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8/2/2019 Toxic and Hazardous Waste Management Notes
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TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Members:
Molon, Joseph Ray
Nobleza, Jogay Mave
Santiago, Faye Y.
Talaid, Harvee
I. INTRODUCTION:
Waste -substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be
disposed of by the provisions of the law
Kinds of Waste: Solid waste- domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially common as
co-disposal of wastesExamples:plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash
Liquid waste-wastes in liquid formExamples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds,manufacturing industries and other sources
Classification of Wastes according to their Properties: Bio-degradable waste- is a type of waste, typically originating from plant or animal sources, which may
be degraded by other living organisms.
Examples:paper, wood, fruits and others
Non-biodegradable waste- is a type of waste that cannot be broken down by organisms.Examples:plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, styrofoam containers and others
Classification of Wastes according to their Effects on Human Health and the Environment Hazardous wastes- Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically
that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in
transit through, any part of the territory.
Non-hazardous- Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically thatare shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in
transit through, any part of the territory
What is Hazardous-Waste Management?
It is the collection, treatment, and disposal of waste material that, when improperly handled, can cause
substantial harm to human health and safety or to the environment.
Hazardous waste may be as any waste or combination of wastes that poses substantial danger to human beings, plants
and animals.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_of_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_of_waste8/2/2019 Toxic and Hazardous Waste Management Notes
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Characteristics of a Hazardous Waste: Ignitable Corrosive Reactive Toxic Radioactive
Ignitability- Ignitable wastes are capable of causing or intensifying a fire during routine handling.A waste is characteristic for ignitability if it has any one of the following properties:
a liquid with a flash point less than 1400F (60 0C);
a solid, capable under standard temperature and pressure, of causing fire through friction,
absorption of moisture, or spontaneous chemical changes, and when ignited, burns vigorously and
persistently;
an ignitable compressed gas; or,
an oxidizer.
Corrosivity- Corrosive wastes include highly acidic or highly alkaline chemicals and those that are capable ofcorroding metal.
A waste has the characteristic of corrosivity if it has one of the following properties:
an aqueous waste with pH 2 or less, or pH 12.5 or greater; or,
a liquid that corrodes steel at a rate greater than 6.35mm (0.25 inches) per year.
Reactivity- Reactive waste is synonymous with unstable water. Due to its extreme rate of reaction, an unstablewaste, can create an explosive condition at any stage of the management cycle of transport, storage,
treatment and disposal.
A waste has the characteristic of reactivity if it:
is normally unstable and readily undergoes violent change without detonating;
reacts violently with water;
forms potentially explosive mixtures with water; mixes with water to generates toxic gases, vapors or fumes in a quantity sufficient to present a danger
to human health or the environment;
is a cyanide or sulfide bearing waste which, when exposed to pH conditions between 2 and 12.5, can
generate toxic gases, vapors or fumes in a quantity sufficient to present a danger to human health or
the environment;
is capable of detonation or explosive reaction if subjected to a strong initiating source or heated under
confinement;
is readily capable of detonation or explosive; or,
is a forbidden explosive or a Class A or Class B explosive.
Toxicity- A toxic substance is a poisonous substance; it is hazardous.
Toxicity is determined by the Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure (TCLP), a laboratory test that
measures the concentration of the toxic material that could leach into ground water if improperly
managed.
Radioactivity- isdefined as the spontaneous breakup of the nucleus of an atom. Due to its large nucleus, it isunstable . An unstable nucleus breaks up and the atom changes to another one lower in mass.
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Two particular hazardous wastes: Dioxins- is commonly used to refer to a family of toxic chemicals that share a similar chemical structure
and induce harm through a similar mechanism.
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) is any of the 209 configurations oforganochlorides with 2 to 10 chlorineatoms attached to biphenyl, which is a molecule composed of two benzene rings. The chemical formula
for a PCB is C12H10-xClx. 130 of the 209 different PCB arrangements and orientations are used
commercially.
Sources of Waste: Household Waste found in households are: solid waste comprising ofgarbage and rubbish (such as
bottles, cans, clothing, compost, disposables, food packaging, food scraps, newspapers and magazines,
and yard trimmings) that originates from private homes or apartments. It may also contain household
hazardous waste (e.g. pesticides, fluorescent lamps, motor oil, oil paint, drain cleaners and consumer
electronics).
