Toward Trust: Grassroots Recommendations for Police Reform in Baltimore

8/20/2019 Toward Trust: Grassroots Recommendations for Police Reform in Baltimore

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Toward Trust

Grassroots Recommendations for Police Reform in Baltimore

By Ben Jealous October 2015


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Toward TrustGrassroots Recommendations for Police Reform

in Baltimore

By Ben Jealous October 2015


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1 Introduction and summary

4 Recommendations

4 Fire police officers who demonstrate corruption or unnecessary violence

6 Remove the gag order on victims of police misconduct

7 Distribute body cameras to all police officers within one year and ensure tha

the public has access to footage

8 Improve community policing by prioritizing, measuring, and incentivizing

problem solving and community satisfaction

12 Publish all Baltimore Police Department policies online

13 Ensure that every police officer is trained in de-escalation techniques

15 Conclusion

18 Endnotes

Contents


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1 Center for American Progress | Toward Trust

Introduction and summary

When Freddie Gray, a 25-year-old black man, died in he cusody o Balimore

police officers, he inciden brough o a head years o communiy anger and

rusraion wih he ciy’s police deparmen. Te proess and violence ha ol-

lowedsomeimes reerred o as he Balimore Uprisingocused a naional

spoligh on he ciy.1 Bu Gray’s deah was only he laes grievance agains a

police deparmen ha many local residens have long perceived as overly aggres-

sive, ou o ouch wih he communiy, and able o ac wih impuniy.

Te call or police reorm is especially relevan a his momen. Balimore is jus

one o a number o major U.S. ciies ha recenly have experienced ensions

beween police and he communiies hey serve, paricularly poor communiies

and communiies o color. Te deahs o Eric Garner,2 Waler Scot,3 and ohers

a he hands o police sparked a naional conversaion on police violence, and he

Black Lives Mater movemen has emerged as a powerul voice calling or reorm.

Te ederal governmen has also acknowledged he need or policing reorm and

accounabiliy. Beween 2009 and 2014, he U.S. Deparmen o Jusice’s Civil

Righs Division has opened more han 20 invesigaions ino police deparmens,

more han wice as many as he previous five years.4 Las year, he Deparmen

o Jusice convened he Presiden’s ask Force on 21s Cenury Policing, which

released is recommendaions in May 2015.5 In ligh o his naional ocus on

policing, his repor proposes a series o recommendaions ha he mayor o

Balimore, he Balimore Ciy Council, and he police commissioner o he

Balimore Police Deparmen, or BPD, can adop o reorm and improve he BPD.

In he weeks afer Gray’s deah, a coaliion o local communiy organizaions

began holding regular meeings in Balimore o come up wih a plan o moveorward. Called he Campaign or Jusice, Saey, and Jobs, he coaliion represens

a wide range o grassroos, civic, and religious leadership in Balimore, including


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counless organizaions and insiuions ha have advocaed or police reorm or

years. On June 8, 2015, he campaign released he ollowing ramework, which has

inormed he recommendaions in his repor:

Effective law enorcement upholds equal justice and protects public saety by

ensuring community accessibility, transparency, and accountability. rue com-munity policing must include an intentional orientation in language, practice

and policy o police as protectors, partners and ellow community members,

rather than antagonists and occupiers o our neighborhoods, towns and cities.6

Building off o ha ramework, his repor ocuses on ideas ha, ogeher, would

make he BPD more accounable o residens, more ransparen abou is inernal

workings, and ulimaely more effecive a prevening and solving serious crimes.

Te six recommendaions are:

1. Fire police officers who have demonsraed corrupion or unnecessary violence

2. Remove he gag order on vicims o police misconduc

3. Disribue body cameras o all police officers wihin one year and ensure ha

he public has access o ooage

4. Improve communiy policing by prioriizing, measuring, and incenivizing

problem solving and communiy saisacion

5. Publish all Balimore Police Deparmen policies online

6. Ensure ha every police officer is rained in de-escalaion echniques

As broad principles, hese recommendaions can serve as a model and be adaped

and repurposed or oher ciies dealing wih police-communiy ensions.


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The Baltimore Police Department has a long history of aggressive

policing, particularly in communities of color. In 1930, the city’s black

newspaper, The Baltimore Afro-American, covered a police shoot-ing of an unarmed black man and blamed a police captain’s policy of

“shoot first, investigate and explain later.”7 High-profile police shoot-

ings have made news every decade since,8 and police-community

relations continued to suffer, including in 1980, when the NAACP

called for a federal investigation into police brutality by the BPD. In

the mid-1990s, city leadership instituted a policy of zero-tolerance

policing,9 which led to a rise in arrests for minor crimes, culminating

in 2005, when police made approximately 100,000 arrests in a city of

640,000 people.10 More than 23,000 of those arrested were released

without charge.11

In 2010, city leadership abandoned the official policy of zero-

tolerance policing, but residents continued to complain of overly

aggressive police officers and their continued reliance on “quality

of life”-style arrests for minor crimes.12 In 2013, tensions escala

when Baltimore resident Tyrone West died in police custody af

being pulled over and beaten by police.

13

In September 2014, TBaltimore Sun found that the city had paid $5.7 million in cour

ments and settlements in the previous three years for more tha

civil suits related to allegations of police misconduct, brutality,

civil rights violations.14

In many ways, the Baltimore Uprising was a manifestation of th

city’s failure to fulfill the promise of police reform. Since the inc

the city’s leadership has failed to deliver. However, with the nat

spotlight on Baltimore, the city’s elected and appointed officia

respond to the long-standing demands of the community.

A history of aggression


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Recommendations

Tis repor ocuses primarily on changes ha Balimore ciy leadership can make

immediaely, wihou he Maryland sae legislaure alering sae law. Cerain

sae saues, such as he Law Enorcemen Officers’ Bill o Righs, provide police

officers wih proecions ha impede accounabiliy on he ciy level, bu ciy lead-

ers sill have pleny o ools a heir disposal.15 In addiion, he U.S. Deparmen

o Jusice opened a patern or pracice invesigaion ino he Balimore Police

Deparmen in May 2015.16 I a patern or pracice o unlawul policing is ound, i

is likely ha a reorm agreemen will be negoiaed beween he ciy o Balimoreand he ederal governmen. Bu his does no excuse Balimore ciy leadership

rom acing immediaely o sem he ide o violence by police agains he commu-

niies hey are sworn o serve.

1. Fire police officers who demonstrate corruption or unnecessary

violence

Te six officers allegedly involved in Freddie Gray’s deah were arresed and

charged wih murder wihin wo weeks o he inciden, bu many in Balimore saw

his as an excepion o he rule.

From 2006 o 2015, 67 people died in encouners wih BPD officers. Only wo

officers aced criminal charges in hose incidens, and one was acquited.17 Over

he pas hree decades, a leas 120 people have died in encouners wih Balimore

police, bu only five officers have aced criminal prosecuion or heir acions.18

While i is hard o quaniy arres-relaed deahs and police culpabiliy, hese arres

numbers seem disproporionaely small.

Even wihin he police rank and file, here is a percepion ha jusice is no always

meed ou airly and evenly. According o an inernal BPD survey conduced as

par o a 2013 five-year sraegic plan, many officers el ha “accounabiliy and


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discipline were oo dependen on relaionships and riendships wihin he depar-

men, and ha ‘who you were riends wih’ influenced he discipline process oo

much, leading o inconsisencies.”19

Te commissioner o he Balimore Police Deparmen should ake seps o ensure

ha officers wih a record o corrupion or unnecessary violence are permanenlyremoved rom duy.20 Tis will involve making changes inside he deparmen and

advocaing alongside oher ciy officials or changes ouside he deparmen.

Firs, he police commissioner should add more invesigaors o he Inernal

Affairs Divisionollowing he lead o Prince George’s Couny,21 which sis

beween Balimore and nearby Washingon, D.C., and had success reorming is

police deparmen over he pas decade. Te commissioner should also ensure

ha no officer assigned o Inernal Affairs has a record o complains abou abusive

use o orce.

Second, he commissioner should make he Inernal Affairs Division more

ransparen by releasing an annual repor deailing he division’s handling o

ciizen complains. Tis repor should include officer-specific inormaion on all

complains filed agains he deparmen, as well as any recommendaions made

o he commissioner and any disciplinary acion aken. Te repor should also

include daa on all people who file complains, including heir age, heir race, and

he locaion o he inciden, as well as he saed reason or he officer’s ineracion.

