Upload
others
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
TOXICITY OF RUBBER FACTORY EFFLUENT TO A CHOSEN
FRESH WATER FISH
PREFACE
Man's increasing ability to adapt himself to his environment or his
environment to himself has resulted in his prodigious production into the billions
through the ages which testifies his biological triumph over other species (Frank and
Frank, 1975). In order to meet the biological needs of the exploding population for
survival, he is forced to resort to developmental processes prunariiy in agriculture
and industry. He has been successful in all his endeavours but all his progress are
coupled with equal or more powerful environmental damages that lead to problems
of pollution (Han & Raleswari, 1985) which have become a menace to his existence
and which threatens his existence more than an atom bomb does. No doubt, the
products of human population increase, the anicultural revolution, the
industrialization, the urbanization and the adances in science and technology have
seriousl y endangered his relationship with his environment by producing as in
the form of sewage. Sewage is water borne vste from home and industries which
include human excreta, soap, detergents, paper, cloth and numerous industrial
products and solid wastes that are dumped into the water ways because for all toxic
chemicals waterways provide a cheap and effective sink (Mason, 1981).
Water, an essential requisite for all organisms including man all over
the world and an important resource for sustaining life and providing potential for
2
further growth (Lindh, 1979), is subjected to pollution. Water pollution is defined by
the Public Health Service of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare
(I-[EW) as "the adding to water of any substance or the changing of water's physical
characteristics in any way which interferes with its use for any legitimate purpose".
The Pollutants listed by HEW are: i) Sewage and other oxygen demanding wastes,
ii) Infectious agents, iii). Plant nutrients, iv) Particulates, v) Radioactive substances,
vi) Minerals and chemical substances, vii) Heat and viii) Organic chemical exotics.
Over and above, the untreated industrial effluents which directly mix
with water bodies consist of metals like copper, zinc. mercury, lead. manganese, etc.
and chemicals like acids, alkalies, carbonates, detergents, fattyacids etc. (Southwick
1976: Mason. 1981 1 . This leads to changes in the physico-chemical parameters of the
receiving water affecting the aquatic biota and resulting in biocheniical changes in
the metabolic activity of all organisms especially fishes (Agaival, 1983).
Developed countries have realized the need for maintaining water
quality, for they feel that increase in unclean water may threaten human life more
than water shortage and for which they are adopting stringent measures to keep the
water bodies clean. But in developing countries like India the population increase is
beyond measures and surveys undertaken on the general limnology of the major
rivers showed that no river or stream is completely free from industrial pollution
(Sreenivasan el al., 1977) and the BOD and DO value of these waters have reached
3
an unacceptable level (Choudharv el al.. 1987). Unless man feels that heis part of the
ecosystem arid learns to co-operate with nature, he cannot rescue himself from the
process of self-destruction (Oshorn., 1948).
River pollution in India is due to indiscnminate dischar ge of
municipal sewa ge, industrial effluents and dumping of solid wastes from about 3200
major industries which include pulp and paper, textile, tannery, su gar distillery,
vegetable oii, plastic. fertilizer, deter gents, petrochemical, steel, paint, rubber, anti
biotic and chemical industries in addition to countless small industries (Dalela.
1985). Studies and surveys undertaken b y Ganapati and Alikunhi (1950) Ganapati
and Chacko (1951): David (1956): Quasim and Siddiqi (1960): Abraham (1962);
Bhaskaran Ci al. (1965): George ci a!, (1966); Ray and David (1966); Sreenivasan
and Sundararaj (1967): Verma and Sukhia (1969); Gopala Knshnan et al. (1973);
Verma and Dalela (1975): Paul and Pillai (1976); Prakash et al. (1978): Arumugam
(1979): NEERI (1981): Agarwal (1983 Anandavalit ci al. (1983); Haniffa and
Sundaravadhanani(1984): 1-laniffa and Porchelv (1984): Haniffa etal. (1985); Bhat't
ci a'. (1985): Muru gesan and Haniffa (1985): issai Arasu and Haniffa (1985); Haniffa
ci al. (1986); Sabata and Nair (1987); Issai Arasu and Haniffa (1987); Haniffa and
Balakrishnan (1988): Haniffa and Mary Jaceentha (1988); Haniffa and Maria
Augusteen (1988); Haniffa el al. (1988): Amutha and George (1988); Haniffa and
Maria Thanislaus (1989); 1-laniffa and Mary Vijavarani (1990); Haniffa cial. (1990);
Bharathi and Krishnamoorthy (1990); Pophali ci al. (1990); Haniffa and Arulselvan
4
(1991); Gopalakrish.nan ci al. (1991): Tiwana (1992); Murug'esan and Hanifta
(1992): Ivienon (1992): Unni ci al. (1992): Mishra and Saksena (1992); Haniffa ci aL
(1993): Smith etal. (1993); Othuman (1994): Sakthivel (1994): Hariiffa el al. (1994)
and Martin and i-ianiffa (1995) confirm the fact that none of the major and minor
riverine systems in the whole of peninsular india are free from aquatic pollution.
Rubber absorbs the shock of the turbulent world. Modem civilization
is roiling on rubbef (Maurya, 1978). Rubber is one of the most versatile materials of
construction being used throu ghoui ihe world. Rubber, with ts specific properties of
elasucitv. flexibility, stretch, rebound. tear and resistance, is used in all spheres of
human activity that the level of consumption of rubber is reckoned as an index of
economic crowth of a nation in the modern world. Rubber is used in videIv va'ing
items such as washers. gaskets, shoe soles. ram coats, hoses, beltin g. tvres milking
machines. sports goods. surgical goods, and automotive and electrical goods. it is
used in peaceful appliances as well as in war weapons. Apart from these t is now-a-
days used in soil stahihzation. sewa ge disoosal. road making and in all types of
marjin gs. Growing dislike of noise pollution has resulted in the use of rubber in the
place of metals.
