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TowardsTowards Sustainable Energy: Sustainable Energy: –– the Nordic Way of Renewables ?the Nordic Way of Renewables ?
DocDoc. . DrDr. . JyriJyri--PekkaPekka Mikkola Mikkola Academy Research Fellow, Academy of FinlandAcademy Research Fellow, Academy of Finland
Prof. Technical Chemistry, Sustainable Development Prof. Technical Chemistry, Sustainable Development UmeUmeåå University University Prof. Prof. Sust.DevSust.Dev. Industrial Chemistry & Reaction Engineering. Industrial Chemistry & Reaction Engineering
Process Chemistry Centre, Process Chemistry Centre, ÅÅbo Akademi Universitybo Akademi University
Department of ChemistryPROCESS CHEMISTRY CENTRE ÅAÅBO AKADEMIU N I V E R S I T Y
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MOTIVATION
WE ARE AT A CROSS-ROAD !
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations measured at Mauna Loa Observatory. Copyri
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Targets – EU’s vision
Biofuel proportion from the total sales in EU (traffic fuels; gasoline and diesel ):Target :2.00 % during 2005 5.75 % 201020 % 2020
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Oil Economy – What next ?
Van Krevelen diagram displaying biomass and fossil fuel differences
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Why Biorefineries ?Oil price constantly increasing Insecure supply (political instability)Ever increasing consumption of energyand liquid fuelsDrive to move from all-synthetic productsand materials to more sustainable, naturalbio-based solutionsDriving force and focus country-dependent
www.oil-price.net/
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Most Abundant Bio Feedstocks – depending on geographical location and local politicsTreesForest residuesGrassesAgricultural cropsAnimal wasteMunicipal wasteAlgaeFood & Feed...
Fast Wood Forestry ?
www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/ForestPerspective.pdfCop
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ikkola
Fennoscandia – the richest in forest resources in Europe and in
the whole world...
E.g. Chile ?
Ca. 3-4
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FOREST BIORAFF
Optimum use of biomass rawmaterial in an integrated process:
Chemicals to process industryChemicals to pharmaceuticalindustryLiquid and solid fuelsPulp and paperHeat and power (electricity)Cop
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Challenges in (Forest) BiorefineryAre we able to put more knowledge into bio-derived products ?How to invent unique value-added bio and forest products ?Innovation capacity/capability ?High added-value specialty products fromforests and other bioresources ?
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Conversion – Upgrading Bio-feedstock: Technology Challenge !
Extraction, purification (structure preserving)CombustionGasificationPyrolysisFermentation (enzymes)
CATALYSIS – still in its infancy when dealingwith biorefinery feedstocks in contrary to the well-established petroleum-based refinerytechnology (almost 100 years of development, fine-tuning and research for perfection)
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Products in needFood and feed
e.g. sugars, oils, fats, betaine ...Liquid fuels
e.g. Bio-ethanol, Bio-diesel, DME, DMC, oxygenates ...Bulk Chemicals
DMC, phenolics, adhesives, furfural, fatty acids, acetic acid, carbon products, paints, pigments, detergents, solvents, biodegradable polymers ... Platform chemicals ?Platform chemicals ?
Fine-Chemicalse.g. xylitol, sorbitol, sitosterol, mannans, lignans,
stilbenes, flavonoids, betulinol, suberin ...Heat and electricity
Different bio (wood) components –
different products and uses:
Selected activities in Nordic countries
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Finechemicals from BirchOuter bark: Betulin (light scattering), aliphatic suberin (natural polyester), antioxidant (aromatic suberin)Total potential hydroxyfattyacids (Finland & Sweden) : 100 000 t/a aliphatic domain even a potential source
of crude ’Birch-Diesel’
Betulin (25%) Betulinic acid (2%) Lupeol (2%)
Aro
mat
ic d
omai
n
alip
hatic
dom
ain
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LignoBoostSTFI-Packforsk in Sweden
Side-fuel for coal-powered Powerplants
(e.g. Fortum Stockholm)
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Integration for district heat & electricity, also some transportation fuels
Södra (Sweden, Norway)
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From any Oils/fatsNesteOil NexBtl, (Finland)
NExBTL-ProcessConversion
of fatty acidsto
parafins and isoparafins
Stabilation
Feed tank
PretreatmentImpuritiesremoval
Fuel gas
Sour water
Sludge AcidCausticWater
Hydrogen
Bio Oil
Biodieseltank
Dieseltank
Diesel +BiodieselBlends
NExBTL component sales
Mineral oil diesel
Bio Oil - Rape seed oilPalm OilSoya OilAnimal fat
Porvoo, 170 kt/a
Biodiesel
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Conclusions:Major efforts in Nordic countriesIndustrial / large-scale pilot:
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Wood tar – a classical importantproduct from 16th to 19th centuryComplex concistency
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Diesel FAME - Fatty Acid Methyl Ester RME - Rapeseed Methyl Ester NExBTL - Next generation biomass to liquidGTL-products (various technologies)
Gasoline : BioethanolETBE, TAEE Biogas
Many BioFuels on the market
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EVEN INTEGRATED BIOREFINERIES PRODUCE A LOT OF CARBON DIOXIDE
- WHAT TO DO WITH IT ?CO2UTIL – Utilization of CO2 for chemicals (incl. fuels)
Carbon dioxide to organic carbonatesAbundant C1 feedstockNon toxic, non-inflammableAffordable
Easy to handle, store, transportOxygen carrierSolvent (scCO2: solvent and reagent)
+ enhances rate and selectivity(Green house gas)
CO2 + 2CH3OH DMC + H2OE.g. Direct synthesis of dimethylcarbonate – catalytic route
M.Sc. Valerie EtaCopyri
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Pyrolysis for Bio-oilChallenge: Bio-oil upgrading (catalysis)
corrosiveness, viscosity, coking, stability, coldproperties, high water conctent etc.
