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UNDP/MLW/81/004 Technical Report
MALAWI Cultural Development
Towards a Cultural Development Policy
by Charles E. Phillips
Serial No. FMR/CLT/CD/82 /208 (UNDP)
United Nations Educational, United Nations Scientific and Cultural Development Organization Programme
Paris, 1 9 8 2
M A L A W I
Towards a Cultural Development Policy
Report prepared for the Government of Malawi by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) acting as Executing Agency for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
United Nations Development Programme
UNDP/MLW/81/004 Technical Report (Phillips) FMR/CLT/CD/82/208 (UNDP) 3 March 1982
ü Unesco 1982 Printed in France
CONTENTS
Paragraph No«
I. INTRODUCTION 1 - 5
II. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 6 - 3 3
III. MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 34 - 91
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS 92 - 111
Appendix I : Suggested Structure of Cultural Division, Ministry of Education and Culture
Appendix II : Places and Institutions Visited
MLW/81/004 - Cultural Development
TECHNICAL REPORT
I. INTRODUCTION
1. In accordance with the provisions of the project document signed on 13 April 1981 on behalf of the Government of Malawi, 13 May 1981 on behalf of Unesco and 28 April on behalf of UNDP, a six-week consultant mission was carried out, from 20 July to 4 September 1981. The mission was extended for one week on 28 August l98l.
2. The project's immediate objectives, as stated in the project document, were to:
(a) Assist the Government of Malawi to elaborate its Cultural Development Policy and Plan.
(b) Advise integration with the Unesco Global Economic and Social National Development Plans.
3. The consultant's specific terms of reference required him to
(a) Hold discussions with the Ministry of Local Government and carry out extensive visits to archaeological sites and museums and monuments of national importance to Malawi with officials of the Department of Antiquities to review Malawi's Cultural Heritage;
(b) Hold discussions with the Ministry of Youth and Culture to evaluate cultural activities carried out by the Ministry.
(c) Hold discussions with the Ministry of Education with a view to evaluating the extent to which knowledge of Malawi's Cultural Heritage is being incorporated into the school curricula ;
(d) Hold discussions with other interested Ministries such as the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Tourism and the Department of National Parks and Wild Life to evaluate how their programmes are being implemented in relation to the Cultural Programme;
(e) Visit the University of Malawi with a view to assessing creative culture i.e., drama and other fields;.
(f) Visit the Department of Information and Malawi Broadcasting Corporation to discuss the dissemination of Malawi's culture to the general public;
(g) Visit the Censorship Board to ascertain what the Board is doing about promoting Malawi culture.
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4« The consultant vías expected to come up with the following at the end of the mission:
(a) A review of the Government's activities in preserving its cultural heritage;
(b) Guidelines for policy formulation on cultural development and implementation in Malawi;
(c) Identification of programmes/projects suitable for international support;
(d) A National Plan fer Cultural, Development;
(e) Incorporation of Malawi's Plans with the African Regional and Global Plans«
5* The mission entailed extensive travel throughout Malawi and visits to a number of personalities (See Annex II: Places and Institutions visited).
II. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
6« In Malawi foreign and indigenous values are in a state of stable coexistence« Malawi does not view the end of 'colonialism* as the end of cooperation with the former colonial power. It recognises that cultural dynamism depends on the ability of cultures to co-exist without loss of inherent qualities and values« Since independence, therefore, measures have been taken to ensure the survival of indigenous culture without prejudice to other contributory cultures«
7« Malawi, realising that its economic development will depend for a long time to come on imported technology and skills and regarding culture as the sum total of such practices and attitudes, derived from national traditions and history, as are consistent with modern conditions of living and development, recognises also the need to face up to inevitable change and calls for a cultural policy and action that will retain its distinctive roots.
8« Like many other developing countries, Malawi has been concerned with economic, social, political and educational priorities in providing many 'important* community resources such as transport, factories* new cities, communication systems, hotels, housing, hospitals, government offices, educational institutions and other social agencies«
9« The Government and Party, recognizing this situation, have taken steps touensure that there is the right dose of balanced discipline through all training schemes. The Malawian Young Pioneer, the Youth League and the Women's League are guided by the ruling Party Organization which itself, in its informed policies, objectives and operations, gives a clear example of cultural sensitivity and democracy.
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The Party Convention is held yearly by rotation in the three regions of the country. The Convention is the grass-roots or "primary" Parliament. The Parliament in Zomba is the "secondary" one. A convention which people from all over the country attend not primarily as Ministers, but as ordinary citizens, getting together to consider seriously the affairs of the country, is a clear example of a government of the people, by the people, for the people.
The Government Party and People of Malawi keep themselves informed of the needs and aspirations of the country by continually asking themselves questions about development and trying to find solutions to them.
10. At the Party's Convention in Lilongwe, 1968, members recommended that Unity should be one of the four corner-stones upon which the State and Party,of Malawi should be built (the other three being Loyalty, Obedience and Discipline), that Malawi should adopt Chichewa and English as the official languages (all other languages would naturally continue to be used in everyday life In their respective areas).
11. The Convention also recommended that the youth of Malawi be brought up "in accordance with the ethics of African tradition". It condemned indecent and slovenly appearance, disrespectful attitudes towards elders "which some young people tend to copy from foreign countries" and called upon the Government to take appropriate measures to remedy the situation.
12. In 1969, the delegates discussed the adverse effects of nomadic cultivation which had been practised by some people - a practice not conducive to proper husbandry. They also discussed the practice of* people living far from their farms and agreed that nomadic cultivation should be stopped and that all "our people should be urged to live on their farms so that they can look after their farms properly": the Conference further agreed that ownership of land be encouraged an*d the Government was urged to ensure that land ownership be made universal throughout the country.
13. The Convention discussed the position of Chiefs in relation to the people in their areas. It condemned the attitude of certain chiefs who look down upon their people as slaves and recommended that, since Malawi is a free and independent nation and all Malawians are equal, any Chief found indulging in such malpractices should be severely disciplined.
1 « The Convention, having discussed fully aspects of Malawi marriage customs and other implications in the development of the country, recommended that the system of Chimamwini or bride price should be discouraged, and that people should be encouraged to allow husbands to take their wives to their (the husband's) home.
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15« In 1972, at the Convention in Zomba, the following resolutions were passed:-
(a) That some positive aspects of the old traditional institutions and initiation rites, whereby young people were taught the tenets •f good behaviour, should be revived,
(b) That the subject of moral behaviour and good manners on the part of young people should be discussed fully by the people in the villages after the Convention«
(c) That teachers should inculcate the importance of good manners and behaviour besides teaching the "three R's", and that the teachers themselves should set a good example*
(d) That the campaign against improper dress among boys and girls of Malawi should be intensified«
16* At Mzuzu, in 1973, the annual convention of the Malawi Congress Party, recognising the need to ensure the continuation of peace and calm, law/,and order, resolved that the training of young people is of vital importance and that the Government be solely responsible for such training through the League of Malawi Youth and Malawi Young Pioneers«
17« With this sound basis, there should be no problem about formulating a comprehensive cultural development policy«
18« Throughout Malawi people are fully aware of the part which cultural development must play in satisfying the need for greater fulfilment« This is evident in the traditional satisfaction with work and leisure, citizen participation in decision-making, community control over planning, conservation of natural resources and the need for an attractive and less polluted environment« The traditional oral structure is to a large extent buttressed by the Party machinery« This is particularly evident in all the rural communities which account for about 8Cf£ of the population«
19» The urban population forms the minority and still has its cultural roots firmly planted in rural areas« Except in Blantyre, urban life seems to play a very minor role in the lives of the indigenous people« What it comes to is that the cities provide certain industrial and secretarial jobs« The general attitude seems to be: "I come here to work because my skill and services are needed; but my home is in the village where I derive my cultural satisfaction"« And indeed most of the dormitory areas are outside the cities, except for Government residential areas which consist of flats and bungalows used by workers of all grades during the years of their official working lives«
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20. The inference broadly is that Malawi is in a very strong position to avoid that cultural dichotomy which has affected other African countries, creating strains and stresses and generating open conflict between culture and development.
21. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need for a cultural development plan, to forestall the dangers of demoralising urbanisation and the possible alienation of town dwellers. Such a plan would also have a beneficial effect on any accelerated economic, social, educational, industrial and political development which is culturally compatible with Malawi society and aspirations.
Such a considered cultural policy would be a bulwark against imported or copied social evils arising from urban over-population and the proliferation of uninhibited life-styles, ghetto situations, social poverty and slum life.
22. Malawi cultural objectives could be as follows:
(a) The development of a system capable of protecting and maintaining the cultural heritage.
(b) Educating and training young people in accordance with the principles of positive morality, patriotism and service to the community.
(c) Encouraging the public to participate in cultural programmes with the aim of increasing social, national and environmental awareness and promoting national unity.
(d) Development of a national-language literature and the music, drama, arts and crafts through which authentic, indigenous culture finds expression.
(e) Reconciling the Malawian cultural heritage with other cultures and pursuing international cultural contacts without prejudice to the authenticity of Malawian life.
Existing Provisions, Structures and Policies
23« The Party machinery has wisely incorporated local cultural activities into its programmes, in an effort to mobilise the loyalty of the masses to the State by means of the Women's League and the Youth League. The Women's League arouses the interest of everyone by means of the traditional dances and songs, which precede any discussions and which end all deliberations« The League organises dance performances at Party rallies and at all important State functions. This is neither contrived nor accidental. It is based on traditional local practices.
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24. In villages and towns participation in traditional arts and culture is everyone's inalienable right. The Women's League performs at celebrations of births, puberty and marriages and for funerals.
25. The efforts of the Malawi Congress Party and the Women's League, however, should be viewed only as a stop-gap. More could be achieved if a clear integrated policy and plan for the development of the arts in Malawi were followed. Such a policy should cover both schools and the general public and provide opportunities for advanced training in the arts in the interest of cultural development.
26. It is therefore essential to create a machinery for preserving, promoting and supervising the development of the traditional arts of Malawi»
27. Scientific, technical and business skills are seen as more 'important' than artistic training in terms of the contributions individuals can make to the nation's development in their working lives. This, as a result, has relegated the arts to the traditional and recreational sphere, even though culture and the arts are seen as having an important contribution to make to 'nation building'.
28. One only has to see the masses of Malawi women dancing together in step with the Life President, Dr. Kamuzu Banda, to understand the vivacious magic of African culture and the spiritual potency of root-culture as a means of reaching the hearts of the masses and thereby mobilising them for patriotic and natural action.
Administrative Structures
29» The Minis-try of Youth and Culture was established in 1973 with the following sub-structures:
(a) The Youth wing of the Ministry trained young people to make their contribution to national development and to respect its four corner-stones, namely: Unity, Loyalty, Obedience, and Discipline.
(b) The Cultural wing was to observe, maintain and promote the Malawi cultural heritage. In fact, this wing was inactive except in the organisation of yearly be'auty contest and school drama contests, which did not make any serious positive impact.
As from 1 July 198l, the Ministry became the Ministry of Youth and Sports. The cultural wing was taken over by the Ministry of Education, which thus became the Ministry of Education and Culture.
30. On the same date, the National Archives, Museums of Malawi and Antiquities Department, formerly managed by the Ministry of Local Government, were all brought together under Culture in the Ministry of Education and Culture.
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The move was obviously made to limit the dispersion of administrative responsibilities for cultural affairs Such, as:
(a) The National Archives started in Zomba as a branch óf the Salisbury-based Central African Archives in 1947« The National Archives of Malawi came into existence in January 1946 and have provided Archival Services to the nation till the present day.
(b) The Museums of Malawi are a statutory body established under the Museum Act and opened to the public in 1965 at Chichiri Hill. The chief exhibits are related to natural history, ethnic history and archaeology.
There is a second museum (The Lake Malawi Museum) at Mangoochi Boma, inaugurated by the Society of Malawi in 1971« Plans to build a third Museum in Lilongwe are being considered by the authorities« The Museums of Malawi are members of the Southern African Association and of the Organisation for Museums, Monuments and Sites of Africa.
(c) The Department of Antiquities was established in January 1965, in order to supervise the National Monument Programme, the Pre-historic Research Programme and the Education Programme.
The National Monument Programme covers research into monuments, the erection, conservation and maintenance of site or field museums, and the safe-guarding of cultural materials. The Prehistoric Research Programme covers archaeology and ethnic history. The Education Programme is concerned with the dissemination of knowledge on the cultural and natural past of Malawi through publications, lectures and exhibitions in schools, colleges and public offices. It maintains a departmental library.
31. The Library Board - established in »1971 - is a statutory body and receives an annual subsidy from the Government. There are lending sections in Blantyre, Limbe, Lilongwe and Mzuzu for both adults and children. It also operates a reference section.
As a means of reaching as many people as possible, a network of library centres has been established throughout the country in community centres, schools, and the headquarters of various development projects. Books are delivered at regular intervals. Each centre holds about 400 books at any given time. There are at present 190 centres throughout the country, and a postal loan service.
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Other Ministries and agencies with cultural responsibilities ares-
(a) The Department of Information and Tourism
(i) The Malawi News Agency, Technical Services, Film Unit, Production Services« (Books, postcards, magazines,etc<)
(ii) Department of Tourism, for the development and promotion of tourism, hotels, restaurants and Government rest houses (Sale of Malawian art and craft products to tourists)
(b) Malawi Broadcasting Corporation
Radio Services in Chichewa and English, Schools Broadcast, Music and Drama, News and General Information (Programmes on Malawi culture for local and overseas listeners).
(c) The Censorship Board
Operates under the Censorship and Control of Entertainment Act 1973* Regulates and controls the making and exhibition of films, the importation, production, dissemination and possession of publications, pictures, statues and records, and the performance of stage plays and public entertainment. It has a full-time Board of five members and a Chairman, who are appointed by the Minister but are not deemed to be public servants. The Board has the following areas of responsibility s
(i) Theatre licences
(ii) Cinema
(iii) Stage plays and Public entertainment
(iv) Making of films
(v) Publications, pictures, statues and records
(vi) General
(d) Newspapers
The Daily Times and Malawi News are the two newspapers circulating in the country. The Malawi News is a weekend edition of the Daily Times. It has a two-page section in Chichewa.
