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7/30/2019 Towards The Development Of The Nigerian Tourism And Hospitality Industry
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Yfikz `fys fh jbxnsyf}s ~bin}sykbijbd lft `~c}kyjxn yln xk}jf~s sncyf}s fh yln
lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z k}n fpy yf jbxnsy kbi ak|jajsn p}fhjy jb yln lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z
djxjbd }jsn yf k `k}dn xf`~an fh jbxnsyf}s p}fxjijbd sjaj`k} sn}xjcns sfanyjans
h~bcyjfbjbd bfy yff hk} h}fa nkcl fyln}" Tjyl snxn}k` lfyn` cfapnyjbd yf kcljnxn k
dffi cfapnyjyjxn kixkbykdn snxn}k` }nsyk~}kbys kbi snxn}k` y}kbspf}y `jbns sy}~dd`jbd
yf mn gbftb ks yln mnsy sn}xjcn p}fxjin} lnbcn yln bnni hf} yln cfapkbz yf
f}dkbjsn p}fpn}`z jys tf}ghf}cn syja~`kyjbd ylna jbyf p~yyjbd jb ylnj} mnsy tjyl yln
kja fh kcljnxjbd k dffi cfapnyjyjxn kixkbykdn" Ky yljs pfjby yln {~nsyjfb fh
nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb yf mffsy p}fi~cyjxjyz kbi pn}hf}akbcn fh yln tf}ghf}cn
mncfans k xjyk` cfbcn}b fh yln cfapkbzs akbkdnanby" Kccf}ijbd yf , K`m}ncly kbi
unagn* cjyni jb E"A Lkzs kbi K"X lj`` ,=???* Akbz hj}as lkxn mnnb km`n yf
kcljnxn sjdbjhjckby cfapnyjyjxn kixkbykdn mz fhhn}jbd s~pn}jf} sn}xjcn {~k`jyz" Yln
{~k`jyz sn}xjcn jb {~nsyjfb js fhhn}ni mz l~akb mnjbds tlf k}n gbftb ks nap`fznns"
Yln cffpn}kyjfb kbi cff}ijbkyni jbyn}kcyjfb fh yln nap`fznns nbs~}n yln p}fi~cyjfb
fh {~k`jyz sn}xjcns yf yln c~syfan}s" Yln }f`n fh nap`fznns ks l~akbs tlf a~sy mn
syja~`kyni f} nbcf~}kdni jbyf dffi f} n|cn``nby pn}hf}akbcn tjylf~y tljcl yln}n
ckbbfy mn yln p}fi~cyjfb fh {~k`jyz sn}xjcn js {~jyn ijhhn}nby h}fa tlnb yln p}fi~cy js
mnnb p}fi~cni mz akcljbns f} n{~jpanbys" Yln lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z ifajbkyni
p}nifajbkby`z tjyl yln in`jxn}z fh sn}xjcns yf c~syfan}s tlf k}n inyn}ajbn jh yln
sn}xjcn tljcl js yln p}fi~cy js dffi f} bfy dffi nbf~dl tljcl jb y~}b inyn}ajbns jh
ylnsn c~syfan}s sykz f} afxn ktkz yf sjaj`k} sn}xjcn p}fxjin}s jh ~bskyjshjni"
Yln}nhf}n yln bnni hf} yln akbkdnanby fh yln cfapkbz yf nbs~}n yln}n js k c`nk}
~bin}sykbijbd mz yln sn}xjcn p}fxjin}s tljcl k}n yln nap`fznns fh yln cfapkbzs
xjsjfb kbi insj}n yf kcljnxn kbi akjbykjb k dffi cfapnyjyjxn kixkbykdn" Yln
cf~}ynsz napkylz kbi }nspfbsjxnbnss fh sn}xjcn nap`fznns k`` cfamjbn yf jbh`~nbcn
{~k`jyz pn}cnpyjfbs fh c~syfan}s ,_k}ks~}kakb ny k`" ;:
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hfc~s yln xjsjfb fh yln cfapkbz js c`nk} kbi }nakjbs yfpafsy fb ylnj} ajbis ky k``
yjans jb yln cf~}sn fh ck}}zjbd f~y ylnj} i~yjns fh in`jxn}z fh {~k`jyz s~pn}jf} sn}xjcn
ylnj} ajbis k}n sf`n`z clk}dni tjyl kyykjbjbd yln mnsy pn}hf}akbcn yf nbs~}n
c~syfan}s skyjshkcyjfb yln}nmz }n kyy}kcyjbd yln c~syfan}s kbi akjbykjbjbd k dffi
}np~ykyjfb fh in`jxn}z fh {~k`jyz sn}xjcn" Afyjxkyjfb js k xn}z sjdbjhjckby hkcyf} mnljbi
jbh`~nbcjbd p}fi~cyjxjyz kbi pn}hf}akbcn fh nap`fznns" Sy}k~ss kbi Skz`ns cjyni jb
N"J ]fmmjbsfb ,=??9* ijxjini jb hjxn m}fki ckyndf}jns kpp}fkclns mz tljcl
nap`fznns akz mn afyjxkyni
Y}kijyjfbk` nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb kpp}fkcl L~akb }n`kyjfb kpp}fkcl Cfapnyjyjfb Jbyn}bk`jsni afyjxkyjfb Jap`jcjy mk}dkjbjbd kpp}fkcl
Yln y}kijyjfbk` afyjxkyjfbk` kpp}fkcl tljcl tks yln hf}an} szsyna ~sni mz
nap`fzn}s yf cfapn` ylnj} nap`fznns jbyf pn}hf}akbcn js yfikz }kyln} k}clkjc kbi
afsy fh yln yjan bfy h~bcyjfbk` tkz yf afyjxkyn nap`fznns mnck~sn jy mksjck``z
hfc~sns fb yln nap`fznns `fsjbd ylnj} efms jh tf}g js bfy p}fpn}`z ifbn kbi yln}nmz`fsjbd ylnj} ankbs fh sn`h!s~synbkbcn tljcl js yln p}jak}z }nksfb tlz kb nap`fznn
dnys k efm" Yljs szsyna js }kyln} bfy k dffi szsyna yf afyjxkyn nap`fznns yfikz
mnck~sn nap`fznns snna yf tkby e~sy a~cl af}n ylkb afbnz h}fa ylnj} efms yfikz
kbi yln}nhf}n k}n afyjxkyni mz k lfsy fh fyln} hkcyf}s"
Kccf}ijbd yf k s~}xnz cfbi~cyni mnytnnb ;:98 yf ;:
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Efm snc~}jyz Dffi tkdns _}fafyjfb kbi d}ftyl fh f}dkbjukyjfb
_n}sfbk` fzk`yz yf nap`fznns Ykcyh~` ijscjp`jbn Szapkylnyjc ln`p tjyl pn}sfbk` p}fm`nas
Ykgjbd k `ffg ky yln ylnf}nyjck` pn}spncyjxn fh Aks`ft kbi Ln}umn}d jy tj`` mn
fmsn}xni ylky ylnsn ytf ylnf}jsys lkxn k dffi ~bin}sykbijbd fh lft yln afyjxkyjfb fh
kb nap`fznn ckb mn m}f~dly kmf~y" Tn tj`` mn n|p`kjbjbd jb inykj`s ylnsn xk}jf~s
ylnf}jns m~y tn a~sy {~jcg`z sykyn ylky yln hj}sy yl}nn bnnis fh Aks`fts ljn}k}clz fh
bnnis tljcl jbc`~in pszclf`fdjck` bnnis ,hffi tkyn} sn| kbi sln`yn}* skhnyz bnnis
kbi sfcjk` bnnis j"n" snbsn fh mn`fbdjbd k}n p}jak}z bnnis fh kbz nap`fznn tjylf~y
tljcl yln}n js bf pfssjmj`jyz fh afyjxkyjfb" K`sf Ln}umn}ds jby}jbsjc bnnis tljcl ln
ckyndf}jsns ks tf}g jysn`h kcljnxnanby kbi }ncfdbjyjfb k`sf hf}a k p}jak}z mksjs hf}
pszclf`fdjck` bnnis fh yln nap`fznn bnnini yf kcljnxn k mk`kbcn pn}sfbk`jyz tjylf~y
tljcl yln nap`fznn akz bfy mn km`n yf kcljnxn kbz hf}a fh afyjxkyjfb" H}fa ylnsn
jys fmxjf~s yf sykyn ylky f}dkbjukyjfbs tlf jbynbi yf kcljnxn ljdl p}fi~cyjxjyz
yl}f~dl yln pn}hf}akbcn fh p}fpn}`z afyjxkyni nap`fznns a~sy ykgn jbyf kccf~by yln
Aks`fts ylnf}z afsy japf}ykby`z yln hj}sy yl}nn hkcyf}s fb yln ljn}k}clz ks tn`` ks
Ln}umn}ds ylnf}z mz skyjshzjbd yln jby}jbsjc bnnis fh yln nap`fznn tlj`n bfy k`sf
bnd`ncyjbd yln n|y}jbsjc bnnis" G "K Gkxkcl ,=??;*
K dffi b~amn} fh kyynapys lkxn mnnb akin yftk}i jbxnsyjdkyjbd jbyf tlky kbi
tlky ckb mn ifbn yf m}jbd f~y yln mnsy pn}hf}akbcn h}fa l~akb mnjbds tlf hf}a
yln tf}g hf}cn ylky in`jxn} yln p}fi~cys tljcl js sn}xjcns yf yln cfbs~an}s tljclk}n yln c~syfan}s" Ijhhn}nby ylnf}jns p}jbcjp`ns cfbcnpys kbi ynclbj{~ns lkxn mnnb
hf}a~`kyni jb }nspfbsn yf ykcg`jbd yln p}fm`na fh nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb afsy fh
tljcl tn tj`` mn ink`jbd tjyl `kyn} jb yln cf~}sn fh yljs tf}g kjani ky c}nkyjbd kb
fppf}y~bjyz hf} akbkdn}jk` mfijns fh cfapkbjns yf ~bin}sykbi mnyyn} ylnj} nap`fznns
kbi lft yf m}jbd f~y fh ylna yln mnsy pn}hf}akbcns"
Jb k cf~by}z `jgn Bjdn}jk tljcl js `fckyni fb yln Kh}jckb cfbyjbnby yln jss~n fh
nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb }nakjbs k akef} cfbcn}b yf yln lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z Yln
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Bjdn}jkb sfcjnyz js `k}dn`z lnyn}fdnbnf~s cfbsyjy~yjbd xk}jf~s pnfp`n tjyl ijhhn}nby
c~`y~}ns kbi `kbd~kdns kbi yljs pfp~`kyjfb fh pnfp`n hf}a yln ak}gny hf} yln
lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z" Yln Bjdn}jkb c~`y~}n dnbn}k``z `kzs k `fy fh naplksjs jb jys ikz yf
ikz `jhn fb `fys fh cf~}ynsz pf`jynbnss sfhybnss kbi gjbibnss jb jbyn}kcyjfb tjyl fbn
kbfyln} yln}nhf}n7 nap`fznns tlf a~sy kyykjb k dffi cfapnyjyjxn kixkbykdn jb yln
lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z a~sy ykgn hj}sy kbi hf} afsy`z yljs jbyf kccf~by" Yln yksg fh
mffsyjbd yln af}k`n fh yln nap`fznns tlf k}n hkcni tjyl yln yksg fh cfpjbd tjyl
ylnsn ijhhn}nby pnfp`n kbi akgjbd k hkxf}km`n jap}nssjfb yf }nykjb ylna ks c~syfan}s
}nsy nbyj}n`z fb yln nap`fznns tlf a~sy mn cfaajyyni kbi dfk` i}jxnb yf kcljnxn
yljs p~}pfsn" Yln akbkdnanby a~sy sy~iz kbi y}z yf ~bin}sykbi yln xk}jf~s bnnis fh
yln nap`fznns kbi tlky jy js ylky js `jgn`z yf syja~`kyn ylna jbyf p~yyjbd jb yln mnsy fh
ylnj} kmj`jyjns hf} yln p~}pfsn fh yln d}ftyl fh yln cfapkbz" Jh yln cfapkbz gbfts
tlz jys nap`fznns cfan yf tf}g fb yjan sykz tjyl yln cfapkbz hf} ylnj} h~``
tf}gjbd `jxns kbi k}n p}fi~cyjxn ylnb jy ajdly mn km`n yf nbs~}n ylky k`` fh jys
nap`fznns mnlkxn jb ylky tkz" S~cl k cfapkbz tf~`i lkxn k incjini ak}gnyp`kcn
kixkbykdn fxn} cfapnyjyf}s s~hhn}jbd h}fa kmsnbynnjsa cfsy`z }ny}kjbjbd p}fd}kas
kbi p}fi~cyjfb s`ftiftbs G"K Gfxkcl p"d>< ,;:
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afyjxkyjbd kb nap`fznn }nsy k`afsy cfap`nyn`z fb yln akbkdn} tlf yln nap`fznns
a~sy snn ks cfapnynby kbi a~sy lkxn k ljdl }ndk}i hf}" ,@kylka ,=??4* cjyni jb