There is no record of rubber and rubber trees prior to the discover' of
the New World. Columbus during his exploration in his second voyage in 1493
noticed in Haiti, the natives playing with rubber balls and his co-explorers collected
5
the milk type substances which started drying. The word 'latex' is from Latin
language which means liquid milk of tree and it came into existence after 1857
before which it was called liquid rubber. Of all the latex yielding plants, Hevea
hra:iliensis (H.B. and K) Much gives a very good yield. Its seeds were brought to
India from Amazon forest of Latin America and planted at M ysore (Karnataka),
Travancore & Cochin (Kerala) and Salem (Tamil Nadu).
Having realized the importance and economical value of rubber, the
Government of Tamil Nadu started. the Arasu Rubber Corporation in Kanyakuman
District in 1971 with three rubber factories in Lower Kodaivar. Perinchani and
Keeriparam.
Kanvakumari District, a tin y district in Tamil Nadu located at the
southernmost tip of peninsular India, is ideal Ihr human habitation with its three types
of ecotypes viz., mountains, plains and sea coasts. Cape Comorin, noted for the
iïierin g of the Indian Ocean. Arabian Sea and the Ba y of Bengal, is part of this
district. This previously industries free area of India is now under the assault of
aquatic pollution as the streams feeding the rnaor reservoirs of the District, the
Pechipparai and Perinchani get polluted by the effluents from the three Government-
run rubber factories and few other private rubber factories.
The main river in Kanvakumari district is Thamiraparani or the
Kuzhithurai aaru and it has two tributaries Kodaiyar and Paraiaiyar. The two
IA
F.,
4ifr 4.
?q,q_ •
•1'
Plate 1 A section of the Arasu Rubber Plantation atKeeripara i
Plate 2 : Tapping of rubber latex
77°15" S.[NDIA
KANYAKUMARI
D! STRICT
30'
N
MuthukuzhivlII
5^- \ 5
ISTUDY'&d-/ ARE AAsarnbu Hills
PechipRe Se
R . i<odaiv
OVc1LU ç
mugarri h
)llar
rasu'u±be-ac toryrurichani Reservo-
Paralaiyar.
Tharni rap arani
ThengapattiEs tu arv
ARABIAN SEA
o km B
77° 15'
77030'
Fig Map of iKanvakumari District showing origin and course of
Para2aiya ad Kodaivar and the location of the
THO\/ A I A A
KAN YAK I1 C
1ometre
110
Bala.-,
KAL K U LAS
. TA LU K
II jO mdcx n-ip of I'anyakunar D' sL
HG.? LOCATION CF THE STUDY AREA
80AGASTEESNARAM TALUK
11 0- 20
6
tributaries confluence at Moovaattumu gam. River Kodaivar originates from
Muthukuzhiviai mountains on the Western Ghats and it is dammed at Pechipparai.
The river Paralaivar also ori ginates from the Western Ghats at Asambu hills and the
Perinchani dam is constructed across it. Paralaivar is formed by two hill streams.
Kallar and Pambar flowing on the eastern side of the Keenparai rubber factory.
Another important bill stream Iviasupathi. flo\\ng on the western side of the rubber
factory , joins with river Paralaiyar fl g. 1).
The present study is made at the Arasu Rubber Facton. Keeriparai.
sin. atea in the Azhahiapandipuram ranges of the Western Ohats eievanon i0-60
ma NISLi in Kanvakumari District, some 35 km from the District Head Quarters.
Nagercoil. 7 7 'N and S25 rE) (Fig.2). This area provides favourable climate wit'.
adequate rainfall fbr healthy gro\\lh of rubber trees and the Arasu rubber corporation
owns about 400 hectares of rubber plantations here (Plate- I).
Rubber latex is obtained from the tree trunk by a systematic tapping
procedure which consists of cutting through the bark of the tree to the cambium layer
at an angle of about 30 from top left to bottom ri ght early morning. A small
collection cup, made of coconut shell, is hung at the cut end and the white coloured
latex is collected. (Plate-2)
J
Plate 3 : Bulking of rubber latex
".,1
I
'IL
-
Mob—
Plate 4: Sheeting of coagulated latex
IMS
:)?
1cU/
/ I uc
RERVO/R
PAGT1
y
/
G.3. 31 an of cnro5u rucr fccr' rIPorai
frjN4ALAI t4 L19
Ornis
rshed(
Gac!no
ckin
Dccx'
V
PreservativeChemicas
Packing inbarrels
RSs
Sheengmachine
Smoke house
Grading
Packing
Fig. 4 How chart showing rubber processing inArasu Rubber Factory, Keeriparai
Cup umps and tree aci(scrap)
EBC mill roUers
Drier
I-10% skim latex 1 [ Gr2d'n9J
Suphuricacd} Packing
Skim mill
Dner shed
Grading
.1Latex
Raw latex
Formic Acid
Ammoniated latex
Centrifugation
Packing
V:1
Rubber latex is a fluid consistin g of suspended globular particles
(Ro gers. 1968). in addition to rubber, rubber latex contains resins, proteins, mineral
matter.peptones. sugar. oxygen dcnvativcs and various enzymes such as oxidases,
peroxidases and catalases (Carrier. 952).