Periodicals like "Moni", a monthly publication in English . and Chichewa,and "This is Malawi", also a monthly, published by the Department of Information. There are two main presses, the Montfort Press owned by the Catholic Church and the Assembly Press owned by the State.
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33» Buildings for the preservation of the arts do not seem to be the principal problem at this stage of Malawian cultural life, though these should not be forgotten in the general efforts to provide an infrastructure for general cultural development, particularly in the capital city of Lilongwe«
III. MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
CULTURAL HERITAGE
34. Malawi has a rich cultural heritage. Evidence is scattered all over Malawi of both a cultural and a natural heritage. From the rock shelters and excavations made at the foot of the shelters, there is striking evidence of early efforts at cultural development. The two-hundred-year-old furnaces for iron smelting still brave the weather in the Kasungu Game Reserve area. Built skillfully according to traditional techniques, the refractory brick structures, exposed to weathering, still go proudly on.
35« Foot-prints of explorers such as Livingstone, John Stewart and other missionaries have been kept intact by the active and well informed staff of the Antiquities Department. Also, every effort is being made to preserve the landmarks of the present builder of the nation, His Excellency Nkwazi Dr. Kamuzu Banda, as a heritage for the future. His birthplace and first school structures, building sites and trees, his first home, where he was arrested, his first surgery and the first Party Headquarters have all been declared cultural monuments.
36. The groups of women who dance with the President at State functions, the assembling of dancers from all over the country to participate in anniversary celebrations, the artefacts that mark junctions between villages, the pride which local councils take in maintaining colonial administrative buildings and houses, while modern buildings for new hospitals and industry spring up in contrast, are all striking signs of a cultural policy which takes pride in the past and looks on traditions as spring-boards«
It also characterizes Malawi's policy of black and white cultural coexistence and her cultural tolerance; utilising the best of the past irrespective of its origin, African values and Western technology together produce a promising and meaningful cultural "progress. ~ "
Antiquities, Monuments, Museums
37. Conservation work on sites and monuments is high on the list of priorities. Fencing off a number of monuments, such as the graves of personalities like Gomani Chikuse in Ntcheu and those of white explorers and missionaries, has been completed. Initial measures have been taken to stop further tampering with the two iron-smelting furnaces in the Kasungu National Park, but fences built to protect rock-shelters and rock-art at Dedza and Kasungu have been damaged by vandals. The compilation of the
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inventories and lantern slides of the cultural heritage is in progress-Taped voice commentaries added to the show of slides will enhance appreciation and help to bring them to the attention of the political authorities and the general public, thus fostering a respect for the heritage. It is satisfying to note, therefore, that stringent measures are being taken to ensure that the heritage is not destroyed or lost through neglect, vandalism or theft«
38. The idea of keeping such objects as the smelters in their natural environment is an acceptable one, especially in African countries where there is a profound recognition of the intimate relationship between an object and the environment which gave it birth. The difficulty is that it is not .always possible to devise adequate protective measures for objects left in their natural setting. Vandalism, climactic conditions and difficulties in finding experts to restore them are but a few of the many problems that may be encountered.
In such cases it is better to remove such objects to the shelter of museums or galleries where they can receive the protection and conservation treatment they need. Moreover, the number of people who can view the objects in their natural environment is very limited owing to distance and transport problems» The possibility of creating the environmental scenery for the object might be borne in mind for the museum to be built in Lilongwe. The objective should be two-fold: to protect these unique legacies from the past and to make the population more aware of their real value.
39« The idea of making local councils keenly aware and capable of handling cultural heritage matters within their districts is a practical and most sensible move. It will decentralise administration and democratise participation.
40. Fort Lister (Muloza) monument in Mulange is an important landmark in the great fight against slavery in Africa. It is in a state of total disrepair. The Providential Industrial Mission in Chiradzulu is an important historical landmark in the fight against oppression. The story of John Chilembwe illustrates the vision of the Malawian African and the readiness of the Malawian to sacrifice his life so that others might live. John Chilembwe's example must not be left to decay. Declaring the area as a shrine and taking, steps to inform the masses of such patriotic deeds will sustain the national spirit of the Malawians and revive their cultural pride.
41. More than eighteen monuments have thus far been classified. These include: Mtunthama Monument Area in Kasungu, the Independence Arch in Blantyre, St. Michael's Church, CCAP (l889-l89l) in Blantyre and Grave of Richard Thornton, Livingstone's geologist, Chikwawa. These and others have been inspected and maintained with the help of District Commissioners and the Department of Forestry.
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42. The Museum of Malawi has two galleries. The first displays natural history specimens in diorama (mammals, birds, reptiles and some insects). In the second gallery are displayed ethnological and some archaeological specimens. In the same gallery are contemporary soapstone sculptures» In the grounds of the Museum are also displayed a 'Shamrock' steam engine, a traction steam engine, the first fire-engine, one of the early buses owned by United Transport (Malawi) Limited, a traditional hut and an iron-smelting furnace. The Lake Malawi Museum features activities connected with lake-shore dwellers.
43* The merger of Antiquities and Museums as from 1 July I98l is a move in the right direction:
(a) The merger will ensure more efficient and expert control and a joint approach to all aspects of museum development.
(b) It will save costs by eliminating the duplication of technical staff. The concentration of basic expertise and
a centralised conservation laboratory will be very rewarding.
Recommendations
44. Antiquities and Museums Department should have:-
(a) Technical Services
The Technical Services Unit will comprise the following:
(i) Film and Photography
A photographic laboratory set up for record purposes to preserve the identity of each artistic or natural object in a permanent and usable form, numbering and photocopying it for storage.
(ii ) Conservation
Restoration and preservation of objects.
(b) Research and Public Services
This unit will provide the services for:
(i) Ethnographic Gallery - a hall for traditional cultural objects.
(ii) Contemporary Art Gallery.
(iii) Technical Gallery
(iv) Oral Documentation - Tapes, cassettes, photographic records of music and oral traditions.
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(v) Research in pre-history, natural history and monuments will continue«
(c) Administrative Services (internal)
(d) Publicity, Information Service
VISUAL ARTS AND GRAFTS
45« Malawi has always had a rich and wide variety of colourful art and crafts* The drawings and paintings (rock art) on the tilted rock surfaces of the cave-dwellings in Dedza, Kasungu and other parts of the country reveal a heritage of painting. Findings from excavation at sites in the caves also indicate a heritage of craftsmanship in pottery (earthenware) and stone carvings. There is a wide variety of products made from local materials such as wood, clay, ivory, metal, raffia, grass, beads, leather, cave, gourds, goatskin, etc.
Tourism
46. The Tourist Board has created a market for all kinds of handiwork. It has shops in Blantyre and Lilongwe. One wonders why there are no private galleries for these outstanding works«
Crafts and Creativity
47* Little has been done to encourage dynamic creativity in the crafts. The result is beautiful, but stereotyped, production by craftsmen and imitators, who are only able to repeat traditional art forms with little or no variation«
Exhibitions
48. Once in a while an artist and his works could be exhibited by a company or by an institution such as a bank. The idea of exhibiting in busy areas like banks is an interesting one. This is one way of taking the arts to the people. While the client waits to be called to the counter he could spend his time studying some of the works. The objective is two-fold: to exhibit the works of the artist, to educate the people and to find a market for the artist. This is an idea which should be followed up in order to cultivate the interest of the public. It is therefore suggested that the Cultural Division of the Ministry, if and when fully manned, should be able to use this as a basis for mounting a nation-wide programme. A travelling exhibition could also be arranged.