A June 2015 cour case22 ruled ha inernal records relaed o a police officer’s

misconduc are exemp rom he Maryland Public Inormaion Ac, bu his does

no preclude he BPD rom sharing his inormaion volunarily.23

Finally, he commissioner and oher ciy leaders should seek sysemic reorms

ouside he ciy’s direc conrol. A saewide Maryland saue known as he Law

Enorcemen Officers’ Bill o Righs, or LEOBR, provides police officers wih

significan legal proecions no enjoyed by oher ciizens. For example, he saue

provides a 10-day delay in he inerrogaion o an officer in maters involving pos-

sible discipline,24 which criics argue can help officers ge heir sories sraigh and

avoid disciplinary acion.25 Ciy leaders should use heir bully pulpis o lobby or

sae-level reorm, as Balimore Mayor Sephanie Rawlings-Blake (D) has done.26

Aside rom LEOBR, anoher obsacle o accounabiliy is he semiannual conrac

negoiaed beween he police union and he ciy o Balimore.27 Te conrac

conains several provisions ha impede police accounabiliy. For insance, offi-


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cers charged wih serious misconduc are placed in ron o a hree-person hearing

board beore he mater goes o he commissioner. Te police union conrac

requires ha a leas one member o each hearing board be o he same rank as he

officer under invesigaion. Advocaes have argued ha giving discipline power o

peer officers lowers he sandard or police misconduc, since peer officers have an

incenive o shield ellow officers rom meaningul invesigaions and discipline.28

Under he ederal Fair Labor Sandards Ac, he ciy council or mayor canno bind

ciy negoiaors wih insrucions abou he police union conrac negoiaing

process. However, hey can hold public hearings o gaher residen inpu o inorm

negoiaors abou he public’s posiion. Te mayor and Balimore Ciy Council

should organize hese hearings wih he suppor o he police commissioner,

beore he conrac is renegoiaed in 2016.

2. Remove the gag order on victims of police misconduct

Te Freddie Gray inciden was a reminder ha sunligh is he bes disinecan.

Te widely shared amaeur cell phone ooage o Gray’s arres brough he case

o he public’s atenion and increased pressure on ciy leaders o ac. However, a

legal loophole in Balimore ensures ha many such allegaions are kep quie.

Vicims o alleged police misconduc ofen agree o setle heir case wih he

ciyin oher words, hey accep a negoiaed payou insead o aking he case

o rial. As noed in he inroducion, Balimore has negoiaed millions o dol-

lars’ worh o hese setlemens in he pas ew years. However, he Balimore Ciy

Law Deparmen has a sandard policy o insering “nondisparagemen clauses”29

ino hese setlemens ha prohibi plainiffs rom discussing he deails o heir

cases wih he public or news media. Criics describe his policy as a gag order on

he ruh.30

I plainiffs violae he gag order by breaking heir silence, hey risks losing he se-

lemen reward.31 Tis is no an idle hrea: In 2014, he ciy wihheld $31,500 o a

$63,000 setlemen rom Balimore residen Ashley Overbey, who used Facebook

o deend her allegaion ha police brually assauled her wih a aser.32

In he ineres o ransparency, he mayor should end his pracice. Tis would

bring Balimore in accordance wih oher ciies o similar sizeincluding

Philadelphia and Washingon, D.C.ha allow vicims o police misconduc o


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speak abou heir experience even afer agreeing o a setlemen and have rejeced

he use o nondisparagemen clauses in an effor o increase ransparency in

governmen.33 Tis acion would also serve as an example or oher ciies ha have

comparably resricive clauses, including Alana and Boson.

Gag orders are a convenien way or he ciy o suppress inormaion abou cases opolice misconduc, brualiy, or oher wrongdoing, including naming he officers

who are involved. Vicims o police abuse should be allowed o share heir sories

or he public record so ha journaliss, aciviss, eleced officials, and oher com-

muniy members can hold police officers accounable. Te ciy o Balimore should

no be allowed o buy is way ou o rouble when BPD officers abuse heir power.

3. Distribute body cameras to all police officers within one year

and ensure that the public has access to footage

Over he pas ew years, here has been a rising ineres in equipping police wih

body cameras. Te idea is popular among police reorm aciviss, who believe he

devices would make police hink wice beore abusing heir power. A he same

ime, i is also popular among officers, who believe ha cameras can reduce he

incidence o alse allegaions o police misconduc.34 According o a recen survey,

roughly 80 percen o police deparmens are evaluaing he effeciveness o some

orm o a body-worn camera device.35

In 2014, he Balimore Ciy Council passed a bill ha would have required all

2,800 officers in he Balimore Police Deparmen o be equipped wih body

cameras wihin one year.36 Mayor Rawlings-Blake veoed he legislaion37 and con-

vened a ask orce o conduc research on privacy issues and oher concerns. Te

ask orce recommended a pilo program ollowed by a purchase o 2,500 cam-

eras. Te pilo program is se o begin in Ocober 2015 and conclude in February

2016,38 a which poin he BPD will selec a vendor and begin o purchase and

disribue he 2,500 cameras.

While i is appropriae ha Balimore ciy leadership has acknowledged he

imporance o body-worn cameras, he process or geting hese cameras in useneeds o be hasened. Afer he pilo program ends in February, i will ake a

number o monhs o disribue cameras, rain officers o use hem, and insall

echnology upgrades o suppor increased bandwidh, according o he BPD.39 A

a ciy council hearing his summer, police officials said ha his may srech ou

he imeline or he ull implemenaion o all he cameras o 2017.40


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Tis is oo long. Te 2014 ciy council bill called or 2,800 cameras o be disrib-

ued in one year, and ha imeline can cerainly be applied o he 2,500 cameras

ha he BPD now inends o purchase. All cameras should be purchased and

disribued by he end o Ocober 2016. Every day ha goes by is anoher chance

or an unrecorded inciden; here were wo use-o-orce incidens by BPD officers

in June 2015 alone.41

In addiion o he iming quesion, i is also crucially imporan ha he public

reains access o body camera ooage pursuan o he curren sandards o he

Maryland Public Inormaion Ac, or MPIA. Te MPIA already includes sufficien

privacy proecions, and he mayor and ciy council should oppose any proposed

exempions o he MPIA ha would limi access o he ooage.42

4. Improve community policing by prioritizing, measuring, and

incentivizing problem solving and community satisfaction

Te ciy o Balimore has a long hisory o overly aggressive policing. From 1999

o 2007, he Balimore Police Deparmen embraced a philosophy o zero-ol-

erance policing ha officially prioriized mass arress or minor “qualiy o lie”

crimes.43 Ta led he NAACP and ACLU o file a lawsui claiming ha housands

o people were being arresed wihou probable cause. Te lawsui was setled

in 2010, and as par o he setlemen, he BPD agreed o officially rejec zero-

olerance policing.44

Since hen, he number o arress or minor crimes has declined rom a high o

5,401 in 2005 o a oal o 2,016 las year.45 However, he daa indicae ha people

o color are sill argeed by police a a disproporionae rae: In 2014, black people

accouned or 93 percen o loiering arress and 84 percen o respass arress,

despie making up 64 percen o Balimore’s populaion.46 Moreover, officers sill

rely heavily on so-called erry sops,47 named or he cour case ha made i legal o

sop and search an individual based solely on suspicion o involvemen in criminal

aciviy.48 In 2012, officers made 123,000 sops in a ciy o 622,000 people.49 Tese

sops led o he confiscaion o only 9 guns, 10 illegal orms o drugs, and 1 knie.50

Mos worrisome are he charges ha officers are sill encouraged and even

rewarded or conducing sops and making arress. As Te Baltimore Sun repored:


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Adam Braskich, a Baltimore police officer om 2007 to 2011, recalls a constant

pressure to clear people om corners, where drug-dealing ofen occurred. He said

officers resorted to creative measures, making arrests on charges such as loitering,

disorderly conduct and trespassing, even though the legal elements o the crime

were not always present.