G}jsyjbk Y}jh~bfxsgk ]fmjb Y}jh~bfxsgj , clkpy =*ijsyjbd~jslns afyjxkyjfb ks k cf}n
cfapnynbcn fh `nkin}sljp" Snxn}k` hkcyf}s tf}gjbd yfdnyln} akz }ns~`y jbyf
afyjxkyjfb f} `ft afyjxkyjfb fh nap`fznn inpnbijbd fb yln `nxn` fh afyjxkyjfb
sgj`` ijsp`kzni mz yln nap`fzn}" Snxn}k` hkcyf}s lkxn dnbn}k``z mnnb jinbyjhjni ks
hkcyf}s ylky afyjxkyn nap`fznns yf h~bcyjfb mnyyn}" Sfan fh ylnsn hkcyf}s jbc`~in efm
snc~}jyz dffi tkdns jbyn}nsyjbd tf}g szapkylnyjc ln`p tjyl pn}sfbk` p}fm`nas
dffi tf}gjbd nbxj}fbanby kbi cfbijyjfbs pn}sfbk` `fzk`yz yf nap`fznns hnn`jbd fh
mnjbd jb fb yljbds" Ylnsn xk}jf~s afyjxkyjfbk` hkcyf}s kpp`z `jgn tn anbyjfbni nk}`jn}
yf ijhhn}nby nap`fznns ijhhn}nby`z"
MKCGD]F^BI
Cfby}k}z yf yln mn`jnhs fh akbz yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z jb
}ncnby yjans lks d}ftb y}nanbif~s`z" Yln ljsyf}z fh Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz
js y}kcnkm`n yf ;:4= tlnb yln hj}sy _f}y~d~nsn an}clkby `kbini jb @kdfs fb ajssjfb
y}kin yf~}jsa" Afin}b yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz syk}yni tjyl hf}ajbd fh yln Bjdn}jkb
yf~}jsa kssfcjkyjfb ,B"Y"K* jbjyjkyni mz Bjdn}jkbs tjyl cfaafb afyjxn fh m~j`ijbd
kbi inxn`fpjbd yln yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z yln B"Y"K `kyn} mnckan k
anamn} fh yln jbyn}bkyjfbk` ~bjfb fh fhhjcjk` y}kxn` f}dkbjskyjfb tljcl yfikz js yln
tf}`i yf~}jsa f}dkbjskyjfb" K xjkmj`jyz sy~iz tks cfbi~cyni mz yln Kh}jckb
inxn`fpanby mkbg jbyf tf}gkmj`jyz fh yln inxn`fpanby fh yln yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz
jbi~sy}z jb Bjdn}jk kbi jy tks ijscfxn}ni yln cf~by}z pfssnssni d}nky pfynbyjk`s yf
m~j`i kbi inxn`fp k sf`ji lfspjyk`jyz kbi yf~}jsa jbi~sy}z `nkijbd yf yln hf}akyjfb
fh k sy}fbdn} mfiz ck``ni yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa mfk}i clk}dni tjyl yln sf`n
}nspfbsjmj`jyz fh m~j`ijbd kbi fxn}snnjbd yln dnbn}k` inxn`fpanby fh yln yf~}jsa kbi
lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z" Yln jbjyjk` mfiz B"Y"K tks }np`kcni mz k dfxn}banby mfiz yln
Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa mfk}i ,md`d}f~pbd"cfa*"
Yfikz yln yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z lks mncfan k ckyk`zsy hf} ncfbfajc
inxn`fpanby jb Bjdn}jk p}fxjijbd nap`fzanby fppf}y~bjyjns tlj`n mfksyjbd yln
Bjdn}jkb ncfbfaz yln}nmz kyy}kcyjbd snxn}k` jbxnsyf}s k`` fxn} yln tf}`i snng yf
akgn af}n kbi af}n jbxnsyanby jb yln Bjdn}jkb lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z kbi jb nhhncy
c}nkyjbd k ljdl`z cfapnyjyjxn lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z hf} Bjdn}jk" Yln jbi~sy}z lks
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mncfan af}n kyy}kcyjxn kbi af}n }ncfdbjuni mz efm snngn}s ks tn`` ks yln yfyk`jyz fh
yln Bjdn}jkb ncfbfaz" Yln jbi~sy}z hf}ak``z tks mnjbd }~b mz
j``jyn}kyns kbi sclff` i}fp f~ys m~y p}nsnby`z tjyl yln Sln}kyfb kbi `n an}jijkb
lfyn`s ykgjbd yln `nki yln lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z js c~}}nby`z mnjbd }~b fb`z mz ljdl`z
{~k`jhjni nap`fznns spncjhjck``z y}kjbni hf} yln p~}pfsn fh p}fi~cjbd lfspjyk`jyz
sn}xjcns yln}nmz p}fi~cjbd k af}n nhhjcjnby lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z" Bjdn}jk js m`nssni
tjyl kmf~y 4? ijhhn}nby yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs kbi Bjdn}jkb lfyn`s k}n ~s~k``z
yksynh~``z m~j`y kbi h~}bjslni fb k xn}z xksy k}nk fh `kbi c}nkyjbd k xn}z cfbi~cjxn
kyafspln}n ks tn`` ks akgjbd Bjdn}jk k xn}z kyy}kcyjxn insyjbkyjfb" Bnxn}yln`nss yln
d}ftyl fh yln Bjdn}jkb lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z js lkapn}ni mz k sn}jns fh hkcyf}s `jgn pff}
p}fxjsjfbs hf} jbh}ksy}~cy~}n npj`npyjc pftn} s~pp`z jbsnc~}jyz kbi `ksy`z `kcg fh
s~hhjcjnby`z f} p}fpn}`z afyjxkyni sykhhs tlf afsy fh yln yjan k}n bfy p}fpn}`z
afyjxkyni fb ylnj} efm hf} ijhhn}nby }nksfbs"
Yln jss~n fh pff}`z afyjxkyni nap`fznns lks mnnb kbi cfbyjb~ns yf mn k akef}
snymkcg yf yln Bjdn}jkb lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z mnck~sn afsy nap`fzn}s hkj` yf ~bin}sykbi
ylky ylnj} nap`fznns bnni yf mn tn`` afyjxkyni yf jh ylnz a~sy p}fi~cn cfbyjb~k``z
sn}xjcns ylky p~y ylnj} cfapkbz klnki fh yln akbz fyln} cfapnyjyf}s p}fi~cjbd
sjaj`k} sn}xjcns" Nap`fznns jb yln Bjdn}jkb lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z afsy fh yln yjan
}kyln} ck}}jns f~y ylnj} efms f~y fh hnk} hf} `fsjbd ylnj} efms ylnj} efms fh hf} hnk} fh
mnnb }np}jakbini mz yln mfss tljcl afsy fh yln yjan js slf}y `jxni mnck~sn tlnb
ylnz lkxn hnk} fh `fsjbd ylnj} efms ylnz sffb hjbi pfssjmj`jyz fh nap`fzanby jb fyln}
cfapkbzs kbi ylna mndjb yf lkbi`n ylnj} efms `kcgkikjsjck``z kbi tjyl `jyy`n f} bf
afyjxkyjfb" K`sf tlnb yln nap`fzn} y}jns yf cfapn` pn}hf}akbcn mz mnnb sy}jcy ylky
k`sf js slf}y `jxni mnck~sn yln nap`fznns sffb inxn`fp yljcg sgjb yftk}is ylnsn
kyyjy~in h}fa yln nap`fzn} kbi cfbyjb~n yf p}fxjin lfspjyk`jyz sn}xjcns ~bin} pff}
afyjxkyjfb yf yln ijskixkbykdn fh yln cfapkbz" Afyjxkyjfb js k ankbs fh cfapn``jbd
yln afsy fh yln yjan `kcgkikjsjck` l~akb bky~}n jbyf d}nkyn} unk` kbi p}fi~cyjxjyz" Jh k
lfspjyk`jyz cfapkbz a~sy mn s~ccnssh~` kbi mn km`n yf }nk`jun jys ftb cf}pf}kyn dfk`
tljcl js yln tjsl fh nxn}z f}dkbjukyjfb hj}sy jy lks k i~yz yf nap`fz {~k`jhjni
nap`fznns tjyl yln bncnssk}z sgj``s yf h~bcyjfb kbi ylnb hj}n ~p ylnj} unk` mz sy}kyndjc
kbi ck}nh~``z i}ktb f~y afyjxkyjfbk` p}fd}kas tjyl kb kja fh m}jbdjbd f~y yln mnsy
pn}hf}akbcn fh ylnsn nap`fznns" Yln pn}hf}akbcn fh yln lfspjyk`jyz nap`fznn
inyn}ajbns yln p}fi~cyjxjyz fh yln cfapkbz kbi jb nhhncy jys s~}xjxk` yln}nhf}n
sy}kyndjns hf} p}fpn``jbd yln mnsy pn}hf}akbcn fh yln nap`fznn mz yln nap`fzn} a~sy
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tjyljb k
spkcn fh 3afbyls Mn``nxjnt kj}`jbns sfsf`jsf kj}`jbns kbi fgkik kj}`jbns c}kslni
gj``jbd k`` pkssnbdn}s fb mfk}i" Jy tks fmsn}xni ylky ylf~dl jy cf~`i lkxn mnnb
pfssjm`n ylky yln xk}jf~s kj}c}khys ck}}zjbd `k}dn b~amn}s fh pkssnbdn}s c}kslni hf}
}nksfbs fh ynclbjck`jyz yln `jxns fb mfk}i ylnsn kj}c}khys cf~`i lkxn mnnb }nksfbkm`z
spk}ni jh yln tf}gn}s fb d}f~bi yf ck}}z f~y }nsc~n fpn}kyjfbs tn}n p}fpn}`z
afyjxkyni fb ylnj} efms" N" Ninkdln F" Nsfsk L" Jijfij ,=??8*" Yln xk}jf~s fhhjcns
fcc~pjni mz yln xk}jf~s nap`fznns clk}dni tjyl yln yksg fh cfajbd yf yln kji fh
ijsy}nssni kj}c}khys k}n izsh~bcyjfbk` mnck~sn ylnz k}n fcc~pjni mz pn}sfbs tjyl `jyy`n
f} bf cfaajyanby yf ylnj} efms lnbcn tlnb k ijsy}nssni kj}c}khy `kbis kbi js
s~ppfsni yf dny k stjhy }nspfbsn jb cksn fh nan}dnbcz yln xk}jf~s nap`fznns k}n
}nspfbijbd xn}z `kcgkikjsjck``z c~a~`kyjbd jb k sn}jns fh ckyksy}fplns" Bjdn}jkb
yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs k}n kbfyln} k}nk ylky js mki`z khhncyni mz ~bafyjxkyni nap`fznns"
Bjdn}jk js k cf~by}z m`nssni tjyl sf akbz yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs sp}nki kc}fss yln bkyjfb"
Spnkgjbd jb hjd~}ns Bjdn}jk js m`nssni tjyl kmf~y 4; ijhhn}nby yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs k``
afsy fh tljcl lkxn mnnb mki`z khhncyni mz pff} akbkdnanby mz ~bcfaajyyni
nap`fznns" , ttt"fb`jbnbjdn}jk"cfa&yf~}s&* " Afsy fh Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs
lkxn mnnb lkbi`ni mz ~bcfaajyyni kbi ~bafyjxkyni nap`fznns tlf bnd`ncy yf if
ylnj} efms hf} `kcg fh cfaajyanbys fb yln efm" Snxn}k` Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs ylky
~sn yf mn mnk~yjh~` p`kcns yf xjsjy kyy}kcyjbd yf~}jsys h}fa ijhhn}nby pk}ys fh yln cf~by}z
mkcg jb yln
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;;
akbkdn}jk` cfbcnpy `jgn afyjxkyjfb js gnz yf akbjp~`kyjbd yln l~akb `kmf~} jbyf ljdl
p}fi~cyjxjyz"
Yln p~}pfsn fh yljs }nsnk}cl js yf jbxnsyjdkyn jbyf yln Bjdn}jkb lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z
yln `nxn` fh cfaajyanby yf tf}g fh yln nap`fznns kbi yf inyn}ajbn jh ylnz k}n
afyjxkyni fb ylnj} efms" Sncfbi`z jh ylnz k}n bfy afyjxkyni fb ylnj} efms tlky k}n yln