49* ' Viable exhibition facilities abound in all the cities of Malawi. There are community centres in many urban areas which could contribute to such a programmée The National Library, by organizing carefully selected travelling exhibits at suitable locations, could develop an interest in and appreciation of the visual arts because such programmes will encourage many people to take a closer look at the arts.
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Art and the Cities
50. Well-planned cities are developing in Malawi. There is room for improvement in the old city of Blantyre. The new Capital City of Lilongwe provides a wonderful background for sculptured monuments» Mzuzu is ready for environmental improvement. The quality of architecture in Lilongwe, with its open spaces and parks - a real 'garden city' of no mean order -deserves an artistic environment.
51. Professional artists should be encouraged by being given commissions to work on interior and exterior decoration. Facilities should be made available for the training of professional artists and art teachers. Craftsmen need encouragement to be more creative. The Arts and Crafts Department should organize workshops for the new breed of craftsmen so as to enable them to vary their styles. The dangers of exploitation should be borne in mind. Craft marketing shops run by Hotels and Tourism Limited are carrying on a brisk trade. Care must be taken that craftsmen are not exploited. It is recommended that an Artists' Association be established for each of the arts products. This should be initiated by the organisers of the arts (Ministry of Education and Culture) to enable the artists of an association to promote their crafts and act as spokesmen for their own affairs. These associations would serve three purposes. First, they would ensure that the work offered for sale is of the highest quality. Second, they would act as collecting agencies for products within the country and assist in the regulation and negotiation of adequate prices for such products. Third, they would co-ordinate the activities of the craftsmen. This will ensure quality control and a guarantee of fair and reasonable prices for products, while the Government would be assured of an orderly development of the various vital cultural industries.
52. A country's art products can be sold abroad. The Arts and Crafts Association of Malawi, if well organised by an appropriate specialised body, can bring in foreign exchange from overseas marketing and sale centres« But first the artists must be organised, otherwise financial exploitation by unscrupulous middle-men will destroy the arts.
53« Most of those selling Malawian craftsmen's work at various points in the cities, and even at road junctions, are middle-men, most of whom care more for profit than quality. Others exploit the artists by buying their works cheaply and reselling them at highly profitable prices.
54. Legislation governing the export of artefacts should be reinforced. Foreign exchange tax should be levied on bulk exports.
-DANCE, MUSIC AND DRAMA
55« In Malawi, there is a rich tradition of ethnic dances which have their origins in community festivals and rural celebrations. Some have religious significance; hence the conflict between the early missionaries and the arts. However, these dances have been revived, and no important
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occasion or celebration is complete without them. As with other areas of cultural activity, participation and interest are widespread at community and amateur level« What is lacking is the harnessing of such resources for development (by way of preservation and promotion).
CULTURAL CENTRES
56. Now is the time for Malawi to plan cultural centres in Lilongwe and other regional capitals. The centres should cover the portrayal of traditional life throughout the country from its rare species of flora and fauna and include performances - dance, drama, music, poetry. It would also provide premises for the crafts.
Performing arts programmes could be staged every Saturday afternoon for the entertainment of urban dwellers* This is where traditional dances, songs, drama and poetry can be performed for the education and entertainment of the urban public who are in the process of forgetting their indigenous roots and culture. Craftsmen could be invited as resident artists for a specific number of weeks. They should receive all facilities for pursuing their craft; in addition, a craft shop could be set up to contain works produced by these craftsmen. Craftsmen could receive an allowance for board and lodging and a small sum for out-of-pocket expenses. They would meet fellow craftsmen, exchange ideas and learn new methods and ; forms. The centre could also host the yearly National îestival of the Arts and Crafts«
The primary purpose of the centre is to bring creative workers into contact with broad sectors of the population and to provide opportunities for communication between artists and artisans, on the one hand, and audiences on the other.
In effect, the cultural centres would be multipurpose and would include an outdoor or indoor theatre, a museum, a gallery, a small library, offices, a shop, a small park and possibly a zoo. They would be designed in the traditional African style and financed jointly through the sale of works, the Ministries of Education and Culture, and Information and Tourism Department, and funds from private sources.
TRAVELLING TROUPES
57« It has been „suggested that a Travelling Cultural Troupe composed of the best musicians, singers, dancers, storytellers and craftsmen be organised to travel throughout the country giving performances and demonstrations for the benefit of local audiences* The composition should be national in character and content. The community in which they perform could be responsible for their board and lodging. Some income should be derived from the tour and this could be supplemented by public funds. Since the exercise is for education and entertainment, it might be advisable for the Government to subsidise existing troupes by allowances and travelling expenses until a professional troupe could be formed for overseas cultural tours. Many performances and demonstrations
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could be put on in schools and colleges and at teachers» training colleges, thereby-complementing the work of arts and crafts teachers. Such an exercise would certainly strengthen the position of the artists and artisans in the community« It would no doubt restore active artistic and recreational life to its rightful place, espcially in the urban areas where the tendency is more toward brash foreign discothèques and meaningless, noisy music«
Exchanges
58« Given the great cultural diversity of Malawi it would be worthwhile to arrange a series of internal exchanges among troupes of different districts and regions, to promote goodwill and understanding among the various'peoples of Malawi and to diffuse cultural works through-out the country*
THE MASS MEDIA
59» The Broadcasting Corporation of Malawi came into existence in 1964 as a statutory body. It benefits from a Government subsidy. Malawi has a national radio service but no television« The radio programmes are in English and Chichewa, Since the transistor radio has brought national radio stations to the ears of vast rural populations, programmes in the Chichewa language will attract the attention of the largest audience«
60« The Censorship Board strives to maintain high moral, cultural, educational and religious standards« There seems to be, however, an excessive patronage of foreign cultural films« It is for this reason that radio broadcasters in Malawi practise self censorship so as to maintain their cultural freedom« This goes for both radio and the press« The people are themselves watchdogs over the 'purity* of their cultural lives and deal serenely with any individual or institution that transgresses accepted standards«
61« The main newspaper in Malawi is the Daily Times, published by Blantyre Newspapers Limited« The Saturday edition has two pages in Chichewa, summarizing all the important events of the week« This is commendable« But the press is urban-based and urban-oriented« As it stands now the paper has little relevance or meaning to the people in rural areas, where only a small percentage of the population reads newspapers«
62« It may be necessary, therefore, for the Government Ito establish a rural press, since this is important for the country's development programme* It is true that the Party branches constitute much of Malawifs communication link in rural areas« In addition, rural dwellers must be made more active
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in informing themselves through the newspaper, mass education programmes, mobile film units, posters and charts which disseminate knowledge and information. With more projects in rural areas for teaching the reading of Chichewa, the training of rurally-oriented journalists will help bring reading to many rural homes.
63. The Department of Information and Tourism informs people about Government activities. It issues regular publications'such as:-
(a) The year book
(b) "This is Malawi»
(c) "Boma latu", a bulletin providing information on Government activity and development.
