Towards a Sustainable Practice for Managing Climate Change Impacts on Cultural Heritage Dr Cathy Daly School of History & Heritage University of Lincoln Research supported by the Dublin Institute of Technology & ABBEST 1.Background 2.Interviews 3.Case Studies 4.Summary & Conclusion Daly Climate Change a change in the average climate (or its variability) from one averaging period to the next (i.e. 30 years). (Parry and Carter, 1998: 5) Village of Moorland, Somerset levels. Photograph: Matt Cardy/Getty Images, Theguardian.com Projections for UK Warmer wetter winters Hotter drier summers Increased frequency of extreme & unpredictable weather (high winds, intense rain) Sea-level rise Increasing Temperatures Increasing Rainfall Drier summers Increasing wind Biological growth Stone erosion Salt crystallisation Wet-dry cycles in stone Loss peat lands Flooding Subsidence Collapse Biodiversity change Plough damage Deterioration buried archaeology Implications for Cultural Heritage Multiple interactions: some possible climate change factors and impacts 1.Background 2.Interviews 3.Case Studies 4.Summary & Conclusion Daly Structured Interviews Those addressing, either in practice or through research, the impacts of climate change on cultural heritage Chosen from published literature, major research projects and through personal referrals Thirty respondents were interviewed from fifteen different countries Daly Assessed the vulnerability of cultural heritage to potential climate change Noted impacts attributed to climate change Daly Difficulty determining whether observed impacts can be reliably attributed to climate change Interviewees had Importance of on site monitoring for understanding the impacts of climate change 1 (low) to 7 (high) Knowledge of monitoring tools designed to function over 30100 years timescale Daly 1.Background 2.Interviews 3.Case Studies 4.Summary & Conclusion Daly Case studies Daly Derrygonnelly Northern Ireland, St. Andrews Scotland and Nykping Sweden (www.youreuropemap.com) Future Climate Change; the nature and scale of impact upon masonry (Climate change and the greening of masonry: implications for built heritage and new build) in Northern Ireland Daly Test hut at Derrygonnelly, N. Ireland (Daly February 2012) South-west wall showing 3 types of stone (Daly, February 2012) Detail of internal face of stone wall showing two types of embedded moisture sensors (Daly, February 2012) Daly Scottish Coastal Archaeology and the Problem of Erosion (SCAPE) in Scotland Daly Tom Dawson at Boddin Limekiln showing - collapsing due to undercutting by wave action; this site has been documented by SCAPE using 3D laser scanning (Daly, April 2012) SCAPE partnered the Bressay community project to excavate and rebuild the eroding Burnt Mound of Cruester, Bressay, Shetland (www.shorewatch.co.uk) Daly Pverkan p runinskrifter or Runic Inscriptions as Cultural and Natural Environmental Indicators in Sweden Daly Rune stones at Kolunda Eskilstuna (Daly, May 2012) Swedish Heritage Board conducting 3D scanning of a rune stone, Sdermanland (Daly, May 2012) Daly 1.Background 2.Interviews 3.Case Studies 4.Summary & Conclusion Daly Seek to manage the impacts without identifying the root cause. OR Gather long-term data to enable clarification of causality in the future. Daly Equifinality Land slip onto the beach below St Andrews Castle (Daly, April 2012) that the same effect could be attributable to different events or processes Monitoring alone, unsupported by appropriate remedial action, is unsustainable Daly St Andrews (Daly, April 2012) Daly Ad hoc attempts to prevent erosion occur at local level regardless of Shoreline Management Plans e.g. the deposition of building rubble and garden waste by owners of Scurdie Ness Lighthouse (Daly, April 2012) Need to pioneer methods and approaches Hard decisions and strategic use of resources Daly Moving the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse & Principal Keepers Quarters in 1999 cost 11.8 million dollars. Conclusion Global climate change will (and probably is already) impacting cultural heritage Long-term sustainable strategies for monitoring and adapting to climate change are needed Community based solutions have (and have already shown) great potential in this regard Daly Acknowledgments The research was undertaken thanks to funding from ABBEST at Dublin Institute of Technology Thanks to the international experts that contributed and without whom the work would not have been possible: Dr. Jonathan Ashley-Smith, Dr. Paul Baker, Susan Barr, Prof. Hans Peter Blankholm, Prof. Tor Brostrm, Prof Dr. Andreas Burmester, Prof Dario Camuffo, Pamela Faylona, Monika Fjaestad, Dr Joe Flatman, Prof. Bjarne Gronnow, Klaus Haefner, John Hurd, Dr Ewan Hyslop, Henning Matthiesen, Dr. Susan McIntyre-Tamwoy, Rory McNeary, Dr Keith Westley, Dr. Benjamn Otto Ortega Morales, Peter Murphy, Michael Pearson, Dr. Robyn Pender, Prof. Vlatka Raji, Dr Marcy Rockman, Dr David Roe, Prof. Cristina Sabbioni, Dr Jos Van Schijndel, Ian Wainwright, Prof. Ping-Sheng Wu Special thanks to Dr. Tom Dawson, Vibeke Vandrup Martens, Helen Simonsson, Laila Kitzler hfeldt, Dr Stephen McCabe and the late Prof. Bernie Smith for providing the case studies Thank You