}nksfbs hf} inafyjxkyjfb6 Ylj}i`z yf jbxnsyjdkyn tlky nap`fznns tf~`i cfbsjin}
bncnssk}z yf mn ifbn yf c}nkyn k ljdl`z afyjxkyni kbi jap}fxni p}fi~cyjxjyz
tf}ghf}cn yf m~j`i yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z k`sf tn a~sy
jbxnsyjdkyn jbyf gbftjbd jh k`` nap`fznns k}n afyjxkyni mz yln skan yljbd kbi jh bfy
h~}yln} jbxnsyjdkyn tlky afyjxkyns yln xk}jf~s ckyndf}jns fh nap`fznns" Yln akjb
p~}pfsn fh yljs tf}g js yf c}nkyn k mnyyn} ~bin}sykbijbd fh yln japf}ykbcn kbi }f`n fh
afyjxkyjfb jb nap`fznns tjyl yln kja fh c}nkyjbd k mnyyn} kbi af}n p}fi~cyjxn
lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z"
Yln bn|y clkpyn} Clkpyn} = tljcl js yln `jyn}ky~}n }nxjnt tj`` hfc~s fb k``
bncnssk}z inhjbjyjfbs hkcyf}s kbi sclff`s fh ylf~dlys ynclbj{~n kbi cfbcnpy
bncnssk}z yf ln`p ~s kbk`zsn kbi c}nkyn k mnyyn} ~bin}sykbijbd fh afyjxkyjfb f~}
fmencyjxn fh sy~iz" Jy tj`` kbk`zsn h}fa inhjbjyjfbs yf kbstn}jbd fh japf}ykby
{~nsyjfbs yf xk}jf~s sclff`s fh ylf~dly fb afyjxkyjfb fh nap`fznns yf fyln} }n`nxkby
jss~ns"
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;=
CLK_YN] =
@JYN]KY^]N ]NXJNT
C~syfan} pn}cnpyjfbs fh s~pn}jf} {~k`jyz lkxn mnnb hf~bi yf }n`kyn yf jbc}nksni
c~syfan} skyjshkcyjfb tljcl jb y~}b `nkis yf jbc}nksni c~syfan} }nynbyjfb kbi }ns~`ys
jb pfsjyjxn ncfbfajc f~ycfans hf} yln hj}a ,Kbin}sfb ny k`" ;::97 cjyni jb E"A"
Lkzs K"X" Lj`` ,=??;*" Kcljnxjbd k dffi `nxn` fh c~syfan} skyjshkcyjfb js yln insj}n
fh nxn}z jbijxji~k` hj}a jb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z"
F}dkbjukyjfbs kbi nap`fzn}s jb Bjdn}jk k}n mncfajbd jbc}nksjbd`z cfbscjf~s fh yln
cfbcnpy fh afyjxkyjfb kbi lft ylnj} nap`fznns ckb mn syja~`kyni jbyf pn}hf}ajbd
mnyyn} k`` tjyl yln kja fh kcljnxjbd c~syfan} skyjshkcyjfb" Yln xf`~an fh p}fi~cyjfb
fh kb f}dkbjukyjfb inyn}ajbns jys `nxn` fh s~ccnss kbi yln kmj`jyz fh kb f}dkbjukyjfb yf
kcljnxn ljdl p}fi~cyjxjyz js ij}ncy`z inpnbinby fb yln nhhjcjnbcz fh yln tf}g hf}cn
kbi n{~jpanbys jb sfan jbi~sy}jns m~y jb kb jbi~sy}z jgn yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi
lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z p}fi~cyjxjyz inpnbis k`afsy nbyj}n`z fb yln l~akb `kmf~}
tljcl k}n yln nap`fznns mnck~sn yln yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z afsy fh yln
yjan lks jys p}fi~cys jb hf}a fh sn}xjcns yf c~syfan}s kbi yln {~k`jyz fh ylnsn
sn}xjcns inyn}ajbn ij}ncy`z yln d}ftyl fh yln jbi~sy}z" Yln}nhf}n akbjp~`kyjbd jys
tf}ghf}cn mz sy}kyndjck``z kpp`zjbd yln p}jbcjp`n fh nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb yf mffsy
cfaajyanby kbi ljdl p}fi~cyjfb mncfans japn}kyjxn kbi ckb fb`z mn kcljnxni mz
yln h~bcyjfbk`jyz fh k akbkdn} tjyl dffi akbkdn}jk` sgj``s tlf h~``z ~bin}sykbis
kbi kpp}ncjkyn yln jby}jckcjns fh yln cfbcnpy kbi bnni hf} nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb" G"K
Gkxkcl,;:
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;3
fh nap`fznns kbi yln}nhf}n cfapn` mnyyn} pn}hf}akbcn" Kccf}ijbd yf _ "G`njbdjbbk
;:
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;9
ylnf}jns ynclbj{~ns kbi ks akbz fyln} kspncys bncnssk}z yf akgn af}n
~bin}sykbikm`n nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb kbi lft nap`fznns ckb mn afyjxkyni yf ijsp`kz
h~`` cfaajyanby yf ylnj} xk}jf~s efms kbi nap`fzn}s" Yln}nhf}n tn jbynbi yf n|p`kjb
f~} hjbijbds h}fa n|ynbsjxn }nsnk}cl k`` ylky js bncnssk}z yf ~bin}sykbi mnyyn} yln
cfbcnpy fh nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb kbi k`` ylky js bncnssk}z yf p}fi~cn k af}n h~bcyjfbk`
kbi p}fi~cyjxn tf}g hf}cn hf} yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z tjyl yln
jbynbyjfb fh m}jbdjbd f~y fh ylna yln p}fi~cyjfb fh af}n {~k`jyz sn}xjcn yln}nmz
c}nkyjbd k af}n sf`ji kbi h~bcyjfbk` yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z hf} Bjdn}jk"
AKEF] CFA_FBNBYS FH F^] ]NSNK]CL
NA_@FZNN7
Yln cf~}ynsz napkylz kbi }nspfbsjxnbnss fh sn}xjcn nap`fznns k`` cfamjbn yf
jbh`~nbcn {~k`jyz pn}cnpyjfbs fh c~syfan}s _k}ks~}kakb ny k`" ;:
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;>
inyn}ajbni mz jbijxji~k` c~syfan}s pn}cnpyjfbs kbi n|pncykyjfbs akgjbd jy ijhhjc~`y
yf ijscfxn} kbi cf}}ncy sn}xjcn hkj`~}ns ,E"A" Lkzs K"X" Lj`` =??;*"
Lk}bnssjbd nhhncyjxn`z yln l~akb }nsf~}cn tjyljb yln Bjdn}jkb
yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z slf~`i mn k akef} cfbcn}b yf nxn}z jbijxji~k` hj}a
ylky hf}as yln jbi~sy}z mnck~sn fb`z mz cf``ncyjxn`z sy}jxjbd yf kcljnxn afyjxkyni
nap`fznns tlf k}n km`n yf in`jxn} {~k`jyz sn}xjcns yf anny cfbs~an}s skyjshkcyjfb kbi
s~sykjbjbd yln dnbn}k` p}fi~cyjfb fh {~k`jyz sn}xjcn ckb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi
lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z kcljnxn k }jsn yf {~k`jyz jbyn}bkyjfbk` sykbik}is" Nap`fzjbd yln
sy}kyndz fh nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb jb yln mjy yf cfapn` af}n nhhjcjnbcz jb yln
p}fi~cyjfb fh mnyyn} sn}xjcns kbi mnyyn} pn}hf}akbcns jb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa jbi~sy}z
js k hkcyf} tf}yl cfbsjin}jbd kbi jap`nanbyjbd nhhncyjxn`z yf nbkm`n yln Bjdn}jkb
yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z cfap`z tjyl jbyn}bkyjfbk` sykbik}is ks tn`` ks nbs~}n
yln skyjshkcyjfb fh pky}fbjujbd c~syfan}s kbi k`sf c}nkyjbd yln nbkm`jbd nbxj}fbanby
hf} yf~}jsa kcyjxjyjns yf h`f~}jsl yl}f~dl yln p}fafyjfb fh dffi sykbik}is kbi nhhjcjnby
sn}xjcn in`jxn}z jb yln lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z kbi yf hkcj`jykyn jbxnsyanby sncyf}"
Yln nap`fznn J p}nhn} yf inhjbn sjap`z k pn}sfb tlf js lj}ni hf} yln
p~}pfsn fh tf}gjbd hf} kbfyln} pn}sfb yln nap`fzn} jb n|pncykyjfb fh cfapnbskyjfb"
K`sf jy ckb mn skji yf mn kb jbijxji~k` tlf tks lj}ni mz kb nap`fzn} yf if k spncjhjc
efm yln nap`fznn js lj}ni mz yln nap`fzn} khyn} kb kpp`jckyjfb kbi jbyn}xjnt p}fcnss
}ns~`ys jb ljs f} ln} sn`ncyjfb ks kb nap`fznn" S"A lnkyl hjn`i ,ttt" kmf~y"cfa*"
Kb japf}ykby hfc~s fh f~} }nsnk}cl js yln nap`fznn kbi yln ~`yjakyn yksg fh kcljnxjbd
yln p}fi~cyjfb fh {~k`jyz sn}xjcn ks tn`` ks c~syfan} skyjshkcyjfb" Yln yksg fh kb
nap`fznn jb yln yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z js nbf}af~s mnck~sn yln s~}xjxk` fh
yln m~sjbnss js ij}ncy`z cfbbncyni tjyl yln pn}hf}akbcn fh yln nap`fznn" K c~syfan}
tlf nbcf~byn}s kb nap`fznn tlf p}nsnbys xn}z pff} {~k`jyz fh sn}xjcns js mf~bi yf
k~yfakyjck``z `ffsn jbyn}nsy jb }n pky}fbjsjbd yln yfyk`jyz fh yln f}dkbjukyjfb ylky lks
nap`fzni s~cl kb nap`fznn yln}nhf}n yln japf}ykbcn fh k cfaajyyni nap`fznn tlf
js dfk` i}jxnb tjyl ljdl unk` js k xn}z japf}ykby jss~n hf} yln akbkdnanby fh yln
cfapkbz `ni mz yln akbkdn}" Ks nk}`jn} anbyjfbni kb japf}ykby hfc~s hf} k``
jbijxji~k` hj}a ftbn} jb Bjdn}jk js kyykjb c~syfan} skyjshkcyjfb lnbcn yln bnni hf}
afyjxkyni nap`fznns ylky yl}f~dl ylnj} `nxn` fh cfaajyanby kbi cfbynbyanby tjyl
ylnj} efms k}n km`n yf in`jxn} yf yln c~syfan}s sn}xjcns ylky anny tjyl ylnj} p}jf}
n|pncykyjfbs" Skyjshkcyjfb js inhjbni ks yln pfsy cfbs~apyjfb nxk`~kyjfb ylky yln
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;8
clfsnb k`yn}bkyjxn js cfbsjsynby tjyl yln p}jf} mn`jnhs kbi n|pncykyjfb ijsskyjshkcyjfb
js yln f~ycfan tlnb yljs cfbhj}akyjfb ifns bfy ykgn p`kcn" Nbdn` ny k` ;:
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;4
Ytz`k In`` t}jyns -Yln lnk}y fh afyjxkyjfb js yf djxn pnfp`n tlky ylnz }nk``z
tkby afsy h}fa tf}g" Yln af}n zf~ k}n km`n yf p}fxjin tlky ylnz tkby yln
af}n zf~ slf~`i n|pncy tlky zf~ }nk``z tkby bkan`z5 p}fi~cyjxjyz {~k`jyz
kbi sn}xjcn"- ,Kb Lfbnsy Ikz$s Tf}g ,;:
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;: H}nin}jcg Ln}umn}d k mnlkxjf~}k` scjnbyjsy jb ljs mjy yf p}fxjin k mnyyn}
~bin}sykbijbd fh nap`fznn kyyjy~in yf tf}g kbi tkzs mz tljcl nap`fzn}s ckbkcljnxn k mnyyn} afyjxkyni tf}ghf}cn p}fpfsni k ytf!hkcyf} ylnf}z f} yln afyjxkyf}!