The Arasu Rubber Factors', Keeriparai is located in reserve forest and
covers an overall fenced area of about 9.25 ha. The site plan of the factor y is given in
fiQ3. The urades of rubber are produced in this factor y are i). Ribbed Smoked
Sheet(RSS), ii).Concentrated latex cenex. iii). Skim Crepe rubber. iv) Estate Brown
crepe rubber (EBC) (fig.4.
i). Ribbed Smoked Sheet (RSS)
The latex coLlected from the field containing an average div rubber
content (DRC of about 40 percent is diluted with water in 1:2 ratio and coagulated
using formic acid in special Aluminium tanks. The coagulum is sheeted to a
thickness of about 3mm by passin g through five sets of pressing rollers. The sheets
are then cut into 1 r long pieces and sent to the smoke house (Sf-I) for diving where
fire wood smoke at a temperature of 60C is passed through the sheets for two days.
On the third day. the full y dried sheets are sent to the grading section where they are
tzraded into RSSIx. RSS1, RSS2. RSS3. RSS4 and RSS5 according to the quality of
sheets, packed into 50kg bundles and stacked for sale (Plates 3 and 4).
Plate 5 Centrifugation of ammoniated latex(Cenex Unit)
Plate 6 : Bulkiria of skim ]Atpy
8
ii). Concentrated Latex - 60% High Ammoniated (HA) (Cenex)
The ammoniated (0.6%) field latex with an average DRC of about
40 0,6 is bulked in tanks by addin g 1% Diammonium hydrogen phosphate and allowed
to sediment for about 14 hours. The clarified latex is fed to the centrifuge with a bowl
speed of about 7000 RPM. There, the latex is separated as the preset 60%
concentrated latex and 10% skimmed latex. The 60% latex is collected in the cenex
tanks where the presevatives, laurie acid and ammonia are added. The qualit y of the
latex is checked to the 1ST standard, packed in drums of 2051 capacity and stored in
the godon for sale (Plate 5.
3. Skim crepe rubber
The skim latex received from the centrifuge \\lth about 10% DRC is
collected in the skim hulkin g tank and is allowed for deammoniation for about S
hours. This is coagulated using 85°c sulphuric acid. The coa gulum is cut into uniform
pieces and each h fed through the three sets of skim mill rollers and made into skim
sheets of about 3 to 4 mm thickness. These sheets are hanged in bamboos in the drier
shed and allowed to dr\ for 15 to 18 days in free air. The dried sheets are sent for
grading, packed in 50k g bundles and stacked (Plate 6 and 7).
4. Estate Brown Crepe Rubber (EBC)
The cup lumps and tree laces collected from the field with an aveage
DRC of about 50% is milled in the 6 sets of EBC mill rollers by setting the roller gap
accordingly in each mechine so as to form EBC sheets. The first four sets of rollers
Plate 7 : Skim sheet making
I,• T I
ji
C.'
-4
NX
f
..•f
:
'-•'•'_ -:• -
Plate 9 : ACE and SCE flowing along open effluentchannel within the factory premises
• .•-• .• •-- •1l -
-: •- • - : - -' i..-) - '- -
0 -
:'----
- -
Plate 10 ACE and FCE flowing out fromthe factory towards the hill stream
9
are crooved where as the last two sets are p l ain. The thickness of the finished product
is about 3 mm. They are cut into pieces of uniform length and dried by hanging L.iri
reapers or bamboos in the air drier shed for 15 to 20 days. The fully dried sheets are
eraded according to the quality of sheets as EBC SiX, EBC IX, EBC 2X and EBC
3X and packed in 25kg bundles. Pale latex crepe (PLC) can also be produced in the
EBC mill' rollers using field latex coa gulums instead of cup lumps.
While processing the ruhr latex large amount of effluent is
produced. As the factory is functonng round the clock about 510 K.htres of effluent
are coming out daily (Plates S. 910 and ii
Due to strong protest and pressure from the public, an effluent
treatment plant was constructed in '199" hut it never became operation] due to
unknown reasons and the abandoned plant is shown in plate 12.
Two hill streams Kaliar and Pambar flowing on the eastern side of the
rubber factory confluence in front of it to fomi Paralaivar and into this the effluents
from the rubber factory are discharged. Another hill stream. Masupathi joins the of
this river just near the effluent mixing point. The polluting effect of the rubber
factory effluents can he felt from the characteristic had odour and seen from the
colour change in the river where the effluents mix with it (Plate-13 and 14).
Raw latex processing Unit - 175 K. litres/day.HA Latex Unit - 60K. litres/daySkim latex Unit - 260 K. litres/dayLaboratory and others - 15 K. litres/day
Total 510 K. litres
-,'
p
Plate 11 FCE flowing out from the factory
I:--
---T
=I, I
Plate 13 : Colour change in the riverconsequent of effluent mixing
T : der
Plate 14 : Clear hill stream water turnina
10
There were reports of a1leric vomiting and diarrhoea in children who
consumed this polluted water and skin aller, itching and irritation for those who
took bath in the effluent mixed water during summer seasons (Cross Bell, 1990).
Since no systematic investigation was done to assess the physico-chemical and
biological impact of rubber factor effluem. the present study was undertaken.
ahlc 1. Review of I j(erature
1929
(93 I
1936
(937
1941
1947-49
1948
1949
1950
1951
1951
1952
1952
1952
1952
953
1953
1954
Bcldmg
Ebeling
I- Iagm a ii
Ellis
Mortimer
Turing
Osborn
Simpson
Ganapati andAlikunhi
(3anapati andChacko
Lecren
Din-lick- and(-laydu
Carrier
Katz andGaulin
Lagler
Dodoroft andKatz
Rounsfilt andEver heart
Chacko cL
Toxicity studies offish exposed to industrial effluent.
