn t. Gluxit bao gm nhiu loi khc nhau, quan trng nht l cc loi sau y:

- Monosaccarit l loi gluxit n gin nht, cht tiu biu l glucoz.

- isaccarit l loi gluxit c cu to phc tp hn, khi thy phn cho 2 phn t monosaccarit. Cht tiu biu quan trng ca loi ny l saccaroz.

- Polisaccarit l loi gluxit c cu to rt phc tp, khi lng phn t rt ln, khi thy phn cho rt nhiu phn t monosaccarit. C cht tiu biu quan trng l tinh bt v xenluloz.

Ta ln lt kho st cc cht tiu biu v quan trng .

1.4.1 Glucoz

1.4.1.1 Tr1;ng thi thidf;n nhidf;n ca glucoz

Trng thi t nhin ca glucoz

Glucoz c trong hu ht cc b phn ca c th thc vt : hoa, qu, r, thn, l v nhiu nht l trong qu chn (c bit trong qu nho chn). Trong mt ong c trn 30% glucoz. Trong mu ngi lun cha mt t l glucoz khng i l 0,1%.

1.4.1.2 Tnh cht vt l ca glucoz

Tnh cht vt l ca glucoz

Glucoz l cht rn, khng mu, nng chy 1460C, tan nhiu trong nc v c v ngt. ngt km ng ma (bng khong 0,6 ln ngt ng ma).

1.4.1.3 Cng thc cu t1;o ca glucoz

Cng thc cu to ca glucoz

Glucoz c cng thc phn t C6H12O6. Cc kt qu thc nghim cho thy phn t glucoz c nm nhm hiroxyl, mt nhm cha anehit v c mch cacbon khng phn nhnh. Vy glucoz c cng thc cu to :

HOCH2 - CHOH - CHOH - CHOH - CHOH - CH = O hoc vit thu gn HOCH2 - (CHOH)4 - CH = O

Glucoz l hp cht tp chc, c cu to ca ru a chc v anehit n chc.1.4.1.4 Tnh cht ho hc ca glucoz

Tnh cht ho hc ca glucoz

Glucoz c y tnh cht ho hc ca ru a chc v anehit n chc.

1. Tnh cht ru a chc a. Glucoz phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 nhit phng cho dung dch mu xanh lam.

b. Glucoz c th to ra este cha nm gc axit trong phn t.

V d : Este cha nm gc axit axetic

2. Tnh cht anehit a. Glucoz b oxi ho bi Ag2O trong dung dch amoniac cho bc kim loi (phn ng trng gng) :

Hoc b oxi ho bi Cu(OH)2 khi un nng cho Cu2O kt ta mu gch.

Hai phn ng ny xy ra d dng nn c dng nhn bit glucoz.

b. Glucoz b kh bi hiro cho ru a chc :

3. Phn ng ln men ru Nh xc tc men, dung dch glucoz ln men v chuyn thnh ru etylic.

1.4.1.5 ng dng v iu ch glucoz

ng dng v iu ch glucoz

Glucoz l thc n c gi tr cho ngi. Trong y hc dng lm thuc tng lc (huyt thanh glucoz) cho ngi bnh, v glucoz d c tiu ho v cung cp nhiu nng lng cho c th. Glucoz l nguyn liu tng hp vitamin C.

Trong cng nghip, glucoz c dng trng gng, trng rut phch (bnh thu).

Glucoz c iu ch bng cch thy phn tinh bt nh axit v c xc tc.

1.4.1.6 ng phn ca glucoz : fructoz

Fructoz c cng thc phn t C6H12O6 v cng thc cu to :

Fructoz thng c trong qu chnh ngt, mt ong (mt ong c gn 40% fructoz). Fructoz ngt hn ng ma (ngt gp khong 1,5 ln ng ma). Fructoz cng c tnh cht ca ru a chc nh glucoz.

1.4.2 Saccaroz

1.4.2.1 Tr1;ng thi thidf;n nhidf;n ca saccaroz

Trng thi thin nhin ca saccaroz

Saccaroz l loi ng ph bin nht, c trong nhiu loi thc vt. Saccaroz c nhiu nht trong cy ma, c ci ng, cy tht nt. (Lng Saccaroz trong nc ma p c khong 20%, trong nc c ci ng khong 10 - 20%.)

1.4.2.2 Tnh cht vt l ca saccaroz

Tnh cht vt l ca saccaroz

Saccaroz l mt cht rn, khng mu, khng mi, c v ngt, nng chy nhit 1840 - 1850C. Saccaroz t tan trong ru tan tt trong nc, nc cng nng tan ca Saccaroz cng tng. ( 100C, 100ml nc ho tan c 179g saccaroz. 1000C, 100 ml nc ma ho tan ti 487g saccaroz).

1.4.2.3 Tnh cht ho hc ca saccaroz

Tnh cht ho hc ca saccaroz

Phn t saccaroz C12H22O11 c cu to bi mt gc glucoz v mt gc fructoz. c im cu to ca phn t saccaroz l khng c nhm chc anehit CH = O, nhng c nhiu nhm hiroxyl. V vy saccaroz khng cho phn ng trng gng, nhng c tnh cht ca ru a chc nh glucoz. Tnh cht ha hc quan trng nht ca saccaroz l phn ng thu phn.

1. Phn ng thy phn. un nng dung dch saccaroz c axit v c xc tc ta c dung dchcha glucoz v fructoz.

2. Phn ng vi ng (II) oxit. Tng t glucoz, nhit phng, dung dch saccaroz phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 cho dung dch mu xanh lam.

1.4.2.4 ng dng ca saccaroz

Saccaroz (ng ma, ng c ci) l nguyn liu quan trng trong cng nghip thc phm (bnh ko, hp) v l thc n cn thit hng ngy cho ngi.

Trong cng nghip dc phm, saccaroz c dng pha ch mt s thuc dng bt hoc lng.

1.4.2.5 Sn xut ng saccaroz t ma

Sn xut ng saccaroz t ma

Vit Nam v cc nc nhit i sn xut ng saccaroz t ma. Phng php tng i hin i sn xut ng t ma gm cc giai on chnh sau :

1. Ma c nghin v p, ng thi phun nc vo chit ly ng.

2. Nc ma c un nng vi mt t nc vi ti (khong vi phn nghn) nhit khong 600C vi lm kt ta cc axit hu c v protit c ln trong nc ma, sau tch b kt ta.

3. Ty mu nc ng bng kh sunfur (c th dng natri hirosunfit).

4. un nng nc ng nhit khong 1000 kt ta hon ton cc tp cht. Lc b ton b kt ta thu ly nc ng sch v trong.

5. C c dung dch nc ng p sut thp tng nng ng. Lm lnh, dng my li tm tch ng kt tinh.

Phn nc ng khng th kt tinh do cn ln tp cht c gi l r ng, dng sn xut ru etylic.

1.4.2.6 ng phn ca saccaroz : mantoz

Mantoz (ng mch nha) l ng phn ca saccaroz. Mantoz c cng thc phn t C12H22O11, do hai gc glucoz kt hp vi nhau.

Khi thy phn mantoz nh axit v c xc tc (hoc bng men) s thu c glucoz

Khc vi saccaroz, mantoz c phn ng trng gng v phn ng kh ng (II) hiroxit.

Mantoz c iu ch bng cch thy phn tinh bt nh men amylaza (c trong mm la) xc tc.

1.4.3 Tinh bt

1.4.3.1 Tr1;ng thi thidf;n nhidf;n ca tinh bt

Trng thi thin nhin ca tinh bt

Tinh bt c rt nhiu trong cc loi ht nh go, m, ng, k trong cc loi c nh khoai ty, khoai lang, khoai s, sn v trong cc loi qu nh chui xanh, to v.v...

Go cha nhiu tinh bt nht, khong 80%, m cha khong 70%, khoai v cc loi c khc cha t tinh bt hn.

1.4.3.2 Tnh cht vt l ca tinh bt

Tnh cht vt l ca tinh bt

Tinh bt l cht bt v nh hnh, mu trng, khng tan trong nc lnh. Khi un si, ch mt phn nh tinh bttan vo nc, cn phn ch yu tinh btb phng ln to thnh dung dch keo gi l h tinh bt.

1.4.3.3 Cu t1;o phn t tinh bt

Cu to phn t tinh bt

Khi lng phn t ca tinh btrt ln, ti hng trm hng nghn, hoc hng triu n v cacbon. Khi thu phn tinh bt ta c sn phm cui cng l glucoz. T , c th kt lun rng, phn t tinh btgm c nhiu gc glucoz (C6H10O5) lin kt vi nhau v c cng thc phn t (C6H10O5)n. Tinh btl hn hp ca hai thnh phn : amiloz v amilopectin.

