Toward Sustainable Energy & ClimateToward Sustainable Energy & Climatethrough a Whole Community Approach through a Whole Community Approach

John RandolphJohn RandolphUrban Affairs & PlanningUrban Affairs & Planning

Virginia TechVirginia Tech

Groundswell of Rhetoric and Groundswell of Rhetoric and Plans to Mitigate Climate Plans to Mitigate Climate

ChangeChange International action: EU leader, Copenhagen 2009 International action: EU leader, Copenhagen 2009 Federal proposals for carbon cap & tradeFederal proposals for carbon cap & trade EPA to regulate COEPA to regulate CO22, GHG as air pollutant , GHG as air pollutant U.S. State and Community Climate Action plansU.S. State and Community Climate Action plans

– 26 state climate action plans 26 state climate action plans – ~1000 cities in Cool Cities program ~1000 cities in Cool Cities program – 606 campuses signed commitment for climate neutrality606 campuses signed commitment for climate neutrality

Common target Common target GHG emission reduction to 80% GHG emission reduction to 80% below 1990 or 2005 levels by 2050 below 1990 or 2005 levels by 2050

Town Council adopts this 80% reduction target for Town Council adopts this 80% reduction target for BlacksburgBlacksburg

Virginia Tech also adopted this 80% reduction target by Virginia Tech also adopted this 80% reduction target by 20502050

Virginia Tech GHG emissionsReal data 2000-2006, extrapolated back to 1990, projected forward to 2025

Virginia Energy Plan Goal to 2025, Various Goals to 2050

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Trajectory to 80% below 1990 GHG emissions by 2050:Goal of Obama Administration,

Long term Goal of Virginia Climate Change Commission, Goal of Town of Blacksburg

Virginia Energy Plan2000 level emissions

BAU: 2%/yr

Sustainable or “Whole” Community Sustainable or “Whole” Community EnergyEnergy

A comprehensive approach to community energy and A comprehensive approach to community energy and land use from building to metro land use from building to metro scalesscales: : – Building: Building:

Life-cycle efficiency for energyLife-cycle efficiency for energy– Site: Site:

On-site distributed energyOn-site distributed energy– Neighborhood to Region: Neighborhood to Region:

Smart Growth & land use efficiencySmart Growth & land use efficiency Density, transport efficiency and transit Density, transport efficiency and transit Smart Grid, distributed energy, and vehicle electrificationSmart Grid, distributed energy, and vehicle electrification

……achieved through achieved through evolving evolving technologytechnology & & design and green design and green marketsmarkets enhanced by green enhanced by green ratingsratings and government codes, and government codes, policiespolicies

……which can reduce GHG emissions, oil, and energywhich can reduce GHG emissions, oil, and energy

““Whole” Community Energy Whole” Community Energy Three pieces of the wholeThree pieces of the whole

Buildings: Buildings: – 1/2 of our energy use today1/2 of our energy use today– 40% of carbon emissions40% of carbon emissions

Electricity: Electricity: – 40% of energy and growing40% of energy and growing– 52% from coal, 20% nuclear, 16% gas, 12% renewables52% from coal, 20% nuclear, 16% gas, 12% renewables– 39% of carbon emissions39% of carbon emissions– Our overall electricity is only 30% efficient Our overall electricity is only 30% efficient

Transportation: Transportation: – 1/3 of our energy use today1/3 of our energy use today– 2/3 of our oil use2/3 of our oil use– 32% of carbon emissions32% of carbon emissions

Buildings and “Whole Community” Buildings and “Whole Community” EnergyEnergy

Evolution of building energy in codes, ratings, practiceEvolution of building energy in codes, ratings, practice 1960s-70s1960s-70s “Envelope” “Envelope” Heating operating Heating operating

energyenergy

1980s1980s “Envelope, Infiltration, HVAC” “Envelope, Infiltration, HVAC” Heating + AC operating energy Heating + AC operating energy

1990s-2000s1990s-2000s “Whole Building” “Whole Building” Heating + AC + appliances + Heating + AC + appliances + lighting operating energylighting operating energy

2000s+2000s+ “Whole Building Life-Cycle” “Whole Building Life-Cycle” Heating + AC + appliances + lighting Heating + AC + appliances + lighting operating energy + environmental/health operating energy + environmental/health impacts + life-cycle embodied energy impacts + life-cycle embodied energy

2010s+ 2010s+ “Whole Community” “Whole Community” All of above + on-site generation, All of above + on-site generation, site/neighborhood design, and site/neighborhood design, and regional connectivityregional connectivity

