Towards and Independent Ireland

8/19/2019 Towards and Independent Ireland

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Towards and Independent

Ireland


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POLITICAL GROUPS IN 20TH CENTURY IRELAND

Governing Ireland

• Irish MPs and lords in Westminster•

Lord Lieutenant represented King• Chief Secretary represented British

government


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1. Naionali!!Ho"e R#le Par$

• ast ma!ority supported IrishParliamentary Party "#ome $uleParty%&

• Led 'y (ohn $edmond• )* of +,- seats in +.+,• #ome $ule meant a parliament

in /u'lin to deal withinternal a0airs

• Peaceful means&• #ad su ort of the Li'eral Part &


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IR%Iri!& Re'#(li)an %ro&er&ood

• Secret revolutionary organisation• $esponsi'le for +)12 3enian $ising•

Complete independent $epu'lic• Supported 'y Irish in 4S5• 3ollowed the tradition of Wolfe Tone


5/48

Sinn 36in

• 5rthur 7ri8th +.,-• /ual monarchy•

5'stention 9 Irish MPs wouldwithdraw from the parliament inWestminster and set up their own

• Tari0s to develop industry• Small until after +.+1


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4nionists

• Wanted to stay in 4K& :o #$& ;reasons

• 3elt British• #ome rule < $ome rule• 3ear of losing trade lin=s•

Carson and Craig• Supported 'y Conservatives ">mpire

would fall apart%


7/48

La(o#r *ove"en

• Poor state of wor=ers in Ireland• (ames Lar=in from Liverpool set up

IT7W4• William Martin Murphy and

>mployers 3ederation < Loc=out• Police? government and Catholic

Church supported employers&• 5fter - months wor=ers defeated•

IT7W4 did not die


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2. THE HO*E RULECRISIS


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T&e Ho"e R#le %ill

• +.+, the Li'eral government neededthe support of the #ome $ule Party")* seats%

• +.++ Li'erals passed The Parliament5ct& #ouse of Lords could only delay'ills for @ years&

• +.+@ Third #ome $ule Bill 'ecamelaw&

• +.+* WW+ 'ro=e out&• +.+1 the Irish didnAt want #$


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Unioni! O''o!iion

• Too= many di0erent forms• /emonstrations and speeches 'y Carson

and Craig• Solemn League and Covenant 9 Some

Signed in their own 'lood& @,,?,,,signatures

•

43 9 +,,?,,, men& Set up solely to resist#ome $ule• Bought arms and ammunition in 7ermany&

@*@- 5pril +.+* they smuggled them intoLarne? Co& 5ntrim ";-,,, ries%


11/48

Two 7roups Supported 4nionist$esistance

• The Curragh MutinyD British armyo8cers who were 'ased in theCurragh in Kildare? said that they

would resign rather than go to 4lsterto impose #ome $ule

• The Conservative Party leader

5ndrew Bonar Law fully supported4nionist $esistance


12/48

Naionali! Rea)ion

• >oin Mac:eill wrote EThe :orthBeganA& #e wanted :ationalists tofollow the eFample of the 4nionists

and set up their own olunteer 3orce• I$B involvement• #owth gun running ".,, ries%

5sgard• WW+ stopped Civil War


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• I+, - T&e Iri!& +ol#neer!

• I3 set up in +.+*•

>oin Mc :eil was chief of sta0


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;& REACTION TO ORLD

AR 1


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• 4nionists !oined ;1th 4lster /ivision to showsupport for the union 9 thought home rule would'e gone

•

$edmond at Wooden'ridge created a split in theI3 G got people to !oin war• Those who supported $edmond 'ecame the

Naional +ol#neer! and !oined the Britisharmy

• Those who supported Mac:eill =ept the Irisholunteers name @-,?,,, Irishmen fought inWW+& ;,?,,, to *,?,,, died


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*& THE 1/1 RISING


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Plan! or a Ri!ing•

I$B E>nglandAs di8culty is IrelandAsopportunityA• Military Council "Thomas Clar=e?