Effect of waste waters from cellular plants on Perch.
lcsin acids of paper mill effluent in fish mortahtv.
Detection and measurements of Stream Pollution.
Interaction between iii ud and water.
Four reports on pollution affecting rivers in England
Our plundered planet
Measurement of diversity
Factory clii uents Ibm Metur chemicals.
EIkcts of paper mill pollution in river Gdawari
The length weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad
weight in Perch.
Ltèc1s of kralt mill effluents on Sal moil id fish.
Natural rubber manulhcturing tIleimstry
The cffëts ofscwagc.pollution on the fish pôulation of
western river
Fresh water Fishery Biology.
Critical review of literature on toxicity of Industrial waste.
I ishcry 'ucnc its methods and applications
A survey of he lbslierics of the Cauvery river
Studies on the pollution of the 13hadravathi with industrialeffluent.
Methods of determ itling Vitaltatc of fish population.
Pollution of a stream by sugar fctory effluent in U.P.
A study of condition ol Austral Ian barracota.
Preliminary observations on the effluents of Industrial wastesin river kali.
Exposure of carps to copper and changes in total plasmaprotein level.
Statistical methods applied to experiments in Agriculture andBiology.
A survey of hydrobiology and fisheries of the coouni river.
The bacterial flora of Puget sound fish.
Some effects of alkyl Benzene Sulphonate on blue gillLc'poiiii.v .Sj).
Pathological changes in gills.
Probit analysis.
A comparison of some species individual diversity indices.
Sublctlrtl coppei 7IflC pollution in Saloirion iivcr
Studies on the river pollution
Toxicity characteristics of paper mill effluents on guppies
Acute toxicity Of Oil refinery effluent to 57 species of fish.
Patterns of speciesdiversity::-r.
1956
David
1958
Ricker
1960
Banerjee andMoiwani
1960
Blackburn
1960
Quasirn andSiddiqi
1961
Fuj iya
1961
Sriedccor
1962
Abraham
1.962
Colwell
1963
Lemke end.Mount:
1964
Cameron
1964
Finney
1964
Men h in ick
1964 Sprague el al.
1965 Bhaskaran etcz/.
1965
Howard &waldenk
1965
Irwin
1965
Mc Arthur
1966
1966
1966
1966
1966
1966
1967
1967
1967
1967
1967
1968
1968
1968
1969
1970
David
Studies on pollution of the Bhadravath i with industrial
f'ay ctilueiits.
George cf (if
A hmnological survey of the river Kali with reference to fishmortality.
Piclou Measurement of diversity in different types of biological
collections.
Podoha Effects of purified waste waters of pulp and paper mill
industry on fish.
Ray and David
Effect of industrial wastes and sewage upon the fisheries ofGanga.
Venkairaman Occurrence of large scale fish mortality in Chaliyar river due
to textile mill effluent,
Karamchandani Biological investigations on the fish and fisheries.
et at.
Karthiayini and I yer Qualitative and Quantitative studies oil bacterial flora of
fresh sardines.
Mathur Anaerobic respiration in a cyprinid fish
Mc Intosh An index of diversity and the relation of certain concepts ofdiversity.
Sreenivasan --ind Effects of certain wastes oil water quality and fishes of
sunararaJ river Cauvery.
Barrett The effects of an acute insecticide stresson a semi enclosedgrass land ecosystem.
Rogers The good year Tyre and Rubber Co.-study.
Wilhm and Biological parameters for water quality criteria.
Dorris
Verma and l'ollution in perennial sti'eaiii Khala b the sugar factory
Shukia effluent.
Jakim et at. Effects of metal poisons on five liver enzymes in the killi fish.
1970
1970
1970
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1972
1973
1973
ii iii ml ngc r
Waldenc, ul
Wedemeyer
Christensen
1-lurihert
Jerald &Brown
Row and Cook
Underwood
Jhingran
Margalef
Newmann el cii
Rao & Rao
Sinderman
Weatherley
Webb andBrett
J3ilinskiand Jonas
B ruyncsleyn
Physiological studies on super cooled hill fish Fui7ilUius
hei'eroc'Iu' us.
Minimum concentration of kiaR mill effluent affectingrespiration in fish.
The role of stress in the disease resistance of fish.
Effects of metal cations and other chemicals upon the activityof two enzymes in white sucker ( . ufask.iiiiuv c(),,11,Iersonl.
The non-concept of diversity a critique and alternativeparameters.
Fecundity , growth and condition of Gudusia chapra
Resin, acid, soaps toxicity and treatahility air and streamimprovement conference.
Trace elements on human and animal nutrition.
Length weight relationship and condition factor
Homage to Evelyn Hutchinson on why there is upper limit todiversity.
Aerobic in icroflora of the blue fish Poinaf ons .caliair,x
intestine
On the biology of Lobo cu/basiL
Some biological indicators of marine environmentaldegradation.
Growth and ecology offish population
The effects ulsuhlethat concentration of kratl mill effluent onSockeye salmon.,
[llbcts oiCdand Cu Oi the oxidation of lactate by Rainbowtrout
Pulp mill etlluciit tOxicity . to fish -
1973
1973
1973
1973
1973
1973
1973
1973
1973
'973
1974
1974
1974
1974
1974
1975
and Welden
Calaman andMarchetti
Eaton
Gopalaksi shnanet al.
Hill
John
Klein
Mahajan andSingh
M cLeav
Sprague
Varkev
Mc Leav andBrown
Peet
Reid and Wood
Verma andMathur
Vinci andKesavan Nair
Frank andFrank
The toxicity of mixture of metals & surfactants.
Chronic toxicity of a copper, cadmium and zinc mixture tofathead minnow.
