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GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Toward sustainable urban water management in Nepal
National workshop on Eco-efficient Water Infrastructure for Sustainable Urban Development in Nepal
Shangri-La Hotel, Kathmandu 15-16 October 2014
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Toward Sustainable Urban Water Management in Nepal
Sustainable urban Development Section, Environment and Development Division, ESCAP
Seoul, 11-13 May 2011 Slide 2/
Contents
1. Challenge 1: Urbanization progress and prospect in Nepal
2. Challenge 2: Resource consumption and GHG emission in Nepal
3. Challenge 3: Water access and sanitation in Nepal
4. Challenge 4: Current national policies for water infrastructure
5. Opportunities 1: Integrating eco-efficiency into urban infrastructure
6. Opportunities 2: Development of eco-efficient urban water infrastructure
7. Opportunities 3: Cases of eco-efficient urban water infrastructure
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
15-16 October 2014
Seoul, 11-13 May 2011 Slide 3/
Challenges for Sustainable Urban Development in Nepal:
Urbanization and Resource Constraints
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Seoul, 11-13 May 2011 Slide 4/
Economic Growth in Nepal
Source: UNESCAP (2013)
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Urbanization in Nepal
Source: UNDESA, World Urbanization Prospects 2014
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Urbanization in Global Context
Source: UNDESA, World Urbanization Prospects 2014
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Eco-Efficient Water Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Urbanization in Nepal
The fast-paced population growth in Kathmandu Valley:
- annual average growth rate: 4.3% (1991-2011)
Among the total population of Kathmandu Valley ( 2.5 million in
2011), urban population in the valley accounted for 60% (about
1.5 million in 2011).
While rural population has decreased, urban population has
constantly increased.
- rural population: 97% -> 81% (1950 - 2015)
- urban population : 3% -> 19% (1950 -2015)
Although proportion of urban population is smaller than global
average, urbanization rate is much higher than global average.
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
World Nepal
Urban Proportion (%) 54 13
Urbanization Rate (%) 0.9 2.03
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Energy Consumption in Nepal
Source: UNESCAP (2013)
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Greenhouse Gas Emission in Nepal
• Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission has been constantly increased (1990 – 2010):
- 25 -> 33 (million tons of CO2 equivalent)
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Water Availability in Nepal
- Availability of renewable water resource has been extremely decreased for last 20
years: 11,034 -> 7,740 (m³ per capita per annum)
Source: UNESCAP (2013)
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Water Consumption in Nepal
- As a result, water use has been also
decreased (for last 20 years):
12.3 -> 5.8 (m³ per capita per
annum)
- Most field of water consumption has
been from Agriculture
Source: UNESCAP (2013)
Domestic use 1.6%
Agriculture 98.1%
Industry 0.4%
Water Consumption (%)
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Water Access in Nepal
Water access and sanitation in Nepal has been lower than other countries in the
Asia and the Pacific region.
- Water access in Urban area:
AP region: 97%
Nepal: 91%
Source: UNESCAP (2013)
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Water Sanitation in Nepal
- Most serious problem in Nepal is lack of
sanitation infrastructures:
- Access to improved sanitation in Nepal has
been much lower than other Asia and Pacific
countries.
- Sanitation in Asia and Pacific : 59%
- Sanitation in Nepal: 35%
- This is main cause of water pollution in Nepal.
Source: UNESCAP (2013)
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Source: UN Water website
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Water Related Natural Disasters in Nepal
Nepal is mostly vulnerable to flood, storm and drought, and eco-efficient water management can relieve damages from these water related natural disasters.
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Unplanned rapid urbanization
Increased resource demand / consumption
Increased GHG emission / environmental
degradation
Climate Change and natural disasters
Negative impacts of resource availability
Constraints for sustainable urban
development
Urbanization, resource consumption, and climate change
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Seoul, 11-13 May 2011 Slide 17/
National Policies on Urban Water Infrastructures in Nepal
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Water related policies in Nepal Arears addressed
1 Water Resource Act 1992 (2049 BS)
- The umbrella Act governing water resource
management.