The production of posters for educational programmes affecting health, sanitation and agriculture, civic leaflets and the work of the Mobile Cinema vans which show * educational * and 'nation-building' films with some 'entertainment' films in rural areas have done much good work. The film unit of the department produces films to be used in the mobile cinemas. The films are processed outside Malawi. This was originally done in the United Kingdom but now it is found to be quicker and cheaper in Zimbabwe. The department has three mobile cinema vans.
64. Mobile cinema van operation in the rural areas is a sound advantage to any government in its effort to educate, inform and entertain its citizens. Films are in fact one of the most effective ways of teaching the rural population about animals and crop husbandry, hygiene, health and civic affairs. The cinema is not far removed from the traditional oral methods, which most rural areas still adhere to, so that films could be used extensively and effectively as educational media for teaching rural communities about themselves, their neighbours and their country, and those aspects of science and technology that affect their lives.
65« There should be no further delay in providing Malawi with a film industry. The training of technical staff - cameramen, soundmen producers and film directors - could start now, so that they are ready for what will soon be required. Malawi is likely to introduce a television system in the not too distant future. Work towards improving the productivity of the film section of the Information and Tourism Department will be a long-term investment.
66. The photographic section claims to have 6,000 lantern slides on various subjects. These should be sorted, classified and stored under proper conditions so that they can be lent to individuals, schools or other organisations. Taped commentaries on cassettes could accompany such sets of slides on various topics»
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EDUCATION FOR CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
67* Education in Malawi, like other countries in Africa, should be based on the needs and resources of the people in their natural environment« The concept of culture in schools is not one of teaching arts and crafts or dance and song alone* Every subject should be 'culturally' loaded from textbooks to methods and procedures. In some schools the relevance of geography or mathematics and biology does not extend beyond the classroom; the subjects are not related to life* Modelling and visual relationship can be part of effective geography lessons and so can mathematics, biology and all other subjects, even confined to art lessons only» A child will appreciate the need to learn to dance or the art of drawing or performing artistically if these acts have a relevance to his daily life* No education is sound and complete which does not depend for its drive and strength on the environment, which in turn is the source from which, human beings derive their culture and development*
68* National Educational Policies should be reviewed periodically to make use of, inter alia, new methods and equipment in educational development* Man's desire to improve the quality of his life and his power to do so constitute a creative drive* Every effort must be made to inject creativity and vision into education* The integration of culture and development must start from educational institutions, or it will fail*
69. The Malawian heritage reveals a keen sense of creativity and aesthetic consciousness - rock-art, the decoration of an Inkoni warrior., the neck-bangles and arm-rings of the chief's wives, the decorations on utilitarian objects such as baskets, gourds and pots* The new towns that are replacing the villages must not be deprived of this heritage* The new cities which are springing up should not be denied that patrimony, otherwise they will lose touch with the old* The cultural dimension of development should not wait for another age, or the root may be hard to find*
Education in the Arts (teaching of the Arts in schools)*
70* At present the Arts (music, art) are not favoured by schools in Malawi* The University of Malawi is soon to open a department of Pine and Performing Arts which should be able to absorb pupils at '0' and 'A' levels in art, music and drama* The present state of art and music education tuition in schools is not ambitious enough, even where it exists*
71* Upgrading the teaching of the arts in schools and colleges would necessitate training specialist teachers in the arts - music, art, drama and literature. Some of the training colleges will have to introduce intensive training schemes in order to produce more such teachers in time* Other African States where facilities for such training exist could perhaps
- 18 -
provide such training in its initial stages. The development of the arts and interest in the arts must be seen as a major contribution towards cultural development and this must of necessity begin in, and be encouraged by,schools. To reach the entire population in any field requires a medium no less comprehensive than the educational system.
72* The Ministry of Education may find it desirable to appoint experts in Drama, Music and Art to advise and assist schools in this aspect of cultural development»
73« Two or more colleges should be upgraded so as to be able to provide the requisite quality of instruction in art and music and Chichewa» This would involve the organisation of teaching facilities with well-equipped rooms for music and art and a language laboratory. Students wishing to further their studies in these subjects at pre-university level could attend these selected schools, which would teach the normal full curriculum but also provide facilities for more serious training in art and music. The Kamuzu Academy could initiate such developments«
ARTS AND CRAFTS DEPARTMENT IN THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE
74. A heritage must be assembled, sorted, studied and published as a major, urgent, national task, so that all Malawian people know it in all its variety and diversity. With the rapid adoption of Western technology and machinery, the rudimentary techniques of spinning, weaving, and the popular arts and traditions of Malawi will disappear if they are not consciously encouraged and fully recorded. The split between the older, traditional generation and the younger generation of Westernised Malawians will become a gulf if the means of remedying the situation are not found. The answer lies in a firm plicy of preserving Malawian culture and promoting its development along traditional lines.
75« Traditional techniques are the proper basis for research, criticism and creative work, the absence of which could result in rootlessness and cultural deprivation. The efforts of the Malawi Congress Party, the Youth League, the Women's League and other groups are too scattered and diffused^ There are too many duplications and gaps.
76« There is a lot to be done in the way of:-
(a) Collecting relevant information on culture from throughout the country.
(b) Recording, cataloguing and studying all aspects of culture (music, song, dance, oral tradition, poetry, sculpture, handicrafts, costumes, jewellery, habitat).
(c) Publication and exhibition in the appropriate media and other places, of past and present cultural forms.
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Attention could be paid to folk art, which is closer to the people than anything else. Children could he introduced in schools to such art through the organisation and creation of traditional song and dance groups in the schools and villages. The Malawi cultural heritage must constitute the source from which creative inspiration is drawn.
77* While much care has been devoted to the preservation of antiquities and museum pieces, much more attention needs to he paid to the dynamic and rich culture of Malawi for the henefit of the present generation.
The university*s Role
78. The proposal of the University in Zoraba to establish a Fine and Performing Arts Department is welcome. The training of personnel in up-to-date methods of preserving, promoting and developing the arts should be its primary aim. While training cultural activity organisers, cultural administrators, painters, sculptors and designers, dance choreographers,musicians, etc., it should maintain close liaison with field workers of the Ministry in collecting and analysing cultural data. The Ministry of Education and Culture should supplement the work of the University. The Ministry will be concerned with stimulating the cultural and educational activities of all sectors of the community.
Function and Programmes
79» The function of the Department of Fine and Performing Arts will be to preserve, promote and develop the Arts of Malawi. In planning programmes of the Department to meet the functions assigned to it, at least five programme areas must be borne in mind:
(a) Arts Promotion
(b) Artistic Creation
(c) Art Education
(d) Study and circulation of Cultural Materials and Objects
(e) Ancillary Facilities and Infrastructures
(a) Arts Promotion
80. The aim should be to provide access to culture for all citizens through performances, exhibitions, film shows, etc., in order to increase their awareness and appreciation of the artistic values of their culture. The secondary objective is to provide •recreation1 through the arts.
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Various ways of programming artistic events in rural areas should be explored: in this connection the possibility of teachers and others acting as 'animators' as part of their voluntary service to the community should be explored.
Festivals of arts at district, regional and national level for the promotion of cultural and artistic awareness, national unity and national understanding should be organized.
In a society with a wide range of amateur activity in diverse art forms, a festival can be a fruitful means of bringing together such groups for mutual stimulation and competition.