Commerce and Industries- Commercial waste sources include gasoline stations, dry cleaners, andautomobile repair shops. Examples of its wastes are motor oils, brake fluid, anti-freeze and filters.
Wastes found on the industry are petroleum fuel, phenol, and cyanides.
Agriculture- Waste in agriculture: pesticides, fertilizers and veterinary product wastes. Fisheries- A common hazardous waste found on fishes flesh is mercury. On the other side,a common
waste that kills fishes is PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl). PCBs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are
synthetic chemicals that were once used in hydraulic fluids and oils and electrical capacitors and
transformers. PCBs are acquired by big fishes as they eat small fishes. Making their flesh increase the
concentration of PCBs.
Health Care Facilities- Medical waste known as red-bag waste or infectious waste is common on healthcare facilities. Common medical wastes are blood, blood products, body fluids, hypodermic needles,
vials, razor blades, slides, and culture dishes.
Mines and Mineral Processing sites- Mining and mineral processing sites handle hazardous product thatare present in additives, the products and the waste.
Listed Hazardous Waste: The F-list (non-specific source wastes).
This list identifies wastes from common manufacturing and industrial processes, such as solvents that have been
used in cleaning or degreasing operations. Because the processes producing these wastes can occur in differentsectors of industry, the F-listed wastes are known as wastes from non-specific sources.
The K-list (source-specific wastes).This list includes certain wastes from specific industries, such as petroleum refining or pesticide manufacturing.
Certain sludges and wastewaters from treatment and production processes in these industries are examples of
source-specific wastes.
The P-list and the U-list (discarded commercial chemical products).These lists include specific commercial chemical products in an unused form. Some pesticides and some
pharmaceutical products become hazardous waste when discarded.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organochloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biphenylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/solid-waste.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/garbage.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/rubbish.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bottle.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/can.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/disposables.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/food.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/packaging.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/scrap.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/newspaper.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/magazine.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/yard.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/apartment.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/household-hazardous-waste.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/household-hazardous-waste.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/household-hazardous-waste.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/household-hazardous-waste.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/apartment.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/yard.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/magazine.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/newspaper.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/scrap.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/packaging.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/food.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/disposables.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/can.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bottle.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/rubbish.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/garbage.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/solid-waste.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biphenylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organochloride8/2/2019 Toxic and Hazardous Waste Management Notes
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The M-listed Wastes (discarded mercury-containing products).This list includes certain wastes known to contain mercury, such as fluorescent lamps, mercury switches and the
products that house these switches, and mercury-containing novelties.
Effects of Waste: Green House Gases are accumulating in Earths atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing global mean
surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature to rise. Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change precipitation and other local climate
conditions.
Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies. This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our national parks might be permanently
altered.
Some countries are expected to become warmer, although sulfates might limit warming in some areas. Scientists are unable to determine which parts of those countries will become wetter or drier, but there is likely
to be an overall trend toward increased precipitation and evaporation, more intense rainstorms, and drier soils.
Whether rainfall increases or decreases cannot be reliably projected for specific areas. Effects of Hazardous Wastes to Human Health: Birth defects and reproductive disorders Cancer Respiratory Conditions (e.g. Asthma) Heart Diseases (e.g. Congenital Heart Disease) Hazardous wastes are acquired by the body through the following:
Inhalation - we can breathe vapors from hazardous liquids or even from contaminated water while taking a
shower.
Ingestion - we can eat fish, fruits and vegetables, or meat that has been contaminated through exposure tohazardous substances. Also, small children often eat soil or household materials that may be contaminated, such
as paint chips containing lead. Probably the most common type of exposure is drinking contaminated water.
Dermal exposure- a substance can come into direct contact with and be absorbed by our skin.
Treatment Methods on Handling Toxic and Hazardous Waste:a.) Biological Treatment
Its purpose is to convert dissolved and colloidal pollutants to cell mass, water, and gases. However, many times
cell growth is too small to collect by any practical method. Microorganisms create an increased demand for
oxygen when they are discharged from a treatment plant to a body of water. The challenge is to gather the cellsinto aggregates by filtration or sedimentation.
b.) Chemical Treatment
Is a treatment technology, either employed as the sole treatment to produce or used to reduce that hazard of a
particular waste prior to transport, incineration, and burial.