Presents status of pollution in the Hooghiy estuary.
Diversiry and evenness a uni ring notation and its
consequences.
Bioassay of rayon pulp factory effluents on fishes.
River pollution 11 Chemical analysis.
Histopathological changes in the gills of a fish inducedby synthetic detergents.
Effects of k.rafi pulp mill effluent on the tissues of Cohosalmon.
The ABCs of pollutant bioassay using fish.
Pollution of Bevpore river by effluents from Ra yon pulp
factory.
Growth stimulation and biochemical changes in Coho
salmon.
The measurement of species diversity.
Ecology of Inland water and estuaries.
Studies on the tOxicity of industrial wastes to Macrobrachiumdayanum.
Length weight relationship in the thread fin, fish.
Man and the changing environment.
1975
1975
1975
1976
1976
1976
1976
1976
1976
1977
1977
1977
1977
1977
1977
1977
1977
1977
Gill and Toor
McLeay andBrown
Verma andDalela
Paul andPillaiSchofield
Southwick
Zand
Davis
Gill and Toor
Hughes andAdeney
Kelso
Mc Leay
Oikan andSoivio
Say andWhitton
Solbe
Sreenivasaflet al.
Vass et 'al
Weis and Weis
Evaluation by bioassays of the toxicity of fish to sugar factory
effluents.
Effects of acute exposure to bleached ,kraft pulp mill effluent
on Coho salmon.
Studies on the pollution of the Kalinadi by industrial waste.
Studies on pollution aspects of Penyar river.
Acid precipitation: effects on fish.
Ecology and the quality of our environment
Index associated with information theory in water quality.
Procress in sublethal studies with kraft pulp mill effluent on
saimonids.
Bioassay studies on the toxicity of distillery effluents to fish.
Effects of zinc on cardiac and ventilatory rhythms of rainbow
trout.
Density, distribution and movement of Nipigon bay fishes inrelation to pulp and paper mill effluent.
Development of a blood sugar bioassay for measuringstressful levels of pulpmill effluent to salmonid fish.
Physiological condition of fish exposed to water containing
pulp and paper mill wastes.
Influence of zinc of lotic plants.
Water quality, fish and invertebrates in a zinc polluted stream.
A note on the indicators of pollution of cauvery by pulp mill
effluent.
HydrobiolOglcai studies on river Jhelum.
litMethylmerCury terratogefleSiS in Fundulus heteroCus!
1977
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1978
1979
1979
1979
1979
1979
Yamamoto ci U/
l3agenal andTesch
(..ndcii ci al.
Prakash Cl i/.
Schrcck andLorz
Swillill
\A'a I wood andUcainish
Armstrong
De Souza andNaq vi
(_itipta andRal hanshi
iiiir&oraniel al.
K i,iinarat:'tiri i(f( (II.
Studies of copper on metabolism in fishes
Methods lbs assessment offish production in ftesh waters.
Avoidance reaction of' Salinonid to pulp 111111 effluents.
i:co fogs cal study ol ri 'er .1 am u na.
Sisess response of ' Coho salmon elicited by cadmium andcopper stress.
Some etlects of exposing rainbow tiout to phenol solutions.
1-11cts olcoppel hardness and pH Oil the growth of rainbow
trout.
1.11ects of ' mercury compounds on fish.
Metal concentration in the (Jr-ay Mullet from Vi sakapat narn.
Pathological changes resulting iiom bioassay of copper toI ICiL/( )/)I ?C?LVI(S /o.v.vi!i..
Oxvuen consumption in I,a/)e() ru/u/a under exposition to
industrial effluents.
Mercur y and its h xtciIv to oysters in velar estuary.
197 1) Lmndh Water and food production.
1979 Mahajan and Eflict of mercury poisioning on growth of ( hauma J7UflCiUfU,V.
Sharma
1979 Madhupratah et t. toxicity oicfTluents from a titanium dioxide thctory on
marine animals.
1979 Mauiya 'I echnology of' Rubber products.
1979 l-ersoone and Systems of biological indicators for water quality assessment
DC Pauw in biological aspects of liesh water pollution.
1980 Wong ci a!
Foxic eulecis of endrin on liver and kidney ola teleost lish.
Provincial Guidelines and I 'aboratory procedures fbr
measuring Acute Lethal Thx cit y of 1_iquid Effluents to fish.
Role of microflora in the assessment of pollution level ofriver Ganga. -
Toxicity of distillery effluent to the cvprinid weed fish, R.
Biochemical and haematological eflècls ol'titanium dioxideindustrial clii iment.
Sublethal ellècts of*krall pulp null waste water on Perch.
Toxic efThct oiAluininiuin on brown trout a/i,zO Irulfa.
Changes in nucleic acid and protein content of utopia
IF1( icit.
Lth.c1 oltvo pesticides on total lipid and cholestrol contentsof ovary , liver and blood serum of'/-/efero/?,U'USIC?.VfO.cS/II.r.
Studies on the ell' of paper fhctory effluent on thehydrography of the river Cauvery.
Niologv of 1-1111 Stieuiii I ,oach
'trace metal studies in the 'lawe and Swansea !-3a.
The Genetic toxicology of substitutionally inert transitionmetal complexes.
'loxicitv of textile miIlefTli.ients of fresh water and estuarinecrustaceans and fishes:'-
Degree of 9!utb0ft0evc major streams entering 1 ofoI larhour I long Kong—.
1979
Sasti'y andSharma
198() Anon
1980
l3harati _'i al.
198()
Durve and Jam
1980
Larsson ct ot.