Patric= Pearse? Sean Mc/ermott? Thomas Mac /onagh? (oseph Plun=ettand >amon Ceannt%

•

(ames Connolly and the Irish CitienAs5rmy persuaded to !oin&


18/48

• $oger Casement went to get @,?,,,ries from 7ermany on the 5ud

• Mac:eill would not ta=e part unlessthey were attac=ed Jrst& The Castledocument was forged& Mac:eill wasdeceived and agreed to allow the I3

ta=e part at >aster


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Plan! go rong

• 5ud captured and scuttled&•

Casement arrested and hanged&• Mac:eill found out the Castle

/ocument was a forgery and calledo0 manoeuvres on >aster Sunday


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• 3ailure to ta=e /u'lin Castle a 'ig mista=e&• British sent reinforcements from the Curragh and

>ngland&• The #elga 'oat 'rought ammo which the British

used to shell the 7P• n Saturday? the leaders agreed to unconditional

surrender


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T&e Re!#l! o &e Ri!ing

• -,, =illed? more in!ured? much damage• /u'liners were angry with re'els•

Martial law was 'rought in "@,,, people wereinterned%• ., sentenced to death& +- eFecuted in

Kilmainham (ail& Irish minds were changed& The

idea of #ome $ule was over&• Sinn 36in got 'lamed for rising and 'ecame

popular& It changed its aim to an Irish $epu'lic&/ealera 'ecame its leader&


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• T&e Con!)ri'ion Cri!i!

• Compulsory military service further'oosted Sinn 3einAs popularity

• T&e 1/13 General Ele)ion

• 2; seats for Sinn 3ein

• Called their MPs Teachta /la andrefused to ta=e seats&

• +.+. /il Nireann set up&


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4. THE INDEPENDENCE

STRUGGLE


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Sinn ,5in and &e ,ir! Dail

• @+ (an +.+. the Jrst /ail was held inthe Mansion #ouse

• @2 T/s only attended? the rest were in

!ail or on the run• 3irst meeting issuedD

– /eclaration of Independence

– 5 message to the 3ree :ations of the World – 5 programme to improve living and

wor=ing conditions


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• 5t a later meeting /ealera waselected president

• Collins was Minister for 3inanceO

Mar=ievic "la'our%? 7ri8th "homea0airs and vicepresident%

• The /ailD – 7ot control of Local gov& – Set up their own courts – 7ot loans


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T&e ar o Inde'enden)e

• Same day of 3irst /ail $oyal IrishConsta'ulary "$IC% patrol wasam'ushed in Solohead'eg? Tip& "/an

Breen and Sean Treacy I$5 led it%• 5ttac=ed police o8cers guarding a

supply to a Quarry&• In the >arly stages? the $IC were the

main target of guerrilla campaign&


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• Collins? as /irector of Intelligence"spy%The SQuad& R+,?,,, reward&

• 3lying Columns "Tom Barry? LiamLynch? >rnie Malley% victories atKilmichael and Cross'arry&


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T&e %rii!& Re!'on!e

• Blac= and tans• 5uFiliaries• Could not cope with guerrilla warfare

and carried out reprisals "Cor=?Bal'riggan? 'urnings? 'eatings andmurder%

• The 7overnment of Ireland 5ct +.@,


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*a6or in)iden! o &e ar oInde'enden)e

• Toms MacCurtainAs murder• Terence MacSwineyAs 2* day hunger

stri=e• Bloody Sunday @+st of :ov +.@,& ++

agents =illed& +@ in Cro=e par="Michael #ogan%&

• Burning of Customs #ouse "), of/u'lin 'rigade gone%


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Pea)e

• People wanted peace& I$5 out ofammo and short of men&

• Bad pu'licity for British gov& Costinga lot of money

• /ealera and Lloyd 7eorge agreed aceaseJre&


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1&THE IRISH CI+IL AR


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Divi!ion!

• ProTreaty "$egulars or 3ree State5rmy% 5nti Treaty "Irregulars or$epu'licans%

• Both sides gra''ed 'arrac=s as theBritish left

• Irregulars too= * Courts• Collins won election well& When *

Courts Irregulars too= a $egulargeneral? Collins attac=ed them& #e

won easily with British artillery&


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T&e *#n!er Re'#(li)

• $epu'licans retreated south fromLimeric= to Waterford

• Collins used ships to carry troops toCor=


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Dea& o Collin! and Gri7&

• 5ugust +.@@• 7ri8th had 'rain haemorrhage• CollinsD am'ushed "shot% at Beal na

mBlath• WT Cosgrave and Kevin #iggins

too= over


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G#erilla arare

Did no or8 ell (e)a#!e9

• 3ree State had support of mostpeople

• They =new the land as well• 7reat 'rutality on 'oth sides• 5pril +.@; Liam Lynch =illed& 3ran=

5i=en and /e called a ceaseJre


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Re!#l!

• /eath and destruction• Lost leaders• Bitterness• Political Parties


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Towards and Independent Ireland