Braskich urher noed ha officers el pressure o “generae sas, especially

in poor, high-crime neighborhoods.” Te Sun also repored ha a commander

recenly emailed officers and insruced hem o begin a “daily narcoics iniiaive”

ha would involve he evaluaion o “daily measurables.”51

Tis coninued reliance on sops and arress has had devasaing effecs on

residens o Balimore because i divers officers’ atenion and resources away

rom more serious crimes, such as rapes, homicides, and home invasions; saddles

communiy members wih arres records52; and osers disrus o he police. In

paricular, a criminal record carries wih i a hos o socieal and economic coss,as well as barriers o employmen, housing, educaion, and oher means o eco-

nomic sabiliy.53 Even he police agree ha reorm is needed: In 2012, he union

ha represens Balimore police officers called or he BPD o “disconinue he

pracice o rewarding saisically driven arress.”54

In order o ruly move pas he remnans o zero-olerance policing, he BPD

should sop evaluaing officers on he number o arress hey make and he quan-

iy o drugs hey seize. Insead, supervisors should be encouraged o reward offi-

cerswih commendaions, promoions, and ransers o elie assignmensor

more holisic achievemens, such as problem solving and communiy saisacion.

Measuring problem solving can be a challenge. One academic paper, reflecive

o a growing consensus, encourages officers “o develop heir own perormance

measures in concer wih heir communiy parners,” wih he ulimae goal o

improving he qualiy o lie and solving he deep-seaed problems o he com-

muniy,55 wheher hose problems are ruancy, burglary, or speeding. Ulimaely,

supervisors need o develop creaive and ailored perormance-measure soluions

o deermine i heir officers are working effecively wih communiy members o

solve problems.

Jus as imporanly, supervisors need o develop perormance measuremens

around communiy saisacion. Officers should receive credi or how compe-

enly and respecully hey handle calls or service and how effecive hey are in


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building collaboraive relaionships wih communiy members. One way o quan-

iy his is hrough ciizen saisacion surveys. One model, he Naional Police

Research Plaorm’s Public Saisacion Survey, involves reaching ou o residens

who have had recen conac wih a police officer and asking hem o complee

a shor survey evaluaing he encouner.56 I has been field esed wih success in

Illinois and Massachusets.57

A renewed ocus on communiy-oriened policing can ulimaely make Balimore

a saer ciy. One model is he Los Angeles Police Deparmen, or L APD,

Communiy Saey Parnership, which sared in 2012. Te LAPD rained 45

officers in communiy policing acics and assigned hem o build relaionships in

wo o he highes-crime neighborhoods in he ciy. Tey buil relaionships by,

or example, atending communiy evens and conducing sae passages or young

people o walk saely hrough high-crime neighborhoods. Te program success-

ully reduced violen crime by 70 percen in hose areas, all while reducing oal

arress by 50 percen.58

The task of building a truly community-oriented police department

is broad and multifaceted; indeed, it comprises one of the six pillars

of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Community Policing

report.59 No one reform will rebuild broken trust between community

members and police officers; rather, there is a need for a broader cul-

tural shift in the Baltimore Police Department and an understanding

that officers play the role of guardian, not warrior.60 With that in mind,

two other potential reforms are offered here.

Take steps to encourage relationship building between

community members and police

The safety of a neighborhood is in many ways dependent on a mini-

mum level of trust between residents and the police department,which is built on recurrent, productive interactions between officers

and individual residents. Many residents of Baltimore feel that this

trust is nonexistent in the city’s most violence-prone neighbor

and express skepticism that a greater police presence would m

these neighborhoods safer.

This kind of trust cannot be built overnight. But the BPD can ta

proactive steps, modeled on the success of other police depart

to encourage constructive relationships between police and re

affected by violence.

The BPD should increase the resources devoted to nonenforcem

activities during which police and community members have a

chance to meet and interact on neutral ground. The Prince Geo

County Police Department has experienced success with forma

advisory groups that bring together police and various constitu

cies—including youth, business leaders, the Muslim communiand the Asian American and Pacific Islander community—for r

meetings to discuss issues in their area. Similarly, for the past s

From warriors to guardians: A culture shift to community policing


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years, the department has held weekly coffee clubs in each police

district, where citizens can meet with district commanders. Prince

George’s County police leadership reports that these meetings, and

the rapport built by holding them regularly, helped defuse tensions

after police shot a young man holding an airsoft gun in 2014.61

Nonenforcement activities can also include more casual interactions.

The BPD recently created a youth basketball league in which officers

serve as coaches and mentors.62 This type of program should be

expanded and replicated in high-crime neighborhoods.

A common suggestion around community policing involves officers

walking the beat, meaning increasing foot patrols, handing out

business cards, and developing personal relationships with residents.

While this is an important long-term goal, some community mem-

bers have expressed concern that high levels of distrust toward police

would prevent positive interactions. The other recommendations

suggested in this section could help mitigate those concerns and lead

to a more trusting Baltimore where officers and residents develop

productive personal relationships.

Incentivize police officers to live in the communities

they serve

Baltimore offers housing incentives63 for city employees, but they

should be strengthened for police officers.

A demographic analysis by the BPD in June 2015 showed that only

21 percent of Baltimore police live in the city of Baltimore, while

68 percent live in the surrounding Maryland counties.64 The latest

federal data from 2010 provided similar numbers, showing that out

of 2,800 BPD officers, only 26 percent live in Baltimore city, including

39 percent of black officers and 13 percent of white officers.65 These

numbers compare unfavorably with other major cities. For insta

62 percent of New York City police officers reside within city bo

ies. In Philadelphia, the number is 84 percent. Other cities have

percentages, including Los Angeles at 23 percent and Washing

D.C., at 12 percent.66

Some cities, including Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, impose resi

requirements for city officials or police officers specifically.67 Ho

cities can provide officers with preferential housing incentives i

A 2012 report by the Baltimore-based Abell Foundation found

providing additional housing incentives would likely lead more

officers to live in the city of Baltimore. The report recommende

expanding general incentives that connect police officers with

ing opportunities and more effectively communicating informa

about incentives with officers. One simple step would be to cre

one-stop clearinghouse of information about housing options

name a point person to answer housing-related questions.68 Th

should also consider individual housing incentives such as dow

ment assistance or favorable terms for loans on home renovati

As the Abell Foundation notes, increasing the number of office

living in the city could have a beneficial impact on community-

relations, helping humanize police, building empathy and trust

leading to increased feelings of safety.69 Put another way, accor

to an officer quoted in a compilation of testimony about comm

policing:

Officers living in the city are more responsible to the city.

They’re not just an army coming in … they are your neigh

... you might have gone to school together, and your kids

to school together. When there’s trouble in your own neig

hood, you respond more quickly.70


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5. Publish all Baltimore Police Department policies online

One o he recommendaions o he Presiden’s ask Force on 21s Cenury

Communiy Policing is ha “in order o embrace a culure o ransparency, law

enorcemen agencies should make all deparmen policies available or public

review.”71

In ac, ciies across he counryincluding Chicago,72

Minneapolis,73

Seatle,74 and Los Angeles75have posed heir policy and procedure manuals

online. Ye he Balimore Police Deparmen has no.76 In he name o ranspar-

ency, he BPD should honor is promises o be more ransparen and publish is

policy manual on a regularly updaed websie.

Te people o Balimore deserve o know he parameers in which police offi-

cers are rained o operae. Te BPD’s decision o keep is manual privae limis

ransparency and prevens communiy members rom producively engaging wih

police leadership and eleced officials when i comes o advocaing or change.

One commonly cied concern is ha sharing policies publicly would give an

advanage o criminals. However, a spokesman or he Porland, Oregon, Police

Bureau, which shares is manual online, old USA oday in 2012 ha his is no

he case. He explained ha Oregon’s manual, similar o oher manuals, does no

include inerview echniques, surveillance mehods, or oher acics bu raher

explains he deparmen’s rules, regulaions, and sandards o conduc.77 Te BPD

could similarly publish comparable rules, regulaions, and sandards ha do no

pu officers in harm’s way.

o illusrae he imporance o ransparency, consider he example o use-o-orce

sandards. Maryland is one o nine saes wih no explici law addressing he use o

deadly orce; he sae insead deers o ederal law and allows police deparmens

o se heir own guidelines.78 In June 2015, when Amnesy Inernaional released

a repor on he use o lehal orce by police deparmens in he Unied Saes, Te

Baltimore Sun reached ou o he BPD o reques a copy o he ciy’s use-o-orce

sandards. Te deparmen did no respond o he reques or commen.79

Te Presiden’s ask Force on 21s Cenury Policing recommended ha use-o-

orce sandards should be “clear, concise, and openly available or public inspec-ion.”80 In Balimore, he sandards are no open o public inspecion. As a resul,

here is no way o know wheher hey are clear, concise, or air. Te same logic

applies o counless oher rules, regulaions, and sandards ha should be available

or public review.


