Towards Applying HCI Theory for Designing IMBMap: A New …infonomics-society.org/wp-content/uploads/ijtie/... · 2016-09-10 · performs the task without the person having to think

Towards Applying HCI Theory for Designing IMBMap: A New Assistive

Technology to Support Independent Mobility of Visually Impaired and

Blind People

Sara Jeza Alotaibi

College of Computer Science and Information Technology

Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Visually impaired or blind people are often

dependent on the others to make a journey from one

place to the other. Due to the advent of assistive

technology, many tools and devices have been

developed to help the blind people make

displacement safely and independently. This paper

presents some of these devices that are categorized

as the following; electronic travels aids, electronic

orientation aids, navigational systems etc.

1. Introduction

From World Health Organization, the number of

the World Population is increasing at every moment.

In 2013, the figure was seem to amount to

approximately 6,809,551,260. According to these

statistics, there are 314 million people globally who

are visually impaired, amongst whom 45 million are

blind. Almost two-thirds of blind people worldwide

are women.

For most people who are blind, walking in an

unknown environment can be unpleasant and

uncomfortable, even following extensive orientation

and mobility (O&M) rehabilitation training. Visually

impaired and blind people tend to face problems

whilst travelling alone since they do not have a

visual perception and orientation of their

environment. Firstly, they face problems in acquiring

information for planning their journey. After they

have overcome this and have initial basic

information, they face difficulties in keeping track of

their planned journey and judging whether they are

going off-track [2].

The term ‘assistive technology' is commonly used

to indicate technology that is designed for people

with some kind of disability [2]. Over the years, it

has been researched and concluded that the best

quality about an assistive technology is that it

performs the task without the person having to think

about the technology itself [1]. For such a large

group of people, necessary solutions should be

provided to make them independent in terms of their

mobility and work [3]. People who have severe

visual impairments face many hurdles in

accomplishing independent mobility which would be

safe and reliable for them [4]. There are several good

assistive technological equipments and solutions

available but some have serious drawbacks [5].

These assistive technological solutions have their

own advantages and limitations [8]. It has been

reported that assistive technologies are highly used

by blind users however some researchers have also

discussed the abandonment of such devices by the

users after sometime [12].

The paper is structured in the following manner;

Firstly, the background of the subject is explained in

Section 2. This is followed by a critical review of

technologies that have been developed for the blind

to provide them assistance. Then, Section 4 shows

evaluation of these solutions and technologies. Then,

Section 5 shows different design HCI methods that

will use in this study. Finally, Section 6 concludes

the paper with a summary and future work.

2. Historical Overview

Visually impaired and blind people tend to face

problem while travelling alone since they do not

have a visual perception and orientation of their

environment. Firstly, they face problems in acquiring

information for planning their journey. After they

have overcome this and have initial basic

information, they face difficulties in keeping track of

their planned journey and judging if they are going

off-track [2].

Research on the orientation and mobility skills of

people who are blind in known and unknown spaces

indicates that the support for the acquisition of

spatial mapping and orientation skills should be

supplied at two main levels, namely perceptual and

conceptual:

At the perceptual level: deficiency in

the visual channel should be compensated

by information perceived via other

senses. Thus, the haptic, audio and smell

channels become powerful information

International Journal of Technology and Inclusive Education (IJTIE), Volume 5, Issue 1, June 2016

Copyright © 2016, Infonomics Society 763

suppliers surrounding unknown

environments.

At the conceptual level: the focus is on

supporting the development of

appropriate strategies for an efficient

mapping of the space and the generation

of navigation paths.

Electronic travel aids (ETAs) are most important

for blind and visually impaired so that they do not

have to depend on any other individual for their

displacement [3]. Some of the ETAs that have been

proposed over the years are Mowat sensor [15],

Teletact and VigitTack [16]; these are used for

assistance to avoid obstacles.