Amiloz c mch phn t khng phnh nhnh v khi lng phn t khong 200000 v.C. Amilopectin c mch phn t phn nhnh v khi lng phn t khong 1000000 v.C.

1.4.3.4 Tnh cht ho hc ca tinh bt

Tnh cht ho hc ca tinh bt

Tinh btkhng cho phn ng trng gng. Tinh btc phn ng thu phn v phn ng mu vi iot

1. Phn ng thy phn un nng tinh bttrong dung dchaxit v c long s thu c dung dch glucoz (Trong c th ngi v ng vt, tinh bt c thy phn thnh glucoz nh mt s men)

2. Phn ng mu vi iot. Dung dch iot tc dng vi h tinh btcho mu xanh lam c trng. ung nng, mu xanh bin mt, ngui li hin ra.

Phn ng ny xy ra d dng nn ta dng dung dch iot nhn ra tinh bt,hoc ngc li dng h tinh bt nhn bit iot.

1.4.3.5 S chuyn ho tinh bt trong c th

S chuyn ho tinh bt trong c th

Khi i qua ming, tinh bt b thy phn nh men amilaza c trong nc bt. S thy phn tip tc xy ra nh men mantaza c trong rut, cho sn phm cui cng l glucoz. Glucoz c hp th trc tip vo mu qua mao trng rut ri theo mu v gan. T gan, glucoz c phn phi i ti cc m trong c th. Ti cc t bo v m, glucoz c oxi hachm bin thnh kh cacbonic v hi nc ng thi gii phng nng lng cho c th hot ng :

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O

Phn glucoz cn d trong gan c tng hp li thnh mt loi gluxit c khi lng phn t ln gi l glicogen (hay cn gi l tinh btng vt).

Glicogen c d tr trong gan, khi cn li thy phn thnh glucoz v chuyn ti cc m trong c th.

1.4.3.6 S t1;o thnh tinh bt trong cy xanh

S to thnh tinh bt trong cy xanh

Tinh btc to thnh trong cy xanh t kh cacbonic, nc v nng lng nh sng Mt Tri. Phng trnh phn ng tng qut :

6nCO2 + 5nH2O (C6H10O5)n + 6nO2 Kh cacbonic c l xanh ht t khng kh, nc do r cy ht t t, nng lng nh sng Mt Tri do cht dip lc (cht clorophin) trong l xanh hp th.

Qu trnh to thnh tinh bt c s tham gia ca nh sng mt tri nn gi l qu trnh quang hp. Qu trnh quang hp gii phng ra oxi v cn to thnh mt vi hp cht hu c khc, th d protit....

1.4.4 Xenluloz

1.4.4.1 Tr1;ng thi thidf;n nhidf;n ca xenluloz

Trng thi t nhin ca xeluloz

Xenluloz l thnh phn chnh to nn lp mng t bo thc vt gip cho cc m thc vt c bn c hc v tnh n hi.

Xenluloz c nhiu trong bng (khong 98% xenluloz), trong loi si ay, gai, tre, na trong g c khong 40 - 50% xenluloz.

1.4.4.2 Tnh cht vt l ca xenluloz

Tnh cht vt l ca xenluloz

Xenluloz l cht rn, c dng si, mu trng, khng mi. Xenluloz khng tan trong nc v cc cht hu c nh ete, ru, benzennhng tan trong nc Svayde (dung dch amoniac cha ng (II) hiroxit).

1.4.4.3 Cu t1;o phn t xenluloz

Cu to phn t xenluloz

Tng t tinh bt, phn t xenluloz cng gm nhiu gc glucoz kt hp vi nhau v c cng thc phn t (C6H10O5)n. Khc vi tinh bt, phn t xenluloz c cu to mch khng phn nhnh v khi lng phn t rt ln, khong 1700000 - 2400000 v.C (i vi xenluloz ca bng).

Qua nghin cu phn ng este ha xenluloz ngi ta thy mi gc glucoz (C6H10O5) c ba nhm hiroxyl.

Vy c th vit cng thc phn t ca xenluloz nh sau :

1.4.4.4 Tnh cht ho hc ca xenluloz

Tnh cht ho hc ca xenluloz

Xenluloz khng cho phn ng trng gng. N ch tham gia cc phn ng sau :

1. Phn ng thy phn Tng t tinh bt, khi un nng xenluloz (nhm bng hoc giy lc) trong dung dchaxit v c long, s thu c dung dchglucoz :

2. Phn ng vi axit nitric (phn ng este ho) un nng xenluloz (nhm bng) vi hn hp axit nitric c v axit sunfuric c, thu c xenluloz trinitrat :

Xenluloz trinitrat rt d chy v n rt mnh, khng c khi, nn dng lm thuc sng khng khi.

1.4.4.5 ng dng ca xenluloz

1. Thng s dng trc tip cc nguyn liu c cha xenluloz. Th d: Bng, ay, gai ko si dt vi, bn thng. G, tre, na xy dng nh ca, lm g, hoc ch bin thnh giy.

2. Ngoi ra, xenluloz cn sn xut ru etylic sn xut t nhn to:

a) T visco: Cho xenluloz (t g) tc dng vi dung dchnatri hiroxit v mt s ha cht khc, thu c dung dchrt nht gi l visco. Khi bm dung dchnht qua ng c nhiu l nh ngm trong axit sunfuric long (hnh v), dung dch nht ( dng tia) b thy phn to thnh nhng si di v mnh. Nhng si mi ny c bn cht cu to gn ging xenluloz, nhng p, ng mt nh t, v c gi l t visco.

b) T axetat: T axetat c ch bin t hai este ca xenluloz:

Hai este ny cn c dng ch to phim khng chy.

1.5 Aminoaxit v Protit

1.5.1 Aminoaxit

1.5.1.1 nh ngha, cng thc cu t1;o v danh php ca aminoaxit

Aminoaxit l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc, trong phn t ca chng c cha ng thi nhm chc amino (-NH2) v nhm chc cacboxyl (-COOH). Th d :

Danh php: Cc aminoaxit c gi tn theo trnh t sau : Axit + amino + tn axit cacboxylic tng ng. Th d :

1.5.1.2 Tnh cht vt l ca aminoaxit

Tnh cht vt l ca aminoaxit

Aminoaxit l nhng cht rn, kt tinh, tan tt trong nc v c v hi ngt.

1.5.1.3 Tnh cht ho hc ca aminoaxit

Tnh cht ho hc ca aminoaxit

Aminoaxit c nhm amino, ng thi c nhm cacboxyl trong phn t nn chng c tnh baz, ng thi c c tnh axit.

1. Tnh baz. Aminoaxit tc dng vi axit cho mui.

Th d :

H2N - CH2 - COOH + HCl H3N+ - CH2 COOH Cl

2. Tnh axit. Aminoaxit tc dng vi baz hoc oxit baz cho mui v nc, tc dng vi ru cho este.

Th d :

H2N - CH2 - COOH + NaOH H2N - CH2 - COONa + H2O

3. Phn ng trng ngng Khi b un nng, cc phn t aminoaxit c th tc dng ln nhau : nhm cacboxyl ca phn t ny tc dng vi nhm amino ca phn t kia cho sn phm c khi lng phn t ln, ng thi gii phng nc.

Th d : Sn phm to ra c tn l polipeptit. Phn ng trn c gi l phn ng trng ngng.

1.5.1.4 ng dng ca aminoaxit

Aminoaxit c coi l cht c s xy dng nn cc cht protit trong c th ng vt v thc vt. Nhiu aminoaxit c dng trong y hc cha bnh, lm thc n nui c th ngi bnh. Mui natri ca axit glutamic (thng c gi l m chnh hay bt ngt) c dng lm gia vcho thc n. Mt s aminoaxit c dng lm nguyn liu sn xut t tng hp.

1.5.2 Protit

1.5.2.1 Tr1;ng thi thidf;n nhidf;n ca protit

Trng thi thin nhin ca protit

Protit c trong tt c cc c th ng vt v thc vt. c bit c th ngi v ng vt cha nhiu protit nht.

Cc cht protit c trong bp tht, xng, t bo thn kinh, mu, sa, lng trng trng, da, lng, mng, sng v trong ht thc vt. Protit cn c trong c th vi khun, siu vi trng gy bnh. Bn cht ca cc men xc tc cng chnh l protit.

1.5.2.2 Cu t1;o ca protit

Cu to ca protit

1. Thnh phn nguyn t Cc protit u cha cacbon, hiro, oxi v nit (hm lng nit trong cc protit thng t thay i, trung bnh khong 16%). Ngoi ra c protit cn cha lu hunh, photpho (nh cadein ca sa), st (hemoglobin ca mu), iot v.v

2. Cu to Khi lng phn t ca protit rt ln, c th t vi vn n vi triu n v cacbon.

Khi thy phn protit n cng, thu c hn hp trn 20 aminoaxit khc nhau.