lzdjnbn ylnf}z" Kccf}ijbd yf Ln}umn}d yln}n k}n sfan efm hkcyf}s ylky }ns~`y jb
skyjshkcyjfb tlj`n yln}n k}n fyln} efm hkcyf}s ylky p}nxnby ijsskyjshkcyjfb" Ln}umn}d
fpjbni ylky yln fppfsjyn fh Skyjshkcyjfb js Bf skyjshkcyjfb kbi yln fppfsjyn fh
Ijsskyjshkcyjfb js Bf Ijsskyjshkcyjfb" ,Akbkdnanby sy~iz d~jin fb`jbn*" Yln ylnf}z
jbc`~ins jbyn}xjnts jb tljcl nap`fznns tn}n ksgni tlky p`nksni kbi ijsp`nksni ylna
kmf~y ylnj} efms" Ln}umn}d hf~bi ylky yln hkcyf}s ck~sjbd efm skyjshkcyjfb kbi
p}ns~akm`z afyjxkyjfb tn}n ijhhn}nby h}fa ylky ck~sjbd efm ijsskyjshkcyjfb" Ln
inxn`fpni yln afyjxkyjfb!lzdjnbn ylnf}z yf n|p`kjb ylnsn }ns~`ys" Ln ck``ni yln
skyjshjn}s afyjxkyf}s kbi yln ijsskyjshjns lzdjnbn hkcyf}s ~sjbd yln yn}a lzdjnbn jb
yln snbsn ylky ylnz k}n cfbsjin}ni akjbynbkbcn hkcyf}s ylky k}n bncnssk}z yf kxfji
ijsskyjshkcyjfb m~y mz ylnasn`xns if bfy p}fxjin skyjshkcyjfb" Ln}umn}d `jsyni cn}ykjb
hkcyf}s ylky `nki yf ijsskyjshkcyjfb ks
Cfapkbz pf`jcz S~pn}xjsjfb ]n`kyjfbsljp t&Mfss Tf}g cfbijyjfbs Sk`k}z ]n`kyjfbsljp t&_nn}s
Ln tnby h~}yln} yf `jsy hkcyf}s ck~sjbd skyjshkcyjfb f} bf skyjshkcyjfb
ks
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=;
Kcljnxnanby ]ncfdbjyjfb Tf}g jysn`h
]nspfbsjmj`jyz Kixkbcnanby D}ftyl" ,ttt"bnyamk"cfa&aday&fm&afyjxkyjfb&ln}umn}d*
Yln kmfxn `jsyni lzdjnbn hkcyf}s tljcl p}fxjins ijsskyjshkcyjfb f} bf
ijsskyjshkcyjfb tljcl Ln}umn}d }nhn}}ni yf ks GJYK hkcyf}s kbi mn`jnxns js yln
p}fcnss fh p}fxjijbd p~bjslanby f} yl}nky ks k tkz yftk}is afyjxkyjbd nap`fznns
yftk}is mnyyn} pn}hf}akbcn ckb mn snnb ks fb`z k tkz yf p}fxjijbd slf}y `jxni
afyjxkyjfb kbi jb nssnbcn mnyyn} p}fi~cyjxjyz" Yln}nhf}n Ln}umn}d mn`jnxns jy js mnsyyf }kyln} hfc~s fb yln afyjxkyjfbk` hkcyf}s ylky p}fxjin skyjshkcyjfb f} bf skyjshkcyjfb
ks ylnsn ynbi yf mn jby}jbsjc kbi k}n bfy }ns~`ys fh kbz n|yn}bk` hkcyf}s ylky akz
p}fi~cn k slf}y `jxni afyjxkyjfb"
Ln}umn}d jb akgjbd yljs ckyndf}jukyjfb fmsn}xni ylky yln}n k}n cn}ykjb
clk}kcyn}jsyjcs cfbyjb~k``z }n`kyni yf efm skyjshkcyjfb tlj`n sfan fyln}s k`sf
cfbyjb~k``z }n`kyni yf efm ijsskyjshkcyjfb" Ln cfbc`~ini ylky yln}n tks k ijhhn}nbcn jb
}nspfbsn kbi kyyjy~in fh pnfp`n tlnb ylnz tn}n lkppz tjyl ylnj} efms ks ijsyjbd~jslni
h}fa tlnb ylnz tn}n ~blkppz" Jby}jbsjc hkcyf}s afsy fh yln yjan tn}n }nspfbsjm`n hf}
yln skyjshkcyjfb pnfp`n dfy kbi n|y}jbsjc hkcyf}s h}fa yln ijsskyjshkcyjfb" Ln}umn}d
p}fpfsni ylky ljs hjbijbds jbijckyni k i~k` cfbyjb~~a5 yln fppfsjyn fh skyjshkcyjfb js
bf skyjshkcyjfb kbi yln fppfsjyn fh ijsskyjshkcyjfb js bf ijsskyjshkcyjfb" ,Afyjxkyjfb
kbi jys ylnf}jns `nssfb =? fb`jbn*" Ln}umn}d hf~bi f~y ylky yln hkcyf}s tljcl
cfbyjb~f~s`z ck~sn nap`fznns yf mn ijsskyjshjni f} bfy cfbynbyni tjyl yln cfbijyjfbs
fh ylnj} efms js k`tkzs ijhhn}nby h}fa ylfsn tljcl gnpy yln nap`fznns skyjshjni"
Ln}umn}d cfbc`~ini ylky yln hkcyf}s `nkijbd yf efm skyjshkcyjfb k}n snpk}kyn kbi
ijsyjbcy h}fa ylfsn ylky `nki yf efm ijsskyjshkcyjfb" Ln}umn}d fpjbns ylky yln p}nsnbcn
fh hkcyf}s `jgn efm snc~}jyz plzsjck` tf}gjbd cfbijyjfbs pkz nyc" k}n bfy tljcl ln
}nhn}s yf ks lzdjnbn hkcyf}s gnnp yln nap`fznns skyjshjni m~y yf kcljnxn afyjxkyjfb fh
nap`fznns ylnb akbkdn}s a~sy p}fcnni yf p}fxjsjfb fh n|y}k hkcyf}s `jgn y}kjbjbd
fppf}y~bjyjns p}fafyjfbk` fppf}y~bjyjns kbi k`` kiijyjfb tljcl yln nap`fznns tj``
hjbi pn}sfbk``z }ntk}ijbd yf ylnj} pn}sfbk` inxn`fpanby hkcyf}s tljcl yln nap`fznn
tj`` hjbi jby}jbsjck``z }ntk}ijbd" ,Afyjxkyjfb kbi jys ylnf}jns `nssfb =? ,fb`jbn*"
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==
Ln}umn}d i}nt k ijhhn}nbcn mnytnnb ytf yzpns fh jbijxji~k`s tljcl ln ck``ni lzdjnbn
snngn}s kbi afyjxkyf} snngn}s ,_~dl ;::4* cjyni G}jsyjbk Y}jh~bfxsgk ]fmjb
Y}jh~bfxsgj,=?;?* "Yln pnfp`n tlf Ln}umn}d }nhn}}ni yf ks lzdjnbn snngn}s tn}n
yln fbns tlf fb`z sykzni skyjshjni kbi afyjxkyni jh ylnz tn}n }ntk}ini tjyl
sfanyljbd s~cl ks sk`k}z hf} pn}hf}ani tf}g ,_~dl ,;::4* cjyni G}jsyjbk
Y}jh~bfxsgk ]fmjb Y}jh~bfxsgj=?;?*" Ln}umn}d skji ylky skyjshzjbd yln lzdjnbn bnnis
tj`` bfy }ns~`y jb ljdln} efm pn}hf}akbcn jy tj`` fb`z ln`p yf p}nxnby efm ijsskyjshkcyjfb
,Ln}umn}d ny k` ;:>:* cjyni jb g}jsyjbk Y}jh~bfxsgk ]fmjb Y}jh~bfxsgj,=?;?*" Yln
afyjxkyf} snngn}s k}n pnfp`n ylky kcy~k``z hjbi skyjshkcyjfb kbi afyjxkyjfb jb yln
pn}hf}akbcn fh ylnj} tf}g" Tlnb yln afyjxkyjfbk` bnnis ,}nspfbsjmj`jyz kcljnxnanby
}ncfdbjyjfb kbi sn`h! kcy~k`jukyjfb* k}n tn`` skyjshjni yljs tj`` }ns~`y jb ljdln} tf}g
pn}hf}akbcn kbi efm skyjshkcyjfb ,@kbiz ny k` =??9*" Cjyni G}jsyjbk Y}jh~bfxsgk
]fmjb Y}jh~bfxsgk,=?;?*"
Jy js japf}ykby yf p}fcnni jbyf ijsc~ssjbd fyln} ylnf}z mz fyln} pn}sfbs yf mn lkxn
m}fkin} jink tljcl ylnf}z cfamjbkyjfbs akz mn k mnyyn} kpp}fkcl yf kcljnxjbd yln
mnsy afyjxkyjfb" Hf} Ln}umn}ds ylnf}z yln cfbc`~sjfb snnas yf mn ylky akbkdn}
tlf a~sy m}jbd f~y yln mnsy jb ljs nap`fznns a~sy skyjshz mfyl yln lzdjnbn hkcyf}s
,kccf}ijbd yf Ln}umn}d* kbi h~}yln} yln afyjxkyf}s7 yljs tj`` p~y yln m~sjbnss ky ljdl
pn}hf}akbcn"
KM]KLKA AKS@FTS YLNF]Z"
Km}klka Aks`ft mf}b jb ;:?< jb M}ffg`zb tks k pszclf`fdjsy tlf tks inyn}ajbni
yf sy~iz l~akb mnlkxjf~} jb k mjy yf ~bin}sykbi mnyyn} yln }nksfb tljcl syja~`kyniylna jbyf mnnb af}n p}fi~cyjxn" Aks`ft jb c}nkyjbd k mnyyn} ~bin}sykbijbd fh l~akb
mnlkxjf~} akin kb n|ynbsjxn kbk`zsjs fh k`` kspncys fh yln l~akb bnni ylky akz ky
ijhhn}nby pfjbys fh yln l~akb nbinkxf~} sn}xn ks afyjxkyjfb" Ln fpjbns ylky yljs bnnis
k}n fxn}`kppjbd kbi jbyn}}n`kyni ylky fbcn k `ftn} bnni js skyjshjni yln bn|y tj``
nan}dn ks lkxjbd bnni hf} mnnb skyjshjni ks tn`` ks yln bn|y" Jy js yln}nhf}n yn mn`jnxn
ylky yln mnlkxjf~} fh k pn}sfb js ~s~k``z inyn}ajbni mz ljs sy}fbdnsy bnni lnbcn yln
bnni hf} yln akbkdn} yf y}z yf gbft kbi ~bin}sykbi tlky bnnis k}n yfpafsy yf yln
nap`fznn mnck~sn yln nap`fznn cf~`i mn afyjxkyni jbyf k ljdln} f} mnyyn}
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=3
pn}hf}akbcn yl}f~dl ylky" Aks`fts ylnf}z fh afyjxkyjfb js inpjcyni mz k
ljn}k}cljck` y}jkbd`n"
Sn`h!Kcy~k`jukyjfb ,`nxn` > ! ljdlnsy `nxn`* Nsynna ,`nxn` 9* Sfcjk` mn`fbdjbd ( `fxn bnnis ,`nxn` 3* Skhnyz ,`nxn` =* _lzsjf`fdz ,`nxn` ; ! `ftnsy `nxn`*
Sjbcn yln mnlkxjf~} fh yln nap`fznn js inyn}ajbni mz ljs d}nkynsy bnni ky yln
afanby ylnb mz ~bin}sykbijbd ylnsn bnnis jb yln fyln} ylnz cfan kbi y}zjbd yf
akgn p}fxjsjfbs hf} ylnj} skyjshkcyjfb dfjbd mz Km}klka Aks`fts ylnf}z tj`` mn k
gnz tkz yf afyjxkyni yln nap`fznn yln}nmz cfapn` k mnyyn} pn}hf}akbcn" Ln
p}fpfsns ylky yln `ftn} bnnis a~sy hj}sy mn any mnhf}n jy js pfssjm`n yf skyjshz yln
ljdln} bnnis" Yln ftn} bnnis tljcl mndjbs h}fa yln pszclf`fdjck` bnnis dnbn}k``z
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=9
jbc`~ins k`` mksjc bnnis ylky gnnp k l~akb mnjbd sykm`n mfyl pszclf`fdjck``z
plzsjck``z kbi fyln}tjsn" Jy akz jbc`~in kj} tkyn} s`nnp5 skhnyz bnnis efm snc~}jyz
hjbkbcjk` }nsn}xns sfcjk` bnnis tljcl akz jbc`~in akgjbd bnt h}jnbis ylky zf~ ckb
yk`g yf5 nsynna bnnis tljcl akz jbc`~in sn`h!}nspncy kcljnxnanby }ncfdbjyjfb sn`h!