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6. Ensure that every police officer is trained in de- escalation

techniques

Tere is a fine line beween a legally jusified police shooing and an ac o undue

aggression. According o a recen repor by he Police Execuive Research Forum,

or PERF:

As we look back at the most controversial police shooting incidents, we some-

times find that while the shooting may be legally justified, there were missed

opportunities to ratchet down the encounter, to slow things down, to call in

additional resources, in the minutes beore the shooting occurred.81

Te Balimore Police Deparmen has a long hisory o ailing o de-escalae siu-

aions ha could have been resolved wihou he use o orce. Te mos recen

high-profile case preceding Freddie Gray’s deah was he 2013 case o yrone

Wes, who died in police cusody afer being pulled over in his car and beaen bypolice.82 An independen panel laer deermined ha officers had ailed o prop-

erly de-escalae and “poenially aggravaed he siuaion,”83 hough he officers

involved were cleared o criminal wrongdoing.

De-escalaion raining is lacking in police deparmens across he counry. A

recen PERF survey o 281 police agencies ound ha new recruis spend a

median o 58 hours on firearms raining and 49 hours on deensive acical rain-

ing, bu hey receive only eigh hours o de-escalaion raining.84 Meanwhile, only

65 percen o responding agencies repored providing raining on de-escalaion

or veeran officers; only 5 percen o oal in-service raining ime was dedicaed

o de-escalaion acics.85

I is no clear how many hours o raining academy rainees or veeran officers in

Balimore receive; a reques o he BPD was no answered. BPD officers do par-

icipae in so-called realiy-based raining, in which role-playing is used o pracice

arress and oher poenially volaile acions.86 Also, according o Te Baltimore

Sun , “several hundred Balimore police have already been rained or ‘air and

imparial policing’ in he hope ha i will improve relaions wih residens.”87

Tese are all posiive, proacive seps, bu more can be done.

Te Balimore Police Deparmen should hire an ouside, communiy-based

agency o perorm de-escalaion raining wih every academy rainee wih

reresher rainings occurring regularly hroughou an officer’s career. Moreover,


17/24


hese rainings should be inegraed ino radiional use-o-orce and acical rain-

ings, and he rainings should also address culural compeency and crisis iner-

venion skills or ineracing wih menally ill or special needs individuals.

As PERF noes, ciies across he counry have begun o revamp heir use-o-

orce rainings o incorporae de-escalaion componens, along he lines o herecommendaion o he Presiden’s ask Force on 21s Cenury Policing. 88 For

insance, he New York Ciy Police Deparmen is underaking a massive hree-

day reraining o all is officers on de-escalaion, communicaions, and acics o

minimize use o orce, and he San Diego Police Deparmen is beginning o rain

officers on emoional inelligence, helping officers learn no o ake i as a personal

affron i a ciizen speaks o hem disrespecully. Te Oakland, Caliornia, Police

Deparmen is eaching officers how o handle sress in hreaing siuaions.89

More broadly, here is a need o shif he mindse o police officers. As Leesburg,

Virginia, Police Chie Joseph Price said, “We need o … each officers ha a imeshey may need o figh like a warrior, bu mos o he ime hey need o have he

mindse o a guardian.”90


18/24


Conclusion

Te eyes o he naion are on Balimore. Te ciy’s leadership has a chance o

respond o he demands o he communiy and make he Balimore Police

Deparmen a model or oher ciies by making he deparmen more communiy

oriened, accounable, and ransparen. Te acual implemenaion o hese rec-

ommendaions will ake leadership and a long-erm commimen o changing he

culure o he deparmen. However, i can be done.

Te reorms achieved in Cincinnai, Ohio, are one good example. In 2001, hepolice deparmen received inense scruiny or aggressive policing acics afer

police killed imohy Tomas, a 19-year-old black man.91 Following public oucry

and a U.S. Deparmen o Jusice probe, he Cincinnai Police Deparmen shifed

o a communiy policing model. I encouraged officers o inerac more wih he

communiy and agreed o improve accounabiliy, racking officers who received

an inordinae number o complains. Addiionally, he deparmen became more

ransparen abou is policies.92

Beween 1999 and 2014, Cincinnai saw a 69 percen reducion in police use-o-

orce incidens, a 42 percen reducion in ciizen complains, and a 56 percen

reducion in ciizen injuries during encouners wih police. Also, violen crime

dropped rom a high o 4,137 incidens in he year afer Tomas’ deah o 2,352

incidens in 2014. Misdemeanor arress dropped rom 41,708 in 2000 o 17,913

las year.93

In any ciy, building he legiimacy o he police deparmen is crucial o he big-

picure healh o democracy. As Angela Glover Blackwell and Penda D. Hair wrie,

“or many, wih police as he firs and perhaps only conac wih governmenal

auhoriy, ransgressions o ha auhoriy undermine public aih in democraicgovernmen as a whole.”94 As he firs sep in he criminal jusice process, police

have a remendous responsibiliy o exercise heir power responsibly.


19/24


Te ideas in his repor should resonae ouside o Balimore. As more ciies

across he counry are challenged o reorm heir police deparmens and improve

accounabiliy, Balimore’s experience can serve as an example. Alhough here is

no one-size-fis-all soluion or police reorm, he recommendaions in his repor

can be a valuable ramework o guide police reorm in oher ciies.

Te rue purpose o law enorcemen is o maximize saey, decrease vicimizaion,

and ensure ha jusice is served. Balimore’s leaders have an opporuniy a his

momen o urn he page on decades o disrus beween police and he communi-

ies hey serve. In so doing, hey can provide a model or he res o he counry

and help bring policing ino he 21s cenury.


20/24


About the author

Ben Jealous is a Senior Fellow a he Cener or American Progress and serves

as ounder and board chairman o he Souhern Elecions Foundaion. He is he

ormer presiden and CEO o he NAACP and currenly works as a parner a

Kapor Capial, an Oakland-based firm ha leverages he echnology secor o cre-ae progressive social change.

Acknowledgments

Te auhor would like o hank he members o he Campaign or Jusice, Saey,

and Jobs or heir work on and commimen o hese recommendaions. He would

also like o hank Ben Wrobel or his invaluable assisance researching and drafing

his paper.


21/24


Endnotes

1 Kevin Rector, Scott Dance, and Luke Broadwater,“Baltimore descends into chaos, looting, violence,” TheBaltimore Sun, April 28, 2015, available at http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/freddie-gray/bs-md-ci-police-student-violence-20150427-story.html.

2 Travis Anderson and others, “Thousands protest EricGarner case in downtown Boston,” The Boston Globe,December 4, 2014, available at http://www.boston-globe.com/metro/2014/12/04/protest-planned-christ-mas-tree-lighting-common/875sx4ZA1JcHliKte9UyCJ/story.html.

3 Michael S. Schmidt and Matt Apuzzo, “South CarolinaOfficer is Charged with Murder of Walter Scott,” TheNew York Times, April 7, 2015, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/08/us/south-carolina-officer-is-charged-with-murder-in-black-mans-death.html?_r=0.

4 U.S. Department of Justice, “Police Reform and Account-ability Accomplishments Under Attorney General EricHolder,” available at http://www.justice.gov/sites/de-fault/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2014/12/04/spl_police_accomplishments_12.4.14.pdf (last accessedOctober 2015).

5 Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, FinalReport of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Polic-ing (U.S. Department of Justice, 2015).

6 Campaign for Justice, Safety, and Jobs, “We DemandPolice Reform in Baltimore!” (2015).

7 The Baltimore Afro-American, “Murderous Cops,” March29, 1930, p. 6.

8 Nick Alexandrov, “A Bloody History of Police Brutalityin Baltimore,” The Root, May 4, 2 015, available at http://www.theroot.com/articles/history/2015/05/a_bloody_history_of_police_brutality_in_baltimore.html.

9 Kira Lerner, “Activists Crash O’Malley’s PresidentialAnnouncement: ‘He Must Atone’ For Zero Tolerance Po-licing,” ThinkProgress, May 30, 2015, available at http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/05/30/3664429/

omalley-baltimore/.

10 Catherine Rentz, “Arrests for minor crimes spur resent-ment in some Baltimore neighborhoods,” The BaltimoreSun, August 23, 2015, available at http://www.balti-moresun.com/news/maryland/investigations/bs-md-ci-minor-arrests-20150823-story.html.

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid.

13 Justin Fenton, “Independent review faults city policein Tyrone West case,” The Baltimore Sun, August8, 2014, available at http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-08-08/news/bs-md-ci-tyrone-west-outside-review-20140808_1_tyrone-west-james-chips-stewart-excessive-force.