Khi thc hin phn ng trng ngng cc aminoaxit trn, thu c cht polipeptit c mt s tnh cht gn ging protit.

Do c th coi phn tprotit gm cc mch di (cc chui) poliopeptit hp thnh.1.5.2.3 Tnh cht ca protit

Tnh cht ca protit

1. Phn ng thy phn Khi un nng protit trong dung dch axit hoc kim, hoc nh tc dng ca men nhit thng, protit b thy phn thnh cc chui polipeptit, cui cng thnh cc aminoaxit :

2. S ng t Mt s protit tan trong nc to thnh dung dch keo, khi un nng b kt ta. S kt ta protit bng nhit c gi l s ng t. V d : Lng trng trng b ng li khi luc trng, riu cua ni ln khi nu canh cua....

3. Phn ng mu Protit cho mt s phn ng mu c trng.

V d : Cho axit nitric m c vo dung dch lng trng trng (dung dch anbumin) v un nng thy xut hin mu vng ; cho ng (II) hiroxit vo dung dch lng trng trng thy mu tm xanh....

1.5.2.4 S chuyn ho protit trong c th

Trong b my tiu ho, nh tc dng ca cc cht men (men pepxin trong dch ca d dy v men tripxin trong dch ty) protit b phn hu thnh cc aminoaxit .Aminoaxit c hp th vo mu qua cc mao trng rut, v sau c chuyn ti cc m v cc t bo ca c th.

Mt phn c bn cc aminoaxit c dng to ra protit cho c th ngi. Phn aminoaxit cn li b oxi ha cung cp nng lng cho c th hot ng. Sn phm cui cng ca s oxi haaminoaxit trongc th l kh cacbonic, nc, amoniac. Amoniac chuyn ho thnh ure (H2N)2C = O v c th thi ure ra ngoi qua ng nc tiu.

1.6 Hp cht cao phn t v vt liu polime

1.6.1 Khi nim chung

1.6.1.1 nh ngha

nh ngha polime

Nhng hp cht c khi lng phn t rt ln (thng t hng ngn ti hng triu n v cacbon) do nhiu mt xch lin kt vi nhau c gi l hp cht cao phn t hay polime. Th d : Cao su thin nhin, tinh bt xenluloz, l nhng polime thin nhin. Cao su buna, polietilen, polivinyl clorua l nhng polime tng hp.

1.6.1.2 Cu trc ca polime

Cu trc ca polime

Cc phn t polime thin nhin v tng hp c th c ba dng cu trc sau: - Dng mch thng (mch khng phn nhnh). Th d : polietilen, polivinyl clorua, xenluloz

- Dng phn nhnh. Th d : amilopectin ca tinh bt.

- Dng mng khng gian. Th d : cao su lu ho. Cc mch thng trong cao su lu ha gn vi nhau bi nhng cu ni S - S -

1.6.1.3 Tnh cht ca polime

Tnh cht ca polime

1. Tnh cht vt l Cc polime khng bay hi, do khi lng phn t ln v lc lin kt gia cc phn t ln.

Chngkhng c nhit nng chy xc nh, do mt polime l hn hp ca nhiu phn t c khi lng phn t khc nhau.

Cc polime kh b ha tan trong cc cht hu c. C polime khng b ho tan trong bt k cht no. Th d : Teflon (- CF2 - CF2 -)n.

Mt s polime c cu trc mch thng thng c tnh n hi (cao su), c tnh mm mi v dai (t capron). Nhng polime c cu trc mng khng gian thng c tnh bn c hc cao, chu c ma st va chm. Th d : nha bakelit ( phenolfomaehit).

Mt s polime c tnh cch in, cch nhitTh d : polietilen, polyvinyl clrorua, nha bakelit

2. Tnh cht ha hc. Nhiu polime c tnh cht bn vng vi tc dng ca axit, baz, cht oxi ha . Polime teflon l cht bn vng v mt ha hc.

Mt s polime km bn vi tc dng ca axit, baz.

Th d : Len, t, tm, t nilon b thy phn bi dung dch axit hoc kim do c nhm peptit.

Nhng polime c lin kti trong phn t c th tham gia phn ng cng. Th d : phn ng lu ha cao su.

1.6.1.4 Phng php tng hp polime

Phng php tng hp polime

C hai phng php tng hp polime.

1. Phn ng trng hp Qu trnh cng hp lin tip nhiu phn t nh (monome) to thnh phn t ln (polime) c gi l phn ng trng hp. Th d :

c im cu to ca cc phn t nh (monome) tham gia phn ng trng hp l phi c lin kt kp.

Th d :

CH2 = CH2, C6H5 - CH = CH2, CH2 = CH - Cl, CH2 = CH - CH = CH2

2. Phn ng trng ngng Qu trnh nhiu phn t nh (monome) kt hp vi nhau thnh phn t ln (polime) ng thi gii phng nhng phn t nc c gi l phn ng trng ngng. Th d :

c im cu to ca cc phn t nh (monome) tham gia phn ng trng ngng l phi c t hai nhm chc tr ln.

Th d : H2N - CH2 - COOH, H2N - (CH2)6 - NH2,

HCOOH - (CH2)4 - COOH, H2N - (CH2)5 - COOH

Ba lnh vc ng dng ch yu ca polime l cht do, cao su v t tng hp. Khi nim v cao su (cao su thin nhin v cao su tng hp) c gii thiu trong sch Ho hc 11, trong chng ny chng ta s tm hiu khi nim v cht do v t tng hp.

1.6.2 Cht do

1.6.2.1 nh ngha cht do

nh ngha cht do

Cht do l nhng vt liu c kh nng b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca nhit, p sut v vn gi c s bin dng khi thi tc dng.1.6.2.2 Thnh phn cht do

Thnh phn cht do

Cht do l hn hp ca nhiu cht :

1. Polime Polime thin nhin hoc tng hp l thnh phn c bn nht ca cht do.

2. Cht ho do L cht cho thm vo tng tnh do cho polime.

3. Cht n tit kim polime, ng thi tng thm mt s c tnh cho cht do. Th d : Cht n aming lm tng tnh chu nhit, bt kim loi v graphit lm tng tnh dn in v dn nhit.

4. Cht ph Gm cht mu, cht chng oxi ha, cht dit trng

1.6.2.3 Mt s polime dng lm cht do

Mt s polime dng lm cht do

1. Polietilen (PE) Polietilen l cht rn, mu trng, hi trong, khng dn in v nhit, khng cho nc v kh thm qua.

Polietilen c tnh cht ho hc nh hirocacbon no : khng tc dng vi cc dung dchkim, axit, thuc tm, v nc brom.

Do cc tnh cht trn, polietilen c dng bc dy in, bc hng, lm mng mng che ma, chai l, ch to thit b trong ngnh sn xut ho hc.

Polietilen c iu ch bng cch trng hp etilen.

2. Polistiren Polistiren l cht rn, mu trng, khng dn nhit v in. Polistiren c dng lm vt liu cch in, sn xut dng (chai l, chi tr em).

iu ch Polistiren bng cch trng hp stiren :

3. Polivinyl clorua (PVC). Polivinyl clorua l cht bt v nh hnh, mu trng, bn vi dung dchkim v axit.

Polivinyl clorua dng sn xut da nhn to, vi che ma, p c dp nha v hoa nha, vt liu cch in.

iu ch PVC bng cch trng hp vinyl clorua :

4. Polymetyl metacrylat. Polimetyl metacrylat l cht rn, khng mu, trong sut nn c gi l thy tinh hu c. N bn vi tc dng ca axit v kim.

Polymtyl metacrylat c dng ch to knh kh v, thu knh, rng gi, n trang

iu ch polymetyl metacryat bng phn ng trng hp metyl metacrylat :

5. Nha phenolfomanehit Nha phenolfomanehit l cht rn, thnh phn chnh ca nha bakelit.

Nha bakelit c tnh bn c hc cao, cch in nn c dng ch to cc b phn my mc (bnh xe rng ca chy m, v my) trong t, my bay, my in thoi

Nha phenolfomanehit c iu ch bng cch un nng phenol vi fomanehit ly d, xc tc bng baz. u tin to ra polime c cu to mch thng, sau cc phn t mch thng ni vi nhau bi cc nhm - CH2 - ,to ra mng khng gian.

1.6.3 T tng hp

1.6.3.1 Phn lo1;i t tng hp

Phn loi t

T l nhng polime thin nhin hoc tng hp c th ko thnh si di v mnh.