kcy~k`jukyjfb tljcl akz jbc`~in y}~yl e~syjcn kbi tjsifa" Jb kpp`zjbd yljs jb
akbkdnanby jy tj`` ykgn yljs hf}a7
_szclf`fdjck bnnis5 tj`` jbc`~in akbkdn}s fhhn}jbd `~bcl m}nkgs }nsy m}nkgskbi tkdns s~hhjcjnby yf p~}clksn yln afsy japf}ykby yljbds yf l~akb
tn``mnjbd"
Skhnyz bnnis5 mz p}fxjijbd k skhn tf}gjbd nbxj}fbanby }nyj}nanby mnbnhjyskbi yln `jgns"
Nsynna bnnis5 p~m`jc`z }ncfdbjsn ylnj} kcljnxnanbys kbi akgn ylna hnn`japf}ykby mnhf}n ylnj} cf``nkd~n"
Sn`h!kcy~k`jukyjfb5 mz djxjbd nap`fznns fppf}y~bjyz yf kyykjb k dffi sn`h!inxn`fpanby" ,Bny A"M"K m~sjbnss gbft`nidn cnby}n,fb`jbn*
Hf} yln p~}pfsn fh yljs }nsnk}cl tn p}nhn} yf kifpy yln Km}klka Aks`fts ylnf}z fh
bnnis"
NA_@FZNN SKYJSHKCYJFB7
Nap`fznn skyjshkcyjfb js yln yn}ajbf`fdz ~sni yf insc}jmn tlnyln} nap`fznns k}n
lkppz kbi cfbynbyni kbi h~`hj``jbd ylnj} insj}ns kbi bnnis ky tf}g" Akbz anks~}ns
p~}pf}y ylky nap`fznn skyjshkcyjfb js k hkcyf} jb nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb nap`fznn dfk`
kcljnxnanby kbi pfsjyjxn nap`fznn af}k`n jb yln tf}gp`kcn" ,s"a lnkylhjn`i kmf~y
"cfa l~akb }nsf~}cns*"
Kcljnxjbd {~k`jyz kbi ljdl pn}hf}akbcn hf} yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz
}n{~j}ns yln h~bcyjfbk`jyz fh cfaajyyni kbi k afyjxkyni nap`fznn tlf jbxk}jkm`z
ankbs ylky yln akbkdn}s jb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz hj}as a~sy snn yf jy
ylky ylnj} nap`fznns k}n lkppz tjyl yln akbkdnanby p}fd}kaan p~y jb p`kcn yf akgn
ylna cfaajyyni yf ylnj} efms" Kb nap`fznn tlf js skyjshjni kbi lkppz tjyl ljs efm jsmf~bi yf if nxnb af}n yln}nmz jap}fxjbd yln dnbn}k` {~k`jyz fh sn}xjcn p}fxjini"
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=>
YLNF]JNS FH EFM SKYJSHKCYJFB
Yln}n k}n snxn}k` afin`s kbi ylnf}jns yf ~bin}sykbijbd yln cfbcnpy fhefm skyjshkcyjfb kafbd tljcl @fcgn ykgns yln `nki" Nitjb K" @fcgns ]kbdn fh
Khhncy Ylnf}z ,;:48* js k}d~km`z yln afsy hkaf~s efm skyjshkcyjfb afin`" Yln akjb
p}najsn fh yljs ylnf}z js ylky skyjshkcyjfb js inyn}ajbni mz k ijsc}npkbcz mnytnnb
tlky fbn tkbys jb k efm kbi tlky fbn lks jb k efm" H~}yln} yln ylnf}z sykyns ylky lft
a~cl fbn xk`~ns k djxnb hkcny fh tf}g ,n"d" yln ind}nn fh k~yfbfaz jb k pfsjyjfb*
afin}kyns lft skyjshjni&ijsskyjshjni fbn mncfans tlnb n|pncykyjfbs k}n&k}nby any"
Tlnb k pn}sfb xk`~ns k pk}yjc~`k} hkcny fh k efm ljs skyjshkcyjfb js af}n d}nky`z
japkcyni mfyl pfsjyjxn`z ,tlnb n|pncykyjfbs k}n any* kbi bndkyjxn`z ,tlnb
n|pncykyjfbs k}n bfy any* cfapk}ni yf fbn tlf ifnsby xk`~n ylky hkcny" Yf j``~sy}kyn
jh Nap`fznn K xk`~ns k~yfbfaz jb yln tf}gp`kcn kbi Nap`fznn M js jbijhhn}nby
kmf~y k~yfbfaz ylnb Nap`fznn K tf~`i mn af}n skyjshjni jb k pfsjyjfb ylky fhhn}s k
ljdl ind}nn fh k~yfbfaz kbi `nss skyjshjni jb k pfsjyjfb tjyl `jyy`n f} bf k~yfbfaz
cfapk}ni yf Nap`fznn M" Yljs ylnf}z k`sf sykyns ylky yff a~cl fh k pk}yjc~`k} hkcny
tj`` p}fi~cn sy}fbdn} hnn`jbds fh ijsskyjshkcyjfb yln af}n k tf}gn} xk`~ns ylky hkcny"
,Efm skyjshkcyjfb Tjgjpnijk" cfa*
Fppfbnby p}fcnss ylnf}z
Kccf}ijbd yf fppfbnby p}fcnss ylnf}z nxnbys s~cl ks c}jyjcjsas f} }ntk}is n`jcjys
ytf snys fh p}fcnssns" _}jak}z p}fcnssns djxn tkz yf nafyjfbs ylky k}n synkiz tjyl yln
nxnby jb {~nsyjfb" Nxnbys ylky snna bndkyjxn jb akbbn} tj`` djxn }jsn yf yln hnn`jbds fh
sy}nss f} kb|jnyz" Nxnbys ylky k}n pfsjyjxn djxn }jsn yf yln hnn`jbd fh cfbynby f}
}n`k|kyjfb" Yln fyln} p}fcnss js yln fppfbnby p}fcnss tljcl jbi~cns hnn`jbds ylky
cfby}kijcy yln hnn`jbds jb yln p}jak}z p}fcnssns" Nxnbys ylky k}n bndkyjxn djxn }jsn yf
hnn`jbds fh }n`k|kyjfb tlj`n nxnbys ylky k}n pfsjyjxn djxn }jsn yf hnn`jbds fh kb|jnyz" K
xk}jnyz fh n|p`kbkyjfbs lkxn mnnb s~ddnsyni yf n|p`kjb yln ~bjhf}ajyz fh affi f}
skyjshkcyjfb" Yljs ylnf}z slfts ylky jh zf~ y}z yf nblkbcn yln affi fh jbijxji~k` jy
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=8
tj`` af}n `jgn`z hkj` jb ifjbd sf" Yln fppfbnby p}fcnss ylnf}z tks hf}a~`kyni yf
n|p`kjb ylnsn pkyyn}bs fh fmsn}xkyjfb" ,Efm skyjshkcyjfb Tjgjpnijk" cfa*
N[^JYZ YLNF]Z
N{~jyz Ylnf}z slfts lft k pn}sfb xjnts hkj}bnss jb }ndk}i yf sfcjk` }n`kyjfbsljps"
I~}jbd k sfcjk` n|clkbdn k pn}sfb jinbyjhjns yln kaf~by fh jbp~y dkjbni h}fa k}n`kyjfbsljp cfapk}ni yf yln f~yp~y ks tn`` ks lft a~cl nhhf}y kbfyln} pn}sfbs p~ys
hf}yl N{~jyz Ylnf}z s~ddnsys ylky jh kb jbijxji~k` yljbgs yln}n js kb jbn{~k`jyz
mnytnnb ytf sfcjk` d}f~ps f} jbijxji~k`s yln pn}sfb js `jgn`z yf mn ijsy}nssni mnck~sn
yln }kyjf mnytnnb yln jbp~y kbi yln f~yp~y k}n bfy n{~k`"
Hf} n|kap`n cfbsjin} ytf nap`fznns tlf tf}g yln skan efm kbi }ncnjxn yln skan
mnbnhjys" Jh fbn jbijxji~k` dnys k pkz }kjsn hf} ifjbd yln skan f} `nss tf}g ylkb yln
"fyln} ylnb yln `nss mnbnhjyni jbijxji~k` tj`` mncfan ijsy}nssni jb ljs tf}gp`kcn" Jh
fb yln fyln} lkbi fbn jbijxji~k` dnys k pkz }kjsn kbi bnt }nspfbsjmj`jyjns ylnb yln
hnn`jbd fh jbn{~k`jyz js }ni~cni" ,Efm skyjshkcyjfb Tjgjpnijk" cfa*
IJSC]N_KBCZ YLNF]Z
Yln cfbcnpy fh ijsc}npkbcz ylnf}z n|p`kjbs yln ~`yjakyn sf~}cn fh kb|jnyz kbi
inencyjfb" Kb jbijxji~k` tlf lks bfy h~`hj``ni ljs }nspfbsjmj`jyz hnn`s yln snbsn fh
kb|jnyz kbi }nd}ny hf} bfy pn}hf}ajbd tn`` ylnz tj`` k`sf hnn` inencyjfb i~n yf bfy
mnjbd km`n yf kcljnxn ylnj} lfpns kbi kspj}kyjfbs" Kccf}ijbd yf yljs ylnf}z k``
jbijxji~k`s tj`` `nk}b tlky ylnj} fm`jdkyjfbs kbi }nspfbsjmj`jyjns hf} k pk}yjc~`k}
h~bcyjfb fxn} k yjan pn}jfi kbi jh ylnz hkj` yf h~`hj`` ylfsn fm`jdkyjfbs ylnb ylnz k}n
p~bjslni" Fxn} yjan ylnsn i~yjns kbi fm`jdkyjfbs cfbsf`jikyn yf hf}a kb kmsy}kcyni sny
fh p}jbcjp`ns insjdbkyni ks k sn`h!d~jin" Kdjykyjfb kbi kb|jnyz k}n yln akjb }nspfbsns
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=4
tlnb kb jbijxji~k` hkj`s yf kcljnxn yln fm`jdkyjfb f} }nspfbsjmj`jyz yljs ylnf}z k`sf
n|p`kjbs ylky jh kcljnxnanby fh yln fm`jdkyjfbs js fmykjbni ylnb yln }ntk}i ckb mn
p}kjsn kpp}fxk` f} `fxn" Ylnsn kcljnxnanbys kbi kspj}kyjfbs k`sf hf}a kb kmsy}kcyni
sny fh p}jbcjp`ns }nhn}}ni yf ks yln jink` sn`h!d~jin tlnb yln jbijxji~k` hkj`s yf fmykjb
ylnsn }ntk}is ylnz mndjb yf lkxn hnn`jbds fh inencyjfb ijskppfjbyanby f} nxnb
inp}nssni" ,Efm skyjshkcyjfb Tjgjpnijk" cfa*
YTF HKCYF] YLNF]Z
,K`sf gbftb ks Afyjxkyf} Lzdjnbn Ylnf}z* kyynapys yf n|p`kjb skyjshkcyjfb kbi
afyjxkyjfb jb yln tf}gp`kcn yljs ylnf}z sykyns ylky skyjshkcyjfb kbi ijsskyjshkcyjfb k}n
i}jxnb mz ijhhn}nby hkcyf}s afyjxkyjfb kbi lzdjnbn hkcyf}s }nspncyjxn`z" Kb
nap`fznns afyjxkyjfb yf tf}g js cfbyjb~k``z }n`kyni yf efm skyjshkcyjfb fh k
s~mf}ijbkyn" Afyjxkyjfb ckb mn snnb ks kb jbbn} hf}cn ylky i}jxns jbijxji~k`s yf kyykjb
pn}sfbk` kbi f}dkbjukyjfbk` dfk`s ,Lfsgjbsfb _f}yn} ( T}nbcl p" ;33*" Afyjxkyjbd
hkcyf}s k}n ylfsn kspncys fh yln efm ylky akgn pnfp`n tkby yf pn}hf}a kbi p}fxjin
pnfp`n tjyl skyjshkcyjfb hf} n|kap`n kcljnxnanby jb tf}g }ncfdbjyjfb p}fafyjfb
fppf}y~bjyjns" Ylnsn afyjxkyjbd hkcyf}s k}n cfbsjin}ni yf mn jby}jbsjc yf yln efm f} yln
tf}g ck}}jni f~y" Lzdjnbn hkcyf}s jbc`~in kspncys fh yln tf}gjbd nbxj}fbanby s~cl ks
pkz cfapkbz pf`jcjns s~pn}xjsf}z p}kcyjcns kbi fyln} tf}gjbd cfbijyjfbs
Tlj`n Ln}yumn}d$s afin` lks syja~`kyni a~cl }nsnk}cl }nsnk}cln}s lkxn mnnb ~bkm`n
yf }n`jkm`z napj}jck``z p}fxn yln afin` tjyl Lkcgakb ( F`ilka s~ddnsyjbd ylky
Ln}yumn}d$s f}jdjbk` hf}a~`kyjfb fh yln afin` akz lkxn mnnb k anylfif`fdjck`
k}yjhkcy" H~}yln}af}n yln ylnf}z ifns bfy cfbsjin} jbijxji~k` ijhhn}nbcns cfbxn}sn`zp}nijcyjbd k`` nap`fznns tj`` }nkcy jb kb jinbyjck` akbbn} yf clkbdns jb
afyjxkyjbd&lzdjnbn hkcyf}s" Hjbk``z yln afin` lks mnnb c}jyjcjuni jb ylky jy ifns bfy
spncjhz lft afyjxkyjbd&lzdjnbn hkcyf}s k}n yf mn anks~}ni" ,Efm skyjshkcyjfb
Tjgjpnijk" cfa*
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="3 =4";
Tfanb 39"= 39"; 3;"4
@nk}bjbd kbi inxn`fpanby Anb 3 3
H`n|jm`n tf}gjbd
k}}kbdnanbys
Anb 99"> 93"> ;;":
Tfanb 93"4 93"3 ;3"?