Robotic development has also taken place in this

field and many tools and inventions have been

witnessed. In 2004, Iwatsuka [17] invented the

robotic dog; they claimed it to be a smart vision

based walker which was equipped with the speech

recognition mechanism. Cameras were placed at

human height to facilitate the experience of a normal

sighted person. Another solution that has been

devised over time is the use of smart electronic

canes. Canes are used by around 4 million people in

US as they provide the basic biomechanical required

support for being mobile [18]. Canes cannot be

termed as most efficient when obstacles are involved

such as stairs, and surfaces with probable friction etc

[19]. For such scenarios; active guidance is required

to train the potential cane users [5].

Many systems have been developed to provide

information to the blind that would be useful for a

comprehensive mapping of the space around them

and thus generation of navigational paths [20]; some

systems proposed in the past are Kaspa [21],

activated audio beacon by using cell phones

technology [22].

3. Other Solutions by using Technological

Assistance

The technologies that have been developed for the

blind to provide them assistance in being mobile can

be discussed in different categories; traditional low-

tech aids, ETAs [18], EOAs , assistance for

navigation purposes and assistance for (specifically)

mobility. One research paper has been chosen for

each category that reflects a clear understanding of

the subject.

3.1. Traditional Low-Tech Aids

The paper chosen for this category is [6]. The

most common aid of the past has been the traditional

white cane which is lightweight, inexpensive and

easy to carry. Guide dogs were also used for such

purposes. However the usage of the white cane

requires some degree and guidance to avoid any

falling [10].

3.2. Electronic Travel Aids Medium Tech

(ETA)

Technological Canes: One of the papers chosen

for this research is [23]; to explain the technology

about intelligent canes is about “Robotic Cane”. This

paper gives a comprehensive explanation regarding

the working and design of their robot. There has

been a lot of development in the robotics field [9].

Blind people usually use a white cane or a guide dog

(which is a trained dog to navigate the way for the

blind) [24]. The advantages of the traditional cane

and the guide dog have been observed and have

proposed an interactive robotic cane [23]. They

named the robotic cane “RoJi” ; it is powered with

two motors so that it can guide the person with

sufficient power.

Figure 1: Robotic Cane [23]

There is an ultrasonic sensor driven at RC motor;

mounted above the wheels. It scans the space in

front of it to detect any obstacles or hazards. It scans

the area ahead at an angle of (+-) 900. Another

example of Electronic cane is Smart Cane [23]; just

like the robotic cane, it is also powered with wheels

and sensors for obstacle detection.

Another paper chosen for ETA is the Intelligent

Glasses [16] which is a new sensory substitution to a



sequential time-consuming environmental scan by

electronic canes. It proposes a vision similar to a 3D

world on a tactile display [16].

Figure 2: IG system and an example of its image-to-

tactile rendering [16]

3.3. Electronic Orientation Aids

A system has been proposed in the chosen paper

[14] for orientation aid to the blind users; it is the

electron neural vision system (ENVS). This paper

has been chosen because it supports a portable

system to give outdoor navigation incorporates by

GPS. One of the main features of this innovative

system is to enable the user to avoid obstacles and

provide navigation in outdoors [14]. It consists of a

headset with two stereo cameras, digital compass and

a computer with GPS capabilities. A depth map is

created by the cameras, the portable computer is used

to convert the information of the depth map and

obstacles. This is sent to the electronic glove TENS

in the form of electrical pulses that cause sensations

in the finger. “The amount of stimulation is directly

proportional to the distance of the objects in the

direction pointed by each finger.” [14].

Figure 3: ENVS with its components [14]

3.4. Assistance for Navigation

A paper has been chosen for navigation system

proposed in [13] - Tylfos; it is based on two

modules- Reader and Navigator. This paper has been

chosen because Tylfos proposes a unique technique

of obstacle detection; it is done in x, y coordinates.