C hai loi t : t thin nhin (c sn trong thin nhin nh t tm, len, bng) v t ha hc (ch bin bng phng php ha hc). T ha hc c chia thnh hai nhm : t nhn to v t tng hp. T nhn to csn xut t polime thin nhin nhng c ch bin thm bng con ng ha hc. Th d : T xenluloz ch to ra t visco, t axetat, t ng-amoniac. T tng hp c sn xut t nhng polime tng hp. Th d : T poliamit, t polieste.

c im cu to ca t l gm nhng phn t polime mch thng (khng phn nhnh) sp xp song song dc theo mt trc chung, xon li vi nhau, to thnh nhng si di, mnh v mm mi.

1.6.3.2 iu ch t poliamit

iu ch t poliamit

Poliamit l nhng polime tng hp c cha nhiu nhm chc amit CONH trong phn t. T poliamit, ngi ta sn xut ra t poliamit :

1. T nilon T nilonc iu ch bng phn ng trng ngng hai loi monome l hexametyleniamin H2N - (CH2)6 - NH2 v axit aipic HOOC - (CH2)4 - COOH :

2. T capron T capron c iu ch t monome caprolactam

1.6.3.3 Tnh cht v ng dng ca t poliamit

Tnh cht v ng dng ca t

T poliamit km bn i vi nhit v km bn v mt ho hc (do nhm trong phn t d tc dng vi axit v kim).

T poliamit bn v mt c hc : dai, n hi, t thm nc, mm mi v c dng p hn t tm, git mau kh.

T poliamit dng dt vi lt lp t, my bay ; vi may mc, bn lm dy cp, dy d, li nh c ; lm ch khu vt m

T poliamit cn c dng c nhng b phn my chy m, khng g (bnh xe rng ca, chn vt tu thu, cnh qut in)

1.7 1;i cng v kim lo1;i

1.7.1 V tr ca kim lo1;i trong h thng tun hon. Cu t1;o ca kim lo1;i

1.7.1.1 V tr ca cc nguydf;n t kim lo1;i trong h thng tun hon

V tr ca cc nguyn t kim loi trong h thng tun hon

Trong h thng tun hon cc nguyn t kim loi nhng v tr sau :

- Phn nhm chnh nhm I v II.

- Phn nhm ph nhm I v nhm VII

- H lantan v h actini (nhng nguyn t xp ring di bng)

- Mt phn ca cc phn nhm chnh nhm III, IV, V, VI.

Ngy nay ngi ta bit khong 111 nguyn t ha hc, trong c trn 85 nguyn t l kim loi.

Nhng nguyn t kim loi in hnh (kim loi c tnh kh mnh nht) nm gc tri, pha di bng, tr cc kim loi trong nhng phn nhm ph.

1.7.1.2 Cu t1;o ca nguydf;n t kim lo1;i

Cu to ca nguyn t kim loi

Cc nguyn t kim loi v phi kim khc nhau r rt v cu to nguyn t :

1. Nguyn t ca hu ht cc nguyn t kim loi u c t electron (1, 2, hoc 3e) cc phn lp ngoi cng.

2. Trong cng chu k, nguyn tca nguyn t kim loi c bn knh nguyn t ln hn v in tch ht nhn nh hn so vi nguyn t ca nguyn t phi kim. Nhng nguyn t c bn knh ln l nhng nguyn t kim loi nm gc di pha tri ca h thng tun hon.

1.7.1.3 Cu t1;o ca n cht kim lo1;i

nh bng b mt mt ming kim loi ri nhng vo dung dch axit nitric long. Sau ra sch v lm kh. Quan st b mt kim loi qua knh hin vi, s trng thy nhng tinh th rt nh. Kt qu nghin cu bng tia X cho bit tinh th kim loi c cu to mng. Mng tinh th gm c ion dng dao ng lin tc cc nt mng v cc electron t do chuyn ng hn lon gia cc ion dng.

1.7.1.4 Lidf;n kt kim lo1;i

Lin kt kim loi

Kim loi c th tn ti di dng nguyn t ring bit khi th hi (tr mt s rt t dng phn t c hai nguyn t, th d Li2). Khi chuyn sang th lng hoc th rn, nguyn tkim loi chuyn thnh ion dng. Cc electron ho tr tch khi nguyn t kim loi tr thnh electron t do v chuyn ng hn lon. Cc electron ny gn cc ion kim loi vi nhau to thnh lin kt kim loi.

Vy lin kt kim loi l lin kt sinh ra do cc eletron t do gn cc ion dng kim loi vi nhau. c im ca lin kt kim loi :

- Khc vi lin kt cng ho tr do nhng i electron to nn, lin kt kim loi l do tt c cc electron t do trong kim loi tham gia.

- Khc vi lin kt ion dng tng tc tnh in gia ion dng v ion m, lin kt kim loi l do tng tc tnh in gia cc ion dng v cc electron t do.

1.7.2 Tnh cht vt l ca kim lo1;i

Tnh cht vt l ca kim loi

Kim loi c nhiu tnh cht vt l, tnh cht c hc ging nhau. Nhng tnh cht ny c nhiung dng quan trng trong k thut v trong i sng. Chng ta hy tm hiu mt s tnh cht quan trng ca kim loi.

1.7.2.1 Nhng tnh cht vt l chung ca kim lo1;i

Nhng tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi

Kim loi c nhng tnh cht vt l chung, quan trng hn c l tnh do, tnh dn in, tnh dn nhit, nh kim.

1. Tnh do Khi tc dng mt lc c hc mnh ln kim loi, n b bin dng. S bin dng ny l do lp mng tnh th kim loi trt ln nhau. Nhng cc lp mng tinh th ny khng tch ri nhau m vn lin kt vi nhau nh cc electron tdo lun lun chuyn ng qua li gia cc lp mng tinh th. Do vy kim loi c tnh do.

Nhng kim loi c tnh do hn c l Au, Ag, Al, Cu, Sn Ngi ta c th dt c nhng l vng mng ti 1/20 micrn (1 micrn bng 1/1000 mm) v nh sng c th i qua c.

2. Tnh dn in Ni kim loi vi mt ngun in, cc eletron t do trong kim loi chuyn ng thnh dng. Nhit ca kim loi cng cao th tnh dn in ca kim loi cng gim. Hin tngny c gii thch nh sau : nhit cao, tc dao ng ca cc ion dng kim loi cng ln, s chuyn ng cadng electron t do cng b cn tr.

Nhng kim loi khc nhau c tnh dn in khc nhau l do mt electron t do ca chng khng ging nhau. Kim loi dn in tt nht l Ag, sau n Cu, Au, Al, Fe

3. Tnh dn nhit t nng mt u dy kim loi, nhng electron t do y chuyn ng nhanh hn. Trong qu trnh chuyn ng, nhng eletron ny truyn nng lng cho cc ion dng vng c nhit thp hn, v vy kim loi dn nhit c

Ni chung, nhng kim loi no dn it tt th cng dn nhit tt.

Nhng kim loi khc nhau c kh nng dn nhit khng ging nhau. Th d tnh dn nhit ca cc kim loi gim dn theo trnh t Ag, Cu, Al, Zn, Fe

4. nh kim Hu ht kim loi u c nh kim, v cc electron t do trong kim loi phn x tt nhng tia sng c bc sng m mt ta c th nhn thy c.

Tm li, nhng tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi ni trn l do cc electron t do trong kim loi gy ra.1.7.2.2 Nhng tnh cht vt l khc ca kim lo1;i

Nhng tnh cht vt l khc ca kim loi

Ngoi mt s tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi nh ni trn, kim loi cn c mt s tnh cht vt l khng ging nhau. Quan trng hn c l : t khi, nhit nng chy v tnh cng ca kim loi .

1. T khi. Nhng kim loi khc nhau c t khi khc nhau r rt. Th d, kim loi c t kha nh nht l Li 0,5 ; kim loi c t khi ln nht l Os 22,6.

Ngi ta quy c nhng kim loi c t khi nh hn 5 l kim loi nh nh Na, K, Mg, Al Nhng kim loi c t khi ln hn 5 l kim loi nng nh Fe, Zn, Cu, Ag, Au

2. Nhit nng chy Nhit nng chy ca kim loi cng rt khc nhau. C kim loi nng chy nhit -390C nh Hg, c kim loi nng chy nhit 34100 nh W.

3. Tnh cng. Nhng kim loi khc nhau c tnh cng khc nhau. C kim loi mm nh sp, dng dao ct c d dng nh Na, K Ngc li c kim loi rt cng, khng th da c nh W, Cr.

Nhng tnh cht : t khi, nng chy, tnh cng ca kim loi ph thuc ch yu vo bn knh v in tch ion, khi lng nguyn t, mt electron t do trong mng kim loi.