14 Mark Puente, “Undue Force,” The Baltimore Sun, Sep-tember 28, 2014, available at http://data.baltimoresun.com/news/police-settlements/.

15 Justia, “Law Enforcement Officers’ Bill of Rights,” avail-able at http://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2010/public-safety/title-3/subtitle-1 (last accessed October2015).

16 U.S. Department of Justice, “Justice Department OpensPattern or Practice Investigation into the Baltimore Po-lice Department,” Press release, May 8, 2015, availableat http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-opens-pattern-or-practice-investigation-baltimore-police-department.

17 Doug Donovan and Jean Marbella, “Baltimore policerarely charged in deaths,” The Baltimore Sun, May 17,2015, available at http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-gray-police-rare-charges-20150516-story.html.

18 Ibid.

19 Baltimore Police Department, “Public Safety in the Cityof Baltimore: A Strategic Plan for Improvement” (2013).

20 The ultimate parameters of who falls into this categoryare up to the commissioner, but any misconductamong officers should not be tolerated.

21 Personal communication with J.P. Raftery, captain,Prince George’s County Police Department, August 31,2015.

22 Mark Puente, “Debate over police and communityrelations seeps into dissent from Maryland’s highcourt,” The Baltimore Sun, June 27, 2015, availableat http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sun-investigates/bs-md-sun-investigates-mpia-lawsuit-20150627-story.html.

23 A special investigative unit created last year toinvestigate shootings by officers and deaths in policecustody—the Force Investigation Team—was recentlyoverhauled and replaced with a new model after just15 months. See Kevin Rector, “Police unit at centerof Freddie Gray review, use-of-force investigationsdismantled,” The Baltimore Sun, September 24, 2015,available at http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/mary-land/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-fit-to-sirt-20150924-story.html.

24 Justia, “Law Enforcement Officers’ Bill of Rights.”

25 It is worth noting that the largest police associationsin Maryland donated $1,834,680 to state politiciansover the past decade. See Lee Fang, “Baltimore ActivistsRecount How Police Unions Crushed Accountability Re-forms,” The Intercept, May 1, 2015, available at https://theintercept.com/2015/05/01/police-union-influence-maryland-runs-deep.

26 Roberto Alejandro, “Mayor Rawlings-Blake’s ProposedReforms vs. Police Union Pushback,” Afro, February 5,2015, available at http://www.afro.com/mayor-rawl-ings-blakes-proposed-reforms-vs-police-union-push-back/.

27 Samuel Walker, “The Baltimore Police Union Contractand the Law Enforcement Officer’s Bill of Rights:Impediments to Accountability” (Omaha, NE: Universityof Nebraska at Omaha, 2015), available at http://

s3.documentcloud.org/documents/2086432/balti-more-police-union-contract.pdf.

28 Ibid.

29 Mark Puente, “Baltimore to continue limiting commentsabout police brutality settlements,” The Baltimore Sun,May 22, 2015, available at http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-settlement-clause-20150522-story.html.

http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/freddie-gray/bs-md-ci-police-student-violence-20150427-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/freddie-gray/bs-md-ci-police-student-violence-20150427-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/freddie-gray/bs-md-ci-police-student-violence-20150427-story.htmlhttp://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/12/04/protest-planned-christmas-tree-lighting-common/875sx4ZA1JcHliKte9UyCJ/story.htmlhttp://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/12/04/protest-planned-christmas-tree-lighting-common/875sx4ZA1JcHliKte9UyCJ/story.htmlhttp://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/12/04/protest-planned-christmas-tree-lighting-common/875sx4ZA1JcHliKte9UyCJ/story.htmlhttp://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/12/04/protest-planned-christmas-tree-lighting-common/875sx4ZA1JcHliKte9UyCJ/story.htmlhttp://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2014/12/04/spl_police_accomplishments_12.4.14.pdfhttp://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2014/12/04/spl_police_accomplishments_12.4.14.pdfhttp://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2014/12/04/spl_police_accomplishments_12.4.14.pdfhttp://www.theroot.com/articles/history/2015/05/a_bloody_history_of_police_brutality_in_baltimore.htmlhttp://www.theroot.com/articles/history/2015/05/a_bloody_history_of_police_brutality_in_baltimore.htmlhttp://www.theroot.com/articles/history/2015/05/a_bloody_history_of_police_brutality_in_baltimore.htmlhttp://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/05/30/3664429/omalley-baltimore/http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/05/30/3664429/omalley-baltimore/http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/05/30/3664429/omalley-baltimore/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/investigations/bs-md-ci-minor-arrests-20150823-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/investigations/bs-md-ci-minor-arrests-20150823-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/investigations/bs-md-ci-minor-arrests-20150823-story.htmlhttp://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-08-08/news/bs-md-ci-tyrone-west-outside-review-20140808_1_tyrone-west-james-chips-stewart-excessive-forcehttp://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-08-08/news/bs-md-ci-tyrone-west-outside-review-20140808_1_tyrone-west-james-chips-stewart-excessive-forcehttp://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-08-08/news/bs-md-ci-tyrone-west-outside-review-20140808_1_tyrone-west-james-chips-stewart-excessive-forcehttp://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-08-08/news/bs-md-ci-tyrone-west-outside-review-20140808_1_tyrone-west-james-chips-stewart-excessive-forcehttp://data.baltimoresun.com/news/police-settlements/http://data.baltimoresun.com/news/police-settlements/http://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2010/public-safety/title-3/subtitle-1http://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2010/public-safety/title-3/subtitle-1http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-opens-pattern-or-practice-investigation-baltimore-police-departmenthttp://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-opens-pattern-or-practice-investigation-baltimore-police-departmenthttp://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-opens-pattern-or-practice-investigation-baltimore-police-departmenthttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-gray-police-rare-charges-20150516-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-gray-police-rare-charges-20150516-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-gray-police-rare-charges-20150516-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sun-investigates/bs-md-sun-investigates-mpia-lawsuit-20150627-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sun-investigates/bs-md-sun-investigates-mpia-lawsuit-20150627-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sun-investigates/bs-md-sun-investigates-mpia-lawsuit-20150627-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-fit-to-sirt-20150924-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-fit-to-sirt-20150924-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-fit-to-sirt-20150924-story.htmlhttps://theintercept.com/2015/05/01/police-union-influence-maryland-runs-deephttps://theintercept.com/2015/05/01/police-union-influence-maryland-runs-deephttps://theintercept.com/2015/05/01/police-union-influence-maryland-runs-deephttp://www.afro.com/mayor-rawlings-blakes-proposed-reforms-vs-police-union-pushback/http://www.afro.com/mayor-rawlings-blakes-proposed-reforms-vs-police-union-pushback/http://www.afro.com/mayor-rawlings-blakes-proposed-reforms-vs-police-union-pushback/http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/2086432/baltimore-police-union-contract.pdfhttp://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/2086432/baltimore-police-union-contract.pdfhttp://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/2086432/baltimore-police-union-contract.pdfhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-settlement-clause-20150522-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-settlement-clause-20150522-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-settlement-clause-20150522-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-settlement-clause-20150522-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-settlement-clause-20150522-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-settlement-clause-20150522-story.htmlhttp://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/2086432/baltimore-police-union-contract.pdfhttp://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/2086432/baltimore-police-union-contract.pdfhttp://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/2086432/baltimore-police-union-contract.pdfhttp://www.afro.com/mayor-rawlings-blakes-proposed-reforms-vs-police-union-pushback/http://www.afro.com/mayor-rawlings-blakes-proposed-reforms-vs-police-union-pushback/http://www.afro.com/mayor-rawlings-blakes-proposed-reforms-vs-police-union-pushback/https://theintercept.com/2015/05/01/police-union-influence-maryland-runs-deephttps://theintercept.com/2015/05/01/police-union-influence-maryland-runs-deephttps://theintercept.com/2015/05/01/police-union-influence-maryland-runs-deephttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-fit-to-sirt-20150924-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-fit-to-sirt-20150924-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-fit-to-sirt-20150924-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sun-investigates/bs-md-sun-investigates-mpia-lawsuit-20150627-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sun-investigates/bs-md-sun-investigates-mpia-lawsuit-20150627-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sun-investigates/bs-md-sun-investigates-mpia-lawsuit-20150627-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-gray-police-rare-charges-20150516-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-gray-police-rare-charges-20150516-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-gray-police-rare-charges-20150516-story.htmlhttp://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-opens-pattern-or-practice-investigation-baltimore-police-departmenthttp://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-opens-pattern-or-practice-investigation-baltimore-police-departmenthttp://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-opens-pattern-or-practice-investigation-baltimore-police-departmenthttp://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2010/public-safety/title-3/subtitle-1http://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2010/public-safety/title-3/subtitle-1http://data.baltimoresun.com/news/police-settlements/http://data.baltimoresun.com/news/police-settlements/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-08-08/news/bs-md-ci-tyrone-west-outside-review-20140808_1_tyrone-west-james-chips-stewart-excessive-forcehttp://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-08-08/news/bs-md-ci-tyrone-west-outside-review-20140808_1_tyrone-west-james-chips-stewart-excessive-forcehttp://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-08-08/news/bs-md-ci-tyrone-west-outside-review-20140808_1_tyrone-west-james-chips-stewart-excessive-forcehttp://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-08-08/news/bs-md-ci-tyrone-west-outside-review-20140808_1_tyrone-west-james-chips-stewart-excessive-forcehttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/investigations/bs-md-ci-minor-arrests-20150823-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/investigations/bs-md-ci-minor-arrests-20150823-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/investigations/bs-md-ci-minor-arrests-20150823-story.htmlhttp://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/05/30/3664429/omalley-baltimore/http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/05/30/3664429/omalley-baltimore/http://thinkprogress.org/election/2015/05/30/3664429/omalley-baltimore/http://www.theroot.com/articles/history/2015/05/a_bloody_history_of_police_brutality_in_baltimore.htmlhttp://www.theroot.com/articles/history/2015/05/a_bloody_history_of_police_brutality_in_baltimore.htmlhttp://www.theroot.com/articles/history/2015/05/a_bloody_history_of_police_brutality_in_baltimore.htmlhttp://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2014/12/04/spl_police_accomplishments_12.4.14.pdfhttp://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2014/12/04/spl_police_accomplishments_12.4.14.pdfhttp://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2014/12/04/spl_police_accomplishments_12.4.14.pdfhttp://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/12/04/protest-planned-christmas-tree-lighting-common/875sx4ZA1JcHliKte9UyCJ/story.htmlhttp://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/12/04/protest-planned-christmas-tree-lighting-common/875sx4ZA1JcHliKte9UyCJ/story.htmlhttp://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/12/04/protest-planned-christmas-tree-lighting-common/875sx4ZA1JcHliKte9UyCJ/story.htmlhttp://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/12/04/protest-planned-christmas-tree-lighting-common/875sx4ZA1JcHliKte9UyCJ/story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/freddie-gray/bs-md-ci-police-student-violence-20150427-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/freddie-gray/bs-md-ci-police-student-violence-20150427-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/freddie-gray/bs-md-ci-police-student-violence-20150427-story.html