1980
Lehteinen andDik a ri
1980
Munii. andI eivestad
198()
Rath and\'lishra
1980
Singh andSingh
1980
Samuel Paul 1<a
1980
Sd vanathan
1980
Vivian
1980
Warren e,' at
1980
Welsh C?! (1/
LIicts of Sublethal concentration ot mercury in Pwifiu.v( ilj(
Acidic precipitation and its C011Se(ILlCnCeS for aquatic
ecosystems.
Biology of fresh water pollution.
Water quality survey of the l-looghly estuary.
Distillery waste toxicity Of metabolic dysfrmnctioning.IJse of diversity ol evaivatioii (it water quality.
W. 11.0'S, I rrvinrnental health criteria.
Variation iii reSj)OflSC to methyl mercury by killifish embryos.
I iocIicrn cal efThcis of loriglerin exposure to Cr, Cd and Ni inraimihow trout.
A him inium toxicity to fish in acidic waters.
Zinc intoxication ellecis oil physiology Of fishes.
Krait pulp mill eliluent components cause liver dyslinctionill trout.
Uptake and accumulation of zinc in Juvenile Rainbow trout.
ftc ef1ict of endosulphanand its isomers on tissue protein,glycogen and lipids in Uianiia pwlciafus.
Oii diatoms is indicators on the river Lali glycogen and lipidsin (.71011170 /)1;17CIa111V.
Toxicity of certain pesticides found in the habitat oHhecarnivorous fishes.
Comparative ellect of' copper C,. ldmidni and
mercury on tissues Of' l-Iefrm/icl,.vIC.v/oc.clh.c..
Locomotor behaviour of four teleosts in response to sublethalcopper exposure.
1981
Gill and Pant
1981
I-Jar ries
1981
Mason
1981
N [[RI
1981
Shafli1981
Irivedi
1981
WI-JO.
1981
Weis et al
1982
i\rrllo 'I iI
1982
Baker andSchofield
1 982
Das and Rcddy
1982
()rkari andN a La ri
1982
1.oveerove andhddv.
1982
Murthy andDevi
1982
Prasad andSingh
1982
Sheila SusanJacob c( i/.
1982
Srivastava
1982 Scartee, a!
1982 Snarsk,
The response of rmnhow trout ",u/iiio ,ia//dh1L'// allcr sublethalexposure 10 P(. N and copper.
1982 Venlatcsvarlii
Chemical and biological assessment of pollution in the riverand Sanpath
Moos].Kumar
1982
Vetter and
Use of adenclat energy change as indicator ol hypoxic stressI-I LidS011 in estuarine fish.
1983
Wets and Wets
Variation in response to meth y l mercury by Li lii fish embryos.
1983
Anandaval Ii ci (1/
A quality profile of river Vaigai.
1983
Agarai
Water qualit y of sewage drains entering chambal river.
1983
Mc Donald
The interaction of envi r inmenta I calcium and low p1 1 on thep1iviolov of the rainbow trout.
1983
RociL c t i/
Morphological and biochemical studies of liver, kidne y andgill i fishes allëcted b y pesticides.
1983
Rao 'i t/. l-lislopathologv of Malathion on gills of li/ajmi ,uos'.cainhic'u
1983
SivaLami and
I he tod and feeding habits of I?US/)')rU /(J/7ICUI11/(,V.
Joseph
1983
Saxena and
Lt1ct of egetabfe oil fbctorY clii ueni on ( ha/u/a pane/u/us.
Hhatta
1983
Balavenkata 1-ftect of cupric chloride on oxidative metabolism in li/up/a
Subbiah ci' al. ,nu.r,cunih,ca.
1984
Hanifih and Ifiect of distillery effluent on oxygen consumption ofPorchelvi Surm/1cr(1c/o,7 11I().VSW?1h,C11,
1984
1-IanifT'a and Hiects of distillery effluent on histopaihological changes inSu ndravadhana iii /*j,•/,u.c
1984
Mukliopadh\ iv I oxic i1\ of copper iinc and iron to fish p1 mktonand konar
1984
Nammalvar Biochemical changes resulting front Biotssay of pesticides toestuai inc mullet.
WE
1984
1984
1984
1984 a
194 b
1984
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
Nair (?f (II
kaina ci (II.
Samuel PaulRII vi (1/,
1 hakre and131 pat
V lavaI1()hanaI1CI al.
\/i;avamnoha ri.imici (1/.
Vv'ashmiigtori
AS7taIoSand Ncmcsok
Ainial (-'/ (if,
13hovniic andSingh
Bhatt et (ii.
Bhittacharvaci al.
I .)a ci a
Han andRalech\vari
I-iaiiilta ci (1/.
lssai Amasuand 1-lanil Ia
I lied oil ilanuini eFfluents On the peripheral haematology otii ii iba.v icsIu(/ulcw,.
On the biology of I(J/)c() (U//)U.1(.
Tolerance olcertamn marine organisms to fertilizer planteffluent.
Length weight relationship of l?u.c/nn?i (./unicomuc.
l3ioassay aiid respiration iii Cichi id fish.
On the respiratory movements of certain aquatic organismsexposed to sublethal concentration olefiluents from atitanium dioxide factory.
Diversity, I-monc and Similarity indices.
ElTCct of pesticides on the 1.1)11 activity Of ( . .yniiiiis CW7.)iO.
Physico chemical aspects of pollution in Kali Nadi.
EtiCci of sewage on physico-chemical characteristics andbacterial population of river Ganga.
Hydrology and phytoplanklon population of river Kosm.
Exposure to industrial pollutants: induction of histopathofogyin the kidney.
I )etermoratmng Navions It myers.
the growing population
Influence of distillery clii uent on growth and metamorphosisof R,iia 11,a/aharl(xI.