The main aim of this system is to integrate different

navigation technologies like wireless handheld

computer, GPS sensors and text-to speech devices so

that the user is given correct navigational

instructions. The output of the directions is given a

tactile display. The role of the Navigator in this

system is to capture environmental data from all the

sensors and deliver this information to the user in the

most appropriate manner.

3.5. Assistance for Mobility

Another system is chosen from the paper [14]; it

has different systems described in the paper. One of

the systems in it is CyARM; they claim that the main

feature of this system is to provide aid in guiding

orientation and mobility. It uses the ultrasonic

sensors to detect the hurdles that might be present in

a way. Along with the obstacles, it measures the

distance between the object and the user. This feature

will help him during his mobility as he will get the

exact distance between the present objects. The

information is delivered to the user via the tension of

a wire that is attached to him for example with his

belt. High tension in the wire will indicate that he is

close to an object; so close that he might be able to

touch if hand is extended. Low tension in the wire

will indicate longer distance [11].

4. Evaluation of Solutions

Wayfinding can be defined as a technique adapted

by blind people as they move from one place to the

other without being dependent on anyone [7]. It

involves two categories; orientation and mobility.



Orientation is the capability of a person to be able

to judge where they currently are and to judge one’s

position in the environment. Mobility involves the

ability of an individual to travel safely while

detecting hurdles and obstacles [7]. Navigation

involves the synchronized combination of both

sensory and cognitive skills [20]. Spatial Perception

involves the ability of the person to determine the

horizontal and vertical directions in a specific space;

where distracting patterns may also be present [23].

The authors of paper [6] states that canes help in

immediate and surface located obstacles. However

they do not address the fact that low-tech canes do

not give information about the distance that the

objects might be at or at what height. Another set of

authors [23] analyzed the usage of canes and stated

that their Robotic Cane helps the blind travelers to

navigate through their journey and detect the

obstacles or other hazards that might prevail in the

environment. They stated that the robotic cane makes

independent decisions about the path; however

limitation lies when the user might want to have

control over the path that he takes. That is when the

normal mode must be overridden to allow the user to

take control of the robot. The main difference

between the two technologies of Robotic cane and

another cane named- Smart Cane is that Robotic

cane scans the area ahead at an angle of 900 while the

Smart Cane scans it at 450. This makes the Smart

Cane more accurate and detailed in terms of

detecting obstacles.

The authors for ENVS stated that training is

required for the usage of canes, whereas the testing

phase of ENVS concluded that the users were able to

reach their destination while avoiding obstacles and

with minimum training [14].

The authors of the chosen navigation system –

Tyflos, have solved one of the things that are missing

from the usage of canes; the unique feature of this

system is that it offers the information about the path

in two-dimensional array. This is very useful to

overcome the obstacles in the way. This system will

inform the user about the obstacles in x, y

coordinates. Therefore, the height of the object can

also be known [13]. They also state that DGPS is

another technique, which can be used in their

systems to make navigation more accurate for blind

users [14]. It offers localization with a precision of

around 1m [6]. Another feature, which is not present

in the smart cane and robotic cane, is to calculate the

distance with other people. The researchers who

supported the system of CyARM [14] proposed a

system that calculates the distance between people to

make the blind person’s mobility safer.

Robotic cane and many other solutions are often

equipped with audio aid of directions and obstacles,

which proves futile for deaf users. The researchers

who proposed IG [16] gave a very good solution for

this. The system provides a quick interpretation of

the environment which displayed on the tactile

display so that it is quickly explored by the user

(Active Touch) [15].

Some existing assistive technologies have been

analysed and shown in TABLE 1, which provides a

critical review summary of an extensive evaluation

of existing systems with four criteria, which are

accuracy, fact, inexpressive and ease of care. A tick

(√) indicates strong evidence to suggest the system

of such criteria according to specific references;

however, a cross (X) means there is no any evidence

to suggest this.