22/24


30 Ben Jealous, “‘Gag Order’ Silences the Truth AboutPolice Brutality,” Afro, June 17, 2015, available at http://www.afro.com/gag-order-silences-the-truth-about-police-brutality/.

31 Mark Puente, “City withholds part of settlement inpolice brutality lawsuit,” The Baltimore Sun, October 10,2014, available at http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sun-investigates/bs-md-overbey-settlement-20141010-story.html.

32 Ibid.

33 Puente, “Baltimore to continue limiting commentsabout police brutality settlements.”

34 Doug Wyllie, “Survey: Police officers want body-worncameras,” PoliceOne, October 23, 2012, available athttp://www.policeone.com/police-products/body-cameras/articles/6017774-Survey-Police-officers-want-body-worn-cameras/.

35 Ibid.

36 Luke Broadwater, “City Council approves police bodycamera bill,” The Baltimore Sun, November 10, 2014,available at http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-body-camera-bill-20141110-story.html.

37 Yvonne Wegner, “Mayor vetoes plastic bag ban, body

camera bill,” The Baltimore Sun, December 1, 2014, avail-able at http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-ci-vetoes-20141201-story.html.

38 City of Baltimore, “Body Camera Working Group Report”(2015), available at http://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/programs/body-camera-working-group/report.

39 Danielle Sweeney, “Two-year rollout needed forbody cameras, police say,” Baltimore Brew, August4, 2015, available at https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2015/08/04/two-year-rollout-needed-for-body-cameras-police-say/.

40 Ibid.

41 Baltimore Police Department, “Force Investigation Team 2015,” July 17, 2014, available at https://www.baltimorepolice.org/fit-investigation-team.

42 There are many legitimate concerns about the costand process of storing and cataloging body camerafootage, including how long to retain the footage, andthese decisions should be made in consultation withthe experts on the mayor’s task force.

43 Rentz, “Arrests for minor crimes spur resentment insome Baltimore neighborhoods.”

44 Ibid.

45 Ibid.

46 Ibid.

47 Justin Fenton, “Baltimore Police ditch ‘stop and frisk’ inname but not practice,” The Baltimore Sun, September23, 2013, available at http://articles.baltimoresun.

com/2013-09-23/news/bs-md-ci-baltimore-stop-and-frisk-20130830_1_new-york-police-department-police-officers-stop-and-frisk .

48 USLegal, “Terry Stop Law & Legal Definition,” availableat http://definitions.uslegal.com/t/terry-stop/ (last ac-cessed October 2015).

49 Rentz, “Arrests for Minor Crimes Spur Resentment inSome Baltimore Neighborhoods”; U.S. Census Bureau,

“Baltimore city, Maryland,” available at http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/24510.html (last accessedOctober 2015).

50 ACLU of Maryland, “ACLU Calls on Baltimore Police toMonitor Use of ‘Stop and Frisk’ Tactics,” Press release,November 19, 2013, available at http://www.aclu-md.org/press_room/153.

51 Rentz, “Arrests for minor crimes spur resentment insome Baltimore neighborhoods.”

52 Ibid.

53 Rebecca Vallas and Sharon Dietrich, “One Strike andYou’re Out” (Washington: Center for American Progress,2014), available at https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/report/2014/12/02/102308/one-strike-and-youre-out/.

54 Baltimore City Fraternal Order of Police, Lodge 3, “Blue-print for Improved Policing” (2012), available at http://www.fop3.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/blueprint.pdf.

55 Geoffrey P. Alpert, Daniel Flynn, and Alex Piquero,“Effective Community Policing Performance Measures,” Justice Research and Policy 3 (2) (2001): 79–94.

56 Dennis P. Rosenbaum and others, “Community-based Indicators of Police Performance: Introduc-

ing the Platform’s Public Satisfaction Survey”(Washington: National Institute of Justice, 2011),available at http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/733761/11089087/1299437174827/Public+Satisfaction.pdf?token=TfmAn5CEK%2Bb%2F8aep9oZ%2B7TTCtp0%3D.

57 Ibid.

58 Constance Rice and Susan K. Lee, “Relationship-Based Policing: Achieving Safety in Watts” (Wash-ington: Advancement Project, 2015), availableat http://67.20.108.158/sites/default/files/imce/President%27s%20Task%20Force%20CSP%20Poli-cy%20Brief%20FINAL%2002-27-15.pdf.

59 Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, FinalReport of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Polic-ing.

60 Harvard Kennedy School and National Institute ofJustice, “From Warriors to Guardians: RecommittingAmerican Culture to Democratic Ideals” (2015).

61 Personal communication with J.P. Raftery, captain,Prince George’s County Police D epartment, August 31,2015.

62 Baltimore Police Department, “Interim Police Commis-sioner Davis’ Youth Basketball League,” Press release,July 16, 2015, available at https://www.baltimorepolice.org/news.

63 Adam Bednar, “Report: Baltimore Cops Not Fond ofCity Living,” North Baltimore Patch, September 6, 2012,available at http://patch.com/maryland/northbalti-more/report-baltimore-cops-not-fond-of-city-living.

64 Maryland General Assembly “Public Safety and Polic-ing Workgroup” (2015), available at http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/pubs/committee/2015-psp-workgroup-agenda-june-23.pdf .