Studies on lhe, effedl of paper mill elllucnts on itiviii.s(1lI?1(iflI,V. . .. .
1985 Vymaznl
1985 Tonapi andGeorge \'arghese
1985 Turnpeniiv
Toxicity of pull) and paper mill effluent on iIaia
mossambica.
Fish gill structural changes by toxicants.
Effects ofiextile mill efiluents on A'Iysiuc armuluc.
Long term ecosystem stress.
Occurrence and chemistry of 7-n in fresh waters its toxicity.
Cardio physiological and enzymatic bio indices forbiomonitoriug fresh water pollution.
The fish population and water quality in some welsh andpennic streams.
Water pollution in Madurai
Haematological effects of distillery and paper mill effluentsHeIerofleuS(e, /os.cl/1s.
i'he impact of acidification on aquatic biota of NorthAmerica.
Ecological studies oil rivers of A.P. with reference to
pollution.
Bioaccurnlation of lead, copper iron and zinc by fish.
Effects of Kraft mill effluents on reproduction of brown trout.
Effects of acidified water on fish endeavour.
1985
Kamatch Ia m mal
1985
Mallatt
1985
Murugesan and1-lan ifTh
1985
Schindler el 0/.
1986
Anandavall
196
1-laniffa ci of,
1986
Mieile ci of.
1986
Ve n k ateswar I u
1986
Villarreal ci (.1/
1986
Vuorinen andVuori nen
•4,4
Wendel aarand Dederen
1987
I3egam Biochemical adaptive response in glucose metabolism of1 ifapia inas,ram/flca.
1987
Chattopadhyay ci of. Bioecological studies of the river Ganga
1987
Choudhary cial. Bio-ecological studies of the river Ganga.
1987
1987
1987
1987
ivi:i
1987
1987
1987
1987
1987
1987
988
1988
Everall Eflècts of water hardness and p1-i upon the toxicity of zinc to
brown trout.
Gagen and Net Sodium loss and mortality of three Salmon species
Sharpe exposed to stream acidified b y atmosphere deposition.
Mc Lea),Aquatic toxicity olpuip and paper mill effluent.
Man ivasakam Industrial effluents-origin characteristics ci lects andtreatment.
Narayanan et al. Effect of Sulphur oil gill of iepuiOCeJ)I7UIICI1IhyeSIIlernl( i//V.
Pragathccswaran el (if. Cadmium induced vertebral deformities inA,,ibu.csis CO/I1N1C1XOfli.
Ram and I lisiopaihological and Biochemical changes in the liver of
Sathyanesa n (.hun,ia pi U Ida! us.
Stephen el al. Toxicity of industrial effluents to A'1sfc.v ke/et,u,c.
Sahata and Water pollution studies in river 1-looghly.
Nayar
Shash; kant
Sunder andSub I a
Arnutha an(!George
CCouillard c'! al.
l'ollution status of - Indian rivers.
Fluctuations in the ponderal index of snow trout.
I'ollution ot vaigal river.
1-listopathology of rainbow trout.
1988
1988
1988
Datta ci UI.
1-IaiiifTh andBalak ri sh nan
HanfIa andMary iaceentha
Histological profile on Hooghly sector of river Ganga.
B io-energetics - common carp.
Food utilization of ()reoc/lro,nis ,no,ssanthic.u,s exposed to
distillery effluent.
1988 Haniffa and Oxygen consumption, surfacing frequency of /?anaMaria ALku5teen ina/aharica exposed to distillery eff luen
1988 Hanifla ci at. Toxicitv of textile mill effluent on the fresh water prawnMacrobi-achi urn.
1988 1-lanitla and Food utilization of ()reoc/iromis mo,ssamh,cus.Jassentha
1988 Murugesanand Muthu
1988 Muru2csan
1988 Magurran
1988 Mafte andWeber
1988 Nriagu
1988 Percy
1988 Radha-krishnaniah
1988 Rengarajan andK arpagaganapathy
1988 Roy
1988 Shanna
1988 Viswaranjan(3/ at.
1989 Hagya Leishmi
1989 Henry
Note on microbial population o M riur int-miwiux.
Toxicity of textile mill effluent to an air breathing fish.
Measurement of ecological diversity.
Respiratory stress Iii rainbow trout exposed to aluminium.
Silent epidemic of environmental poisoning.
Impact of rubber factory effluent on hill stream ecology.
Cobalt accu in u kit ion in Lahc.i ia/lila (I-lam.)
Cadmi 11111 poisioni ng on the hel' 1 ViOU! of Alv.rfu.v i.'iiafi,.r.
Anionic detergent impact oiimucous cells of ' Rita ri/a (1-lam.)
Fisheries of river: 13hageratlii.
Tissue Protein, Carbohydrate and lipids in U. ,no,v,ra,nhicu.r
exposed to tannic acid.
Heavy metal pollution and its elIëcts oil micro ail(Irnacrofauna.
Clinical diagnosis and management by Laboratory Methods.
influence of distillery effluent to tadpoles of I?ananlaluI)(lrlc(!.
Ecological methodologyArvlsulthtasc producing bacteria in the gut of i'herainnJ(lI'f)lI(I
Ecological study ot'a sewage channel.
Acidification and otter distribution in Scotland
Biological water quality assessment based on microin vertebrates
Effects of water hardness on the toxicity of Saroiherodoii11 I0SS(E11/) ,CIIs.
Cytological changes in ery-throcytes of l-feieropneu.cie.s/o.ssilic(bloch) exposed to textile mill effluent
Histological changes in relations to accumulation of methylmercury in L.ha/u/a (Ham.)