Catalysis
Dr.thesis of M.Sc. Atte AhoCopyri
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Hydrogen from Biosources ?
Reaction pathways involved in glucose and sorbitolreforming
R.R. Davda et al., Appl. Catal. B: Envir. 56 (2005) 171
Aqueous Phase Reforming(APR)
TEKES (Finnish FundingAgency for Technologyand Innovation), EcocatOy, Ehovoc Oy, Selmic Oy, Danisco Sweeteners Oy
Dr. Anton Tokarev
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Bio-Butanol & -Pentanol and Fuel AdditivesAcademy of Finland Sustainable Energy Program: SUSFUFLEX (collaboration with UOULU and KTH)NEW, INNOVATIVE SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION FUELS FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS: FROM BIOCOMPONENTS TO FLEXIBLE LIQUID FUELSCan be blended into standard gasoline or gasoline containing ethanolCompatible with existing vehicle technology
BP & DuPont: ’biobutanol - will be introduced by the end of 2007’
SyntheticSyntheticGasolineGasoline
FromFrom BuOHBuOHVia Via
CatalysisCatalysis !!
Doc. Esa Toukoniitty
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OPTIMAL TREATMENT PROCESSES OF
LIGNOCELLULOSES FOR BIOETHANOL – OPTBIO
Jyri-Pekka MikkolaLab. of Ind. Chem. and Reaction Eng., Åbo Akademi Univ.
Prof. Kai Peiponen Department of Physics, University of Joensuu
Assoc. Prof. Maria Elena Lienqueo ContrerasCentre for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology
University of Chile
Upgrading biogas for vehicle fuel - BIOGASUP
Certain
ionicliquids
arecapable
for reversiblecapture
of CO
2
Prof. Jukka Rintala Department of Biology and Environmental Science,, University of Jyväskylä
Jyri-Pekka MikkolaLab. of Ind. Chem. and Reaction Eng., Åbo Akademi Univ.
Dr. Romel JiménezUnidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción
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Sample Biorefinery –The Future is Today !
The biggest biorefinery in Europe ?
DILEMMA DILEMMA --FOOD BASED !FOOD BASED !
((graingrain))
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However, in the world Gas & Coaldominate the development in syngasto fuels (dominant technology for 2nd/3rd generation biofuels) !
FOSSILE SOURCES – NOT SUSTAINABLE !Copyri
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So, is Biomass a SustainableEnergy Source ?
On a Net-Energy Basis ? – YESOn a Green House Gas Basis ? – YES...provided that non-food crops are utilized ...and certain problems solved:
COSTNITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS
LAND USE
www.scidev.net/en/opinions/research-is-needed-to-make-biofuels-sustainable.html
IN PERSPECTIVE:Using ethanol (current technology) in place
of oil reduces total carbon dioxide emissionsby only 13 % !To fill the tank of a large SUV with ethanol
fuel could feed one person for a year !Copyri
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Potential for Biomass Conversion, biofuelsP
rodu
ctio
nm
illio
nm
3/ye
ar
Data by F.O.Licht, 2006, www.earthpolicy.org
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Industrial Ecology and Green ChemistryPerspectives in Global Terms
Will there be enough land ?Will there be enough biomass ?
for foodbio-fuelsbio-productsCop
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