65 Nate Silver, “Most Police Don’t Live In The Cities TheyServe,” FiveThirtyEight, August 20, 2014, available athttp://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/most-police-dont-live-in-the-cities-they-serve/.

http://www.afro.com/gag-order-silences-the-truth-about-police-brutality/http://www.afro.com/gag-order-silences-the-truth-about-police-brutality/http://www.afro.com/gag-order-silences-the-truth-about-police-brutality/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sun-investigates/bs-md-overbey-settlement-20141010-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sun-investigates/bs-md-overbey-settlement-20141010-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sun-investigates/bs-md-overbey-settlement-20141010-story.htmlhttp://www.policeone.com/police-products/body-cameras/articles/6017774-Survey-Police-officers-want-body-worn-cameras/http://www.policeone.com/police-products/body-cameras/articles/6017774-Survey-Police-officers-want-body-worn-cameras/http://www.policeone.com/police-products/body-cameras/articles/6017774-Survey-Police-officers-want-body-worn-cameras/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-body-camera-bill-20141110-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-body-camera-bill-20141110-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-body-camera-bill-20141110-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-ci-vetoes-20141201-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-ci-vetoes-20141201-story.htmlhttp://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/programs/body-camera-working-group/reporthttp://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/programs/body-camera-working-group/reporthttps://www.baltimorebrew.com/2015/08/04/two-year-rollout-needed-for-body-cameras-police-say/https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2015/08/04/two-year-rollout-needed-for-body-cameras-police-say/https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2015/08/04/two-year-rollout-needed-for-body-cameras-police-say/https://www.baltimorepolice.org/fit-investigation-teamhttps://www.baltimorepolice.org/fit-investigation-teamhttp://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-09-23/news/bs-md-ci-baltimore-stop-and-frisk-20130830_1_new-york-police-department-police-officers-stop-and-friskhttp://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-09-23/news/bs-md-ci-baltimore-stop-and-frisk-20130830_1_new-york-police-department-police-officers-stop-and-friskhttp://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-09-23/news/bs-md-ci-baltimore-stop-and-frisk-20130830_1_new-york-police-department-police-officers-stop-and-friskhttp://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-09-23/news/bs-md-ci-baltimore-stop-and-frisk-20130830_1_new-york-police-department-police-officers-stop-and-friskhttp://definitions.uslegal.com/t/terry-stop/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/24510.htmlhttp://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/24510.htmlhttp://www.aclu-md.org/press_room/153http://www.aclu-md.org/press_room/153https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/report/2014/12/02/102308/one-strike-and-youre-out/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/report/2014/12/02/102308/one-strike-and-youre-out/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/report/2014/12/02/102308/one-strike-and-youre-out/http://www.fop3.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/blueprint.pdfhttp://www.fop3.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/blueprint.pdfhttp://www.fop3.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/blueprint.pdfhttp://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/733761/11089087/1299437174827/Public+Satisfaction.pdf?token=TfmAn5CEK%2Bb%2F8aep9oZ%2B7TTCtp0%3Dhttp://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/733761/11089087/1299437174827/Public+Satisfaction.pdf?token=TfmAn5CEK%2Bb%2F8aep9oZ%2B7TTCtp0%3Dhttp://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/733761/11089087/1299437174827/Public+Satisfaction.pdf?token=TfmAn5CEK%2Bb%2F8aep9oZ%2B7TTCtp0%3Dhttp://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/733761/11089087/1299437174827/Public+Satisfaction.pdf?token=TfmAn5CEK%2Bb%2F8aep9oZ%2B7TTCtp0%3Dhttp://67.20.108.158/sites/default/files/imce/President%27s%20Task%20Force%20CSP%20Policy%20Brief%20FINAL%2002-27-15.pdfhttp://67.20.108.158/sites/default/files/imce/President%27s%20Task%20Force%20CSP%20Policy%20Brief%20FINAL%2002-27-15.pdfhttp://67.20.108.158/sites/default/files/imce/President%27s%20Task%20Force%20CSP%20Policy%20Brief%20FINAL%2002-27-15.pdfhttps://www.baltimorepolice.org/newshttps://www.baltimorepolice.org/newshttp://patch.com/maryland/northbaltimore/report-baltimore-cops-not-fond-of-city-livinghttp://patch.com/maryland/northbaltimore/report-baltimore-cops-not-fond-of-city-livinghttp://mgaleg.maryland.gov/pubs/committee/2015-psp-workgroup-agenda-june-23.pdfhttp://mgaleg.maryland.gov/pubs/committee/2015-psp-workgroup-agenda-june-23.pdfhttp://mgaleg.maryland.gov/pubs/committee/2015-psp-workgroup-agenda-june-23.pdfhttp://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/most-police-dont-live-in-the-cities-they-serve/http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/most-police-dont-live-in-the-cities-they-serve/http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/most-police-dont-live-in-the-cities-they-serve/http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/most-police-dont-live-in-the-cities-they-serve/http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/pubs/committee/2015-psp-workgroup-agenda-june-23.pdfhttp://mgaleg.maryland.gov/pubs/committee/2015-psp-workgroup-agenda-june-23.pdfhttp://mgaleg.maryland.gov/pubs/committee/2015-psp-workgroup-agenda-june-23.pdfhttp://patch.com/maryland/northbaltimore/report-baltimore-cops-not-fond-of-city-livinghttp://patch.com/maryland/northbaltimore/report-baltimore-cops-not-fond-of-city-livinghttps://www.baltimorepolice.org/newshttps://www.baltimorepolice.org/newshttp://67.20.108.158/sites/default/files/imce/President%27s%20Task%20Force%20CSP%20Policy%20Brief%20FINAL%2002-27-15.pdfhttp://67.20.108.158/sites/default/files/imce/President%27s%20Task%20Force%20CSP%20Policy%20Brief%20FINAL%2002-27-15.pdfhttp://67.20.108.158/sites/default/files/imce/President%27s%20Task%20Force%20CSP%20Policy%20Brief%20FINAL%2002-27-15.pdfhttp://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/733761/11089087/1299437174827/Public+Satisfaction.pdf?token=TfmAn5CEK%2Bb%2F8aep9oZ%2B7TTCtp0%3Dhttp://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/733761/11089087/1299437174827/Public+Satisfaction.pdf?token=TfmAn5CEK%2Bb%2F8aep9oZ%2B7TTCtp0%3Dhttp://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/733761/11089087/1299437174827/Public+Satisfaction.pdf?token=TfmAn5CEK%2Bb%2F8aep9oZ%2B7TTCtp0%3Dhttp://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/733761/11089087/1299437174827/Public+Satisfaction.pdf?token=TfmAn5CEK%2Bb%2F8aep9oZ%2B7TTCtp0%3Dhttp://www.fop3.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/blueprint.pdfhttp://www.fop3.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/blueprint.pdfhttp://www.fop3.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/blueprint.pdfhttps://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/report/2014/12/02/102308/one-strike-and-youre-out/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/report/2014/12/02/102308/one-strike-and-youre-out/https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/report/2014/12/02/102308/one-strike-and-youre-out/http://www.aclu-md.org/press_room/153http://www.aclu-md.org/press_room/153http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/24510.htmlhttp://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/24510.htmlhttp://definitions.uslegal.com/t/terry-stop/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-09-23/news/bs-md-ci-baltimore-stop-and-frisk-20130830_1_new-york-police-department-police-officers-stop-and-friskhttp://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-09-23/news/bs-md-ci-baltimore-stop-and-frisk-20130830_1_new-york-police-department-police-officers-stop-and-friskhttp://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-09-23/news/bs-md-ci-baltimore-stop-and-frisk-20130830_1_new-york-police-department-police-officers-stop-and-friskhttp://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-09-23/news/bs-md-ci-baltimore-stop-and-frisk-20130830_1_new-york-police-department-police-officers-stop-and-friskhttps://www.baltimorepolice.org/fit-investigation-teamhttps://www.baltimorepolice.org/fit-investigation-teamhttps://www.baltimorebrew.com/2015/08/04/two-year-rollout-needed-for-body-cameras-police-say/https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2015/08/04/two-year-rollout-needed-for-body-cameras-police-say/https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2015/08/04/two-year-rollout-needed-for-body-cameras-police-say/http://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/programs/body-camera-working-group/reporthttp://mayor.baltimorecity.gov/programs/body-camera-working-group/reporthttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-ci-vetoes-20141201-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/bs-md-ci-vetoes-20141201-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-body-camera-bill-20141110-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-body-camera-bill-20141110-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-body-camera-bill-20141110-story.htmlhttp://www.policeone.com/police-products/body-cameras/articles/6017774-Survey-Police-officers-want-body-worn-cameras/http://www.policeone.com/police-products/body-cameras/articles/6017774-Survey-Police-officers-want-body-worn-cameras/http://www.policeone.com/police-products/body-cameras/articles/6017774-Survey-Police-officers-want-body-worn-cameras/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sun-investigates/bs-md-overbey-settlement-20141010-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sun-investigates/bs-md-overbey-settlement-20141010-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sun-investigates/bs-md-overbey-settlement-20141010-story.htmlhttp://www.afro.com/gag-order-silences-the-truth-about-police-brutality/http://www.afro.com/gag-order-silences-the-truth-about-police-brutality/http://www.afro.com/gag-order-silences-the-truth-about-police-brutality/


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66 Ibid.

