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7/27/2019 Toxic Pollution in the Philippines
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Toxic Pollution in thePhilippinesNeric Acosta, Ph.D.
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2.8 million people estimated at risk61 sites evaluated to date
Over
Pasig River
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Smokey Mountain
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Manila Bay
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Manila Bay
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Creek in Manila
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River in Cagayan de Oro
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Scope of ToxicPollution in thePhilippines
PrimaryPollutant
at Sites
Active Sites LegacySites
Sites withBoth
Active &
Legacy
Pollution
Totalumber of
Sites
EstimatedPopulation
at Risk
Mercury 1 3 28 32 1,244,800
Lead 2 9 11 1,208,500
Cyanide 1 3 2 6 266,700
Arsenic 1 3 1 5 70,300
Cadmium 4 4 48,500
Pesticides 1 1 20,000
PCBs 1 1 15,000Dioxins 1 1 3,600
Total 4 13 44 61 2,877,400
Scope of Toxic Pollution in the Philippines
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Major Polluting Industries
Artisanal Gold Mining and
Mercury
Industrial Mining
Used Lead-Acid Battery
Recycling
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Other Factors:
Enforcement/Governance Issues
! Weak institutions! Lack of effective enforcement! Rent-seeking/corruption! Lack of incentive structures for compliance! Lack of compensatory obligations of polluters
(polluters-pay principle)
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Environmental Laws
! Code on Sanitation of the Philippines! Marine Pollution Decree! Philippine Environmental Code! Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System! Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act! Clean Air Act! Ecological Solid Waste Management Act! Clean Water Act
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Major Environmental Projects
! Rehabilitation of the Pasig River through the PasigRiver Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC)
! Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA)
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Projects of the Blacksmith Institute
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Marilao Industrial
Waste Contamination
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Location
ContaminantProject Duration
Project CostImplementing Partners
Toxin
Affected Population
Bulacan Province, Philippines
Heavy Metal Pollution in the River Systems20052009
$300,000 over four yearsMMO Water Quality Management Board, DENR
Environment Office, Meycauayan Environment Office
Arsenic, Lead, Cadmium, Chromium
160,452
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Heavy metal pollution of the Marilao-
Meycauayan-Obando River system(MMORS) in Bulacan has caused
environmental degradation and
numerous public health problems
Causes of contamination: Both
formal and informal industries, such
as used lead acid battery recycling,
gold and precious metals refining,jewelry making, and open dumpsites
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Many of these toxic metal
pollutants far exceed nationalstandards
Hot spots of water quality: Emissions and wastes
from industrial processes find their way into theatmosphere, river system and fishponds before exiting
the Manila Bay
Fishponds provide food for hundreds and thousands of people in
Metro Manila: The likelihood of disease due to heavy metalpoisoning decreases life spans and becomes a serious and
widespread threat to public health and environmental well being
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Remediation of Clark
and Subic Bay
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Location
ContaminantProject Duration
Project Cost
Implementing Partners
ToxinAffected Population
Clark and Subic Bay, Philippines
Multiple Industrial and Chemical PollutantsDecember 2007Present
Budget $230,000
Green Cross Switzerland, Great Forest Inc., Coca Cola
Foundation, Clark Development Corporation, Subic Bay
Redevelopment Authority, University of the Philippines
Biotech
Multiple Heavy Metals, Lead, Polycarbonate, Biphenyls77,000
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Subic Naval Base is located 120km
north of Manila, directly in the path
of international shipping lanes
Since 1990, military activity had been
contributing to extensive pollution of
the Subic Bay
The Subic Naval Base and Clark AirBase were abandoned in 1992, leaving
all preexisting pollution untreated and
uncovered in the environment
No comprehensive sewage system or
treatment: Waste was dumped directly
into Subic Bay, along with lead andheavy metals from the ship repairfacility
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The Clark Air Base was evacuated
following a volcanic eruption in
September 1991, which put a massive
amount of ash into the air
The fallout from the volcanic eruption
left several groundwater drinking wellscontaminated
Polychlorinated phenyl (PCBs) have
infected the water and soil , making the
situation more urgent and has potential
to freely spread through soil siccation
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Records of about 500 families who sought
refuge on the deserted bases after a 1991
volcanic eruption indicate 76 people died and68 others were sickened by pollutants
Toxins lead to unusually high occurrence of
skin disease, miscarriages, still births, birth
defects, cancers, heart ailments and leukemia
Also cause cerebral palsy and severe mental
retardation
At least 19 children were born with disabilities,
diseases and deformities between 1996 and1999
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