Inside Ti

Ta

qwalls

qdoors

qceiling

qwindows

qfloor

qinfiltration

qtot= q walls+ q windows+ q ceiling+ q floor+ q doors+ q infiltration

Ambient

Building “Envelope + Infiltration”: codes for new buildings, retrofit for old

““Whole Building Whole Building EnergyEnergy””

Whole BuildingWhole Building: Goes beyond : Goes beyond Envelope + Infiltration + HVAC……… Envelope + Infiltration + HVAC………

to include to include

electricity (appliances + lighting)electricity (appliances + lighting)

Where are we today?Where are we today?Whole BuildingWhole Building moving into ratings and moving into ratings and some codessome codes

……and future efficiency codes and standards and future efficiency codes and standards have helped drive new technologyhave helped drive new technology

Source: David Goldstein

New United States Refrigerator Use v. Time and Retail Prices

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Energy Use per Unit(kWh/Year)

Refrigerator Size (cubic ft)

Refrigerator Price in 1983 $

$ 1,270

$ 462

The Great Story of Refrigerator Efficiency…Since 1975, 25% bigger, 1/3 the energy, 1/3 the cost

1st State Standards (CA)

1st Federal Standards

More stringentStandards

Hack, 2009

Evolution of Lighting

LEED-H (HomesLEED-H (Homes): “Whole Building” ): “Whole Building” EnergyEnergy

PointsPoints

Location and LinkagesLocation and Linkages 1010 Sustainable SitesSustainable Sites 2222 Water EfficiencyWater Efficiency 1515 Indoor Air QualityIndoor Air Quality 2121 Materials and ResourcesMaterials and Resources 1818 Energy and AtmosphereEnergy and Atmosphere 3838

1 ENERGY STAR Home1 ENERGY STAR Home Req+16Req+162 Insulation2 Insulation Req+2Req+23 Air Infiltration3 Air Infiltration Req+5Req+54 Windows4 Windows Req+3Req+35 Duct Tightness5 Duct Tightness Req+5Req+56 Space Heating and Cooling HVAC6 Space Heating and Cooling HVAC Req+6Req+67 Water Heating7 Water Heating 3+33+38 Lighting Energy Efficient8 Lighting Energy Efficient Req+5Req+59 Appliances9 Appliances 2+12+11010 Renewable Electric Generation System Renewable Electric Generation System 101011 Non-HCFC Refrigerant11 Non-HCFC Refrigerant 33

Homeowner AwarenessHomeowner Awareness 11 Innovation and Design Process Innovation and Design Process 1111 Project Maximum Points: Project Maximum Points: 136 136

Certified Certified 45 pts; 45 pts; Silver Silver 60 pts; 60 pts; Gold Gold 75 pts; 75 pts; Platinum Platinum 90 pts90 pts

“Building Envelope”

“Whole Building”

““Whole Building Life-Cycle” Whole Building Life-Cycle” EnergyEnergy

““Whole Building”Whole Building” (envelope + HVAC + (envelope + HVAC + appliances + lighting operating energy) appliances + lighting operating energy)

+ environmental/health impacts + environmental/health impacts

+ life-cycle embodied energy+ life-cycle embodied energy

Where are we?Where are we?

In Green Building ratings but not in In Green Building ratings but not in codescodes

LEED-H Homes: LEED-H Homes: “Whole Building Life-“Whole Building Life-Cycle”Cycle”

PointsPoints Location and LinkagesLocation and Linkages 1010 Sustainable SitesSustainable Sites 2222 Water EfficiencyWater Efficiency 1515 Indoor Air QualityIndoor Air Quality 2121

1 ENERGY STAR with Indoor Air Quality Package (IAP)1 ENERGY STAR with Indoor Air Quality Package (IAP) 13132 Combustion Venting 2 Combustion Venting Req+2Req+23 Humidity Control 3 Humidity Control 114 Outdoor Air Ventilation 4 Outdoor Air Ventilation Req+3Req+35 Local Exhaust 5 Local Exhaust Req+2Req+26 Supply Air Distribution 6 Supply Air Distribution Req+3Req+37 Supply Air Filtering 7 Supply Air Filtering Req+3Req+38 Contaminant Control 8 Contaminant Control Req+4Req+49 Radon Protection 9 Radon Protection Req+1Req+110 Vehicle & Garage Pollutant Protection 10 Vehicle & Garage Pollutant Protection Req+6Req+6

