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www.GreenSciencePolicy.org
Toward Responsible Disposal
of Couches and TVs
Sara Petty
Senior Research Scientist, Green Science Policy Institute
10 February 2017
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What do you do with your couch and TV at the end of life?
GREEN SCIENCE POLICY INSTITUTE www.GreenSciencePolicy.org
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FlameRetardant ProductsPentabromodiphenylether(Penta-BDE)
Polyurethanefoam(PUF):mattresses,seatcushions,furniture,andpackaging
Octabromodiphenylether(Octa-BDE)
Plastichousingsforfaxmachines,computersandotherelectronics.Automobiletrim,kitchenappliances…
Decabromodiphenylether(Deca-BDE)
Highimpactpolystyrene(HIPS):electronics,wireandcable,publicbuildings,constructionmaterials
ChlorinatedTris(TDCPP,orTris)
Polyurethanefoams:babymattresses,furniturecushions
TetrabromobisphenolA(TBBPA)
Reactiveflameretardant:epoxyandpolycarbonateresins.Printedcircuitboardsinelectronics,housingsofcomputers,monitors,TV,officeequipment
Hexabromocyclododecane(HBCD)
Polystyrene(EPS,XPS,HIPS),polypropylene.Textilesandcarpetbacking,televisionandcomputerhousings,textilesinautomobiles,buildingmaterials(insulationpanels,constructionblocks,thermalinsulation,roofs),upholsteredfoam
GREEN SCIENCE POLICY INSTITUTE www.GreenSciencePolicy.org
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What products contain FRs?
FlameRetardant HealthRisksPentabromodiphenylether(Penta-BDE)
neurotoxicity,thyroidhormonedysregulation,endocrinedisruption,cognitiveandbehavioraldifficulties(Shawetal.2010,Kicińskietal.2012;Jacobsonetal.2016)
Octabromodiphenylether(Octa-BDE)Decabromodiphenylether(Deca-BDE)ChlorinatedTris(TDCPP,orTris)
Mutagenic,chemicalknowntoCaliforniatocausecancerorreproductivetoxicity(CaliforniaProp65)
TetrabromobisphenolA(TBBPA)
Disruptiontothyroidhormoneactivity,andproduceseffectsonneurotransmitteruptakeatsimilarconcentrationlevelsfoundforpolychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs)(Legler2008)
Hexabromocyclododecane(HBCD)
Crossestheplacenta,foundinhumanbreastmilkandassociatedwithdecreasedcognitivelevelsinchildren(Kicińskietal.2012)
GREEN SCIENCE POLICY INSTITUTE www.GreenSciencePolicy.org
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What are the risks?
Abbasi, G. 2015. Story of Brominated Flame Retardants: Substance Flow Analysis of PBDEs from Use to Waste. PhD Thesis, Dept of Geography, University of Toronto.
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40
80
120
160
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
Sto
ck o
f P
BD
Es
(t
hous
ands
of t
onne
s)
Total PBDE
Total decaBDE
Total pentaBDE
Total octaBDE
65% PUF 30% vehicles 5% EEE
80% EEE 20% vehicles
35% vehicles 35% EEE 20% Textile 10% Plastic pallets
*Products excluded: Large vehicles, construction and building materials
• PentaBDE: Total consumption ~45,000 tonnes • OctaBDE: Total consumption ~25,000 tonnes • DecaBDE: Total Consumption ~400,000 tonnes • Total atmospheric emission of PBDEs from 1970 to 2020: 70-700 tonnes
Stock of PBDEs
What do you do with your couch and TV at the end of life?
GREEN SCIENCE POLICY INSTITUTE www.GreenSciencePolicy.org
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RESPONSIBLE MANAGEMENT OF WASTES WITH FRs April 2016 Participatory Workshop Berkeley, CA
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RESPONSIBLE MANAGEMENT OF WASTES WITH FRs February 8 2017 Participatory Workshop Berkeley, CA
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Management of Waste Foams & Plastics Mixed with Flame Retardants
Topics U.S. Municipal waste management and environmental considerations
Flexible polyurethane foam and related industries
Technologies for flame retardant destruction
Technology and Policy Research Needs
GREEN SCIENCE POLICY INSTITUTE www.GreenSciencePolicy.org 9
Liu, R., et al. 2016 Environmental Science & Technology Ramin Yazdani, Yolo County, UC Davis
GREENSCIENCEPOLICYINSTITUTEwww.GreenSciencePolicy.org
Landfill • End-of-life furniture (including foam) is currently
landfilled • In the US, take-back for WEEE recycling is only 15% • FRs such as PBDEs escape through leachate, off-gas,
etc • Leachate is often treated at water treatment facilities
Current Waste Management
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GREENSCIENCEPOLICYINSTITUTEwww.GreenSciencePolicy.org
Recycling furniture foam • FRs are not removed
from the foam • Dilutes the foam to
0.1% FR content Post-Industrial
Trim FPF Automotive,
Furniture and Mattress
Bob Clark Carpet Cushion Council Bob Luedeka PFA
Post-Consumer FPF
Mattress Carpet cushion
Non-FR treated
FPF
Bonded Carpet
Cushion with diluted FR content
Current Methods
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GREENSCIENCEPOLICYINSTITUTEwww.GreenSciencePolicy.org
Recycling WEEE
• Parts are separated for recovery, but FRs are not removed
• FR-treated plastics are sent to incinerator or landfill • Brominated FRs have been found in toys, and items in
contact with food
Brian Riise MBA Polymers
Current Methods
nonaBDEs (all three congeners) and less octaBDEs (a fewcongeners). Newer types of BFRs such as TBBPA,TBBPA-BDBPE and DBDPE replacing the PBDEs andPBBs were also identified and can address the presence ofrecent/modern contamination. The combination of a shortproduct lifetime together with a quick recycling chainmight lead to the occurrence of the newer BFRs in thetested samples.