In organising programmes in this area, special attention should be paid to the heritage, particularly among the literate sector of the community who need to be re-integrated into their culture and society.
Attention must also be given to extending the frontiers of knowledge of the arts beyond the ethnic or linguistic group.
(b) Artistic Creation
81. Encouragement should be given to the evolution of artistic idioms in form, shape, colour, etc., that spring from Malawian traditions and the creation of new works of art in painting, sculpture, basketwork, etc., and the development of techniques. Methods to be employed to stimulate achievement in performance and creativity include:-
Competition and awards. The stress here should be on the individual artist and his work.
Experimental workshops - programmes for stimulating the development of artistic idioms and new techniques.
Community drama - programmes for developing drama in rural communities making use of local themes and talent and encouraging total community involvement in the process and in the final product.
(c) Art Education
82. The promotion of knowledge, understanding and appreciation of the arts among people of all ages in the community in order to increase their participation in them as part of their way of life.
Programmes for schools in collaboration with the Education Department.
Programmes for young people in collaboration with the Youth Section of the Ministry of Youth and Sports.
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Programmes for the general public, including lectures, lecture-demonstrations, seminars, etc.
Preparation of educational kits - visual aids, films, slides, etc. for teaching the arts and culture.
(d) Study and Circulation of Cultural Material and Objects
83. This includes:-
Research into specific problems related to the preservation, promotion and presentation of the arts.
Compilation of inventories of artistic (traditional and non-traditional) and cultural statistics needed for planning.
Publication of journals, magazines on art and culture, and reviews, in English and Chichewa.
Active programmes in this area may be organised in the form of projects which may be undertaken in collaboration with appropriate institutions, such as:-
The University (research, educational materials ,etc.)
The education sector and curricula division of the Ministry.
The Department of Information and Tourism. Publication of •introductory booklets' on culture in Malawi, making of short films, slides and taped commentaries for educational purposes.
Antiquities and Museums (art objects).
(e) Ancillary Facilities and Infrastructures
84. The necessary facilities for supporting promotion and artistic creation programmes must be developed: -
Performing areas and buildings in rural areas and towns which have no cultural or community centres;
Mobile theatres and exhibition units for use by touring troupes in rural and suburban areas.
Sound systems and lighting for production in rural areas without electricity supply.
Puppetry.
- 22
Summary of Programme Areas
A. Arts Promotion
(a) Programmes for recreation or entertainment.
(b) Concerts and theatrical productions programmed on a regular or seasonal basis«
(c) Film shows (Malawian or from other African countries).
(d) Exhibitions: national and international.
(e) Festivals.
(f) International Week: Regular yearly programme with all the foreign missions in Malawi (films, exhibitions, costumes, etc.), to afford the public the opportunity of experiencing other cultures.
(g) Permanent exhibition.
(h) Travelling exhibition: taking the arts to the people.
B. Artistic Creation
(a) Programmes for stimulating achievement in performance and creativity.
(b) Experimental workshops.
(c) Community drama.
C. Art Education
(a) Programmes for schools and colleges.
(b) Programmes for young people.
(c) Programmes for the general public.
D. Study and Circulation of Cultural Materials and Objects
(a) Research.
(b) Compilation of inventories.
(c) Preparation of educational kits-
id) Publication of journal and magazines.
(e) Publication of artistic works.
(f) Publication of introductory booklets.
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Structures and Staffing (See Appendix I)
86. It is suggested that there should be three main sectors and one minor sector for the Department: A) Artistic, B) Research, C) Education, D) Administrative Services.
A. The artistic sector could be responsible for:
(a) Promoting the arts
(b) Artistic creation
(c) Organising the artists
B. The research sector could be responsible for:
(a) Compilation of inventories
(b) Publication
(c) Instrumental technology (Specific problems)
C. The education sector could be responsible for:
(a) Programmes for schools and young people
(b) Preparation of educational kits
(c) Programmes for the general public
D. The general sector would provide the administrative sources.
87« The Department would be headed by a national co-ordinator to be responsible for co-ordinating programmes in the three sectors of the department. Below him would be principal (Art) organisers who would be responsible for each of the three main sectors.
88. Staffing requirements - short-term view:
- One national co-ordinator
- Three principal organisers
- Nine organisers
- Three shorthand-typists
Breakdown is as follows:
Artistic - One principal organiser
- Five organisers (one for each of the 5 disciplines)
- 2 4 -
- Five assistants
- One shorthand typist
Research - One principal organiser
- Two organisers
- Two assistants
- One shorthand typist
Education - One principal organiser
- Two organisers
- Two assistants
- One shorthand typist
Administrative
Services - As for the other departments (Antiquities and Museums and Archives)
89« Qualifications
A . The National Coordinator
1* Should hold a Masters or Post-graduate Professional Studies Certificate« 2. Should have considerable administrative and research experience,
preferably in the organization of the Arts»
Duties
Coordination of the department*s programmes* Responsibility for administration« Initiation of policies and programmes« Supervising the implementation of approved policies and programmes«
B« (i) Principal Organiser (Artistic)
1« Should hold a Master's Degree in the Arts or Social Sciences or a Post-graduate Professional Studies Certificate in one of the arts disciplines«
2« Should have participated in activities of an artistic nature«
3« Should have not less than 5 years' post-graduate working experience«
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Duties
Organising artists into working groups or associations« Stimulating artistic creation. Organising workshops for Drama, Music, Dance,Literature Arts and Crafts, etc* Organising festivals« Establishment of galleries« Drawing up of programmes for cultural entertainment«
B (ii) Principal Organiser (Research)
1« Should hold a Master's degree with a bias towards the Arts«
2« Should have been involved in research work«
3« Should have not less than 5 years* post-graduate working experience«
Duties
Research into specific problems related to preservation, promotion and presentation of the Arts« Compilation of inventory« Documentation« Publication of journals and textbooks on art and culture, etc« Liaison with other cultural organisations«
B (iii) Principal Organiser (Education)
1« Should hold a degree in the Arts«
2« Should have a post-graduate certificate in Education and experience as a teacher«
3« Should have exhibited or published his works or those of others«
Duties
Organising the teaching of culture in schools and colleges« Publishing educational material on the Arts« Liaison with Education Department for programme development« Preparing educational programmes for young people and the general public, including lecture-demonstrations, seminars, etc«
C« Senior Organisers should be graduates or hold such equivalent qualifications as the Appointments Board may deem appropriate in their respective fields« Not less than two years' post-graduate working experience«
Duties
Assistance in any sector«
- 26 -
D. Organisers should be graduates with three years' experience.
E. Assistant Organisers Grades I, II, III
Grade I - Holders of Diploma or School Certificate with three years* experience.
Grade II School Certificate with 5 years' experience.
Grade III Junior Certificate with teaching experience.
They should receive training, where possible, for graduate studies or in-service training for promotion.
CULTURAL DIVISION
90. Structurally, therefore, there should be a Cultural Division in the Ministry of Education and Culture with three departments: namely:-
1. Department of Antiquities and Museums
2. Department of Archives
3« Department of Arts and Crafts
Each Department will be divided into a number of sectors depending on the functions assigned to it.