Mfb~sns%% Anb >8"< 3>"8 4"8
Tfanb >>"; 39"< ;?";
Tf}g!`jhn mk`kbcn%% Anb >:"; 38"3 9">
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93
Tfanb 8>"< 3;"; 3";
Bky~}n fh tf}g Anb 83"; 33"< 3";
Tfanb 8;"< 39"3 3""; . fh tfanb p`kcn kb japf}ykby p}jf}jyz fb
mnbnhjys"
Tf}g `jhn mk`kbcn" 8>"< cfapk}ni yf >:"; anb p`kcn p}jf}jyz fb tf}g mk`kbcn
yln}nhf}n tfanb k}n af}n cfbscjf~s fh tf}g mk`kbcn ylkb yln anb
Bky~}n fh tf}g anb ynbi yf p`kcn p}jf}jyz fb yln bky~}n fh tf}g ylkb yln tfanb"
_}fxjijbd dffi sn}xjcn yf c~syfan}s ln}n tfanb k}n af}n jbc`jbni yf mn
lfspjykm`n ylkb yln anb tjyl }kyjfb8:"; tfanb yf 83"9 anb"
Mnnb y}nkyni tjyl }nspncy5 48"3 tfanb k}n af}n cfbscjf~s fh mnnb y}nkyni tjyl
}nspncy cfapk}ni yf 8:"; anb
_nfp`n zf~ tf}g tjyl5
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9>
@fbd yn}a ck}nn} kbi p}fafyjfbk` fppf}y~bjyjns
AFYJXKYJFBK@ _]JF]JYZ HF] TFANB
Mksjc pkz _nfp`n zf~ tf}g tjyl Mnnb y}nkyni tjyl }nspncy Bky~}n fh tf}g Tf}g mk`kbcn
Mnbnhjys Mfb~sns H`n|jm`n k}}kbdnanbys @nk}bjbd kbi inxn`fpanby @fbd yn}a ck}nn}" ,]"xksgfxk=??8*,fb`jbn*
Jb cfbc`~sjfb f~} cfbcn}b js hf} yln mnyyn}anby fh yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi
lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z ylky lks hf} sf `fbd mnnb lkbijckppni mz yln p}fm`na fh
~bcfaajyyni kbi ~bafyjxkyni nap`fznns inspjyn yln ljdl p}fspncy fh k
h~bcyjfbk` yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z f~} lfpn js ylky mz n|kajbjbd yln
fpjbjfbs fh xk}jf~s ylnf}jsy p}jbcjp`ns ks tn`` ks yln akbz hkcyf}s ylky akz
ljbin} yln h~bcyjfbk`jyz fh f~} yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z tn k}n km`n yf
akgn kb jap}fxnanby yln}nmz cfby}jm~yjbd yf yln dnbn}k` ncfbfajc d}ftyl
fh yln cf~by}z" Tjyl afyjxkyni nap`fznns fpn}kyjbd yln xk}jf~s sncyf}s fh
yln jbi~sy}z yln}n js pfssjmj`jyz fh m~j`ijbd k af}n s~msykbyjxn jbi~sy}z
yln}nhf}n yln ck`` js fb akbkdn}s fh yln xk}jf~s cfapkbzs jb xk}jf~s sncyf} fh
yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z yf y}z yf ~bin}sykbi mnyyn} yln
}~ijanbys kbi ynclbj{~n kxkj`km`n hf} jap`nanbyjbd k `ksyjbd sy}kyndz fh
nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb" Mz sf ifjbd yln yk`nbys kbi sgj``ni tf}gn}s tjyljb yln
jbi~sy}z tf~`i bfy lkxn yf kmkbifb ylnj} efms yf mn nap`fzni mz kbfyln}
jbi~sy}z yln}nmz cfbsyjy~yjbd k tksyn fh gbft`nidn ~snh~` hf} yln
inxn`fpanby fh f~} yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z" Yln tf}g fh Km}klka
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98
Aks`ft, ljs bnni ylnf}z* tf~`i jb az fpjbjfb mn nhhncyjxn jb ckpy~}jbd k
a~cl af}n cfaajyyni kbi afyjxkyni tf}ghf}cn hf} yln inxn`fpanby fh yln
jbi~sy}z tlj`n fyln} hkcyf}s bncnssk}z yf kcljnxn afyjxkyjfb slf~`i mn
cfbsjin}ni"
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94
CLK_YN] 3
ANYLFIF@FDZ
JBY]FI^CYJFB
Yljs clkpyn} p}nsnbys k anylfif`fdjck` h}kantf}g tljcl p}nsnbys k`` yln sykdns tn
pkss yl}f~dl yf mn km`n yf kcljnxn k dffi }nsnk}cl }ns~`y" Jy jbxf`xns snyyjbd k skap`n
pfp~`kyjfb yf cf``ncyjfb fh ikyk yf kpp`jckyjfb fh xk}jf~s }nsnk}cl plj`fsfpljns"
" Fmencyjxn fh sy~iz
;" Yf inyn}ajbn tlky afyjxkyns kb nap`fznn yf tf}g7 j"n" tlky nap`fznns tkby yf mnmnyyn} tf}gn}s"
=" Yf inyn}ajbn jh yln}n k}n ijhhn}nby afyjxkyjfbk` hkcyf}s ylky afyjxkyns ijhhn}nby
pnfp`n fh ijhhn}nby kdns kbi dnbin} yf tf}g jb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz
jbi~sy}z
3" Yf jinbyjhz yln xk}jf~s hkcyf}s kdkjbsy nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb kafbd Bjdn}jkb
yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz nap`fznn
ANYLFIF@FDZ
]NSNK]CL SNYYJBD7
Sjbcn yln s~mency fh f~} }nsnk}cl js yln }f`n kbi japf}ykbcn fh nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb jb
pn}hf}akbcn kbi p}fi~cyjxjyz tjyl hfc~s fb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz
jbi~sy}z tn incjin yf akgn p}fynk lfyn`s yln hksynsy d}ftjbd Bjdn}jkb lfyn` clkjb k
snyyjbd hf} jbxnsyjdkyjbd hkcyf}s ajyjdkyjbd kdkjbsy yln ak|jajskyjfb fh l~akb
}nsf~}cns tjyljb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z hf} yln p~}pfsn fhjap}fxjbd dnbn}k` p}fi~cyjxjyz pn}hf}akbcn ks tn`` p}fencyjbd yln dnbn}k`jyz fh yln
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9?
bnnis" Ylnsn bnnis k}n }kbgni kccf}ijbd yf yln f}in} jb tljcl ylnz jbh`~nbcn l~akb
mnlkxjf} jb ljn}k}cljck` hksljfb" F~} {~nsyjfbbkj}n js pkyyn}bni k`fbd yljs
ljn}k}cljck` hksljfb"
JBYN]XJNT7 k spncjk` snssjfb fh jbyn}xjnt tks ln`i tjyl yln hf~bin} kbi k`` yln
kxkj`km`n > cljnh n|nc~yjxn fhhjcn}s fh p}fynk lfyn` yln jbyn}xjnt tks ln`i hf} yln
p~}pfsn fh cf``ncyjfb fh hj}sy!lkbi jbhf}akyjfb ylky cf~`i mn }ncf}ini hf} yln p~}pfsn
fh h~y~}n }nhn}nbcns" " Tn incjini yf ~sn yln jbyn}xjnt anylfi fh ikyk cf``ncyjfb ky
ylky sykdn mnck~sn jy tks mnyyn} yf lkxn }ncf}ini yln tf}is fh yln hf~bin} kbi C"N"Fs
fb f~} ykpn }ncf}in} hf} p~}pfsns fh }n `jsynbjbd kbi hf} h~y~}n }nhn}nbcns"
Yln {~nsyjfbbkj}n tks k akef} jbsy}~anby jb yln p}fcnss fh cf``ncyjfb fh ikyk
yf fmykjb }ns~`ys mnck~sn yln jbyn}xjnt anylfi tf~`i lkxn mnnb yff ynijf~s"
Kss~ajbd k sjy~kyjfb tln}n tn bnnini yf jbyn}xjnt yln b~amn} fh pnfp`n tn lki
s~ccnssh~``z cfxn}ni mz yln ~sn fh yln {~nsyjfbbkj}n jy tf~`i lkxn mnnb k`afsy
japfssjm`n yf kcljnxn f~} }nsnk}cl tjyl yln spnni ylky tn iji mnck~sn yln jbyn}xjnt
anylfi js k a~cl af}n ijhhjc~`y tkz fh cf``ncyjbd kbi kbk`zujbd ikyk"
[~nsyjfbbkj}ns kbi s~}xnzs k}n sy}~cy~}ni tkzs fh cf``ncyjbd ikyk h}fa k pfp~`kyjfb
f} k skap`n fh k pfp~`kyjfb" Jh {~nsyjfbbkj}ns f} s~}xnzs k}n akj`ni f~y f} ijsy}jm~yni
mz fyln} ankbs ylnz ~s~k``z k}n sn`h!kiajbjsyn}ni mz yln }nspfbinby" Jh{~nsyjfbbkj}ns f} s~}xnzs k}n kiajbjsyn}ni jb pn}sfb f} fxn} yln plfbn ylnz fhynb
}nsnam`n k sy}~cy~}ni jbyn}xjnt",ttt"skf"sykyn"y|"~s&}nsf~}cns*"
Yljs }nsnk}cl kifpys yln Km}klka Aks`fts ylnf}z kbi yln {~nsyjfbbkj}ns k}n
afin`ni kccf}ijbd yf ljs ylnf}z" Yln {~nsyjfbbkj}ns lkxn sykyni yln bnnis fh kb
nap`fznn kccf}ijbd yf yln Aks`fts pz}kaji kbi nap`fznns lkxn mnnb ksgni yf
clffsn jb f}in} fh p}nhn}nbcn yln bnnis tljcl afyjxkyn ylna"
Yln hf``ftjbd k}n sfan }nksfbs tlz J p}nhn} yf ~bin}ykgn yljs }nsnk}cl mz yln
~sn fh yln {~nsyjfbbkj}n ankbs fh ikyk cf``ncyjfb7
[~nsyjfbbkj}ns k}n ljdl`z xn}skyj`n" Ylnz ckb mn ~sni mz k xk}jnyz fh pnfp`njb ijhhn}nby nbxj}fbanbys ky ijhhn}nby yjans yk}dnyjbd k xk}jnyz fh yfpjcs hf}
kbk`zsjs7
[~nsyjfbbkj}ns k}n nksz yf cfbsy}~cy kbi cfbxnbjnbcn yf tf}g tjyl" Akzp}fxjin hf} kbfbzajyz yf }nspfbinbys slf~`i bnni k}jsn7
Ylnz k}n clnkp yf ~bin}ykgn mfyl jb yn}as fh yjan kbi akyn}jk` }nsf~}cns7
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>;
Ikyk cf``ncyni js nksz yf p}fcnss ks yln {~nsyjfbbkj}n js sy}kjdly hf}tk}i7Lftnxn} yln {~nsyjfbbkj}n lkxn mnnb jinbyjhjni yf p}fm`nas sfan fh
tljcl k}n
_}fi~cns s~pn}hjcjk` ikyk yf~cljbd bfb cfap}nlnbsjxn`z yf spncjhjcjyz! jy bfydffi hf} {~k`jykyjxn ikyk7
Jys jbxnsyjdkyjfbs k}n `jajyni ftjbd yf yln slf}y yjan k {~nsyjfbbkj}n jskyynbini yf ,3? ajb~yns yf ; lf~}*7
Akz bfy mn s~jykm`n yf kb j``jyn}kyn }nspfbinby L"F Fifik ,=??:*
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>=
CLK_YN] 9
IKYK KBK@ZSJS KBI ]N_]NSNBYKYJFB FH ]NS^@Y5
Yljs }nsnk}cl ~yj`juni yln [~nsyjfbbkj}n kbi jbyn}xjnt ikyk cf``ncyjfb anylfi m~y
af}n hfc~s hf} yln cf``ncyjfb fh ikyk tks fb yln {~nsyjfbbkj}n tljcl tks p}jbyni hf}
yln p~}pfsn fh skap`jbd yln fpjbjfbs fh yln }nspfbinbys" Fh k yfyk` fh kmf~y
nap`fznns ;9= nap`fznns yln }nsnk}cl fb`z ~yj`juni k yfyk` fh ;;> nap`fznns yf kxfji
cfap`jckyjfb kbi tksyn fh yjan jb yln kbk`zsjbd fh ikyk"
Hf} yln {~nsyjfbbkj}n ; ikyk tks cf``ncyni h}fa kmf~y 4> ak`n nap`fznns kbi
kmf~y 9> hnak`n nap`fznns" Yln akjb kja fh {~nsyjfbbkj}n ; ~bin}sykbis tlky
p}fm`nas k}n aj`jykyjbd kdkjbsy nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb tjyljb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi
lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z kbi jb nssnbcn ~sn nxn}z kxkj`km`n akbkdnanby yff` jb akgjbd
mnyyn} }ffas kbi fppf}y~bjyjns jb kcljnxjbd afyjxkyni nap`fznn hf} yln mnyyn}anby
kbi hksyn} inxn`fpanby fh yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z" Yln
{~nsyjfbbkj}n sf~dly yf gbft lft akbz znk}s yln sykhhs lki tf}gni jb yln yf~}jsa
kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z kbi nap`fznns hf} yln }nsnk}cl cfxn}ni nxn}z inpk}yanby yf
dny k dffi skap`jbd"
XJNTS FH YLN NA_@FZNNS7
AFYJXKYJFB FH NA_@FZNNN5 Jb k {~nsyjfb ksgjbd yln nap`fznns fhp}fynk lfyn` jh afyjxkyjfb tf~`i lkxn kbz sjdbjhjckby cfby}jm~yjfb yf yln
jap}fxnanby fh nap`fznn pn}hf}akbcn cfaajyanby kbi `fzk`yz yf yln hj}a"
Sy}fbd`z kd}nn7 ;?3 ,
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>3
Yln}nhf}n tn kd}nn ylky yln}n js k bnni hf} afyjxkyjfb jb yln inxn`fpanby fh yln
Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z"
IF NA_@FZNNS CFBSJIN] HJBKBCJK@ ]NTK]I KAFYJXKYJFBK@ YFF@7
Sy}fbd`z kd}nn7 >< ,>?.* Kd}nn 39 ,=:. * Bn~y}k` ;.*
Ijskd}nn ;>,;3.*
Yln}n tks kb kd}nnanby fh k `k}dn b~amn}" >?. fh nap`fznns kd}nn ylky
afyjxkyjbd nap`fznns mz xj}y~n fh kiini hjbkbcjk` }npf}y tks k dffi tkz fh
akgjbd yln nap`fznns pn}hf}a mnyyn} kbi mn af}n cfaajyyni yf ylnj} efms"
fh nap`fznns mn`jnxn ylky k hjbkbcjk` mnbnhjy tks bfy k tkz yf cfapn` mnyyn}
nap`fznn pn}hf}akbcns"
Lnbcn tn kd}nn tjyl yln `k}dn} pf}yjfb fh nap`fznns ylky afbnyk}z }ntk}i
f} kiini hjbkbcjk` kixkbykdns js k kbfyln} tkz yf kcljnxn afyjxkyjfb tljcl js
a~cl bnnini yf inxn`fp yln k`}nkiz xn}z tnkg yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz
jbi~sy}z"
EFM SNC^]JYZ7 mz f~} {~nsyjfbbkj}n tn k`sf sf~dly yf n`jcjy jbhf}akyjfb fb
lft japf}ykby efm snc~}jyz tks yf yln nap`fznn ks k ankbs yf nbs~}n
cfaajyanby fh yln nap`fznns"
Sy}fbd`z kd}nn7 4? ,8?.* Kd}nn 3?,=8.* Bn~y}k` ;?, ,9.*
Jbhf}akyjfb slftni ylky 8?. fh yln sykhhs fh p}fynk lfyn` tn}n inspn}kyn`z jb
bnni fh dffi Efm cfby}kcy snc~}jbd ylnj} efms k l~dn b~amn} mn`jnxni ylky
h~bcyjfbjbd f~ysjin yln p}fxjsjfb fh efm snc~}jyz tks fb`z dfjbd yf `nki
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>9
nap`fznns lkbijbd ylnj} efms `kcgkikjsjck``z kbi jb nssnbcn p}fi~cjbd pff}
sn}xjcns yf c~syfan}s"
Lnbcn efm snc~}jyz }kbgs ks xn}z japf}ykby jb yln p}fi~cyjfb fh cfaajyyni
kbi afyjxkyni nap`fznns"
CFBHJINBCN KS K AFYJXKYF]7
Yln }f`n fh cfbhjinbcn ks k afyjxkyf} tks k`sf jbxnsyjdkyni jb p}fynk lfyn`"
Cfbhjinbcn tks snnb ks k ankbs fh jap}fxjbd afyjxkyjfb kbi jb nssnbcn
nap`fznn pn}hf}akbcn"
Sy}fbd`z kd}nn7 9> ,3:.* Kd}nn 9= ,38.* Bn~y}k` =>,=;.*
Ijskd}nn ;3,;;.*
Nap`fznns fh p}fynk lfyn` jb `k}dn} b~amn} kssn}yni yf yln hkcy ylky hkcy ylky
Cfbhjinbcn js k bnnini yff` yf kcljnxn mnyyn} efm cfaajyanby kbi unk` jb yln ck}}zjbd
f~y fh ylnj} efms yf p}fxjin mnyyn} kbi af}n {~k`jyz sn}xjcns"
_]JIN JB F]DKBJUKYJFBK@ KCLJNXNANBYS7
F~} {~nsyjfbbkj}n y}jni yf n`jcjy jbhf}akyjfbs ks yf tlnyln} nap`fznns dkjbni af}n
afyjxkyjfb i~n yf p}jin jb yln kcljnxnanbys fh yln p}fynk lfyn`" Ylky js p}jin jb mnnb k
sykhh fh p}fynk kbi yln p}nsyjdn jy kyy}kcys"
Sy}fbd`z kd}nn7 93,34.* Kd}nn =:,=>.* Bn~y}k` =< ,=9.*
Ijskd}nn;> ,;3.*
Jy tks ijscfxn}ni ylky nap`fznns nbefz k `fy fh cfbhjinbcn mz tf}gjbd tjyl }np~ykm`n
kbi s~ccnssh~` hj}as" Nap`fznns k}n nxnb af}n djbdn}ni jbyf mnyyn} pn}hf}akbcns jb
fyln} yf akjbykjb yln sykbik}is kbi yf p}nxnby k i}fp jb yln k`}nkiz gbftb {~k`jyz fh
yln sn}xjcns fh yln hj}a" Yln}nhf}n kb jfyk fh p}jin jb yln ck}}zjbd f~y fh yln nxn}zikz
i~yjns fh yln nap`fznn js xn}z a~cl bnnini jb afyjxkyjbd nap`fznns jb yln Bjdn}jkb
yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z yf mnyyn} kbi af}n syz`jsl kbi nhhncyjxn pn}hf}akbcns"
Yln}nhf}n yln m~}inb }nsys fb akbkdn} fh yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz hj}as jb Bjdn}jk yf
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>>
tf}g lk}i jb kcljnxjbd k s~ccnssh~` hj}a tljcl nap`fznns k}n mf~bi yf in}jxni
afyjxkyjfb"
SGJ@@S5
_}fxjijbd sgj``s fppf}y~bjyz yf `nk}b bnt sgj``s ks tn`` ks y}kjbjbd jb bnt k}nk kbi
kc{~j}jbd bnt gbft`nidn js kbfyln} tkz yf kcljnxn afyjxkyjfb yljs tks }nk`juni
h}fa f~} {~nsyjfbbkj}n"
Sy}fbd`z kd}nn7 >=,9>.* Kd}nn >= ,9>.* Bn~y}k` ?