PBBs were not found in any of the tested samples. Theusage of PBBs in electronic equipment has always beenminor compared with the usage of PBDEs in plastics.HBCD was not detected in the samples, which might beexplained either by the thermal instability of this moleculeduring the recycling process or by the low abundance inWEEE. HBCD is known to be intensively used as a BFR
in textiles and as a major BFR for the building industry.No BTBPE, tribromotoluene or dibromotoluenes weredetected in any of the samples.
This study focused mainly on black polymer FCA inorder to prove the roots of the WEEE-recycled polymerfractions. The comparison of the presented BFRs in blackthermo cups and the absence of BFRs in the green and redthermo cups might direct the hypothesis that black itemsare “risky”. However, the tested population is too small toarrive at a statistically based conclusion and more samplesshould be analysed all over Europe in order to make soundstatements about whether these products really pose a riskto consumers. Not only should the content of BFRs in theblack polymeric FCA be tested, but also the migrationability to the food simulants. Thermo cups contain mostly
Table 2. Continued .
Sample name Countrya/city Test pointBr content(mg kg−1) BFR Polymerb
Black lid n.d. – PP + PEThermo cup SK/Bratislava Black sliding
stoppern.d. – ABS
Black lid n.d. – PP + PEThermo cup SK/Bratislava Green sliding
stoppern.d. – ABS
Green lid n.d. – ABSThermo cup SK/Bratislava Black sliding
stopper26 TBBPA ABS
Black lid PP + PEThermo cup CZ/Prague Black sliding
stopper1104 Technical
DecaBDE,TBBPA, DBDPE
ABS
Black lid n.d. – PP + PEThermo cup CZ/Zlín Black sliding
stopper300 TBBPA ABS
Black lid n.d. – PP + PE
Total: 30 samples 5 countries 49 test points 15 Br-positivetest points
14 test pointscontaining BFRs
7 types of polymers
Notes: aCZ, Czech Republic; SE, Sweden; BE, Belgium; DE, Germany; and SK, Slovakia.bABS, poly-(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene); PA, poly-(amide); PP + PE, copolymer of poly-(propylene-ethylene); HIPS, high-impact polystyrene(co-polymer of styrene and butadiene); PP + PS, poly-(propylene-styrene); PVC, poly-(vinyl chloride); and PDMS, poly(dimethylsiloxane).
Thermo cup lid body – typicallybromine negative by XRFspectroscopy
Thermo cup sliding stopper –typically bromine positive byXRF spectroscopy and positivefor BFRs by thermal desorptionGC-MS
Figure 1. Description of selected test points on a screwable lid from a thermo cup. Typical sample with two test points.
8 J. Samsonek and F. Puype
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Samsonek, J, and F Puype (2013) doi:10.1080/19440049.2013.829246.
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Destruction Technologies
LowTemperatures
Dioxins/Furans??
May not fully combust/destroy mixed halogenated FRs
Municipal Waste Incineration Cement Kiln
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GREEN SCIENCE POLICY INSTITUTE www.GreenSciencePolicy.org
Costs: who bears the burden?
Regulations -not uniform
Environmental Justice -disproportionate health & environmental impacts for fenceline communities
Policy and Social Challenges
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NSF report
Commitments between industry and academia to conduct pilot programs
Scientists dedicating time on flame retardants research. Multi-disciplinary research
Professors motivated to use classroom as a platform to inform younger generation
GREEN SCIENCE POLICY INSTITUTE www.GreenSciencePolicy.org
Outcomes from Workshops
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No one-size approach “To bring this issue to light with our plastics sponsor” “Get students to do a capstone design on how to manage the legacy material”
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Outcomes from Workshops
GREEN SCIENCE POLICY INSTITUTE www.GreenSciencePolicy.org
University of California Berkeley
National Science Foundation National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences
The Green Science Policy Institute Team
Veronica Chin, Zoe Laventhol
WITH THANKS TO:
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By advancing more responsible disposal
We can have a healthier world.
For more information
Google: Green Science Policy www.GreenSciencePolicy.org
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