Table 1: Evaluation of Solutions

5. Proposed Solution

Various studies are underway in the field of web

technology with the objective to overcome the

difficulties that have been discussed in the preceding

section. Some ideas have already been implemented

so as to enhance accessibility and usability to support

independent mobility of visually impaired and blind

people by using the Internet; some of them are

internet of things [39], World Wide Web [38], and

mobile applications. [38].

These assistive technologies helped for many

years; however, now there is the need to create a

new assistive technology to help more, especially

because the numbers of visually impaired and blind

people increase every day [38]. The current times

require that solutions be lightweight, easy to use,

and fast for increased usage. There is now the need

for new assistive technologies to break the relation

between high accuracy, less expressive and ease of

care; therefore, this study was begun with the

concept of assistive technologies that would help the


people. Similar assistive technologies already exist,

but each has its own limitations and disadvantages.

Web technologies and mobile applications have been

chosen for solving these problems in this study by

purposing new assistive technology called supports

Independent Mobility of Blind Map ‘IMBMap’.



5.1 IMBMap

IMBMap is a web system and mobile application

providing interactive map that supports the


people. It provides users with the facility to search

any known or unknown area from a single source

without the need to remember. Moreover, IMBMap

contains two parts, namely the web system and

mobile application; therefore, all of these differing

information about visited areas will save on the web

system. This means information can be viewed or

updated easily using the mobile application

IMBMAP as the single source where all visited

addresses will be saved automatically. Any updates

or deletions can be achieved effectively, and one can

effectively keep track of what information is sent

out on the web. Moreover, IMBMap provides the

service of finding out clear information for all

known and unknown areas by giving the information

from different secure sources, such as Google Map

and user comments, for example.

The scope of this research is based on key

principles: (1) concurrent studies in progress; (2) a

live project for the development of the solution; and

(3) field-testing. This is supported by hard techno-

economic analysis, which ensures that the solution is

commercially viable.

IMBMap contains two parts, which are a web

system and mobile application, and the connection

between both of them in using web services.

IMBMap involves the human element from two

aspects: the user gets haptic and audio feedback from

the mobile application, thereby meaning it is related

to the domain of Human Computer Interaction (HCI).

Consequently, an original HCI theory has been

adapted for the research study whereby there is an

amalgamation of scientific research with design

research.

5.2 Applying HCI Theory

This part of the research focuses on different HCI

research approaches and theories regarding the

research methods, such as:

5.2.1 User-centered Approach/ Design It are very

common for researchers to adopt a user-centered

design for their models since it addresses the

following aspects:

Visual design

Interface design

Information design

Interaction design

Functional specifications

User needs

Site objectives [25].

Abras, Krichmar & Preece state that another

important aspect found in user-centered design is the

usability testing, which ensures the presence of those

aspects that might be expected in a technology by the

user [26].

5.2.2 Different Levels and Planes in the Domain of

Usability Aichholzer & Strauß categorised the

aspects into two main criteria: information-oriented

and task-oriented [27]. The divisions of attributes

with respect to the five planes proposed by Garrett are

stated below [25]:

Visual design

Interface design/Navigation design/ Information

design

Interaction design/Information architecture

Functional specifications/Content requirements

User needs/ Site objectives.

5.2.3 Frameworks and Models of Human Needs

for User Experience Schulze & Krömker proposed a

framework that encompasses a number of important

factors concerning human needs with the objective to

enhance user experience [28]: Relatedness

Influence and popularity

Stimulation

Competencies

Security

Autonomy

As shown in Figure 4, Anderson explains the

model proposed by Sanders; the prominent

demarcations in this model are expert mindset and

participating mindset, whereas the other prominent

demarcations are design led and research led [29].