1.7.3 Tnh cht ho hc chung ca kim lo1;i

1.7.3.1 c im v cu t1;o ca nguydf;n t kim lo1;i

c im v cu to ca nguyn t kim loi

Cc nguyn t kim loi c nhng c im chung v cu to :

- Bn knh nguyn t tng i ln so vi nguyn t phi kim

- S electron ho tr thng t (t 1 n 3e) so vi nguyn t phi kim. Lc lin kt vi ht nhn ca nhng electron ny tng i yu.

V vy, nng lng cn dng tch cc electron ra khi nguyn t kim loi (nng lng ion ho) l nh.

1.7.3.2 Tnh cht ho hc chung ca kim lo1;i

Tnh cht ho hc chung ca kim loi

T c im v cu to nguyn t, c th d dng nhn thy tnh cht ha hc chung ca kim loi l tnh kh. Ni cch khc, kim loi c tnh d b oxi ha :

M ne = Mn+ 1. Tc dng vi phi kim Nhiu kim loi c th kh c phi kim thnh ion m, ng thi kim loi b oxi hathnh ion dng.

Th d :

2. Tc dng vi axit a) Dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long : - Nhiu kim loi c th kh c ion H+ trong nhng dung dchaxit trn to thnh hiro t do.

Th d :

Zn + 2H+ = Zn2+ + H2 b) Dung dch HNO3, H2SO4 c : hu ht kim loi (tr Pt, Au) kh c N c mc oxi ha+5 (N5+ ) v S c mc oxi ha+6 (S+6) ca nhng axit ny n mc oxi ha thp hn.

Th d :

3. Tc dng vi dung dch mui Kim loi c th kh c ion kim loi khc trong dung dchmui thnh kim loi t do.

Th d :

Th nghim 1. Fe tc dng vi dung dchCuSO4. Cho dung dchCuSO4 chy chm qua lp mt st.

Hin tng quanst c :

- Kim loi Cu mu c gii phng.

- Lng mt st gim

- Dung dch thu c trong cc c mu lc nht.

Gii thch hin tng : - Fe kh ion Cu2+ thnh Cu t do c mu : Cu2+ + 2e = Cu

- Ion Cu2+ oxi ha Fe thnh Fe2+ tan vo dung dch : Fe - 2e = Fe2+, do vy lng mt st gim dn.

- Dung dch trong cc c mu lc nht l mu ca ion Fe2+.

Phng trnh phn ng :

Fe + CuSO4 = FeSO4 + Cu

Phng trnh ion rt gn :

Fe + Cu2+ = Fe2+ + Cu

Th nghim 2 : Cu tc dng vi dung dchAgNO3 Ngm mt si dy Cu trong dung dch AgNO3, sau mt thi gian c Ag bm trn dy Cu, phn dung dchchung quanh dy ng tr nn mu xanh nht.

Phng trnh phn ng:

Cu + 2AgNO3 = Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag.

Phng trnh ion rt gn

Cu + 2Ag+ = Cu2+ + 2Ag

1.7.4 Dy in ho ca kim lo1;i

1.7.4.1 Cp oxi ho - kh ca kim lo1;i

Cp oxi ho - kh ca kim loi

Chng ta bit, ion kim loii c th nhn electron thnh nguyn tkim loi, ngc li nguyn tkim loi c th nhng electron tr thnh ion dng kim loi :

Fe2+ + 2e Fe

Cu2+ + 2e Cu

Ag+ + 1e Ag

cht oxi ha cht kh

Mi cht oxi hav cht kh ca cng mt nguyn t kim loi to nn cp oxi ha kh. Ta c cc cp oxi ha - kh :

Fe2+/Fe ; Cu2+/Cu ; Ag+/Ag

1.7.4.2 So snh tnh cht nhng cp oxi ho - kh

1. Cp oxi ho - kh Fe2+/Fe v Cu2+/Cu Fe tc dng vi dung dchmui Cu2+, ta c phng trnh ion rt gn :

Fe + Cu2+ = Fe2+ + Cu

Nh vy, Fe2+ khng oxi hac Cu.

Fe kh c ion Cu2+ Kt lun (1) :

Fe2+ l ion c tnh cht oxi hayu hn ion Cu2+ Fe l kim loi ctnh cht kh mnh hn Cu.

2. Cp oxi ha- kh Cu2+/Cu v Ag+/Ag Cu tc dng vi dung dchmui Ag+, ta c phng trnh ion rt gn :

Cu + 2Ag+ = Cu2+ + 2Ag

Nh vy, Cu2+ khng oxi hac Ag.

Cu kh c ion Ag+ Kt lun (2) :

Cu2+ l ion c tnh cht oxi hayu hn ion Ag+.

Cu l kim loi c tnh cht kh mnh hn Ag.

T cc kt lun (1) v(2), ta rt ra :

- Tnh cht oxi haca ion Fe2+ < Cu2+ < Ag+ - Tnh cht kh ca kim loi Fe > Cu > Ag.

3. Mt cp oxi ha - kh khc Vi nhng th nghim tng t ngi ta so snh c tnh cht ca nhiu cp oxi ha - kh v i n kt lun.

- Tinh cht oxi haca ion Fe2+ > Pb2+ < H+ < Cu2+ < Ag+ - Tnh cht kh ca kim loi Fe > Pb > H2 > Pb > Ag.

1.7.4.3 Dy in ha ca kim lo1;i

Dy in ho ca kim loi

1. Dy in ha ca kim loi Dy in ho ca kim loi l mt dy nhng cp oxi ho - kh c sp xp theo chiu tng tnh cht oxi haca cc ion kim loi v chiu gim dn tnh cht kh ca kim loi.

Di y l dy in ho ca mt s kim loi thng dng :

2. ngha ca dy in ho ca kim loi Dy in ho ca kim loi cho php ta d on cchiu ca phn ng gia hai cp oxi ha - kh. Gia hai cp oxi ha - kh s xy ra phn ng hai chiu : Cht oxi hamnh nht s oxi hacht kh mnh nht, sinh ra cht oxi ha yu hn v cht kh yu hn. Th d : Phn ng gia 2 cp Z2+/Zn v Cu2+/Cu xy ra theo chiu ion Cu2+ oxi haZn, to ra ion Zn2+ v Cu :

Cu2++ Zn= Cu+ Zn2+

Cht oxi Cht kh Cht kh Cht oxi ha

ha mnh mnh yu yu

1.7.5 Hp kim

1.7.5.1 nh ngha hp kim

nh ngha hp kim

Hp kim l cht rn thu c sau khi nung nng chy mt hn hp nhiu kim loi khc nhauhoc hn hp kim loi v phi kim.

1.7.5.2 Cu t1;o ca hp kim

Cu to ca hp kim

Ging nh kim loi, hp kim cng c cu to tinh th. Hp kim thng c cu to bng cc loi tinh th sau :

1. Tinh th hn hp gm nhng tinh th ca cc n chttrong hn hp ban u, khi nng chy chng khng tan vo nhau

2. Tinh th dung dchrn l nhng tinh th c to ra sau khi nng chy cc n cht trong hn hp tan vo nhau.

3. Tinh th hp cht ha hc l nhng tinh th ca nhng hp cht ho hc c to ra khi nung nng chy cc n cht trong hn hp.

1.7.5.3 Lidf;n kt ho hc trong hp kim

Lin kt ho hc trong hp kim

Trong loi hp kim c tinh thhn hp hoc l dung dchrn, kiu lin kt ch yu l lin kt kim loi. Trong loi hp kim cth l hp cht ho hc, kiu lin kt l lin kt cng ha tr.1.7.5.4 Tnh cht ca hp kim

Tnh cht ca hp kim

Tnh cht ca hp kim ph thuc vo thnh phn vcu to ca hp kim, ch nhit ca qu trnh to hp kim.

Ni chung, hp kim c nhng tnh cht ha hc tng t tnh cht ca cc cht trong hn hp ban u, nhng tnh cht vt l v tnh cht c hc li khc nhiu :

1. Tnh dn in, dn nhit ca hp kim km cc kim loi trong hn hp ban u. Tnh cht ny l do mt eletron t do trong hp kim gim v c s to thnh lin kt cng ho tr.

2. Hp kim thng cng v gin hn cc cht trong hn hp ban u. Tnhcht ny l do c s thay i loi tinh th trong hp kim, c bit l nhng hp kim c cu to mng tinh th hp cht ho hc.

3. Nhit nng chy ca hp kim thng thp hn nhit nng chy ca cc kim loi trong hn hp. Tnh cht ny l do mt electron t do trong hp kim gim lm yu lin kt kim loi trong hp kim.