Thus, the Department of Antiquities will comprise:
(a) Research
(b) Museums
(c) Technical
(d) Administrative Services
The Department of Archives:
(a) Reference Library
(b) Records, Preservation, Maintenance
(c) Administrative Services
The Department of Arts and Crafts
(a) Artistic
(b) Research
- 27 -
(c) Education
(d) Administrative Services
The Cultural Division should be staffed by people with special experience and qualifications in the arts and culture, not necessarily recruited from the Civil Service, Senior staff should be administratively efficient, have a knowledge of the arts and culture, and have a strong personal interest in the arts*
Training schemes should be organized for persons who show promise in these areas, and opportunities created for staff to gain practical experience with a variety of art and cultural organizations*
A Hational Cultural Council
91» It should be noted, however, that any cultural policy or plan that does not adopt decentralization as its cardinal rule is not likely to achieve its purpose» for the sake of cultural democracy and to ensure that cultural programmes keep pace with changes in the way of life, it is essential that the ultimate aims and means be discussed and implemented at the local level«
It is suggested, therefore, that a Cultural Council be established* The Council, made up of personalities from all walks of life from the districts and regions, will inject the necessary initiative, creativity and responsibilities which the central state;may not always achieve* Its role should be purely advisory* It should be a forum for planning, encouragement, public assessment, discussion, feed-back and the co-ordination of efforts* District and regional councils should be inaugurated and encouraged to play their part* Following this, associations and voluntary groups will emerge* For example, Friends of Antiquities, Association of Traditional Drummers, Wood Carvers' Association, Mat Weavers' Club, etc« will group to pursue their specific interests at local, regional and national levels*
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS
A* NATIONAL CULTURAL CENTRE
92« It is recommended that a cultural advisory council, consisting of personalities from all walks of life from the districts and regions be set up to inject the necessary initiative and creativity into cultural development. This should be a forum for discussion and co-ordination of efforts« District and regional councils should also be inaugurated and encouraged to play their part. (See para. 91)»
B. THE CULTURAL DIVISION IN THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE
93* It is recommended that the Cultural Division of the Ministry of Education and Culture consist of three departments — Antiquities and Museums, Archives and Arts and Crafts* (See Appendix i).
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The Antiquities and Museum Department would comprise (See para. 44):
(a) Technical Services
• (b) Research and Public Services
(c) Administrative Services
(d) Publicity, Information Service
The Arts and Crafts Department would consist of three main sectors (see paras. 74-89)*
(a) Artistic: responsible for promotion of the arts and organising the artists;
(b) Research: responsible for compiling and publishing inventories and dealing with specific problems;
(c) Educational: responsible for programmes for schools, young people and the general public.
Together with the necessary administrative services.
C. TRAINING OF CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PERSONNEL
94. It is recommended that the training of cultural agents at all levels for the elaboration of cultural policy as well as for the management of institutions or stimulation of local activities be given special consideration.
D. CULTURAL HERITAGE
95« Steps should be taken either to provide for objects such as the iron smelters left in their natural environment or to house them in museums, such as that to be built in Lilongwe. Local councils should be encouraged to improve the amenities of sites. Legislation regarding the possession of objects forming part of the national heritage and transactions affecting them should be enacted and enforced. (See paras. 34-4l).
96. The University of Malawi could be entrusted with the organisation of the Museums and Antiquities Department, with the appropriate technical, research, administrative and public relations services. (See paras. 42-44).
E . VISUAL ARTS AND CRAFTS
97« A permanent gallery and travelling exhibitions showing the best products of Malawian craftsmanship to the general public should be established by the Cultural Division of the Ministry (See paras. 45-49), which could organise associations of artists and craftsmen to run the latter. (See para. 49).
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98* The estimates for all future public building projects should include provision for the acquisition of art and craft works for interior and exterior decoration. (See paras. 50 and 51)»
99« The Arts and Crafts Association of Malawi, when formed, should establish centres abroad for the sale of Malawi arts and crafts products. (See paras. 52 and 53).
100. The Ministry of Education and Culture should license dealers in cultural items, thus ensuring quality control and preventing the unauthorized export of items of national interest. (See para. 54).
P. MUSIC. DANCE AMD THEATRE
101. An Association of the Performing Arts should be established with the task of drawing up an inventory of traditional dances, making dancers aware of the important part they play in cultural life, promoting public interest in dancing and organising amateur and professional dance groups. (See para. 55)•
G. CULTURAL CENTRES
102. -Plans should be made for cultural centres in Lilongwe and regional capitals. A cultural centre should provide a complete panorama of national traditional life, ranging from rare species of fauna and flora to the fine and performing arts. It should also provide premises for the crafts. (See para. 56).
H. TRAVELLING CULTURAL TROUPES
103» It is recommended that a national travelling cultural troupe be set up. The University might be given moral and financial support in its efforts to raise such a travelling cultural troupe, and encouragement should be given to exchanges between troupes from different districts and regions. (See paras. 57 and 5¿).
I. MASS MEDIA
Broadcasting Corporation
104. The number of broadcasts of plays, stories (preferably in Chichewa) and local music should be increased. Advantage should be taken of the proposed University Travelling Cultural Troupe to enrich programmes. (See para. 59).
Censorship Board
105» The Censorship Board should introduce measures to make imports of African material, such as films and records, mandatory. (See para. 60).
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106. Press
The Government should encourage reading in rural areas by establishing local newspapers« (See para. 62).
107. Films
The number of cinema vans should be increased to at least ten (See para. 64) and the formation of a Malawian film industry should be envisaged. (See para. 65)«
J. EDUCATION AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
108. All schools should include art and music as compulsory subjects up to secondary level, and pupils should have the opportunity of continuing their studies in these subjects up to '0' and 'A' levels. (See paras. 67-69).
109» The Department of Fine and Performing Arts in the University of Malawi should be developed into a fully-fledged college and provide advanced teaching in all the arts, offering degree and diploma courses (See para. 70).
110. A distinguished expert should be invited from outside to undertake a study and prepare detailed plans for the establishment of the College. (See para. 73)«
K. CONVENTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ADOPTED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF UNESCO
111. Special attention should be paid to the Conventions and Recommendations adopted by the General Conference or by intergovernmental conferences convened by Unesco, which are directly connected with cultural development and co-operation, in particular:
- The Declaration of the Principles of International Cultural Co-operation (1966).
- The Recommendation on Participation by the People at Large in Cultural Life and their Contribution to it (1976).
- The Recommendation concerning the status of the artist (1980).
- The Recommendation concerning the Protection, at National Level, of the Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972).
- The Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and National Heritage (1972).
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- 33 -
APPENDIX II
PLACES AND INSTITUTIONS VISITED
DATE TIME ACTIVITIES
Monday, 20 July 22.26 p.m.
Tuesday, 21 July 07-55 a;m.
IO.3O a.m.
Wednesday, 22 July
Thursday, 23 July 9-00 -II.3O a.m.
2.00 -4.3O p.m.
Friday, 24 July
Saturday, 25 July 9.00 -II.30 a.m.
Sunday, 26 July
Monday, 27 July 9»00 -II.3O a.m.
Arrived at Chileka International Airport in Blantyre; welcomed by officials from the Ministry of Education and Culture. Night at Mount Soche Hotel.