Figure 4: Design research model proposed by Sanders

[29]



The techniques proposed for each demarcation can

be seen in Figure 4, with the degree to which overlap

may be apparent between the respective

demarcations. Besides, Psomas proposes five

competencies of user experience design, all of which

facilitate the development of an effective design for

any technology or system [29]:

1. Information architecture

2. Interaction design

3. Usability engineering

4. Visual design

5. Prototype engineering

It can be seen from these frameworks and models

that the focus on the development of a technology is

not solely directed on the scientific implementation,

but rather on the design features and human

requirements to improve the user’s entire experience.

Mackay & Fayard considered HCI as a perfect

amalgamation of both scientific implementation and

design features of any technology or system [30];

therefore, HCI has been chosen as the most

appropriate for this research study. In addition, they

also stated that HCI cannot be termed as a pure

science owing to the fact that it also caters to the

human aspects related to technology, as opposed to

only naturally occurring events (which are usually

witnessed in scientific practices).

Figure 5: Inclusion of guidelines in the design process

of any system or technology [30]

It can be seen from Figure 5 that the design

research for any system involves the inclusion of

guidelines that guide the researcher to improve the

design in the light of users’ requirements. This

approach is commonly adopted by researchers in

present times. The following applications are

amongst a few of the examples:

Hoven et al. discussed an example of a

technology that improved the product for users

due to the inclusion of scientific and design

research [31]. The technology was aimed

towards delivering service to youngsters

diagnosed with degenerative muscle disease. As

a result of this disease, the patients were required

to exercise the same workouts, which became

boring and tedious after a certain time period. In

an endeavour to make the technology more

interesting, design research was conducted to

facilitate changes in the technology with the

objective of making it more appealing for young

patients. As a result of the design research, video

game activities were included in the workouts

and presented to the patients whilst they

continued their exercises.

Figure 6 includes the amalgamation of design and

scientific research models, which is known to

produce effective results relating to HCI:

Figure 6: Amalgamation of design and scientific

research models [30]

The boxes in Figure 6 represent figures that are

commonly found in the real world:

Model: A research may devise a phenomenon from

the realities of the world, and accordingly aim to

develop a framework or model to explain such.

Mackay & Fayard explained two models—the

deductive model and inductive model—with respect

to HCI practices [30]. The deductive model is defined

as the more general model, tending to explain the

general theories and real world phenomenon; the

inductive model observes the prevailing concept in

the real world without being affected by pre-defined

theories and notions. Following the materialisation of

the observations, a model is proposed to describe the

phenomenon under discussion.

Observations/ Field Study: Observations can be

defined as those notions established as a result of

examination and analysis. Mackay & Fayard state

that scientists and researchers make use of

observations and past theories in order to explain and

present their newly developed theories to the world

[30]. Moreover, Villiers provides some information

regarding the techniques used to evaluate online

platforms; users thinking aloud, protocol analysis

(verbal reports considered as important data), and

walkthroughs, to name a few [32].

Simulations: Yusoff defines simulations as the

form of testing that enables users to provide

feedback on the basis of which changes can be

incorporated into the system [33]. It is due to

simulations that the mode of operations can be



tailored to user requirements in an effective manner.

Simulations may range from simple computer-based

experiments (for testing basic academic concepts) to

technically advanced virtual realities, as shown in

Table 2.

Table 2: Types of Simulations

Simulation

Technique Advantages Disadvantages

Co

mp

ute

r ga

mes,

An

ima

tion

s, Hig

h fid

elity

simu

latio

ns [3

3]

These

environments

offer engaging

scenarios and

platforms [33].

Such

technologies

allow the user to

be more

productive [33].

Sometimes, this

mode does not

produce

successful results

[33].

Sim

ple c

om

pu

ter

simu

latio

ns [3

3]

Learners get a

free trial version

to comment upon

and use [33].

Simulation can be

made to adopt

different

scenarios;

however,

developers

usually do not opt

for such flexible

modes of

operability [33].

On

line sim

ula

tion

s

[34

]

Students and

professionals can

understand

concepts that

might be difficult

to grasp with the

help of

conventional

modes [34].