1.7.5.5 ng dng ca hp kim

Do hp kim c nhng tnh cht ho hc, l hc, c hc rt qu nn hp kim c ng dng rt rng ri trong cc ngnh ca nn kinh t quc dn. Ngnh cng nghip ch to my bay, t, tn la cn nhng hp kim nh, bn, chu c nhit cao v p sut ln. Ngnh cng nghip du m, cng nghip ho chtcn nhng hp kim c tnh bn ho hc v c hc. Ngnh xy dng nh ca, cu cng cn c hp kim va cng va bn.

1.7.6 n mn kim lo1;i v chng n mn kim lo1;i

1.7.6.1 S n mn kim lo1;i

S n mn kim loi

S ph hu kim loi hoc hp kim do tc dng ho hc ca mi trng xung quanh gi l n mn kim loi Kt qu kim loi b oxi hathnhcc ion dng, v s mt i nhng tnh cht qu bu ca kim loi :

Mo n.e = Mn+ Cn c vo mi trng v c ch cas n mn kim loi, ngi ta phn thnh 2 loi chnh l : n mn ho hc v n mn in ho (n mn in ho hc).

1. n mn ho hc. n mn ha hc l s ph hy kim loi do kim loi phn ngho hc vi cht kh hoc hi nc nhit cao. c im ca n mn ha hc l khng pht sinh dng in (khng c cc in cc) v nhit cng cao, th tc n mn cng nhanh.

S n mn ha hc thng xyra nhng thit b ca l t, cc chi tit ca ng c t trong hoc cc thit b tip xc vi hi nc nhit cao: Th d :

Bn cht ca n mn ho hc l qu trnh oxi ha - kh, trong cc electron ca kim loi c chuyn trc tip sang mi trng tc dng.

2. n mn in ha n mn in ha l s ph hy kim loi do kim loi tip xc vi dung dch cht in li to nn dng in Th d, phn v tu bin chm trong nc, ng dn t trong lng t, kim loi tip xc vi khng kh m V vy, n mn in ho l loi n mn kim loi ph bin v nghim trng nht. a) Th nghim v n mn in ha : Rt dung dch H2SO4 long (dung dchin li) vo cc thu tinh, cm cc l kim loi khc cht, th d l Zn nguyn cht, v l Cu cho vo cc. Ni 2 l kim loi bng mt dy dn, trn dy dn c mt vn k hoc mt bng n pin. Chng ta s quan st c nhng hin tng sau :

- L Zn (cc -) b n mn nhanh trong dung dch.

- Kim vn k lch (hoc bng n pin sng).

- Bt kh hiro thot ra t l Cu (cc +).

Nhng hin tng trn c gii thch nh sau:

+ L Zn b n mn nhanh v cc nguyn t Zn nhng eletron v b oxi hathnh ion Zn+ i vo dung dch :

Zno 2e = Zn2+ + Cc eletron ca nguyn t Zn di chuyn nhanh chng t l Zn sang l Cu dy dn lm cho kim ca von k lch.

+ Cc ion H+ trong dung dch axit di chuyn v l Cu, ti y chng nhn cc electron ca Zn v b kh thnh kh hiro bay ra khi dung dch :

2H+ + 2e = H2 Kt qu l l Zn b n mn in ha nhanh trong dung dch in li v to nn dng in.

b) Cc iu kin n mn in ho : Cc iu kin cn v xy ra s n mn in ho :

- Cc in cc phi khc cht nhau : c th l cp kim loi khc nhau, cp kim loi - phi kim(C), cp kim loi - hp cht ha hc (xmentit Fe3C). Trong kim loi c tnh kh mnh s l cc m. Nh vy, kim loi nguyn cht kh b n mn.

- Cc in cc phi tip xc vi nhau (hoc trc tip hoc gin tip qua dy dn).

- Cc in cc cng tip xc vi mt dung dch in li.

c) C ch ca n mn in ho : Chng ta hy tm hiu din bin n mn mt vt bng gang (hoc thp) trong mi trng khng kh m. Gang thp l nhng hp kim Fe-C, trong cc m l nhng tinh th Fe, cc dng l nhng tinh th C. Cc in cc ny tip xc trc tip vi nhau v cng tip xc vi mt dung dchin li ph ngoi (hi nc trong khng kh c ho tan mt s axit nh CO2, SO2 , H2S...) Nh vy, vt s b n mn theo kiu in ho.

- cc m (tinh th Fe): Cc nguyn tFe b oxi ha thnh Fe2+ : Fe0 2e = Fe2+. Cc ion ny tan vo dung dch in li trong c mt lng kh oxi, ti y chng b oxi ha tip thnh Fe3+: Fe2+ - 1e = Fe3+ . G st l hn hp cc hp cht Fe3+ c mu nu .

- cc dng (tinh th C): Cc ion hiro H+ ca dung dchin li (nu l dung dchaxit) di chuyn n cc dng, ti y chng b kh thnh hiro t do, sau thot khi dung dchin li : 2H+ + 2e = H2 Nc c ha tan oxi, hoc dung dchcht in li trung tnh, hoc dung dchbaz c thn mn in ho vi nhiu kim loi. Trong trng hp ny, cc dng s xy ra s kh oxi :

2H2O + O2 + 4e = 4OH Cc tinh th Fe ln lt b oxi hat ngoi vo trong. Sau mt thi gian, vt bng gang (thp) s b n mn ht.

d) Bn cht ca n mn in ho : Bn cht ca n mn in ho l mt qu trnh oxi ha kh xy ra trn b mt cc in cc. cc m xy ra qu trnh oxi hakim loi, cc dng xy ra qu trnh kh cc ion H+ (nu dng dung dchin li l axit).

1.7.6.2 Cch chng n mn kim lo1;i

Cch chng n mn kim loi

C nhiu phng php chng n mn kim loi. Quan trng hn c l nhng phng php sau :

1. Cch li kim loi vi mi trng. Dng nhng cht bn vng i vi mi trng ph ngoi mt nhng vt bng kim loi. Nhng cht ph ngoi thng dng l :

a) Cc loi sn chng g, vecni, du m, men, hp cht polime

b) Mt s kim loi nh crom, ng, niken, km, thic(phng php trng hoc m in).

c) Mt s hp cht ha hc bn vng nh oxi hakim loi, photphat kim loi (phng php to mng).

2. Dng hp kim chng g (hpkim inc) Ch to nhng hp kim khng g (th d, hp kim Fe - Cr - Ni)trong mi trng khng kh, mi trng ha cht (axit, baz, mui). Nhng hp kim khng g thng t tin, v vy vic s dng chng cn hn ch (thng ch dng ch tao dng c ngnh y, b n, m ngh....).

3. Dng cht chng n mn (cht km hm) Thm mt lng nh cht chng n mn vo dung dch axit c th lm gim tc n mn kim loi xung hng trm ln. Cht chng n mn c c tnh l khng lm thay i nhng tnh cht vn c ca axit, m ch lm cho b mt ca kim loi tr nn th ng (tr) i vi axit. Ngy nay ngi ta ch to c hng trm cht chng n mn khc nhau, chng ang c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip ha cht.

4. Dng phng php in ha. bo v kim loi, ngi ta ni kim loi ny vi mt tm kim loi khc c tnh kh mnh hn. Th d, bo v v tu bin bng thp, ngi ta gn cc tm km vo pha ngoi v tu phn chm trong nc bin (nc bin l dung dchin li). Phn v tu bng thp s gi vai tr cc dng, khng b n mn. Cc tm km s gi vai tr cc m, chng b n mn. Sau mt thi gian i bin, ngi ta li thay nhng tm km b n mn bng nhng tm km khc.

1.7.7 iu ch kim lo1;i

1.7.7.1 Nguydf;n tc iu ch kim lo1;i

Nguyn tc iu ch kim loi

Trong hp cht, kim loi tn ti di dng ion dng Mn+. Mun chuyn ha nhng ion ny thnh nguyn tkim loi, ta thc hin s kh cc ion kim loi :

Mn+ + n.e = Mo1.7.7.2 Phng php iu ch kim lo1;i

Phng php iu ch kim loi

kh cc ion kim loi trong hp cht, ta c cc phng php ph bin sau :

1. Phng php thy luyn Dng kim loi t do c tnh kh mnh hn kh ion kim loi khc trong dung dch mui. Phng php ny c p dng trong phng th nghim iu ch nhng kim loi c tnh kh yu. Th d :

- Zn kh Cu2+ thnh Cu :

Zn + CuSO4 = ZnSO4 + Cu

- Cu kh Ag+ thnh Ag :

Cu + 2AgNO3 = Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

2. Phng php nhit luyn Dng cht kh nh CO2, H2, C hoc kim loi (Al) kh ion kim loi trong oxit nhit cao. Phng php ny c p dng sn xut kim loi trong cng nghip :

Bng phng php ny, ngi ta c th iu ch c nhng kim loi c tnh kh yu, v trung bnh (kim loi ng sau Al).

