Toward a History of Needs - Ivan Illich

8/10/2019 Toward a History of Needs - Ivan Illich

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Coyrgh by Ivan Iich

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C

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Usel Unemployment d Is Profioa Enemi 3

Outwitting Deveoped Nation I Lieu of Ecation 68

4 Tataizing Need 93 ne ad Euit 10


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ru

Th v ay i hi voum rc a dcad' hig o du od of rodio. urig hi od, I havfo o rocs hrough hich groig do m-roducd goo ad ic graduay rod h coiio ay for a covivia f xamiig a diicar of ooi groh, ach ay dmora a gra

: Uva ar iviaby droyd h h iduo of rouo achiv h romiac ha havd "radic moooy h ic dcb ho iduia groh rouc h modiio of ovy

Moizd ovy a h h iiy of markc rh a cai hrho Subjcivy i i hx of fg uc hh occur i rouia by hir ovhmig r o h h of i roiviy Simy i v ho ad by i ofhir fro d or o ac aooouy o i rivy; i co hm o uiv hough big uggd io

ar raio A rciy bcau i io i dy xrcd i i ih diuy xrd W ar his o a by rib rafoaio i oriarag by ih rb a fory diga ayigaio rad by ou ha o aag digd foriv ouo oy or x o bcom

aqiiio o r A rofo hag i idividua aoi fiag i hr r Ad h ayma i o hoy o ho iy i acra big ha hx h rofio ooi i uab o rcogih vry covio im fa o ucovr


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vi OW STOR O S

Neehels he ew mu o impoeshme oiu osprea. The peuliarly mo ably o e peso eowmes commu fe evomeal oue i u-oomos way cs ee spc of le wee posoy

egere commy as scce replcig a culllysap usevale he oppouy o experee persol soc ssao ouse e marke s roye. I p or sae e he usealue o my e s los beuse l i Los Agel or work o e hy oor

Ths ew mpoeepuci povey mus o b ose

wi he wieg ap bewe he comsumpo of h apoor worl hee bsi ees e easily spe bysal ommoies. Ta p s he fo rio povey assums usal socey a he coveioales o class sle appropaely reeal ue Ihe sgush moee povey rom he uesomepe eace by he eelies whh icrease leels of pco spew io he eirome. I is clear ha he kiso pollo sess a aao are eqally mpose. Coespogly efeses ais such epreos ae uequlysribe Bu like he ew aps ccs su eqi soal oss re asps of usalie povey fo whic eomi iors a obeie vecao ou. Sus o e or e iusai mpoece wic ae ch a poor Where his k o poery reis life wouave accs ommoes s reere eher mpossile ocmal Mk o wou osmpo becoms impossleo us o he avere coumer bu eve for he o. Allos o welfae rom ave o o eviromeal io are of o elp. The libey o a cr oe's owisiie welli is abolse fvo of he buiproso of sie ous he U SCua or Swee. The ozo o eploye skills

bulg resors les cei ao sele s ooiy raher ha a iiy. heher he pouc s povieby erepree o appchik he eee eul is esme: ze poece our speclly mo epee opoey


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IODUCIO x

Wheeve the saow of onoc gowth toches s we aee uses ns eoe on a job o engage n consuon; te attet to b a hose o set a bone outse theconto of cete secas aeas as acc concet. We

ose sght of ou esoces, ose conto ove te envonentcontons wch ake tese esoces acabe ose tte fosef-eant coing wth caengs fo wtout and xetfo wthn Tae cb n Mexco toda: deve totofessona e as becoe ntnbe fo tose woenose hsban ae eg eoed and teefoe ave

access to soca sec no atte o gn o tenous'e ove n cces wee te oucon of bab fatfect te attes of nusta outts Yet he sstes n tesu of te oo o te vages of te soated st fee qutecoetent to gve b on te own ts une tt teface a oe nctent of cna negect toad te n

fants But ofessona engneeed deve odes ecthese neendent woen te ese coetence nd condtns fo autonoous beavo ae beng dtoed

Fo avance nsta socet te odeton of ove tt eoe ae es to ecogne evence unesst as been cee b a ofessona be e a teevson weate

coentato o ecato that oganc scofot becotoeb ttenng ness t h been ecaze nto eenence on a theat tat neghbos an fens ae ostuness vec bge the seaatng sance (ceted b tevehc n the st ace) n sho ost of te te e ndoseves ot of toc wth ou o ot of sgt of tose fowho we wok out of tune wth at we fee

At the nvtaton of n Scn ntd tates ubshe have seecte ve sas hc eve and deveo gent on tese thees Wt the ubcaton t tocose ten es of teachng d wtng about te countectve thakng whc s atent n a esenta nusa enteis

The st sa s a ostct to book Tls Ci New Yok 1973) t eects te cangs that ve occuedung te ast ae bot n econoc eat an n own


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" TOA STO O S

peceptions of it. It aum a athe lage inceae in th non-technical tul nd symbolic powe of ou mjo technologi-cal and bueuctic stems nd a coepnding dase inthei scientic technical d instumnal ectiveness. In

196 it ws still qte y to dimiss oganized la esistanceto pofessionl domnance a nothing moe than thowbackto omantc obscuants o eltist fantasi The gsoocommonsense assessmen of technlgcl systems ten outlind seemd childsh o etogde to the poltical ldes ofcitzen ctivism, and to te adial" pofessions who laid

clm to the tutoship of the poo by mns of thei pecialknowldg The ganization o industial societ aoundpofssionll dened needs pobls, and solution w stillte commonly cceptd ve mplicit in idologicl pliticaland judical systems othewise clely and setim violntlopposed to one anothe