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Techniques used in handling hazardous waste using chemical treatment:
NeutralizationSolutions are neutralized to bring about an acceptable pH. An acidic solution is added with a base to
neutralize it; a basic solution is added with an acid to neutralize the mixture.
A waste is hazardous at a pH less than 2.00 or greater than 12.50. The final pH values should be in the
range of 6.00 to 8.00 to protect natural biodata.
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) ReactionsOxidation is conducted under alkaline conditions to avoid the generation of cyanide gas. The process is
often referred to as alkaline chlorination. An example of this reaction is the chlorine oxidation. The reaction is
carried in two steps.
The 1st step is that the pH is maintained above 10 and the reaction proceeds in a matter of minute. In this step, it
is taken with greater care to maintain a relatively high pH values because at lower pH there is a potential for the
evolution of highly toxic hydrogen cyanide gas.
NaCN + 2NaOH + Cl2 = NaCNO + 2NaCl + H2O
The 2nd
step proceeds most rapidly around a pH of 8.00. higher pH values may be selected to reduce chemical
consumption in the following precipitation steps. Often the second reaction is not carried out because the CNO
is considered nontoxic by current regulations.
2NaCNO + 5NaOH + 3Cl2 = 6NaCl + CO2 + N2 +NaHCO3 + 2H2O
PrecipitationA process in which an insoluble product is formed calledprecipitate which is often settled or removed.
c.) Physical/Chemical Treatment
It is a treatment to separate hazardous waste from aqueous solution. The waste is not detoxified but only
concentrated for further treatment or recovery.
Techniques used in handling hazardous waste using physical/chemical treatment:
Carbon AdsorptionAdsorption is a mass-transfer process in which gas vapors or chemical solutions are held to a solid by
intermolecular forces.
Example of adsorbents:
activated carbon, molecular sieves, silica gel, activated alumina
DistillationIt is the separation of more volatile materials from less volatile ones by a process of vaporization and
condensation.
Ion ExchangeIn this process metals and ionized organic chemicals are recovered. Ion exchange can be defined as reversible
exchange of an ion on a solid phase with an ion of like charge in an aqueous phase. This method is mostly used
in water treatment to remove metals present in water.
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ElectrodialysisAn electrodialysis unit uses a membrane to selectively retain or transmit specific molecules. The membranes are
thin sheets of ion-exchange resin reinforced by a synthetic fiber backing. The construction of the unit is such
that anion membranes are altered with cation membranes in stacks of cells in series. An electric potential is
applied across the membrane to provide the motive force for ion migration.
Reverse OsmosisOsmosis is the spontaneous transport of a solvent from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution across an
ideal semipermeable membrane that impedes passage of the solute but allows the solvent to flow.
Solvent ExtractionSolvent extraction is also called as liquid extraction and liquid-liquid extraction. Contaminants can be removed
from a waste stream using liquid-liquid extraction if the wastewater is contacted with a solvent having a greater
solubility for the target of contaminants than the wastewater. The contaminants will tend to migrate from
wastewater into the solvent.
Ways to reduce hazardous waste:Avoid the Use of Commercial Household Cleaners
Use Natural Compost as Fertilizer
Avoid the Use of Pesticides
Use Water Based Paints
Avoid Using Toxic Drain Cleaners
Use Natural Alternatives for Floor and Metal Polish
Dispose of any Hazardous Waste Safely
Keep Insects under Control with Natural Means
The major methods of waste management are: Recyclingthe recovery of materials from products after they have been used by consumers. Compostingan aerobic, biological process of degradation of biodegradable organic matter. Sewage treatmenta process of treating raw sewage to produce a non-toxic liquid effluent which is
discharged to rivers or sea and a semi-solid sludge, which is used as a soil amendment on land,
incinerated or disposed of in land fill.
Incinerationa process of combustion designed to recover energy and reduce the volume of wastegoing to disposal.
Landfillthe deposition of waste in a specially designated area, which in modern sites consists of apre-constructed cell lined with an impermeable layer (man-made or natural) and with controls to
minimize emissions.
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