67 Ibid.

68 Matt Van Itallie, “Police Housing Incentives CouldEncourage Police Officers To Move Into BaltimoreCity—Heightening Prospects For Reducing Crime andIncreasing Citizen Satisfaction,”The Abell Report 25 (4)(2012).

69 Ibid.

70 Maya Harris West and others, “Community-CenteredPolicing: A Force for Change” (Oakland, CA: PolicyLink ,2001), available at http://www.policylink.org/sites/default/files/CommunityCenteredPolicing_final.pdf.


72 Chicago Police Department, “Rules and Regu-lations of the Chicago Police Department,”January 12, 2011, available at http://www.chica-gopolice.org/2013MayDirectives/data/a7a57bf0-12d7c186-a4912-d7c1-8b12822c2ca106c4.html.

73 Minneapolis 311, “MPD Policy & Procedure Manual,”available at http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/police/policy/index.htm (last accessed October 2015).

74 City of Seattle, “Seattle Police Department Manual,”available at http://www.seattle.gov/police-manual (lastaccessed October 2015).

75 Los Angeles Police D epartment, “Manual,” availableat http://www.lapdonline.org/lapd_manual/ (last ac-cessed October 2015).

76 The last available iteration of the department’s fieldmanual is a historical document from 1990. SeeBaltimore Police Department, “Operational ProceduresManual” (1990), available at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/137295NCJRS.pdf .

77 Mike Chalmers, “Police departments putting use-of-force policies online,” USA Today , December 5, 2012,available at http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/na-tion/2012/12/05/police-force-policies-online/1748919/.

78 Amnesty International, “Deadly Force: Police Use ofLethal Force in the United States” (2015).

79 Kevin Rector, “Maryland legislators considering law tofurther restrict when police can use deadly force,” TheBaltimore Sun, June, 18, 2015, available at http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-amnesty-force-report-20150618-story.html.


81 Police Executive Research Forum, “Re-Engineering Training On Police Use of Force” (2015), available athttp://www.policeforum.org/assets/reengineeringtrain-ing1.pdf .

82 Fenton, “Independent review faults city police in TyroneWest case.”

83 Ibid.

84 Police Executive Research Forum, “Re-Engineering Training On Police Use of Force.”

85 Ibid.

86 Mark Puente, Richard A. Serrano, and Matt Pearce,“Cleveland consent decree being watched in Baltimore,”The Baltimore Sun, May, 26, 2015, available at http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sc-dc-cleve-land-police-20150526-story.html#page=1.

87 Ibid.


89 Police Executive Research Forum, “Re-Engineering Training On Police Use of Force.”

90 Ibid.

91 Associated Press, “Cincinnati Officer Is Acquittedin Killing That Ignited Unrest,” The New York Times,September 27, 2001, available at http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/27/us/cincinnati-officer-is-acquitted-in-killing-that-ignited-unrest.html.

92 Ibid.

93 Alana Semuels, “How to Fix a Broken Police Depart-ment,” The Atlantic, May 2 8, 2015, available at http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/05/cincin-nati-police-reform/393797/.

94 Harris West and others, “Community-Centered Policing:

A Force for Change.”

http://www.policylink.org/sites/default/files/CommunityCenteredPolicing_final.pdfhttp://www.policylink.org/sites/default/files/CommunityCenteredPolicing_final.pdfhttp://www.chicagopolice.org/2013MayDirectives/data/a7a57bf0-12d7c186-a4912-d7c1-8b12822c2ca106c4.htmlhttp://www.chicagopolice.org/2013MayDirectives/data/a7a57bf0-12d7c186-a4912-d7c1-8b12822c2ca106c4.htmlhttp://www.chicagopolice.org/2013MayDirectives/data/a7a57bf0-12d7c186-a4912-d7c1-8b12822c2ca106c4.htmlhttp://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/police/policy/index.htmhttp://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/police/policy/index.htmhttp://www.seattle.gov/police-manualhttp://www.lapdonline.org/lapd_manual/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/137295NCJRS.pdfhttps://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/137295NCJRS.pdfhttp://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/12/05/police-force-policies-online/1748919/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/12/05/police-force-policies-online/1748919/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-amnesty-force-report-20150618-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-amnesty-force-report-20150618-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-amnesty-force-report-20150618-story.htmlhttp://www.policeforum.org/assets/reengineeringtraining1.pdfhttp://www.policeforum.org/assets/reengineeringtraining1.pdfhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sc-dc-cleveland-police-20150526-story.html#page=1http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sc-dc-cleveland-police-20150526-story.html#page=1http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sc-dc-cleveland-police-20150526-story.html#page=1http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/27/us/cincinnati-officer-is-acquitted-in-killing-that-ignited-unrest.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/27/us/cincinnati-officer-is-acquitted-in-killing-that-ignited-unrest.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/27/us/cincinnati-officer-is-acquitted-in-killing-that-ignited-unrest.htmlhttp://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/05/cincinnati-police-reform/393797/http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/05/cincinnati-police-reform/393797/http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/05/cincinnati-police-reform/393797/http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/05/cincinnati-police-reform/393797/http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/05/cincinnati-police-reform/393797/http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/05/cincinnati-police-reform/393797/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/27/us/cincinnati-officer-is-acquitted-in-killing-that-ignited-unrest.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/27/us/cincinnati-officer-is-acquitted-in-killing-that-ignited-unrest.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/27/us/cincinnati-officer-is-acquitted-in-killing-that-ignited-unrest.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sc-dc-cleveland-police-20150526-story.html#page=1http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sc-dc-cleveland-police-20150526-story.html#page=1http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sc-dc-cleveland-police-20150526-story.html#page=1http://www.policeforum.org/assets/reengineeringtraining1.pdfhttp://www.policeforum.org/assets/reengineeringtraining1.pdfhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-amnesty-force-report-20150618-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-amnesty-force-report-20150618-story.htmlhttp://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-amnesty-force-report-20150618-story.htmlhttp://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/12/05/police-force-policies-online/1748919/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/12/05/police-force-policies-online/1748919/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/137295NCJRS.pdfhttps://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/137295NCJRS.pdfhttp://www.lapdonline.org/lapd_manual/http://www.seattle.gov/police-manualhttp://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/police/policy/index.htmhttp://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/police/policy/index.htmhttp://www.chicagopolice.org/2013MayDirectives/data/a7a57bf0-12d7c186-a4912-d7c1-8b12822c2ca106c4.htmlhttp://www.chicagopolice.org/2013MayDirectives/data/a7a57bf0-12d7c186-a4912-d7c1-8b12822c2ca106c4.htmlhttp://www.chicagopolice.org/2013MayDirectives/data/a7a57bf0-12d7c186-a4912-d7c1-8b12822c2ca106c4.htmlhttp://www.policylink.org/sites/default/files/CommunityCenteredPolicing_final.pdfhttp://www.policylink.org/sites/default/files/CommunityCenteredPolicing_final.pdf


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The Center for American Progress is an independent, nonpar tisan policy inst itute that is dedicated to

improving the lives of all Americans, through bold, progressive ideas, as well as strong leadership and

concerted action. Our aim is not just to change the conversation, but to change the country.

The Campaign for Justice, Safety, and Jobs is a diverse group of over 25 community, fa ith, c ivi l r ights,

and community leaders in Baltimore City who have come together to advocate for meaningful police

reforms to promote transparency, accountability, and safety in our communities. The affiliated groups

include: 1199 SEIU, ACLU of Maryland, Amnesty International, Baltimore Algebra Project, Beats, Rhymes

and Relief, Bmore United, CASA, Citibloc, Communities United, Council on American-Islamic Relations,

Equity Matters, Empowerment Temple, Freddie Gray Project, Fusion Group, Jews United for Justice,

Justice League, Leaders of a Beautiful Struggle, Maryland State Conference NAACP, Peace by Piece,

Pleasant Hope Baptist Church, Power Inside, SEIU 32BJ, Southern Engagement Foundation, Ujima

People’s Progress, and Universal Zulu Nation.

Documents

Toward Trust: Grassroots Recommendations for Police Reform in Baltimore