Now the pictue h chgd. Tdy a hallmk of advncedand enlightened technical competence is a selfcondent com-munty, nighbhod o goup f ctzens engag n the systemtic anli and consqent dicule o the need" pob-lms, nd solutions dened o them b the gents ofpoesion tblihmn In th ixti opposition oleglation bed upon expe opinion still ounde lik ntcientic bigot Toda la ondence in public polici baeupon the expes opinion is tenuou inde Thound now

ach thei own judgmnt and at geat cot, engage in citizenaction without any pofessinal tutoship; the gan th scien-tic infotion the nd thogh pesna independenteo omtimes sking imb, fdom nd pctbilitthey bea witnss to a newly matud scientic attitud. Theykow, fo aple, tht the uity d mount of thnicalevidence suciently conclusive to oppo tomic pow plt,the multiplictin of intensivecae units, compuoy duca-

tion eta monitoing, pychosugy, electoshock tnto genetic ngineeng i lso simpl nd cle nough fo thlayman to gsp nd utilize

Ten eas go, compulsoy schooling was till potected bypoweul aboos Today, it deend ae lmost exclsivly


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INODUON

either teche who job dnd upon it or Marxit idologuwo dfd profioal knowldg-hold i a hadow battlagaint the hipbourgeoiie. Tn y ago, the mt about thctiv of mod mdil ititutio w til uqu

tiod. Mot conoi ttbok aptd the blif tat adultle xpectay w incring, that trtmt fo r potpo dth that t availabit of doto ult i giftuvivl at Sinc t, popl av "diovdwat vl titi av alwa ow: tat adult lif ptany ot hangd i ay oilly giat wa ov t

lt few gatio; that it i low mot i ounti todathan i our gadparnt' time, ad alo lowr thr thn inmany poor natio Tn year ago unival cc to potecoday chooling, to adult eduation to peventive ediine, to hghway, to a wird global village wa till a petigiou goal Tod, t grt mhmakg itual ogaiz

around eduation tranpotation, eath ar ad ubanition hav idd bee pl dmytid T av ot ytowv, b ditblid.

Th cd a i th tt of a pc I dlivrd fo thCadi Foign Poy Aoiatio 16 It i a tiqu ofth ro Rpo, a documet itd to coclud te rt

ol Dvlopmt Dad nd opn te eod. Heri Il attenon to te xprang potee that i inictdupon te poor to countr which have btted motfrom the importato of the publc utiliti in whih th chtak pde

T lt three a fou on t kind of ocial ad politialparlyi wich cpp ot jut th poor but te t majotyn th dutli natio. Th produtio of mdeipvy in th adow of oomi panio i dbd pipa in h r of tranpoatio, dution, d ltcar. It om th ctor tat I ave ld much duigthi dcad

adow pc and increaed coumption gap a imortat apct of th new pov but my pncip itert idirtd towrd a diernt onomit of moditio tprosb whi autonomy i undne, atifactio dulle


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xii TOA A STOR O

expeience attene ot and nee fustrated for nely eveyone. Fo eample, I ave exed te sciety-wide obstaclesto mutual pene c ae necesa side eects o eneteive nspotation. I ave anted to dene te poelimit o motos equitabl used to inease people's as toone anote I eognized o couse tat ig speed inevitabliose a skeed distbution o aedness, noise polutionand enjoent o pivege But my empsis s ote t tisM agument ae ocused on te negative ntete o modeitieconsuing aceleation, sicmakng

ealt cae stupeing education Te unequal distbution ote esatz benets o te unequ impositin of tei negativeexelites ae oolles to m bsi agument tesays I m inteted in te diet d spei et o modeed pove in human tolee o suc eets d in tepossibilit o aping te ne mis.

Dung te last ys I ave ound it nsa to exineagain and again te oelation beeen te ntue o too andte maning o ustie tat pevail in te society tat usetem I ave ad to obseve te deline o reedom in societiesee g ae saped b exise. I ave ad to eig tetadeos beeen new tol tat ec te oducon ocommodt and tose equly mode on tat pet tegeneation o valu in use; beteen gts to mspouedcmmodit and te level o libety tat pets satising andctive pesonal esion beteen pad emloyment anduseul uemploment. Ad in eac dimension o te tadeobtween eteonomou magement and autonomous action, Id tat e lguage tat would peit us t isist on telatte mut be ecoveed wit dculty I am, lie tose I s m des so pooudl coitted to a dical euitableacs to goods gt nd obs tat I nd it amost unnecs to insist on ou stgle o tis side o ustice. I nd it

muc moe impont, d dicult, to dea wt its complement: te politics o onviviality. I use tis te in te tecnicalsense I gave t it in T nvvt: to dignate testgle o eqtable dstbution o te lbey to geneateusevu d o e instmentation o t be tog


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NRODON xiii

the asient of an absolue poty to the production ofthose dt d ofsional comodt that onfe onthe lt advtag the gtt owe to geneate vales inse.

New oniia olitics ae se on te insit tat in amode societ, oth wlth and jos e qial saead enjoed in le only wen oth ae limit a politialoess. Exsie forms of welt olon fo emloment no matte ow well distte, desto te soiaclt d environmenal conitions fo eqal roctive

feedom Bits an wattwhic ee sand for nis of infomation and of enery epetivey-when ackaed into anymasodd commodity in amonts tat s trholdineital constitte imoerisin wat Sc wlt iseite too e to e se o it s ttie of te fomand lie of te weakt Wit ch of the e ssas I aeattmted to mae a onttion to te olitial oss whi te social ti thols of chment are onized itizens tanslate into soetwie ceils olmits.