3. Phng php in phn. Dng dng in mt chiu trn catot (cc m) kh ion kim loi trong hp cht. Bng phng php in phn, ngi ta c th iu ch c hu ht cc kim loi.

iu ch nhng kim loi c tnh kh mnh (t Li n Al), ngi ta in phn hp cht nng chy ca chng (mui, kim, oxit). Th d: iu ch kim loi Na bng cch in phn NaCl nng chy. catt (K) xy ra s kh Na+ thnh Na. ant (A) xy ra s oxi haion Cl thnh Cl. Kt qu thu c kim loi Na ngn m cc ca bnh in phn.

S in phn :

Phng trnh in phn :

iu ch nhng kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh v kh yu, ngi ta in phn dung dch mui ca chng trong nc. Th d : iu ch Cu bng cch in phn dung dch mui CuCl2. Trn b mt catt c Cu2+ v H2O, y xy ra s kh Cu2+ thnh Cu (bm trn b mt catt). Trn b mt catt c Cl v H2O, y xy ra s oxi ha Cl thnh Cl.

S in phn dung dchCuCl2

Phng trnh in phn dung dchCuCl2

Bng phng php in phn, ta c th iu ch c nhng kim loi c tnh khit rt cao (99,999%), dng ch to cc cht bn dn trong k thut in t.

1.8 Kim lo1;i cc phn nhm chnh nhm I, II, III

1.8.1 Kim lo1;i phn nhm chnh nhm I (kim lo1;i kim)

1.8.1.1 V tr ca kim lo1;i kim trong h thng tun hon

V tr ca kim loi trong h thng tun hon

Kim loi kim l nhng nguyn t ha hc thuc phn nhm chnh nhm I trong bng HTTH. Nhm kim loi kim c cc nguyn t : litit (Li), Natri (Na), kali (K), rubii (Rb), xesi (Cs) v franxi (Fr) (Franxi l nguyn t phng x, khng c ng v bn). Cc nguyn t ny cng l nhng nguyn t ng u mi chu k (tr chu k I).

1.8.1.2 Tnh cht vt l ca kim lo1;i kim

Tnh cht vt l ca kim loi kim

Kim loi kim c mt s tnh cht vt l c trng sau :

1. Nhit nng chy ; nhit si thp (gim dn t Li n Cs) l do mng tinh thkim loi kim c kiu lp phng tm khi, trong lin kt kim loi km bn.

2. Khi lng ring nh (tng dn t Li n Cs) l do cc kim loi kim c mng tinh th "rng" hn v nguyn tc bn knh ln hn so vi cc kim loi khc trong cng chu k.

3. cng thp l do lc lin kt gia cc nguyn t kim loi yu. C th ct cc kim loi kim bng dao mt cch d dng.

Bng di y cho bit cu to v mt s tnh cht vt l ca kim loi kim :

Nguyn tLiNaK RbCs

Cu hnh electron(He) 2s1(Ne) 3s1(Ar) 4s1(Kr) 5s1(Xe) 6s1

Nng lng ion ha, kJ/mol520500420400380

Bn knh nguyn t, nm0.151.190.240.250.27

Nhit nng chy oC18098643929

Nhit si, oC1330892760688690

Khi lng ring, g/cm30.530.970.861.531.90

cng (ly kim cng = 10)0.60.40.50.30.2

Kiu mng tinh thLp phng tm khi

1.8.1.3 Tnh cht ho hc ca kim lo1;i kim

Tnh cht ho hc ca kim loi kim

Kim loi kim c mt s c im v cu to v tnh cht ha hc :

- Nng lng cn dng ph v mng tinh th lp phng tm khi ca cc kim loi kim (nng lng nguyn t ha) tng i nh.

- Kim loi kim l nhng nguyn t nhm s (electron ha tr lm y phn lp s) c bn knh nguyn t tng i ln. Nng lng cn dng tch electron ha tr (nng lng ion ha) tng i nh.

- T nhng c im trn, chng ta d dng suy ra kim loi kim l cht kh mnh nht trong s cc kim loi. Th d, tnh cht ny c th hin qua cc phn ng ha hc ca natri

1. Tc dng vi phi kim Natri kh d dng cc nguyn t phi kim thnh ion m :

4Na + O2 = 2Na2O

2Na + Cl2 = 2NaCL

2. Tc dng vi axit Natri kh d dng ion H+ (hoc vit l H3O+) trong dung dch axit (HCl, H2SO4 long) thnh hiro t do :

2Na + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H22Na + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + H2 3. Tc dng vi nc Natri kh H2O d dng, gii phng kh hiro :

2Na + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H2 Cc kim loi kim khc cng c nhng phn ng ho hc tng t.

1.8.1.4 ng dng ca kim lo1;i kim

ng dng ca kim loi kim

Kim loi kim c nhiu ng dng quan trng :

- Dng ch to hp kim c nhit nng chy thp.

- Cc kim loi kali v natri dng lm cht trao i nhit trong cc l phn ng ht nhn.

- Kim loi Cs dng ch to t bo quang in.

- Kim loi kim c dng iu ch mt s kim loi him bng phng php nhit kim loi.

- Kim loi kim c dng lm cht xc tc trong nhiu phn ng hu c v ch to cht chng n cho xng

1.8.1.5 iu ch kim lo1;i kim

iu ch kim loi kim

Kim loi kim rt d b oxi hathnh ion dng, do vy trong t nhin kim loi kim ch tn ti dng tng hp cht (mui). Nguyn tc iu ch l kh cc ion kim loi kim :

M+ + e = M

Tuy nhin s kh cc ion l rt kh khn. Phng php quan trng nht iu ch kim loi kim l in phn mui halogenua hoc hiroxit ca chng dng nng chy. Phng trnh in phn iu ch natri c th biu din nh sau :

Ta thu c kim loi Na nng chy cc m, cc cht cn li thot ra cc dng

1.8.2 Mt s hp cht quan trng ca natri

1.8.2.1 Natri hiroxit

- Natri hiroxit l cht rn, mu trng, d ht m, tan nhiu trong nc, v to nhit do to thnh hirat. D nng chy (3220C).

- Natri hiroxit l baz mnh, khi tan trong nc phn li hon ton thnh ion.

NaOH = Na+ + OH

Dung dch natri hiroxit c nhng tnh cht ha hc sau :

1. Tc dng vi axit : NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O

OH + H+ = H2O

2. Tc dng vi oxit axit : Nu t l s mol NaOH : CO2 1 ta c mui NaHCO3

NaOH + CO2 = NaNHCO3 Nu t l s mol NaOH : CO2 2 ta c mui Na2CO32NaOH + CO2 = Na2CO3 + H2O

3. Tc dng vi dung dch mui :2NaOH + CuSO4 = Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO42OH + Cu2+ = Cu(H)2 - Natri hiroxit c nhiu ng dng quan trng trong cc ngnh cng nghip ch bin du m, luyn nhm, x phng, giy, dt

- Natri hiroxit c iu ch bng phngphp in phn dung dch mui natri clorua. Cc m ca thng in phn bng st,cc dng bng than ch. Gia hai cc c vch ngn xp

Ta c cc qu trnh sau :

cc m, xy ra qu trnh kh H2O :

2H2O + 2e = H2 + 2OH cc dng, xy ra qu trnh oxi haion Cl2Cl - 2e = Cl2

S in phn dung dch mui NaCl :

Phng trnh in phn dung dch NaCl :

Kt qu thu c dung dchNaOH c ln tp cht NaCl. Cho dung dch bay hi nc, NaCl kt tinh trc c tch dn khi dung dchNaOH

1.8.2.2 Mui ca kim lo1;i natri

Mui ca kim loi natri

1. Natri clorua NaCl - NaCl l cht rn mu trng, khng mu, d tan trong nc, nng chy 8000C.

- Natri clorua l thc n cn thit cho ngi v gia sc. Ngoi ra, n cn l nguyn liu iu ch nhiu ha cht quan trng khc, nh : clo, axit clohiric, kim loi natri, natri hiroxit, nc Javen

- Natri clorua c khai thc t nc bin hoc m mui trong lng t.