Online

simulations may

inhibit the natural

process of

learning that is

achieved in a

classroom setting

[34].

Prototypes: Prototypes are defined as the means of

expressing the design artefacts of any system or

technology prior to the whole product being released;

this facilitates different design options in which the

product can be developed [35]. There are different

categories of prototype. A few of the most common

ones include role, integration, implementation, and

look and feel prototypes [35]:

Role refers to the relevance of the

technology or service in the lives of users

or the part that is played by the

technology to facilitate any task in their

lives.

‘Look and feel’ refers to the investigation

concerning the design, and the experience

attained after using the system or the

technology.

Implementation brings out the questions

concerned with the techniques and modes

adopted by the technology or system to

perform its task; it mainly involves the

strategies adopted by the technology to

provide service to its users.

Evaluation: Evaluation refers to the concept of

analyzing the overall perceived credibility and

relevance of a system or technology in consideration

of its users [35]. Evaluation assesses the benefits,

limitations, and constraints of the technology [35].

Good theoretical evaluations offer practicality in a

wide range of situations [36], and thus their

importance in the evaluation of a framework, model

or system cannot be overemphasized.

Users are the individuals who utilize the

technology and subsequently face the possible

limitations that might become apparent in due course

of usage; the constraints might also be faced as a

result of the uniqueness of their own traits and

physical attributes. User evaluation methods tend to

judge the overall relevance and suitability of the

technology with regard to such personal aspects;

however, there exist experts in every domain who

have gained commendable knowledge in a certain

field via means of multiple years’ experience or

research activities. In this way, experts tend to

evaluate technologies on the basis of their knowledge

and their perceptions of a good quality framework,

model or system. The expert might evaluate a certain

technology in his own domain: for example, a

researcher who possesses extensive knowledge in the

field of usability will be able to conclude relevant

findings regarding the level of usability of a certain

technology as opposed to its security. There are

various types of evaluation method such as:

Realistic evaluation focuses on the

preference and usability context with regard

to the manner of use of the system under

evaluation. Realistic method of evaluation

not only considers what works, but for

whom and in what way and in which context

[36]. Through realistic evaluation, it is

possible to establish to whom the

responsibility of implementing a new

framework falls and consider these factors in

the analysis by selecting a focused group of

experts. This method is a low cost, fast

application.

Deliberative democratic evaluation seeks to

arrive at unbiased evaluative conclusions

through engagement of the main

stakeholders, and sometimes employs the

use of other evaluation methodologies [36].

Deliberative democratic evaluation relies on

evaluation methods, such as a wide range of

expert judgment that seeks to maximize the



social implications of the suggested

framework's components [37].

An empowerment evaluation method would

focus on helping a particular group of

stakeholders, either clients seeking service

through the system or providers of the

system's services. In addition, empowerment

method takes into consideration feedback

from different stakeholders and selected

participants [36].

Utilization-focused evaluation perpetuates

the belief that evaluations are because of

usefulness of the system to the end-user

[36]. If a wide range of user opinions, rather

than expert opinions, on a model or system

is an influencing factor to the change, this

method would be supremely important.

6. Conclusion and Further Work

Displacement from one place to the other can

often be considered a challenge by some blind

people. In order to make this task easier for the blind

people many technological solutions have been

proposed over the years that are called Assistive

Technologies. These tools and devices assist the

blind users to make displacements from one place to

place while overcoming obstacles safely.

Many solutions languish in the dark tunnels of

academic history and gather dust for not being

commercially viable; therefore, the present study

encompasses the entire gamut of the subject

surrounding the problem. These constitute a critical

review of the literature, development of a solution as

a live project, inclusion of the requirements of

visually impaired and blind people, field-testing the

models, and techno-economic feasibility analyses.

This paper focuses on background information and

the methodology; future papers will provide more

detail about design, implementation and testing the

web system and mobile application for the IMBMap.

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