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1

USEFUL UNEMPLOYT ANDIS PROFESSIONAL ENEIS

hi a on ad-o n ommod and vain a modn oc a n n and lhd h foh m John McKnh and L Honack ha hd mo ca my hogh I am ao ndd h o h ok

of Wm ho n The Limts o Saisfacon oono 1976), da h h coon of mod nd andommod

Ffy ye ago o of he word an Amecan hed werepoally pok o h an ndvdua o o obodydng nby. Only occonally dd wod ech h andeenaed mbe o a cowd-n he claoom o nchch, a a aly o a ccu Wod wee moy le handwen ealed leer and no le he jun ha now olues oural oday wod ha are drecd o one on's aenonhave become ae Engneeed ales of mages das feelngsd opon pacaged and dlvd hough he media aaul o enbl wh oundhcloc gulay wopon now becoe evdn: (1) wha occug wh language h pae o an ncengly wide nge of nedafacon elonhp; (2) h elaceen of convval men byanpulav ndual wa ly unveal and s relenlely mang he New Yo eache he Chnee communebe h Banu choolboy and he Blan egan alIn h ay a oc o ool fo Con vviay I hall dohee hng ) dcbe he charace of a commody/maeneive socey n whch he vry abundance of commod


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D HST NEEDS

tes parayes the atonomos crton of sevales (2) nsston the hdden roe tat prfessons play n sch a socety byshapn ts needs and 3 expose some sons an prposesome stratees o breakng the proessonal power tat per-

petat arket depedence

ISBLIG RKE IESIY

Criss has coe to ean tat moment when doctors, dplo

ts bakers, and assorted soca enees tke ove and lbertes are sspened Lke patents, natons go on the ctca lstCrii the Greek term that has dgnated coce o tngpont n a oe angag now means dve step n teas Css no evokes an omnos bt tractabe threat aganstwch money, apower and manageent c be ralled n

tensve care for the dyn, beacratc tteage for the vctmo dscmnaton, sson for the eney gtton, are typcresponss ss, ndertood n ths ay, s always good forxtves and comssas pecally those scavengers whove on the sde eects of yeterday's gowth edcatos wo veo soetys aeato, doctos who prosper on the or and

ese that have dstryd ealt, ptcns tve n edstrbton of efae whch, te st nsta cedby tose asssted Ciss ndestood a ca f acceleraton notnly pts moe poer nde te cont o te dve, hesqeezn the psegers moe tghtly nto he saety be; aso stes te depreaton o space tme and oc

the sake of motozed weels, and t doe so to te detmentof peope ho ant to se the feett crss need ot have ths men It need not mply

adon sh for te laton of manaement Instead, t cnean the nstnt of choce, that maeos mment when pepe sddenly becoe aware o te sefmposed cages nd

te possbty of a derent lfe. And ts s te css ta, choce confronts bot the Unted Stt an the wld tda


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SEF EPE PFESS EEE

A Wor-wi Choi

In ly a fe dades, te rld as becme n amlg.

Huma sps t vyy u v b standarzed. Tug languages ad gs stll appea t be nt,pple daly jn te stupendus maty mac t tbat f t v sme mgaa. Te lg st y tdr as repla te dns f ays n es nlsan lnts re fmrly knl tn yes t nm

f sts n wl as trpl; s an pp vbecm essntal cndtns fr te rel f te els. Lgttat de nt fm gvltge netks nd ygenewtt tssue pape spell pvty fr ever m ppl Expectatns gr le pefl rust n n's n ptn te cce fr tes rpdly delne.

e n sp n rauus ntusn f ara deply nt te mu te vllg te cptt sl T sns m by t edts nd nnes fprgam txt aly pv te s f spk lnagnt bulng ls f packg ssag ay n st t slt ut fully d ent

drput t all es clr t ply n a envntwre ty lsten t peple rater t stars spke stctrs. All r te wrld, n a se te rapd ercmnt f te dscpled acqucen tat caractez t udnc te clet te ustme. stdrdztn f umaact grs pae.

It n m l tt st f t rlds cmuts fg exctly t sam tl ssu: ppl ust temn cps t nt tt s tgrt dpnde {tus nsttg svg ttl f sare f t dgs t feed ter ab) r tey must nd tuage tt aln sav n a panc te cuage t stnd stlln lk n f ante ay ut tn t bvs kdext But ay, tld at Blvans, adns, d Huns l a detal coc ar t smplyayd but deeply edd e da ppas nt ly fls


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ST NEEDS

but shockng. They fai o detec he samenes in he new ierdegradaion tha udei he hunge of he Indn n heAipano, he neuosis of he woke in msedam, ad hecynica coption of he bueauca in Wasaw

war a Culure for Stpes

Deveopmen ha had he same eec in a societie: eveyoneha been eneshed in a new web of deendence on coodititha ow ou of he sae ind of achines facoies cinics,

eevision sudios hink ans To saisfy his dependence, moeof he sae us be poduced sandadized engineeed goodsdeigned fo he fuue consume ho i be aied by heenginee's agen o need wat he o she is oeed Thse poducs be hey angibe goods o inangibe seices constiuehe indusia sape hei iu mone value as a co

odiy is deeind y sae and rke in vrying poorons Thus dieet cues become isiid esidus of adiion syes of acion washed up in one wordwide wasend aid ean devaed by he acnery nd prducead consue On he bank of he Seine d those of the Nger,eope have und how o mi bause he whte su nw

com fom the rcer ( o more chy dw osume otion it is s poisoous Frn ha Mi)Te moe bai ge cows k, bu e br o t hand r d up The addcd cnsuer b wen the bbycries for he boe wen e rgns rnd o rh ormi fom he groer and o um way om he s us

defaus Auonoous and crtive hum acion, rq omake ans unvese boom, arohi Rfs of shige orthatch tie o sate ae disaced by concee for he few ndcougated astic fo the my Neihr jung, ss nrideoogca bias have prevened he oo nd he sistfom ushing onto the highways of he c, he rads eadngthem ino the wod whee ecnss reace pess The isams u a c ru d ds. Moey deau wh cn easure Te css hen, s the se or : hechoi of moe o s dendence un ndusa c