- Declares the order of priority of water use.
- Vests ownership of water in the State.
- Provides for the formation of water user
associations and establishes a system of licensing
- Prohibits water pollution.
2 Water Resource Regulation 1993
(2050 BS)
- The umbrella Regulation governing water resource
management.
- Sets out the procedure to register a Water User
Association and to obtain a license.
- Establishes the District Water Resource Committee.
- Sets out the rights and obligations of Water User
Associations and licence holders.
- Deals with the acquisition of house and land and
compensation.
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Seoul, 11-13 May 2011 Slide 18/
National Policies on Urban Water Infrastructures in Nepal
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Water related policies in Nepal Arears addressed
3 Drinking Water Regulation 1998
(2055 BS)
- Regulates the use of drinking water.
- Provides for the formation of Drinking Water User
Associations and sets out the procedure for registration
- Deals with licensing of use drinking water.
- Deals with the control of water pollution and
maintenance of quality standards for drinking water.
- Sets out the conditions of service utilization by
consumers.
- Provides for the acquisition of house and land and
compensation.
4 National Water Plan (NWP) - Outlies the actions related to:
(1) Management of major types of water-induced disaster.
(2) Improvement of water quality and watersheds.
(3) Provision of safe drinking water and irrigation facilities
(4) Development of hydropower
Seoul, 11-13 May 2011 Slide 19/
Opportunities of for Sustainable Urban Development in
Nepal:
Eco-efficiency of Urban Water Infrastructure
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Seoul, 11-13 May 2011 Slide 20/
Integrating Eco-efficiency into Urban Infrastructure
Eco-efficiency
“The concept of eco-efficiency seeks to develop synergies between the economy and the environment rather than just balance the trade-offs. An eco-efficient approach to urban infrastructure development can help governments save precious financial resources. Eco-efficiency can drive green growth and green economy.
------------------------------------ (UNESCAP, 2011)”
Source: UNESCAP (2011)
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Seoul, 11-13 May 2011 Slide 21/
Strategies for integrating eco-efficiency into urban infrastructure
1. Driving Change: Leadership and political commitment
- Political commitment and leadership are essential for moving
beyond ad hoc decision-making and sector-specific policies,
allowing governments to respond to challenges and creating
opportunities for the long term.
2. Bridging the gap: Long-term vision and transition
management
- Only governments can bridge the time gap between short
-term costs and long-term benefits of eco-efficient
infrastructure.
3. Building the business case: Leveraging financing
- Governments need to build the business case for eco-efficient
infrastructure. Governments need to tilt the balance in favour
of sustainable practices and channel private sector investment
into eco-efficient infrastructure project (e.g. PIMAC in Republic of Korea).
Source: UNESCAP (2013)
Integrating Eco-efficiency into Urban Infrastructure
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
`
Seoul, 11-13 May 2011 Slide 22/
Strategies for integrating eco-efficiency into urban infrastructure
4. Reshaping governance: Integration and coordination
- Promoting eco-efficient infrastructure requires looking at
infrastructure networks as a whole system, adopting a
life-cycle approach and prioritizing policies with multiple
returns (economic, social and environmental).
a) Vertical integration: Coordination between central
and local governments
b) Horizontal integration: Coordination among relevant actors
5. Leveraging public support: Public participation
- While strong leadership is required to steer cities in an
eco-efficient direction, public participation in planning and
designing infrastructure can drive change.
Source: UNESCAP (2013)
Integrating Eco-efficiency into Urban Infrastructure
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Development of Eco-efficient Water Infrastructure
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Policy options
to integrated water supply, rainwater harvesting, wastewater treatment and recycling and flood
control measures
Integrated water resources management (IWRM) approach to overcome inefficient water
uses
Distributed wastewater management system
to meet the wastewater treatment needs of users at the local level
Water cycling system through the reuse and recycling of water
to minimize freshwater demand and reduce wastewater
treatment needs
“Change the way water resources are managed: Develop an integrated and decentralized system ”
Source: Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap for Asia and the Pacific, UNESCAP (2012)
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Eco-Efficient Water Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Eco-efficient Infrastructure Eco-efficiency
The dominant paradigm of centralized
infrastructure development depended on
exploitation of natural resources.
unsustainable
A fundamental shift in the management
and use of resources is required.