Materials and ResourcesMaterials and Resources 18181 Home Size: Smaller than National Average 1 Home Size: Smaller than National Average 10102 Material Efficient Framing 2 Material Efficient Framing Req+2Req+23 Local Sources Materials 3 Local Sources Materials 334 Durability Plan 4 Durability Plan Req+3Req+35 Environmentally Preferable Products5 Environmentally Preferable Products Req+4Req+46 Waste Management6 Waste Management Req+2Req+2

Energy and AtmosphereEnergy and Atmosphere 3838 Homeowner AwarenessHomeowner Awareness 11 Innovation and Design Process Innovation and Design Process 1111

Project Maximum Points: Project Maximum Points: 136136

Certified Certified 45 pts; 45 pts; Silver Silver 60 pts; 60 pts; Gold Gold 75 pts; 75 pts; Platinum Platinum 90 pts90 pts

““Whole Community Whole Community Energy”Energy”

““Whole Building Life Cycle”Whole Building Life Cycle” plus…. plus….– … … on-site energy generationon-site energy generation– … … site designsite design– … … neighborhood designneighborhood design– … … regional connectivityregional connectivity

Where are we?Where are we?In some rating systems, not in codes.In some rating systems, not in codes.

But signs of things to come?But signs of things to come?– DOE Building America programDOE Building America program– Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB)Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB)– LEED-ND Neighborhood DevelopmentLEED-ND Neighborhood Development– Land Use Zoning and Form-Based CodesLand Use Zoning and Form-Based Codes

““Whole Community Energy” Whole Community Energy” and and

On-site Distributed ElectricityOn-site Distributed Electricity Buildings as power plantsBuildings as power plants Net metering feeds excess on-site power Net metering feeds excess on-site power

to gridto grid Other local power sources: micro-turbines, Other local power sources: micro-turbines,

stationary fuel cells, regional wind farms…stationary fuel cells, regional wind farms… Power storage for load managementPower storage for load management Electric vehicles and storage: grid to Electric vehicles and storage: grid to

vehicles, vehicles to grid, “smart grid” vehicles, vehicles to grid, “smart grid”

or Plug-in cars

Rooftop Photovoltaics: Buildings and Neighborhoods as power plants

170 kW Rooftop PV in 170 kW Rooftop PV in Munich Munich

Net-metering for Net-metering for Grid-Connected SystemsGrid-Connected Systems

On-site generation feeds the On-site generation feeds the house when needed, feeds house when needed, feeds the grid with excess powerthe grid with excess power

““Bank” excess energy with Bank” excess energy with the local utilitythe local utility

Meter spins backward; Meter spins backward; customer receives full retail customer receives full retail value for each kWh producedvalue for each kWh produced

Net excess generation (NEG) Net excess generation (NEG)

usually credited monthly or usually credited monthly or annuallyannually

Net Zero Energy Buildings: Net Zero Energy Buildings: Federal DOE BA & 2007 EISA Goals, 2020 CA Title Federal DOE BA & 2007 EISA Goals, 2020 CA Title

24?24?

Efficiency improvements

““Whole Community Energy” Whole Community Energy” Transportation: Land Use & Vehicles Transportation: Land Use & Vehicles

““Whole Community” goes beyond the Whole Community” goes beyond the building and site scale to…building and site scale to…– the the NeighborhoodNeighborhood: compactness, walkability: compactness, walkability– the the CommunityCommunity: interconnectedness, transit: interconnectedness, transit– the the RegionRegion: growth boundaries : growth boundaries

From energy efficient buildings to From energy efficient buildings to

energy efficient land use and energy efficient land use and transportationtransportation

U.S. Vehicle Miles Traveled U.S. Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) 1960-2005, projections (VMT) 1960-2005, projections

to 2025to 2025

Millions

Growth at 2.3%/yr, doubling every 30 years

Energy Use Depends on Land Use Pattern (and Consumer Energy Use Depends on Land Use Pattern (and Consumer Choice)Choice)

417

Vehicle Vehicle Miles Miles

Travelled Travelled Carbon Carbon impact: impact:

Chicago Chicago VMT COVMT CO22

per per square square

milemile

Chicago Chicago

VMT COVMT CO22 per per

householdhousehold

Can “Smart Growth” Reduce VMT Can “Smart Growth” Reduce VMT and Building Energy?and Building Energy?