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EF EPYE A PRE EEE

Mre wil mn the rapid and compete dtuction f culturhih are programs or satisying subsistene activiti il ean te variegated oweg o useau in odecuur o intense activity or both ch and poor the chice

is essentially the same, although hard to iagine or thosealredy accustoed to iving inside te supearketa stucur dierent only in name rom a ward for idiots

Prentday industal society organizes ie around com-moditi Our mketintensive societies measure matealrogess by the increase in the voue and vaiety f commodi

ties prouce. And takng our cue rom this sectr we masuresocia progress by he distibution of accss to these cmmoties onomics h been deveo a propaganda or the takeover by largescale commodity produers Socialism has beendebased to a stggle against handicappe distribution andelare economi has identie the ublic good ith opulence

te humiiating ouence o the poor in United Stat hospitas jails, or asylums

By disregarding al tradeos to ich no prce ag is atached, industa society created an urban landsae thatis unt or peope unls they devour each day their own eightin etals and es, a orld in i the constant need for

rotetion against the unanted rut o ore tgs andore mands h generated ne deths o discination,ipotence, d stration The tabishmentoentated eco-o oeet so ar as uher stregtened tis trend: itas concentrated attenton on auty industial technoog and,at bet on epoitation o industal rodution by prvate on-ers t has qutioned te depetion o natural rurc theinonvenience of llution and net trsfers o poer ut evenwhen pce gs e atched that reect the environmentlipact, the disvaue o nuise, or the cost o polazation, esti do not lry see that the division o abor the multipica-tion commoditi, and dependence on them have forciblysustituted sndadized pakages or almost eveyting poeoerly id or ade on their own

or o ded o aut ty agg ae did eacyer; al o those stil spoken in 1950 suive ony as sbjects


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8 AD ST NDS

fo doto thes And ht dstnt lnges do emn oness the nopby deen ys of seen sn ndenjoyn the od now sond me nd me le. Conscosns s eyhee cooned by mpoed bels. Ye een se

ho do oy bot the oss of nd enet ey obot he tpton of onmpc soops do not deo he eesbe depeon of sks stoes nd senses of omAnd ths pose sbstton of nds ods nd sec fo sef bt nonmeble es hs been he sedo of pot fons nd emes othese oleny o

pose to one nothen ths y e e pees of o es e so tnsomed

ht fe tsef os to depend os exsey on e conspon of oodes sod on the od mket. The Unedtes pts ts es t pode n to gme chneny stes s letmcy on e bly o dee een

moe n Of cs he two egmes lloce esces bydeent methods: hee by the sdom of pcn hee by hesdom of pnnes. Bt the poltc opposton beteenpoponents o ee mhods o loon nly m esml ths dsed o pesonl dny nd eedom byll fons nd pes

Eney poly s od emple o he pofond deny nhe woldes of sefsyed scs d e solps sppotes o e nds sysem. Possbl ecldn s plce s Cmbd b wc m nn noenn ete no ny soclst opposton cn oncee o dbe fte th wold be bs on pe cp eney consmpon of nde neo o h hh now pes noe A estn pol p sess he ne fo eney-nense poonlbet h Cne dsplwefn o ompehend h he coespondn socey l the deny peope the f se o e mbs Hee sedns ndthee bses psh byl o he od Al oemen sn empoymentntense foe of podcton b e nwllno econe h jobs cn so doy e see o eee. hey ll ss moe bjecte nd cmpete ponldenton of peopes needs b e nsens o e cnseen expopton of lfe


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S NN N SSN NS

In he e Mie Ages he supefying simpiciy of heheiocenc moe ws use s n guen o isci henew sonomy Is eegnce w inepee s nv In ouys usevluecenee heoies h nyze he soc coss

genee by ebish economcs e ciny no e chheoes e bein popos by oens of oss ho onienify hem wih ic echnooy ecoogy couniy ifesy smns o bey As n excus o voi ookin he heoi he fequen fiue of hei poponens pimens in peon iving is he gins hem n mgnie

Jus s he eeny inqisio efuse o ook houhGieos ecope so mos moen conomiss fuse o ook n nysis h migh ispce he convnion cne ofhi conomic sysem he new nic syses wo focus o ecognize h obvious h he eneion of nonmkebe usevues mus ineviby occpy he cen of ny cue

h povi pom fo sisfcoy if o mjoiy of ismembes Ces e pogs fo cvis no fo sInusi sociy oys his cne by pouin i ih hmeue oupu of copoions pbic o pve eginwh pope o o ke on he own As consequnce socieies hve been nsfome ino hug zeosum m mono

lihic elivey sysems in which eve gin o one us ino loss o buen fo nohe whie e siscion is eni oboh

n he wy innumebe ses of insucus in whicheope cope pye e e fens n m ov hvbn esoye A coupe of soce eveopen cshve suce o sne iion pns of cu foMnchu o Monenego o o he ys such pseie people o sisfy mos o hei nees in subsisnceoe Ae he yes pic h epce poey cbone beveg epce we Vium epc cmomiee n ecos epce guis A houh hisoy h bsmesue fo b im ws he pecene of foo een h ho puche In goo im mos fi go mos of heinuion om wh hey ew o cquie n neok of feionships Un e in he eiheenh cenuy oe hn 99pe cen of he wos oo s poce insie he hoon