2. Natri cacbonat - Mui natri hiro cacbonmat NAHCO3 l cht rn, mu trng, tan t trong nc, bn nhit thng b phn hu nhit cao :

NaHCO3 l mui ca axit yu, khng bn (axit cacbonic), tc dng vi axit mnh :

NaHCO3 + HCl = NaCl + CO2 + H2O

Mt khc, NaHCO3 l mui axit, tc dng vi kim :

NaHCO3 + NaOH = Na2CO3 + H2O

Dung dch NaHCO3 trong nc c phn ng kim yu (phn ng thy phn) :

NaHCO3 + H2O NaOH + H2CO3HCO3 + H2O H2CO3 + OH

Nu un nng dung dch, H2CO3 b phn hy gii phng kh CO2 khin nng H2CO3 gim, cn bng chuyn dch sang pha phi lm cho dung dch c phn ng kim mnh.

- Mui natri cacbonat Na2CO3 l cht rn mu trng, d tan trong nc. nhit thng (320) n tn ti dng mui ngm nc Na2CO3.10H2O. nhit cao, mui ny mt nc kt tinh,tr thnh mui khan Na2CO3 c nhit nng chy l 8500C.

Na2CO3 l mui ca axit yu, khng bn (axit cacbonic) tc dng vi axit mnh :

Na2CO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

Dung dch Na2CO3 trong nc c phn ng kim mnh (i mu qu tm thnh xanh, dung dchphenolphtalein thnh mu ) v c phn ng thy phn gia mui cacbonat vi nc to ra NaOH :

Na2CO3 + H2O NaHCO3 + NaOH

CO32 + H2O HCO3 + OH

Mui NAHCO3 sinh ra trong phn ng ny li b thy phn nh ni trn.

Mui natri cacbonat l nguyn liu ha hc quan trng sn xut thy tinh, x phng v nhiu mui khc. Trong nh my, dung dch natri cacbonat dng ty sch du m bm trn cc chi tit my trc khi sn, m in

1.8.2.3 Cch nhn bit hp cht natri

Cch nhn bit hp cht natri

Nhn bit cc hp cht natri bng phng php th mungn la. Dng dy platin sch nhng vo hp cht natri (hoc natri kim loi) ri em t trn ngn la n cn, ngn la s c mu vng.

1.8.3 Kim lo1;i phn nhm chnh nhm II

1.8.3.1 V tr ca kim lo1;i phn nhm chnh nhm II trong h thng tun hon

V tr ca kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II trong h thng tun hon

Kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II c cc nguyn t sau : Beri (Be), magie (Mg), canxi (Ca), stronri(Sr), bari (Ba) v rai (Ra). Trong mi chu k, nguyn t ny ng lin sau kim loi kim (tr chu k 1).

1.8.3.2 Tnh cht vt l ca kim lo1;i phn nhm chnh nhm II

Tnh cht vt l ca kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II

Cc kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II c mt s tnh cht chung sau : - Nhit nng chy v nhit si tng ng i thp (tr beri)

- cng tuy c cao hn kim loi kim nhng chng l nhng kim loi mm hn nhm.

- Khi lng ring tng i nh, chng l nhng kim loi nh hn nhm (tr Bari).

Nhng kim loi c nhng tnh cht vt l ni trn l do ion kim loi c bn knh tng i ln, in tch nh, lc lin ktkim loi trong mng tinh th yu.

Kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II c nhit nng chy, nhit si, khi lng ring bin i khng theo mt quy lut nht nh nh kim loi kim l do cc kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II c nhng kiu mng tinh th khng ging nhau.

Bng di y cho bit cu to v mt s tnh cht cakim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II.

Nguyn tBeMgCaSrBa

Cu hnh electron (He) 2s2 (Ne) 3s2 (Ar) 4s2 (Kr) 5s2 (Xe) 6s2

Nng lng ion ha, kJ/mol M - 2e = M2+ 1800 1450 1150 1060 970

Bn knh nguyn t, nm 0.11 0.16 0.2 0.21 0.22

Nhit nng chy, oC 1280650838768714

Nhit si, oC27701110144013801640

Khi lng ring, g/cm31.851.741.552.63.5

cng (ly kim cng =10)2.01.51.8

Kiu mng tinh th Lc gic u Lp phng tm din Lp phng tm khi

1.8.3.3 Tnh cht ho hc ca kim lo1;i phn nhm chnh nhm II

Tnh cht ho hc ca kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II

Kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II l nhng nguyn t nhm s, nguyn t c 2 electron ha tr (s2) phn cn li c cu to ging nguyn tkh tr ng trc trongh thng tun hon. Nhng kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II c bn knh nguyn ttng i ln. T c im trn, chng ta d dng suy ra kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II l nhng cht kh mnh, trong cc hp cht chng c s oxi hal +2. Tnh kh ca nhng kim loi ny th hin qua cc phn ng ho hc sau :

1. Trong khng kh ( nhit thng), Be, Mg bi oxi ho chm to thnh mng oxit bo v cho kim loi. Cc kim loi cn li tc dng vi oxi ca khng kh mnh lit hn. Khi t nng, tt c cc kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II u chy trong khng kh to ra oxit :

2M + O2 = 2MO ( M l nguyn tkim loi )

2. Kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II kh d dng ion H+ (hoc vit l H3O+) trong dung dch (HCl, H2SO4 long) thnh hiro t do :

Cc kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II c th kh N+5 ca dung dch HNO3 long xung N-3 :

3. Trong nc ( nhit thng), Be khng c phn ng, Mg kh chm, cc kim loi cn li kh nc mnh m v to ra dung dchbaz

M + 2H2O = M(OH)2 + H2 V vy cc kim loi Ca, Sr, Ba c gi l nhng kim loi kim th.

1.8.3.4 ng dng ca kim lo1;i phn nhm chnh nhm II

Kim loi beri to ra nhng hp kim cng, n hi, khng b n mn, dng ch to my bay, v tu bin Kim loi magie to ra c nhng hp kim c c tnh nh v bn, dng ch to my bay, tn la, t

Kim loi canxi dng lm cht kh tch mt s kim loi khi hp cht; tch oxi, lu hunh ra khi thp..

Cc kim loi kim th cn li t c ng dng trong thc t

1.8.3.5 iu ch kim lo1;i phn nhm chnh nhm II

iu ch kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II

Phng php chnh iu ch kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II l in phn mui halogenua ca chng dng nng chy. Phng trnh in phn dng tng qut c th biu din nh sau :

X l nguyn t halogen

1.8.4 Mt s hp cht quan trng ca canxi

Mt s hp cht quan trng ca canxi

Hp cht ph bin nht v c nhiu ng dng ca kim loi kim th l hp cht ca canxi. Di y l mt s hp cht quan trng ca canxi.

1.8.4.1 Canxi oxit

Canxi oxitCaO l cht rn, mu trng, nng chy nhit rt cao (2585oC). Canxi oxit cn c gi l vi sng.

Canxi oxit l oxit baz, n tc dng mnh lit vi nc, to ra baz mnh :

CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2 + Q

Tc dng vi nhiu, to mui tng ng :

CaO + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O

Tc dng vi oxit axit, to mui tng ng :

CaO + CO2 = CaCO3 Canxi oxit c dng nhiu trong cc ngnh xy dng, cng nghip v nng nghip.

Ngi ta iu ch CaO bng phng php phn hy canxi cacbonat nhit cao :

Phn ng phn hy canxi cacbonat l phn ng thun nghch v thu nhit. Mun cho cn bng ha hc chuyn dch theo chiu c li cho vic iu ch CaO, cn tng nhit cho phn ng v gim nng kh CO2. 9000C, canxi cacbona b phn hy hon ton.

1.8.4.2 Canxi hiroxit

Canxi hiroxit Ca(OH)2 l cht rn mu trng, t tan trong nc (1 lt nc 20o C ho tan c 0,02 mol). Dung dch Ca(OH)2 cn c gi l nc vi, c tnh baz yu hn dung dchNaOH. Ca(OH)2 tc dng vi axit, oxi axit to mui tng ng :

Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + 2H2O

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O

Phn ng gia canxi hiroxit vi kh cacbonic to cht rn khng tan l canxi cacbonat gii thch vic dng va xy dng nh ca.

Ngoi ra, dung dchcanxi hiroxit tc dng vi dung dchmui khc, th d :

Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 + 2NaOH

Phn ng ny c dng iu ch NaOH trong cng nghip

1.8.4.3 Canxi cacbonat

Canxi cacbonat CaCO3 l cht rn, mu trng, khng tan trong nc (1 lt nc 20oC ho tan c 1,4.10-4 mol). CaCO3 l mui ca axit yu v khng bn (axit cacbonic) do vy n c tc dng vinhiu axit v c v hu c.

CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH = Ca(CH3COO)2 + H2O + CO2 nhit thp, canxi cacbonat tan dn trong nc c cha kh cacbonic, to ra mui tan l Ca(HCO3)2:CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 Khi un nng, nng CO2 gim, cn bng ha hc chuyn dch theo chiu to ra CaCO3. Phn ng ny xy ra t