Smart GrowthSmart Growth: : – Steering growth away from outlying greenfields to areas of Steering growth away from outlying greenfields to areas of

existing infrastructure where infill development can existing infrastructure where infill development can revitalize urban centers and inner ring suburbsrevitalize urban centers and inner ring suburbs

The five D’s of efficient land use:The five D’s of efficient land use:– Density, Diversity, Design, Destination accessibility, Density, Diversity, Design, Destination accessibility,

Distance to transitDistance to transit Increased density Increased density reduces travel distances, creates reduces travel distances, creates

better opportunities for effective transit, and possibly better opportunities for effective transit, and possibly more livable neighborhoods and reduced VMTmore livable neighborhoods and reduced VMT

If SG leads to more compact, smaller and more If SG leads to more compact, smaller and more attached housing units then building energy savingsattached housing units then building energy savings

Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

UrbanGrowthBoundary

Necessary to Arrest sprawl, Enable transit, Preserve land and waters in hinterlands

Portland, OR

LEED-ND – Neighborhood LEED-ND – Neighborhood DevelopmentDevelopmentTitle Title # Credits # Credits Points Points % of total % of total

Location Efficiency Location Efficiency 7 7 28 28 25% 25% Reduced Automobile Dependence Reduced Automobile Dependence 2 to 6 2 to 6

Environmental Preservation Environmental Preservation 13 13 11% 11% Compact, Complete, & Connected NeighborhoodsCompact, Complete, & Connected Neighborhoods 22 22 4242 37% 37% Compact Development Compact Development 1 to 51 to 5 Transit-Oriented Compactness Transit-Oriented Compactness 1 1 Diversity of Uses Diversity of Uses 1 to 3 1 to 3 Comprehensively Designed Walkable Streets Comprehensively Designed Walkable Streets 2 2 Superior Pedestrian Experience Superior Pedestrian Experience 1 to 2 1 to 2 Transit Amenities Transit Amenities 1 1 Access to Nearby Communities Access to Nearby Communities 1 1 Resource EfficiencyResource Efficiency 17 17 25 25 22% 22% Certified Green Building Certified Green Building 1 to 51 to 5 Energy Efficiency in Buildings Energy Efficiency in Buildings 1 to 3 1 to 3 Heat Island Reduction Heat Island Reduction 1 1 Infrastructure Energy Efficiency Infrastructure Energy Efficiency 11 On-Site Power GenerationOn-Site Power Generation 1 1 On-Site Renewable Energy SourcesOn-Site Renewable Energy Sources 1 1 Reuse of Materials Reuse of Materials 1 1 Recycled Content Recycled Content 1 1 Regionally Provided Materials Regionally Provided Materials 1 1 Construction Waste Management Construction Waste Management 1 1 Other Other 2 2 66

TOTAL TOTAL 48 48 114 114

100%100%Certified: 46 – 56; Silver: 57 – 67; Gold: 68 – 90; Platinum: 91 – 114Certified: 46 – 56; Silver: 57 – 67; Gold: 68 – 90; Platinum: 91 – 114

Mannheim, Mannheim, GermanyGermany

A city and its utilityA city and its utility Population 350,000Population 350,000 University townUniversity town Industrial BaseIndustrial Base

– ABB, Siemens, Mercedes ABB, Siemens, Mercedes Trucks, BASFTrucks, BASF

Multi-utility structureMulti-utility structure– District Heating/CoolingDistrict Heating/Cooling– GasGas– ElectricityElectricity– Water/Waste waterWater/Waste water– Mass transitMass transit

City/Private partnership: City/Private partnership: MVVMVV

5 tons CO5 tons CO22/capita/year!!/capita/year!!

Over 116 years of evolution…Over 116 years of evolution…

Thanks to MVV CEO Michael Lowak and Peter Garforth for these Mannheim slides

Integrated Energy Approach Integrated Energy Approach

Efficient TransportationEfficient Transportation

District EnergyDistrict Energy

Coal Co-GenerationCoal Co-Generation

Plug-in HybridsPlug-in Hybrids

All electric All electric

vehiclesvehicles

Flex-fuel Plug-in HybridFlex-fuel Plug-in Hybrid

Less gasoline, lower cost, lower emissionsLess gasoline, lower cost, lower emissions

Whole Community Energy and Whole Community Energy and Vehicles: Vehicles: Vehicle Electrification and Vehicle Electrification and

BiofuelsBiofuels

Tesla Model S, 2011Nissan LEAF, 2010

Prius Plug In,2012

GM Volt, 2010

Electric Drive Vehicles:Electric Drive Vehicles: Gas-equivalent “Price per Gallon” and COGas-equivalent “Price per Gallon” and CO22

EmissionsEmissions

One-quarter the costOne-quarter the cost of of gasoline gasoline

(10(10¢/kWh, $3/gal)¢/kWh, $3/gal)

One-half the COOne-half the CO22 emissionsemissions as gasoline as gasoline

(average U.S. electricity (average U.S. electricity sources: 52% coal)sources: 52% coal)

Where do you get the Where do you get the electricity?electricity?