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0 OD HSTO O NEEDS

tat e consumer could see from e cuc seeple or mnareaws a ed o control e number o cces ad pgswtn te cty was suggest tat, ecet o a few large urbanareas more ta alf of al ood eate was also cultvated

wtn e cty Beore World War II, less an per cen ofal ood eaen was anspoed nto e regon rom abroad, adtese mpos wee largely conned o te eleven ct wcten conaned moe an o mllon nabants oday 4per cent o all peope suvve only because tey ave accs tonterregonal markets A future n wc te word maret of

capal and goods wold e severely reduced s as muc taoooday a mode word n wc acve people would usemode convva oos o creae an abndance of usevaluestat eated em fom consmpon One can see n tspatte a reecton of te belef tat usefu actves by wcpeope bot express and satsy er needs can be eplacedndentely y sandarded goods or seces

e M f Pe

Beyond a cen rold te multpcaton o ommodtduc mpotece, te caacty to gow ood, to sng, or to

bud e tol ad pleue of te uman codon bcome aadds privlege rtctd to some of te c Keylaunc te Allce for Progs, Acatngo, le most Me vlages of ts se ad four groups of muscas wo playedfor a dnk and seed te populaton of egt undred oday,records and rados, ooed up to loudspeaers drown out localtaent Occonaly, n an act of nostalga, a colecto s taenup to ng a and of dropouts fom te unvesy to sng teod sons for some speca olday On te day eneuela legslated te g of eac cten to ousng, concved of as acommodty trequaters of al faml oud a ter selfbult dwellings were ereby degraded to te satus of ovelsFueorand ts s te selfbug was ow reuced No ouse coul be legally sa wtout te submsson of a aoved actts a e usefu efuse ad uof Carac up t en reemploy as ecellent buldng


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EF NEEN FE ENEE 1

els now ced poble of solidwse dsposl Te wo poduc is own "ousing is looked down upon s devin wo efus o coopee wi e locl psue goupfo e deive of sspoduced ousng uns Also nnu

eble eguions ve ppe wc bnd is ingenu llegl o even cin Tis eple illuses ow epoo e e s o sue wen new nd of coodics one of e donl subsisence cf e useluneploen of e obls poo is scced o e epnsonof e bo ke "Housng s selfcosen cv us

lie n oe feedo fo useful eploen of e o eob beco e pvilege of soe devin ofen e idle ic

An ddicion o pzing uence once i becoes ingined n culue gene "odez pove Tis s fo of disvlue necessl ssoced w e polifeionof coodiies is sng dsul of ndusl s po

duc s ped e enon of econois beuse i is nocsible o e esueens nd of soil seces becusei cnno be "opionlized. Econoiss ve no eeiveens of including in ei cculions e sewde loss of kind of ssfcion s no e equivlen Tus onecould od dee econoiss e ebes of feiwic onl cceps people wo n e pusui of e pofessionl wok cn pcice ined soi blindns owd eos fundenl deo in conepoy sses bo Esnd W e dlne in e individulpeon bil o do oe wic is e pice of evey ddiionl degee of cood uence

Te eisence nd nue of odeized pove einedidden even in odn convesion long i pleced e o s developen o modeiion ecede pooose wo unil en d been ble o suive in spieof being ecluded fo e e econoe wee sseicl copele o suive ou buin no pucsin sse wic fo ws nd necsl nein e degs of e e ndns n c wo foe no s o scs e now 4ed no scoo o ceies esue peel ei nfeo el


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STORY OF NEEDS

tie t the ub ulti uhemend this is ginthe uithut this iec f e they cn n lnge entee the buildi tdes deizti eeds lys ddse discimiti t ety

Mezed ety hs n becme th cmmn exe-ece ll excet thse h e s ch tht they cn d uti luxuy As e fcet f life ft nthe becme deendent eneee sulies fe f us sc the euent e-ece f imtece he eg United Stt cnsume is mded by hud eisemets dy d ct t mf themme en thn nti etie y En llheele shes cquie, ith ech ne cmmdity, fesexeece sutility hey susect they he uchsmething dubful lue, ehs sn t bcm usls ee dngeus d smthing tht clls f n y f eenme exesie cmlemets Auent shes gnie thusully begi ith dems f qulity cntl d nt inf-quetly geete cnsume sistc Acss the tcs, slumneighhds nlug tmsls fm sice nd c,fm scil i Suth hicg nd fm texts i entucky Rich d lmst edy t ecgni clely ne f f ustting lth in th fuhe xnsi f metitensie cultue Als the uent cm t ss thin light s it is mid in th , thugh f mmntthis intimti hs nt deel yn nd f mnti-cism

he ilgy tht ideies ges it unc is nt

stcte t the ich cuts h sme ilgy egdketble ctiities ee in e hee uti ecntlymst needs ee still met thugh susistence md f lifF exmle the hineig insitin fm thei tditinsemed illig nd ble t edne technil gss, t t f the bicycle th t ln hy seem t

stess lcl selfetintin s gl f inti lth thn s es f tinl efns ut y 197, hgnd s glyig in his industil ccit t lie me hlth ce, ductin, husing nd el lft le cst eely tcticl functis isinll


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P N P S

assigne to the hebs in th bag of the baefoo octo an tolabointensive poction methos ee, as in othe a ofthe ol heteonomosha is otheiectepoctionof goos stanaie fo caegoes of anonymos consmes

foste nealistic an ltimatey fstating expectations Ftheoe the pocess inevibly copts the tst of people nthei on an thei neighbos eve ssing autonomoscompeten. China simply epsnts th laest xample of thepaicla Wte vesion of oezation thogh intnsivemaet epenence seiing a taditional society as no cago clt

di even at i most iational exteme

e H d

n both taitional an mo societie an impotant change occe in a vey so peo the means fo the satisfac-

tion of nees have been aically alte. he moto has sappethe mscle instction has ene selfconent ciosity.As a conseene both nees an ants have acie a chaacte fo hich thee is no histocal peceent Fo the sttime, ns have become almost exclsively coteinos ithcommoiti long s most people ale heeve tente to go, they felt estaine mainly hen the freedms tcte No that the epen on tanspotation node to move te claim not a feeom bt a ig to passengemil Ad eve moe veicles povie eve moe people ithsch gts the feeom to al is egae an eclipse byte povision of tee ghts Fo most people, ants follosit Tey cannot even imagne libeation fom nivesal passenehood that is th libey of moe man in a modeo to move on hs o