Arrived at Lilongwe Airport; welcomed by UNDP officials accompanied by an official from Ministry of Education and Culture. Drove to Capital Hotel.
Met the UNDP Resident Representative.
Met and discussed with the Ministry of Education and Culture officials.
Met the Chief Tourism Officer, Department of Information and Tourism.
Met the Principal Secretary, Ministry of Youth and Sports and had discussions with officials.
Drove to Blantyre with an Antiquities official; visited Gomani Chikuse Monument in Ntcheu, en route. Night at Mount Soche Hotel.
Met the Museums Director and saw the main Museum.
Rest in Blantyre. St. Michael and All Angels Church.
Visited other prospective museums and the monuments in Blantyre.
2.00 - Met the Principal Secretary and the 3.3O p.m. Ministry of Education and Culture
officials.
3-45 - Met the Secretary to the President 4.14 p.m. and Cabinet.
2.00 - Visited the Providential Industrial 3.OO p.m. Mission in Chiradzulu.
- 34 -
APPENDIX II (cont'd)
DATE TIME ACTIVITIES
Tuesday, 28 July
Wednesday, 29 July
9.00 - Met the Chairman, Censorship II.30 a.m. Board.
2.00 - Met the General Manager Malawi 4.3O p.m. Broadcasting Corporation.
9.3O - Met the Controller of Customs and IO.3O a.m. Excise, Department of Customs and
Excise.
Thursday, 30 July
Friday, 31 July
II.30 a.m. Montford Press.
2.00 - Met the Chief Information Officer, 4.3O p.m. Department of Information and Tourism.
8.3O - Visited the Monuments in Chikwawa: 2.00 p.m. UMCA Missionary Graves, Thornton's
Grave and Kapachira Palls.
9.OO - Visited Fort Lister (Muloza) Monument II.30 a.m. in Mulanje.
2.00 - Visited the proposed Mikolongwe/ 4.3O p.m. MaIowa Monument Area. Night at
Kuchawe Inn.
Saturday, 1 August 8.00 - Met the Government Archivist, IO.3O a.m. National Archives, Zomba.
IO.45 - Met the Vice-Chancellor, the Uni-12.00 p.m. versity of Malawi, and visited
Chancellor College.
2.3O - Visited the War Memorial, and Chigwe's 4.3O p.m. Hole on Mount Zomba. Night at Kuchawe
Inn.
Sunday, 2 August
Monday, 3 August
Tuesday, 4 August 10.00 -12.00 p.m.
2.00 -3.OO p.m.
Drove to Lilongwe and visited the Liwonde Hot Springs en route. Night at Capital Hotel.
Holiday
Met the Director, Malawi National Library Services.
Met the Executive Secretary, National Commission for Unesco
r 35 -
DATE
Wednesday, 5 August
Thursday, 6 August
Friday, 7 August
Saturday, 8 August
Sunday, 9 August
Monday, 10 August
Tuesday, 11 August
Wednesday, 12 August
Thursday, 13 August
TIME
9*00 a.m.
2.00
APPENDIX II (cont'd)
ACTIVITIES
10.00 -12.00 p.m.
2.00 -3.00 p.m.
8.30 -12.00 p.m.
2.00 -5.00 p.m.
8.3O a.m.
8.3O a.m.
11.00 a.m.
I.30 p.m.
IO.3O a.m.
IO.3O a.m.
2.00 p.m.
Meeting - Management Services to discuss proposed organisational chart.
Visited the proposed Linthipe/Changoni Monument Area including the Chenchere monuments in Dedza. Night at Capital Hotel.
Visited the Mtunthama Monument Area and the Kamuzu Academy.
Visited Chilanga Mission, Kasungu; night at Lifupa Lodge«
Met the Wildlife Management Officer and the Senior Research Officer and visited the Solonje Archaeological Site and two ng'anjo (iron-smelting furnaces)•
Visited two Chemba (ruins of fortified villages). Night at Kasungi Inn.
Drove to Lilongwe; night at Capital Hotel.
Day in Lilongwe.
Left Lilongwe for Mzuzu; visit the Inkosi ya Makhosi M'mbelwa II Tomb at Edingeni en route; night at Mzuzu Rest House.
Visited the Ekwendeni Church Monument.
Visited Njuyu Mission
Visited M'mbelwa I Grave Monument at Mzarangwe. Night at Muzuzu Rest House.
Visited the Livingstonia Mission Monument Area in Rumphi.
Visited the Chintheche CCAP Mission.
Visited the March 3 (Martyrs) Graves in Nkhata-Bay. Night at Mzuzu Rest House.
- 36 -
DATE
Friday, 14 August
Saturday, 15 August
Sunday, l6 August
Monday, 17 August
Tuesday, 18 and Wednesday, 19 August
Thursday, 20 August
Friday, 21 August
TIME
7«30 a.m.
IO.3O -2.3O p.m.
APPENDIX II (cont'd)
ACTIVITIES
8.3O -12.00 p.m.
2.00 p.m.
7.3O a.m.
11.00 a.m.
Morning
Afternoon
9.3O a.m.
Left Mzuzu for Chitipa and visited the Chiwtta Hot Springs en route.
Visited the Council Buildings, Mlozi's Tree, Mbande Hill and Stevenson's Cross, Chaminade Secondary School Museum and Mwanganda site. Night at at Chitipa Inn.
Visited the Chitipa Monuments: War Graves, Neherenje Mission and Ng'anjo.
Left Chitipa for Mzuzu. Night at Mzuzu Rest House.
Day in Mzuzu.
Left Mzuzu for Lilongwe via the Lakeshore road.
Visited the Hot Springs and the Livingstone's Trees in Nkhota-kota. Night at Capital Hotel.
In Lilongwe. Night at Capital Hotel.
Visited the Mangochi monuments and the Lake Malawi Museum. Lunch at Club Makokola.
Accompanied by the Acting Principal of Mpwepwe Fisheries Training School, Mr. B. C. Banda, visited the Boadzulu Island. Night at Club Makokola«
Discussion with the Monkey-Bay Fisheries officials; was met by Mr. T. J. Jones, Mr. B.-Mkoko and other officials. After meeting drove to Cape Maclear to see Mwala wa Mphini, the Old Livingstonian Mission Site and Otter Point. Then took a boat to see some °f the Islands.
4.00 p.m. Left for Lilongwe.
Saturday, 22 and In Lilongwe. Sunday, 23 August
- 37 -
DATE
Monday, 24 August
Tuesday, 25 August
Wednesday, 26 and Thursday, 27 August
Friday, 28 August
Tuesday, 1 September
Wednesday, 2 September
TIME
II.3O a.m.
3.OO p.m.
APPENDIX II (cont'd)
ACTIVITIES
9.OO a.m.
9.3O -11.00 a.m.
3.OO -5•00 p.m.
Visited the Nasawa Malawi Young Pioneers Base
Visited the University of Malawi, Night at Kuchawe Inn.
Left Blantyre for Lilongwe.
In Lilongwe.
Recapitulative meeting at the Conference Room of the Ministry of Education and Culture.
Met Resident Representative UNDP -Robert Bothwick.
Met the Minister of Education and Culture in Zomba - Parliament House Briefing.
Thursday, 4 September 4.30 p.m. Left Malawi.