Eco-efficiency
Eco-efficiency = economic efficiency + ecological efficiency
It means creating more goods and services with ever less use of
resources while creating less waste and pollution.
Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap for Asia and the Pacific
http://www.unescap.org/resources/low-carbon-
green-growth-roadmap-asia-and-pacific
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Good Practices of Eco-efficient Water Infrastructure
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Recent ESCAP work:
1.Carried out a number of activities to enhance the capacity of policymakers
in designing, planning, and developing policy options towards eco-efficient
water infrastructure development in the region, including in Indonesia, the
Philippines and Nepal.
2.National Roadmaps to implement eco-efficient water infrastructure in
Indonesia and the Philippines – developed.
3.The concept of eco-efficiency has been recognized as an overarching
strategy in national water resources management, and the Government
agreed to mainstream the concept into their existing national development
plans.
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Good Practices of Eco-efficient Water Infrastructure
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Recent ESCAP work: 1. Pilot eco-efficient water infrastructure developed in Bandung, Indonesia and in
Cebu, Philippines: wastewater treatment system and the rainwater harvesting
system - installed to restore the deteriorated river quality through wastewater
treatment and diversify water supply sources by harvesting rainwater.
2.The outcomes of these activities were disseminated and discussed at national
and regional workshops.
3.The pilot projects - directly benefited the affected groups, which include around
120 low-income households, 200 university students, and more than 2,000
children.
4.Currently implementing a pilot integrated rainwater and wastewater
treatment system at Sathya Sai Shiksha Sadan, & a strategy paper here in
Nepal and pilot rainwater and storm water management system at the Bohol Island
State University (BISU) at Tagbilaran, Bohol, Philippines.
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Good Practices of Eco-efficient Water Infrastructure
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Republic of Korea (ROK)
•Technological Innovation:
In order to solve the high population density and the high seasonal variability in
precipitation, ROK Government has pursued engineering solutions, such as small
and large dams, including 16 multi- purpose dams in 2007.
Another technological innovation case is the reuse of treated sewerage water
thanks to cutting-edge sewerage treatment technologies and a list of laws since
2001.
•Policy Development:
ROK introduced a cascade of new institutions, including the ‘Guidelines for
Environmentally Friendly Dam Construction’ in 2003 and the ‘Environmentally
Sound and Sustainable Development Guidelines for Dam Construction’, in 2006.
These guidelines reflect socio-economic variables and encourage local residents
to set up resident councils for submitting their opinions to concerned authorities.
Source: Seungho Lee, Boosik Kang, and Ilpyo Hong
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Good Practices of Eco-efficient Water Infrastructure
Singapore
•Technological Innovation:
The NEWater project via application of cutting edge technologies (recycled water)
and institutional reform in water tariff systems to conserve water as well as enhance
water quality.
‘NEWater’ is referred to as ‘treated water that has undergone stringent purification
and treatment process using advanced dual-membrane (microfiltration and reverse
osmosis) and ultraviolet technologies.’
•Policy Development:
Adoption of demand management for optimization of water saving - domestic
and non-domestic users have to pay S$ 1.17/㎥ 9US$ 0.72) at the consumption up
to 40 ㎥ /month, and domestic users will be charged S$140 (US$0.86) at the
consumption over 40 ㎥ /month, which is higher than the level to non- domestic
users.
The government has no intention to subsidize tap water supply and levies equal
prices to domestic and non-domestic users.
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Green Growth, Energy & Water
Security, and Livable Cities Eco-Efficient Water Infrastructure,
and Green & Livable Cities
Ram S. Tiwaree, Dr.Eng.
Economic Affairs Officer
Sustainable Urban Development Section
Environment and Development Division
http://www.unescap.org/esd/suds
ESCAP – regional arm of the United Nations in Asia and the Pacific: 62 members
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Eco-Efficient and Resilient Urban Infrastructure and Livable Cities