Tis sitation by no a g iteepenen of nees anmaet is legtimate thogh appea to the expetise o an elite

hose nolege b it e nate cannot be shae Economst of gtist a ell leftst pesasion voch to th pblicthat ncse jobs epens on moe enegy ecatossade the pblic that la ode an podctivity epend onmoe nstction necolosts claim that the ality of infant


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W

lfe depends on ther nvlvement n chldbh Therefre thenearunvesal etensn of arket ntensty n the wrldsecnmes cannot be etely qutned lon s the nty the eltes that letate the nexs beween commody

and satsfacton has nt been dtryed The pnt s we ustated b a woan wh told e abt the birh f her thirdchld avn boe two chldren she el boh compeen ndexperenced She ws n the hsptal and felt he chid comn.She called the nurse wh nstead f helpn shed fr sterle twe t press the bby's hed bck no he womb nd

rdered the mther t sop pushn becuse "Dr Levy h ntyet aved

But ths s the ent for publc dsion, or pltcal actnnstd f prfessnal mn g nt. socees, ch orpo cn mve n ether of tw ppsit drectns They canpoduce a new bll of odsalbet ser ls wse more

sly sharedand hereb urher nens her dependencen consuer stapl Or they can ke o new ppocht the nteelatnshp etween needs and sscons Inther wrds scetes can ether retan ther mrke-nensveecones channg nly the desgn f he oupu or they cnreduce ther dependence n codtes

>The er teve

entals the adventure o minn nd consrucn new rewoks n whch ndvdals nd commun c deveop a newnd f de tl kt s woud e orned so opet peple t shape d sis expandn prpn fther needs drectly and pernall

The t drec

n represens connun dencon othncl prress wh he mupcon o commodi Teureaucatc manager o egtn perasn and he echncats f welfare wuld cnvere n cal o use: t shtfr gods such jes h vsl cnno be shr oscalled socal eqpent lke se t dstrute more

equtbly the decreasn hours f eplent vbe andrthlessly lmt the typl work wee o bou weny hours onhe job; t draft te new resource o unempoy etme noretrnn or vount sece on he mode of Mo Csro oKenne Ths new se o ndusi soce ouh socs


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6 W

they would be valued ethe as aw ateals o tools thatetted eole to geneate usevaus antang the susstence o he esectve comutes Bt ths choce deends o couse on a Coeca evolutio n ou eeto

o valus(t esent we see consume goods ad ofsoalsecs a the cete o ou ecoomc system ad sialiselate ou needs eclusvely to ths cente In cot te snveson contelated hee would assn use-valu catand esonally osteed by eole theselv to the cete Itis tue tat eole have cently lost the codece to saethe own ds> The woldde dscnatio agast theautoddact has vtated any eole's condence n deteng the own goas and needs But the same dscinato asalso esuted n a ultlcty o gong ot who aenuated by ts sdous dsossesso

DISABLING PROFESSIONS

These not aady see that theyd all autochtonous cultual leae theateed y megatools whch systematcally eoate the evonetal coditos that os

te ndvdual and gou autonoy Ad so they quetldetene to gt fo the uselss of the bod meoand sklls Because the dly nceasg mullcato of imuted es geneat eve new kds o deeence an eveew categoes o meze vety eset-y stasociet take o the caacte o iteeeet glometo ueacatically stigmtzed majotes Amog ths gatmass o ctzes who ae cied by tasot eee slels b scedul oisoed b ooe tea silee loudsaes scen b ood a few fo noti of ogazed and activ ctzes Now te ae ael beig to

gow a coalesce o ulic dssdece Sectvely tegos ae eady to ed a ae t to b isatce geds ame tt stick I ose to l te mitetietcet the Ae of Diblg Pofsios I coose tis itio ase it comit tose who use it It exs te tiso


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S PO S POSSO S

cia fuctio prfod b t at cad povidducator picia ocia wok ad citit Simutaou it dict t compaccof citiz wo av ubmittd tmv to mutifactd boda a cit To pak

about t pow of diabi pofio am tir victiminto coizin t copirac of t ifo tudt cooca ca or coumr c wit i o mana Bdcrbi t iti a a apo of t pobmovr oimmdiat po bot t iatd cocit of our acadmicit and t r uibiit of ti victim

But ti focu on t makr of t ocia imaatio adt cutua vau o mor ta po ad douc bdiati t at twtv a a t A of omiantPofio o ao popo a tat O t citof oi bod t pt rditbutio of watfu iatioaan parazing commoditi t hamak of adica Pof

ioaim t covtiona wdom of toda od u Ttrat dmad oti tan t umaki of t pofiona to T crdibiit of t pofioa p b cintit tapit or cutiv i t Aci of tiduta tm Tfo o to citiz iitiativ adradic tooi tat dirt ca t ininuatidomiac of diabi profion op t wa to frdom foroiarcica communitba comptc T wai oft cut profioa to i a nca conditio for tmrc of a nw atinip btw nd cotmporartoo and pon atifaction T rt tp toward ti mnc i a ptica ad nodftia potur of t citizntoward t profioa p ocia cotructio biwit a doubt aid amog cit