Effect of Textile dye effluent in food Utilization of(vpriiwsCarpe.' (Linn.)
Work on Microflora in the digestive tract offish and shellFish.
Water quality index for river Ganga.
Sublethal effect of pulp and paper mill effluent on a freshwater fish.
Study of the ponderal index of an endemic food fish
Effects of industrial effluents on river Kali.
l3iomonitoring the effect of Rubber factory effluent on a hillstream.
1989
Hanifta andMaria than is I a us
1989
Krebs1989
Maya el (ii.
1989
Mishra andSakscna
1989
Mason andMAC Donald
1989
MetcalR
1989
Moiii and 1)as
1989
Muru2esanel al.
1989
!'aulose
1989
Sak th i \'C Iand Sampath
3989
Sakata
1989
Sinha (:1 al.
1989
VAi , avararnand Vasuld
1989
Yousuf andPandit
199()
Bharathi andKri sli narn oorthy
1990
Cross Bell
Haematological effects of textile mill effluent on(..). ino.'.caiiibii.is
Energy expenditure and behavioural response of().mo.v.cwnhicu.r exposed to textile mill cHl uent.
1990
HanitTh andMaryVij aya ran i
1990
Hanillit ci e
1990
Haniffa and Influence of textile mill effluent on food utilization of Mystus
Murutesan kclelius (Jordon)
1990
Hogland and Epidemiology of metacercariae of i)p1o.ciomum hacri in fish
'Fhiilin exposed to effluent of a nuclear
1990
Leino ci at. Multiple cticts of acid and aluminium on fathead minnows.
1990 Lentinen c/ al. Physiological effects in fish exposed to effluents from mills.
1990 Onwurncrc and
Accumulation of metals and histopathology in O.mloi:cus.
Oladlmeli
1990
Pathak and
Population studies on river Gomathi.
13 hatt
1990
199()
199()
1991
1991
1991
Pophdi cliii
Suryanarayanaci al.
Thalheyus
Alam ci a!
Choudharyci al.
G opal ak ri sh nanci al.
Some physico chemical parameters to assess pollution load inPatra river.
A case study of temperature impact on Environment.
Studies on the effects of Nickel and chromium on thehistology and physiology 01 çyprinus caipio(Linn).
Physico-chem ical characterization of industrial effluents andtheir effects on fish.
Some aspects of Morpho physiography of Laheo catba.vu
(Ham.)
Hydrobiology ofTamparaparani river and its suitability foraquaculture.
1991 Haniffa and Relative toxicity of Bleaching Dyeing and Mixed Textile mill
Arul Selvan effluents on Ornossambicus.
991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
Alternation in the protein and lipid contents of Intestine, liverand gonads in the head exposed Murre!.
Fish and fisheries of India.
Biology of ftcsh water pollution.
Efficts olcopper intoxication on muscle glycogen levels inU 11 -lO.S,Y1F1 ii) FC! IS.
Sublethal cf1cts of textile dye stullefiluent on selectedoxidative enzymes.
Investigation on the periodicity of phytoplankton in relation tocertain hydrological conditions.
lttcts of acute sublethal concentration of tannic acid onprotein, carbohydrate and lipid levels oi/,ahco ro/lifa.
Bioaccumulation of heavy meatals by algae and wheat plantsfed by textile effluents.
Inland Fishes of India and adjacent countries.
Acute toxicity of rn osquitocida I components to (Iambus/aa//lu/c.
FIThct of mip and paper cfilucñt on a marine fish./'Seik/O-/)IeUr() nccle.v wncricuiius.
Reproductive perlormance, and development of white suckerexposed to kraft mill effluent.
Mishra and Fish and Fishery potential of Kalpi river.
Saksena
Murugesan and Influence of textile mill effluent on food utilization of Mvs1e,c
Hani ffh ke/clius (Jerdon)
Sampathkumar ci al. Studies on toxicity on South India Viscose Factory effluent on
Groundnut.
Unni elf/f. lreliminiary hydrobiological. studies of river Narmada.
J ha
Alin gran
Mason
Rajkumar and1)as
Sakthivel ci at
Singh andSrivastava
Sorn a nath
Srivastavaand Prakash
Taiwar andJ hi ngran
'lietze ci (/l
lKhall ci al
McMaster ci at
Studies on the impact of heavy metal pollution on the
physiology of Cat/a cat/a (Ham.)
Water resource management quantity and quality aspect.
l'hySiCu chemical and microbiological studies in river
Thambaraparani.
Studies on digestive enzymes and gut inicroflora of
(.)rcocJiro,n.c fl?UV,Sa/flb cus
Studies on the toxicity of copper zinc and copper and zincmixture on (.i,rh,na inrigala (Ham).
Monovalent cation flux in the tissues of Cirrhina inrigala(Ham.) exposed to copper.
Hydrobiological studies on the channels of River
t'arnbaraparanm.
1-hisiopathological lesions in the gill of' J'unlins tic/f) after
exposure to herbicide Isoproturon.
Pollution studies in the river Tambaraparani. -
Toxicity of distillery effluent on a chosen fresh water fish.
Sublethal effects oil'aiinery and Textile mill effluents on gill
51 ructi ire in Cy,,rinu.c caipci.
Source profile affecting the water quality of the River
'1'arn bara pa ran i.
1992
Vincent
1992
Ti wana
1993
l-lanilla ci al
'993
Rainaiiil ha
1993
Stthanand andI.)as
1993
Smith el ell.
1994
1-lanitla ci a!
1994
.Jain andMishra
1994
Mart in
01 Ii urn an
1994
Selvanathan
Martin andl-laiu tTa