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Emergency First Aid and Treatment

First aidImmediate care given to an injured or suddenly taken ill person

Self-help and home care

The key aims of first aid can be summarized in three key points: Preserve life Prevent further harm Promote recovery

ShockShock is a LIFE-THREATENING condition in which the body's vital functions are threatened due to lack of sufficient blood or oxygen flow to the tissues.

Signs and Symptoms of ShockAnxietyRestlessnessWeakness DizzinessDecreased alertnessRapid weak pulse (more than 100bpm)Cool, clammy skin

Signs and Symptoms of ShockRapid shallow breathingPale or bluish skin, lips, and fingernailsExtreme thirst and dry mouthFatigueChest painNausea & VomitingUnconsciousness

Emergency TreatmentContact emergency medical care immediately.Check the persons ABC.Turn the head to the side if the person bleeds, vomits or drools from his mouth to allow fluids to drain.

Emergency Treatment4. Give first aid for the underlying injury or illness.

5. Loosen any tight clothing, belts, or jewelry and lightly cover the person to keep him warm.

Emergency Treatment

6. Place the person in shock position in the absence of leg, neck or back injury.

7. Lay the person flat and elevate the feet 8-12 inches or in the most comfortable position

Emergency Treatment

8. Ask the person pertinent information and give it to ambulance personnel when they arrive.

BurnsBurnis a type ofinjurytofleshorskincaused byheat,electricity,chemicals,friction, orradiation.

It can occur at home, school or work.

Types of BurnsHeat/ Thermal burnsCold temperature burnsElectrical burnsChemical burnsRadiation burnsFriction burns

Classification of BurnsSuperficial or First degree burnBurns that affect only the superficial skin

The skin is usually redOften there is swellingPain sometimes is present

Classification of BurnsSuperficial or First degree burn

Treatment-Hold the burn area under cool running water until pain subsides.-Cover with a sterile, non-adhesive bandage or clean cloth.-OTC pain relievers can be use.-Consult a doctor if redness and pain last more than a few hours and worsens.

Classification of BurnsPartial-thickness or Second degree burnWhen the first layer of skin has been burned through and the second layer of skin (dermis) also is burned.

Blisters developSkin takes on an intensely reddenedThere is severe pain and swelling.

Classification of BurnsPartial-thickness or Second degree burn


Treatment-Cover the burned area loosely with sterile nonstick bandage and secure in place with gauze or tape.


-If with head, neck or leg injury:Lay the person flat, elevate feet about 12inches, elevate burn area above heart level and cover the person with coat or blanket if possible.

Classification of BurnsFull-thickness or Third degree burn

Injury extends to all layers of the skin.


Call health rescueApply procedures stated under first- and second-degree burns


Airway burn do not display pillow under the persons head when the person is lying downFace burn sit upCheck pulse and breathing

Classification of BurnsFourth degree burnInvolves injury to deeper tissues, such asmuscleorbones, tendons, nerves and blood vessel.

Classification of BurnsFourth degree burn

Burn severity is dictated by:Percent total body surface area (TBSA) involvementBurns >20-25% TBSA require IV fluid resuscitationBurns >30-40% TBSA may be fatal without treatment

In adults:"Rule of Nines" is used as a rough indicator of % TBSA

In children,adjust percent because they have proportionally larger heads (up to 20%) and smaller legs (13% in infants) than adultsLund-Browder diagrams improve the accuracy of the % TBSA for children.Palmar hand surface is approximately 1% TBSA

Anatomic Surface% of total body surfaceHead and neck9%Anterior trunk18%Posterior trunk18%Arms, including hands9% eachLegs, including feet18% eachGenitalia1%

Intravenous fluidsPain relievers Anti-anxiety Burn creamsAntibioticsTetanus shotSkin graftingand Reconstruction

Management of Burn

-Soft tissue injury is the damage ofmuscles,ligamentsandtendonsthroughout the body.Soft tissue injury

- Usually occur from asprain,strain.

-Soft tissue injuries can result inpain,swelling,bruisingand loss of functionSoft tissue injury

First aid for Soft tissue InjuryP Protection R Rest I Ice C Compression E Elevation

First aid kit

It is a collection of supplies and equipment use in givingfirst aid.

*Shock may result from burns, trauma, heatstroke, blood loss, an allergic reaction, severe infection, poisoning,, drug overdose, electrical shock, low blood sugar, hypothermia, poisoning, and other causes.

Shock is one of the primary consequences you need to avoid when administering first aid.

**NOTE: Do not put anything in the mouth of a potential shock victim. You can moistened the persons lips with water if requested.*Do not apply butter or ointments which can cause infection.

*A sprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments the tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect one bone to another in your joints. The most common location for a sprain is in your ankle.A strain is a stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon. A tendon is a fibrous cord of tissue that connects muscles to bones. Strains often occur in the lower back and in the hamstring muscle in the back of your thigh.

*A sprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments the tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect one bone to another in your joints. The most common location for a sprain is in your ankle.A strain is a stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon. A tendon is a fibrous cord of tissue that connects muscles to bones. Strains often occur in the lower back and in the hamstring muscle in the back of your thigh.

*Protection Avoid putting weight on the injured partRest To promote healingIce provides short-term pain relief and limits swellingCompression Wrapping an Ace bandage to the swollen area; additional support; do not wrap it too tightlyElevation injured area is raised above the level of the heart; This helps to keep fluid from building up in the injured area. If you cannot raise the injured body part above the level of your heart, try to keep it from hanging down by resting it on pillows or a chair.

Cryotherapy has long been used to reduce swellingbecause it has a powerful local vasoconstriction effect-provides an analgesic (numbing) effect by lessening pain mediator production and slowing nerve pain signals.-Increase lymphatic drainage-Cold compression therapy provides enhanced tissue healing. This is because soft tissue thats damaged from your sports injury acquires improved blood flow and reduced blood vein pressure meaning your tissues repair more quickly.-More studies are finding that when people who suffer a sports injury use a combined cold and compression therapy system, they candiscontinue use of all pain medications faster; some patients can even recover with zero use of pain medication.*Drink plenty of fluidsWear lightweight clothingProtect yourself from the sunSpend as much time indoors as possible on very hot and humid daysTake frequent drink breaks during outdoor activitiesSchedule vigorous activities and sports cooler times of the day*DangerRespondAirwayBreathingCirculation*

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