W I popo t aai of pofioa pow t kto ocia cotctio am uua tod tat it i a darouor to t ti pnomno a t cru fo rcovr from

t indut tm o not t ap of t ducatioamdica ad pani tabimt actua ct t ditbuon o por and pvig of a capitait it? it otonb to undi t tt of t man in t trt ini cintic traind tcr phican or conomit pr


29/154

O O OF S

l at t nt n t n te tan prtt t an a t lam ln and exe aane?Out nt t ntnt f t ndutral tem t expe thenme f tklde n dru r the perqut f p

br tat bln t t n elt? Wh l the mutualnn f lnt an prfnal pver peallyhn nnla n uba an t Unt Statbthtn t e fm th am al la? I t nt peree tnat t ve l av panfull aqu thnl t enz an v ur n fr elfare In

fat huld nt te raall alt prfnal leae benl a t mt at f th nng tal tak fnn an tn l al n n an altaant?

arunt lt n e uetn are frequenly advan t pt and t publ anal f the dablngt f nutal lfa tem hh fu n eSu t ar ntall ental an lrl nevtable natt at th ltal a unr hh the ar mpd naatte el' autnm tru frn theva lal nvnntal an al ant bme numr f ar tral qutn prnt a frantfn f vlege n th pa f te el mght len but ul anl an tatu an per f n a nef f atntnve enmy dendene n ther erve ere nered mre eutable

A furt bjetn t the rtqu f prfenal per

drv ut th devl th Beelebub. h bjetn ngle uta th k tat fr anal t defn nlmrat n at t nt f a burratnutral t evlped arumnt ten t te eut fr a the mtrbhn t ntmpar unval gmntatn nt marketdndnt ln It dnt a te pnal neemakr

t a buau that av m nt bn ne unerL XIV lu etable the rt rfnal lethat the prfnal aen hat e n n harg feap nellgn and gana n Hrhth alld e appar t be the etnt fr r


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S PO POSSO S 19

sech, d pduc d empme he upc udos, such s scho dscpe cosume he eme se, hbu o espeeds medc eee o e wod-wde shee

sddzed depedece os dspesed b beeoequees hs e huh sees se ecu s heee sces poduco pes, d ews hec ecm s, e exe, ehe he mssp s peequse

I ume cosuced ud hse s wee d

how coud such sce omc pwe, o me howposus ppse, cuepduce uhe eeu mh be? Hw cud deesedde se be expeced oee he oz o dseced ce ups who upu he ehbhoods om cosumo o cm he bey o sm-sce useue-ese pduco h hppe

msphee ss d u use? Wud m soce so he moe s eeddees

bd hem s os, d possbe expse hem us osco u o dcue? Woud deesede sce he smp u hse exmp h wud d emde, jus he me whe pubc pc cJs o dece

o o cmmd pduc esce o o me o, eqube poess supesed csumpo?

hs ume pys udue ced o e ta s he souceo oece dus se he sump h meuemes e o me o he ses desces dd dus se mus be expsed s us No dub wee e h he hd smehowusud he dus sysem hd weched he ussphe sc ed d c w m c co he he pe se mzed pcs wud he

eched p o eu e o poe o c e s s c he me mde he bho Bs m ede wo see he oc s e oygtmat tutor oau dustra ursut dug he ohs ceu


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20 O SO O S

But th ply not o he ode ndutal tate nta product of the ay Rather t amy one f the yptoof t total and content oentaton. True the prent ndu-tral ode of organton can be traced to ltary antecdent

n Napoleonc tm Tue the copulory educaton of pant boy n the 183, the unveral health care for the ndutalproletarat n the 85 the rowng councaton networn the 186 a well a ot for of ndutral tandardzaon e al tratege rt ntroduced nto ode ocet alta reurement and only later undertod a ded

o f peaceful cvlan progre But the fact that emof health educaton and welfare needed a lta ratnale tobe enacted nt law do nt an that they were ntthoroughly content wth the bac tht f nduta developent hch n fact wa never nonvolent peaceful or repectful people

oday th nght eaer to gan Frt beue ncePola t no longer poble to dtnguh between wameand peacete ae and econd becaue nce the war onpovey peace on the warpath. Today ndutral ocete areconantly and totally obled; they are organed for contant pubc eergence they are hot through wth aegatedtratege n all ecto; the battleeld of health educatonwelfare and aatve eualty are trewn wth vct andcovered wth n cten lbe are contnually upendefr caman agant ever newly dcovered evl c ynew fronter dweller are dcovered who t be rttagant or curd of oe new de e prevoly unknown norace he bac need that are hap and utedby all profonal agence are need fr defene aant ev

Tday prfo and ocal centt who ek t blaethe ltary for the dtctven of commdtyntenve cet are people wh n a very cluy way are atteptng to

arret the eroon of ther n legtmacy They cla that temltary puhe te ndutral yte nto t ftratn anddtructve tte thereby dtractng attentn fm te fundly dtructve natue of a maretntenve e whicdrv t ten t tday war th the wo tprtect profenal autnmy agant cten atuty and


32/154

S OE POOl. E

ho ho h o poray h profona a vc of had a b anrd by a choc: h drcon nhch fre cn h o o urd h ord-dcr

T Wg f t Pl A \Th uon ha prd h naaon of ofon aarb of nd ar no ncrangy vb o coon enProcdure n h c cor ar of undrsood for ha

hy arLnu bank or iua ha hd fro h provdrconur bood h dpay and anpahy bn hd for h ak of hch h c rndrd and h rayha h rvic cra Schoo ha pro qua nhnn nra unquay dradng iocracy and fondpndnc on fuhr uorhp vhc co vyo o

a h foard Bu h pubc ha no y cae h chocProc undr profeona adp coud rsu n copuoy poca crd (h hr accopanyn vron of a nfac) or h xprinc of cn coud d our hbra y anohr hoca coecon of n-Prohan bu nay phra fo nfod choc qures a xan h pecc ro of h profon n dnn hon h a o ha fro ho and hy