Vehicles charged at night by grid Vehicles charged at night by grid power during off-peak hourspower during off-peak hours

Plug-in Vehicles can enhance Plug-in Vehicles can enhance Distributed Renewable Generation Distributed Renewable Generation – Your PV garage roof is your filling station Your PV garage roof is your filling station – Night-time demand provides a market for Night-time demand provides a market for

grid wind power or other intermittent grid wind power or other intermittent generation.generation.

PNW Lab National Study PNW Lab National Study (Kintner-Meyer, et al, (Kintner-Meyer, et al,

2007)2007): : Grid capacity for 73% VMT by Grid capacity for 73% VMT by

BEV/PHEVBEV/PHEV

AREA AND COST OF PHOTOVOLTAI CS FOR “PRI US+”

ASSUMPTI ONS:•9 kWh/ day f rom grid•PV kW STC-to-Grid AC effi ciency 75%•PV Solar-to-kW effi ciency 14%•PV south-f acing, Lat-15o tilt•PV @ $4/ W dc STC

Small 1-car garage 14’x22’ = 310 f t2

CITY Hr/day 1-sun kW STC AREA (ft2) PV ($)Atlanta 5.0 2.40 184 9,600$ Boston 4.5 2.67 205 10,667$ Boulder 5.4 2.22 171 8,889$ Los Angeles 5.5 2.18 168 8,727$ Madison 4.1 2.93 225 11,707$ Phoenix 6.4 1.88 144 7,500$

Power Conditioning Unit

DC

AC

AC

PVs

Utility Grid

Q ui ckTi me™ and aTI FF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see thi s pi cture.

Area and cost of Rooftop photovoltaics to charge Plug-in Prius for 30-45 miles per dayin selected cities

The PV Garage could easily charge a vehicle for 30-45 all-electric miles per day

(Randolph & Masters, 2008)

Regional Wind and Regional Wind and BiofuelsBiofuels

to fuel flex-fuel/hybrid/electric vehiclesto fuel flex-fuel/hybrid/electric vehicles

Vehicles-to-Grid (V2G) Electricity Vehicles-to-Grid (V2G) Electricity StorageStorage

Fleet of plug-in vehicles enable a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power Fleet of plug-in vehicles enable a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power storage system. storage system.

Vehicles batteries (charged primarily at night) provide a bank of Vehicles batteries (charged primarily at night) provide a bank of storage for the grid when parked and plugged in at parking decks storage for the grid when parked and plugged in at parking decks during the day when peak power is needed most.during the day when peak power is needed most.

““Smart grid” system would enable feed-in to gridSmart grid” system would enable feed-in to grid

How do we achieve How do we achieve Whole Community EnergyWhole Community Energy??

Advance sustainable energy & water & land Advance sustainable energy & water & land TechnologiesTechnologies

Transform the Transform the Market Market for efficient and renewable for efficient and renewable energy systemsenergy systems

Enhance consumer and community Enhance consumer and community ChoiceChoice for efficiency, for efficiency, conservation, non-carbon energy conservation, non-carbon energy

Community Energy Community Energy Planning Planning toto– Remove barriers, Educate publicRemove barriers, Educate public– Initiate climate action plans, community choice, building and land Initiate climate action plans, community choice, building and land

use regulations & incentives, transit plans, and other energy use regulations & incentives, transit plans, and other energy efficiencyefficiency

Public Public PoliciesPolicies to to – Advance sustainable energy technologies into the marketAdvance sustainable energy technologies into the market– Enhance consumer and community choiceEnhance consumer and community choice– Enable Community Energy PlanningEnable Community Energy Planning

Local energy policiesLocal energy policies Programs for energy retrofit of existing Programs for energy retrofit of existing

buildingsbuildings Codes and incentives for green buildingsCodes and incentives for green buildings Smart growth management for efficient Smart growth management for efficient

land use control (Sacramento)land use control (Sacramento) Municipal utility programs for efficiency Municipal utility programs for efficiency

(Seattle) and/or rebates for renewable (Seattle) and/or rebates for renewable energy (Austin)energy (Austin)

Carbon tax (Boulder) or feed-in tariffs for Carbon tax (Boulder) or feed-in tariffs for renewables (Gainesville)renewables (Gainesville)