Ijskd}nn;; ,:.*
Tn if kd}nn ylky mz c}nkyjbd fppf}y~bjyjns hf} nap`fznns yf kc{~j}n bnt gbft`nidn
bnt y}kjbjbd kbi mn af}n nhhncyjxn pnfp`n yln nap`fznns ylnasn`xns tj`` jb y~}b
mncfan af}n p}fi~cyjxn kbi af}n snbsjyjxn yf yln s~ccnss fh yln hj}a"
_]FAFYJFB5 Jb inyn}ajbjbd jh p}fafyjfb fh nap`fznns sn}xni ks k ankbs hf}
jbc}nksni pn}hf}akbcn
Sy}fbd`z kd}nn7 8=,>3.* Kd}nn ,93,34.* Bn~y}k` >,9.*
Ijskd}nn >,9.*"
[^NSYJFBKJ]N =
Yln sncfbi {~nsyjfbbkj}n tks xn}z m}jnh e~sy snngjbd jbhf}akyjfbs fb yln
dnbin} ijhhn}nbcns kbi yln p}jf}jyz fh nkcl sn| yf mn afyjxkyni jb fyln} yf s~ddnsy
nhhncyjxn anks~}ns hf} jap`nanbyjbd k tf}gkm`n afyjxkyjfbk` sy}kyndz ylky ckpy~}ns
yln yfyk`jyz fh yln nap`fznn jb fyln} yf }n hf}yjhz f~} k`}nkiz tnkg yf~}jsa kbi
lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z"
HJBKBCJK@ ]NTK]IS7 Jb afyjxkyjbd nap`fznns mfyl ak`n kbi hnak`n
nap`fznns }nspfbi yf mnnb afyjxkyni mz hjbkbcjk` }ntk}is tljcl js yln afsy
y}kijyjfbk` akbbn} fh afyjxkyjbd nap`fznns m~y f~} s~}xnz slfts ylky anb k}n af}n
nhhncyjxn tlnb djxnb hjbkbcjk` }ntk}is"
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>8
Sy}fbd`z kd}nn7 3 ,
>,?.* Kd}nn ;=,=?.* Bn~y}k` ;>,=>.* Ijskd}nn
3,>.*"
Y]KJBJBD7 Fppf}y~bjyjns ylky ni~ckyn nap`fznns hf}yjhz ylnj} gbft`nidn kbi
p}fxn jbsy}~anbyk` yftk}is ylnj} ck}nn} kixkbcnanby k}n tn`cfani mz mfyl yln
dnbin}s" Lftnxn} tfanb akz bnni ylnsn y}kjbjbd p}fd}kas sy}~cy~}ni jb k ijhhn}nby
akbbn}" ]nksfb mnjbd tfanb akz lkxn yff akbz ck}n!ykgjbd }nspfbsjmj`jyjns yf
kyynbi hf} k cf``ndn p}fd}ka nyc"" Tfanb akz yln}nhf}n }nspfbi mnyyn} yf sgj`` !
inxn`fpanby ikzs }kyln} ylkb snssjfbs spkbbjbd ikzs tnngs kbi afbyls" Y}kjbjbds
i~}jbd tf}gikzs tf~`i gnnp tfanb h}fa lkxjbd yf ykgn f~y n|y}k yjan ktkz h}fa
ylnj} ifansyjc }nspfbsjmj`jyjns" Tlj`n fb yln fyln} lkbi anb tf~`i }nkij`z tn`cfan
k y}kjbjbd p}fd}ka fh k`` sf}ys jbc`~ijbd yln fbns fhhn}ni f~y fh yftb"
,&ck}nn}m`fd"afmj`jbgdsa"cfa*"
Sy}fbd`z kd}nn 3? ,>?.* Kd}nn ;=,=?.* Bn~y}k` ;>,=>.* Ijskd}nn
3,>.*"
F~} s~}xnz h~}yln} slfts ylky tfanb k}n mnyyn} afyjxkyni mz sfan fyln} hkcyf}s
`jgn }nspncy ynkatf}g kbi nafyjfbs tlj`n anb snna yf mn af}n afyjxkyni mz
pftn} kbi cfapnyjyjfb"
YLN JBYN]XJNT SNSSJFB7
Yln jbyn}xjnt snssjfb `ksyni hf} kmf~y > ajb~yns nkcl syk}yjbd tjyl yln hf~bin} A}"
En}}z Btkdmf kbi s~msn{~nby`z fyln} cljnh n|nc~yjxn fhhjcn}s" Tn tn}n km`n yf
~bin}sykbi h}fa yln jbyn}xjnt snssjfb ylky yln mjddnsy p}fm`na jbljmjyjbd yln d}ftyl
kbi inxn`fpanby fh yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z tks yln p}fm`na fh
~bcfaajyyni nap`fznn }ns~`yjbd h}fa pff} skyjshkcyjfb fh nap`fznn" M~j`ijbd k
sy}fbd afyjxkyjfbk` sy}kyndz tks jb ylnj} fpjbjfb k akef} tkz fh }nsyf}jbd yln a~cl
insj}n sy}nbdyl hf} mnyyn} pn}hf}akbcn yf yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z
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>4
mnck~sn yln jss~n fh nap`fznn skyjshkcyjfb c~ys kc}fss yln inxn`fpanby fh k`` sncyf}s
fh yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z" Ylnz k`sf pfjbyni f~y yln bnni yf
lkxn yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z mnnb }~b ~bin} yln jbsy}~anbyk`jyz
fh nap`fznns spncjk``z {~k`jhjni jb yln hjn`i" Ylnz s~ddnsy ylky yljs tkz jy js nksjn} yf
y}kjbjbd kbi y~yf} ylna jbyf pn}hf}ajbd m}j``jkby`z" Ylnz k`sf s~ddnsy ylky kyynbyjfb
slf~`i mn djxnb yf ijhhn}nbcns jb dnbin} afyjxkyjfb mnck~sn fb`z mz sf ifjbd ckb tn
ckpy~}n yln yfyk`jyz fh yln tf}g hf}cn jbyf nhhncyjxn pn}hf}akbcn"
YNSY FH LZ_FYLNSJS7
Lzpfylnsjs ;5 Yln}n js bf sjdbjhjckby }n`kyjfbsljp mnytnnb afyjxkyjfb kbi efm
cfaajyanby fh tf}gn}s" Yln }ns~`y fh f~} s~}xnz akgn jy c`nk} yf ~s ylky yln}n js k
xn}z sjdbjhjckby }n`kyjfbsljp mnytnnb yln afyjxkyjfb kbi efm cfaajyanby" F~} s~}xnz
n|p`kjbs yln hkcy ylky afyjxkyjfb c}nkyns kb nbxj}fbanby hf} cfaajyanby sf yln}nhf}n
afyjxkyjfb ckbbfy mn snpk}kyni h}fa cfaajyanby mnck~sn afyjxkyjfb djbdn}s ~p
cfaajyanby"
Lzpfylnsjs =5 Yln}n js bf }n`kyjfbsljp mnytnnb efm skyjshkcyjfb kbi tf}gn}s
cfaajyanby jb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z" F~} s~}xnz slfts ylky
yln}n js k xn}z sjdbjhjckby }n`kyjfbsljp mnytnnb efm skyjshkcyjfb kbi efm cfaajyanby
mnck~sn fb`z skyjshjni nap`fznns ckb mn cfaajyyni" Yln}n js bf tkz fh snpk}kyjbd efm
skyjshkcyjfb h}fa efm cfaajyanby mnck~sn ylnz tf}g yfdnyln} fbn ifnsby n|jsy
tjylf~y yln fyln}"
Ks ckb mn snnb dnbn}k``z h}fa yln s~}xnz kmj`jyz fh yln nap`fznn yf p}nsnby dffi
pn}hf}akbcns kbi yf anny yln insj}n fh ljdl {~k`jyz sn}xjcn p}fi~cyjfb tljcl js yln
~`yjakyn insj}n fh nxn}z akbkdn} yln}n a~sy mn sfan anks~}n p~y jb p`kcn hf} hj}jbd
yln unk` fh yln nap`fznns"
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CFBC@^SJFB
Yln bnni hf} kb jap}fxnanby jb yln dnbn}k` {~k`jyz fh sn}xjcns kbi nap`fznn
pn}hf}akbcns jb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z ckbbfy mn fxn}
naplksjuni mnck~sn ylnz hf}a yln inyn}ajbkbys ~pfb tljcl yln jbi~sy}z tj`` }jsn yf
jbyn}bkyjfbk` sykbik}is kbi yln jbi~sy}z k af}n sjdbjhjckby cfby}jm~yf} yf yln bkyjfbk`
ncfbfaz" Ks tn lkxn anbyjfbni nk}`jn} yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z
lks k sy}fbd bnni hf} k cfap`nyn }nsy}~cy~}jbd kbi syja~`kyjfb fh yln l~akb }nsf~}cns
jbyf mnyyn} pn}hf}akbcns" Yln bnni hf} k inxfyni kbi afyjxkyni tf}ghf}cn lks hf}
`fbd inbjni Bjdn}jk fh yln p}jxj`ndn fh m~j`ijbd kbi nbefzjbd yln akbz mnbnhjys fh k
ljdl p}fhj`n yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z inspjyn jys akbz yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfb kbi k
}jcl lfspjyk`jyz nbxj}fbanby yln bnni hf} afyjxkyni nap`fznns cfbyjb~ns yf mn k
snymkcg" Yln yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z js akef}`z k sn}xjcn p}fxjijbd jbi~sy}z
kbi yf nbefz yf n|cn``nby pn}hf}akbcns jy }n{~j}ns yln jbsy}~anbyk`jyz fh kb nhhncyjxn
nsy}kyndz ylky syja~`kyns yln nap`fznns dffi pn}hf}akbcns kbi cfaajyanby yff efm"
Nap`fznns k}n afyjxkyni fb yln efm mz akbz yljbds s~cl ks k snbsn fh kcljnxnanby
}ncfdbjyjfb nbefzanby fh yln efm p}fafyjfb fppf}y~bjyjns }nspfbsjmj`jyz kbi yln
clkbcn hf} pn}sfbk` d}ftyl" Nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb kbi pn}hf}akbcn k}n yjni ij}ncy`z yf
yln syz`n fh akbkdnanby ylky js kpp`jni kbi yf p}jbcjp`ns fh pfsjyjxn f} bndkyjxn
}njbhf}cnanby" ,]"L Gkan}z,;::
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>:
slf~`i k`tkzs }nakjb k akef} hfc~s yf yln akbkdnanby fh yln xk}jf~s sncyf}s kbi
hj}as fh yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z" @kcg fh cfaajyanby
nap`fznns lks yf k `k}dn n|ynby }kxkdni pk}yjc~`k}`z yln yf~}jsa sncyf}" Afsy fh f~}
yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs k}n ij`kpjikyni mnck~sn fh `kcg fh afyjxkyni nap`fznns tlf k}n
cfaajyyni yf ifjbd ylnj} efms" N|kap`ns fh sfan yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs k}n yln jikb}n
lj``s yln Km~ek u~ak }fcg tljcl ~sn yf mn k hkxf}jyn insyjbkyjfb yf nxn}zfbn yln
fm~i~ ckyy`n }kbcl kbi yln jgfdfsj tk}a tkyn} sp}jbd k}n bft k slkift fh tlky
ylnz ~sn yf mn k`` fxn}d}ftb mz tnnis kbi jb }nk``z mki slkpn bfy mnck~sn yln}n js
`kcg fh afbnz yf akjbykjb ylna m~y mnck~sn yln}n js bf cfaajyanby kbi bf
afyjxkyjfb fb yln pk}y fh nap`fznns tlf k}n nap`fzni yf akbkdn ylnsn kyy}kcyjfbs"
Yln nap`fznns lkbi`n ylnj} efms `kcgkikjsjck``z kbi `nkxn `fys fh akjbykjb kcn }f~yjbn
kjani ky gnnpjbd yln yf~}jsy kyy}kcyjfbs lkmjykm`n kbi yf~}jsy h}jnbi`z ~bifbn yljs tkz
ylnsn p`kcns k}n d}ki~k``z insy}fzni" Yln lfspjyk`jyz sncyf} js bfy `nhy ~bkhhncyni mz mz
yln `kcg fh cfaajyyni nap`fznns" Jb Bjdn}jkb xn}z hnt lfyn`s nbefz yln p}jxj`ndn fh
ljdl pn}hf}akbcn i~n yf yln p}nsnbcn fh afyjxkyni kbi cfaajyyni nap`fznns" Sfan h
yljs lfyn`s k}n yln Sln}kyfb yln `n an}jijkb yln Ngf lfyn`s kbi yln xk}jf~s kj}pf}y
lfyn`s yljs js mnck~sn ylnsn lfyn`s k}n afsy`z mnnb }~b mz jbyn}bkyjfbk` n|pn}yjsn tlf
~bin}sykbi yln bnni hf} afyjxkyni kbi cfaajyyni nap`fznns kbi yln}nhf}n akp f~y
sy}kyndjns ylky ckpy~}n ylnsn nap`fznns jbyf m}j``jkby pn}hf}akbcns kbi k}n yln}nhf}n
f~ysykbijbd"
Nap`fznns k}n ijhhn}nby ijhhn}nby kdns sn|ns mkcgd}f~bi kbi ijhhn}nby `nxn`s fh
ni~ckyjfb yln}nhf}n7 yln}n k}n yln bnni hf} akbkdnanbys yl}f~dlf~y yln yf~}jsa kbi
lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z yf m~j`i k afyjxkyjfbk` sy}kyndz ylky skyjshjns nxn}z jbijxji~k`s
insj}n jb fyln} yf ckpy~}n k tf}ghf}cn ylky js efm skyjshjni kbi yln}nhf}n cfaajyyni kbi
inxfyni yf kcljnxjbd f}dkbjukyjfbk` dfk`s" Nap`fznns a~sy mn fppf}y~bjyjns hf}
clk``nbdns kbi slf~`i mn akin yf ~bin}sykbi tlky n|kcy`z js n|pncyni h}fa ylna"
Afbjyf}jbd yln mnlkxjf} fh nap`fznns fb k cfbyjb~jbd mksjs jb k in`jmn}kyn pf`jcz
kbi p}kcyjcn kbi yf ~sn s~cl jbhf}akyjfb ks k afyjxkyjfbk` mk}fanyn} yf jinbyjhz
pfynbyjk` y}f~m`n f} p}fm`na spfys yljs slf~`i bfy mn fb kmlf}}jbd mksjs }kyln} jy
slf~`i mn cfbyjb~f~s",N"J ]fmmjbsfb ,=??9*Yln}n k}n akbz hkcyf}s ylky p`kz jbyf yln
cfbcnpy fh nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb" Yln hj}sy bncnssk}z synp js yf inyn}ajbn tlky
afyjxkyjfbk` yff`s tj`` kcy~k``z mn nhhncyjxn jb nkcl pk}yjc~`k} sjy~kyjfb" Sfan yff`s
akz tf}g hf} sfan cfapkbjns m~y bfy hf} fyln}s kbi xjcn xn}sk" Jy js japf}ykby yf
bfyn ylky yln incjsjfbs ink`jbd tjyl afyjxkyjfb k}n mksni ~pfb snxn}k` ylnf}jns"
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8?
Tn akz skz ylky ylky ylf~dl yln Km}klka Aks`fts ylnf}z snnas jb az fpjbjfb kb
nhhncyjxn tkz yf ckpy~}n kbi kcljnxn afyjxkyni nap`fznn jb yln Bjdn}jkb yf~}jsa kbi
lfspjyk`jyz jbi~sy}z mnck~sn Bjdn}jk js k inxn`fpjbd cf~by}z kbi pnfp`n snna yf
}nspfbi k `fy yf kxnb~ns ylky anny ylnj} xk}jf~s bnnis kbi afyjxkyjfb fh nap`fznns
ckb mn nksj`z kcljnxni mz ~bin}sykbijbd kbi hf``ftjbd ~p fb yln ikz yf ikz bnnis fh
yln nap`fznns" Tn clffsn yf cfbc`~in ylky k`` yln xk}jf~s ylnf}jns fh afyjxkyjfb mz
ijhhn}nby ylnf}jsy jb ylnj} xk}jf~s ijanbsjfbs k}n sjdbjhjckby jb ylnj} kpp}fkcl yf
kcljnxjbd nap`fznn afyjxkyjfb bf pk}yjc~`k} ylnf}z ckb mn skji yf mn mnsy s~jyni k``
yln yjan kbi jb k`` cksns7 yln}nhf}n ylnf}jns k}n fhynb cfamjbni yf p}fxjin yln mnsy
pfssjm`n cfamjbkyjfb yf afyjxkyn nap`fznns" K`ylf~dl bf sjbd`n ylnf}z tf}gs k`` yln
yjan yln}n js kb ~bin}`zjbd ylnan yf k`` fh yln ylnf}jns ylky }nspncy kbi pk}yjcjpkyjfb
k}n ytf gnz jynas ylky nap`fznns ynbi yf kpp}ncjkyn" Fhynbyjans yln n|jsynbcn f}
bfbn|jsynbcn fh ylnsn ytf hkcyf}s ckb inyn}ajbn lft p}fi~cyjxn kb nap`fznn tj`` f}
tj`` bfy mn" Jy js japf}ykby yf bfyn ylky ylnsn ytf hkcyf}s k}n k`afsy k`tkzs af}n
japf}ykby ylkb afbnyk}z cfapnbskyjfb" Fh cf~}sn yln}n k}n sfan jbijxji~k`s hf}
tlfa yljs dnbn}k`jukyjfb tj`` bfy kpp`z" K`sf akbz fh yln afyjxkyjfbk` ylnf}jns ylky
lkxn mnnb inxn`fpni k}n ~sni jb jbi~sy}z yfikz" Lftnxn} ylnz lkxn mnnb afijhjni yf
anny spncjhjc bnnis fh yln pk}yjc~`k} cfapkbz" ,]"L Gkan}z ;::
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8;
]NH]NBCNS
AFYJXKYJFB ( JYS YLNF]JNS
Kb N|pncykbcz Ylnf}z Afin` hf} Lfyn` Nap`fznn Afyjxkyjfb5 N|kajbjbd yln
Afin}kyjbd ]f`n fh Cfaa~bjckyjfb Skyjshkcyjfb L~b!Hkbd Cljkbd k SffClnfbd
,Slktb* Ekbd m Inmf}kl Ckbyn} c ( M}~cn _}jbcn ik Inpk}yanby fh Yf~}jsa
Akbkdnanby Cljbnsn C~`y~}n ^bjxn}sjyz Ykjpnj Ykjtkb"
Nap`fznn }nynbyjfb kbi y~}bfxn}5 ^sjbd afyjxkyjfbk` xk}jkm`ns ks k pkbkcnk"
Ajclkn` F" Ska~n`% kbi C}jspnb Cljp~buk Inpk}yanby fh Jbi~sy}jk` _szclf`fdz
^bjxn}sjyz fh Hf}y Lk}n sf~yl Kh}jck"
YLN KSSNSSANBY FH AFYJXKYJFB JB YLN SKJBY _K^@ LFYN@
NA_@FZNNS Mz _kyyk}jbnn _nyclk}kg =??="
Aksyn}s fh m~sjbnss kiajbjsy}kyjfb fb`jbn"
YLN JA_F]YKBCN FH _KZ JB NA_@FZNN AFYJXKYJFB5 IJSC]N_KBCJNS
MNYTNNB TLKY _NF_@N SKZ KBI TLKY YLNZ IF
Sk}k @" ]zbns Mk}}z Dn}lk}y kbi Gkyl`nnb K" Ajbnyyn
Jby}jbsjc kbi N|y}jbsjc Afyjxkyjfbs5 C`kssjc Inhjbjyjfbs kbi Bnt Ij}ncyjfbs
]jclk}i A" ]zkb kbi Nitk}i @" Incj ^bjxn}sjyz fh ]fclnsyn}
Afyjxkyjbd nap`fznns ylnf}z kbi kpp`jckyjfb ,fb`jbn*
Nap`fznn Cfaajyanby kbi Afyjxkyjfb5 K Cfbcnpy~k` Kbk`zsjs kbi Jbynd}kyjxn
Afin` Eflb _" Anzn} ^bjxn}sjyz fh Tnsyn}b Fbyk}jf Ylfaks N" Mncgn} ^bjxn}sjyz fh
In`ktk}n
Cl}jsyjkb Xkbinbmn}dln cf`n ins Lk~yns N y~ins Cfaan}cjk`ns Afby}nk`"
Yln ]f`n fh Afyjxkyjfb jb Nblkbcjbd Efm Cfaajyanby jb Bjdn}jk Jbi~sy}jns5 K Cksn
Sy~iz fhNbn}dz Hffis Cfapkbz @jajyni Jmkikb ]jclk}i Kmf}jskin% kbi Nangk N"
Fmjflk"
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8=
G}jsyjbk Y}jh~bfxsgk ]fmjb Y}jh~bfxsgj MKCLN@F] YLNSJS
Sp}jbd =?;? G}jsyjkbsyki ^bjxn}sjyz
KB NXK@^KYJFB FH SYKHH AFYJXKYJFB IJSSKYJSHKCYJFB KBI
EFM
_N]HF]AKBCN JB KB KCKINAJC SNYYJBD
Aflkaani Km~mkgk} Aktf`j
Inpk}yanby fh M~sjbnss Kiajbjsy}kyjfb
Jm}klja Mkikaksj Mkmkbdjik ^bjxn}sjyz @kpkj" Bjdn} Sykyn
Yln ]f`n fh Afyjxkyjfb jb Nblkbcjbd Efm CfaajyanbyJb Bjdn}jk Jbi~sy}jns5 K
Cksn Sy~iz fh Nbn}dz Hffis Cfapkbz @jajyni Jmkikb
]jclk}i Kmf}jskin% kbi Nangk N" Fmjflk ^bjxn}sjyz fh Jmkikb, Jmkikb,
Bjdn}jk
N" Ninkdln F" Nsfsk L" Jijfij5 Cfapk}kyjxn Kbk`zsjs Fh Yln Mn``xjnt Kbi
Sfsf`jsf Kj} C}kslns jb Bjdn}jk5 Akyyn}s K}jsjbd" Yln Jbyn}bny Ef~}bk` fh ]nsc~n kbi
Ijsksyn} Anijcjbn" =??8 Xf`~an > B~amn} =" IFJ5 ;?">>
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]fm L" Gkan}z Bfxk Sf~ylnksyn}b ^bjxn}sjyz"
YLN JA_@JCKYJFB FH KIN[^KYN AFYJXKYJFB FB TF]GN]S
_]FI^CYJXJYZ JB KB F]DKBJSKYJFB MZ NLJF]FMF JAAKDMN
]FMJBSFB"