To ee h rn cry us ain h chdrn ho oon ay n h un of hh choo Hon an hoa In he rofona c ued cahda bu oroec u aan oranc dcofo pa and deah hchdrn of oorro rnac n hr pay h duonof our A of Profon, a fro ancn ca and cahdra rconc h cad of knh aan n and hTurk n h A of ah hdrn n hr ga nh Unquac hch no poue our anua h archa

nhdfro robbr baro and coboy I h adr

ch ohr a chaa and ecrry rahr ha a chfa ord Of cour aus bush h hy noga g wt t uch a oy-ak, ocaan an roovn

Th A of Profeo b rbd a h hn


33/154

TWA T

polcs w wn vos gu b pofssos ns ococs pow o lgsl ns auo o cwo n wa an moopol ov mns b wos ns soul b m I wll b mmb t Ag

o Scoolg wn opl fo o of lv w ccumul ns o pcpon fo owots w cls o pgous puss wo manag bs wll b mb s g w olvl mn pacg gw a stngs ntmac mg b sts Joson; wn fom opon was

la o lst gs alsow a vog a om o salsmn fo mo of sam

Fuu suts wll b as muc cons b t supposncs bwn cpls a socls scool lcapson o tnspoon ssms s os suns a b clm nc bw juscon b wos as oppos ouscan b n l Roaon Csa ss.T wll lso scov possonl lbans sugos o sup gs poo o slst coutsow t n o c c cam o p sam osus sm ools an bul sam sp a t collgus n c count a pon a ca's bgg Acolos wll poz ou lf-span o by potss bu b pofsonal asons ct mosof U tons publcaons

I woul b pnous o pc wt s ag ws w sap b pofsoal s wll b mmbw sml o a cus I o o cous t t wll b mmb s ng wn fa w on a bng sspa fml oun n oblga s cln o s aw Sa os wll muc mo pobabl b mmb as tmwn wol gnaons z pusu o mpovsgwl n ll foms albl a af st ug

polcs o t oganz ps of wla c gus n x olasm


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35/154

OAR A HSOR OF NEES

to a eore he wa etted to hoe h ellow burghe. Incatal countes unon attempt to control who hall workwhat hou or what ay. All the trade ocaton are attempt b pecalt to detene ow ter knd o work all

be done and by whom But none o thee pecalt are proe-onal the ene that docto or ntance are todayoday domnee proeoal, o whom hycan provde the mot t ad aul eample go uther theydecde what hall be made or whom and how t hall admnteed hey clam ecal ncommuncable nowledge

not jut about the way thng are and are to be made bt aloabout the reaon why ther ervc ought to be needed Merchant ell ou the gd they tock Guldmen guaranteequalty Some crapeople talor their product to our meauror acy roeonal, however tell you what you need Theyclam the power to precbe They ot only advee what good but ordan what rght Nether ncome, long trang,delcate t, nor ocal tand te mar o the prooal her come can be low o ta away ther tranngcomred nto week ntead o yea ter tatu can approach that o the oldest proon. Rather what coun therooal authort to dene a peron a clent to deter-mn tht ero need an to hand that eron prptonwhch den th new ocal role nlke the hooer o oldthe mode proeonal not one who ell what other gveor ree but rather one who decde what ought to be ol andmut not be gvn or ree

here a uher dtncton between proesonal power anthat o other occupaton proeonal power prng rom aderent ource A guld, a unon or a ag orc respect ort tet ad gh by a tke, blacal, or ove volencen cotrat a proon lke a pethood hold owr byconcon ro an elte whoe ntert t prop up A a

prthood oer the way to alvaton n the trn o an anontekng, o a roeson nterets protect an ppls patworldly ntert to te conttncy o mo rules Preonal powr a ed o o the prvl to prcbewhat t or ot d what ty tore nd t t


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SE EPOE S POESSO EEES 25

orce o rge and conrol wihn he ndal ae hiknd o roeonal ower cold o core come no exienceonly n ocieie where elie memberh iel i leiimaed ino acied by roonal a a ocey where goveng

elie are abed a niqe kind o objecivy n dening hemoral a o a lack I ke a glove he age n whch evenacc o arlamen he hoe o common i n ac lmedo hoe who have acred he le o maer by accmlangknowledge ock in ome college Proeional aonomy andlcene n denng he need o oce are he logcal o ha

olgach ak n a olcal cle ha ha elaced hemn by knowledgeock cecae ed by choolhe roion ower over he work heir member do i hdinc n oh coe and on

ord Profo yrroona ower ha alo recenly o changed n degree hawo anmal o enirely deren color now go by he amename Fo nance he accng and exemening healhceni conenl evade crcal analy by dreng inhe cloh o erda' amly docor he wanderng hy-

c ee he medc doco hen he le commerce in dgo he haac and ke or himel he ower o rbehem A ha momen he acqired a new knd o ahoy bynng hr rol n one eron he aenal ahoy oadve nc and dec; he moral ahoy ha make aceanc no j el b obligaory and he chaacahoy ha allow he hycan o aeal o ome emener o hi clen ha orank no only concience bomeme even he ras d'a hi kind o docor o corell ei b hn a mode edcal yem he a gureo o he a new knd o healh cieni i now mch morecommon He ncengly deal oe wh cae han wih eron he dl wih he beakdown ha he can erceve n hece her han h he cmlan o he ndvdal he roec oc n aher han he eron. he ahorha dng he lbeal ae had coaled n he nvdal


37/154


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S OY A S OSSO 27

si te gemet may b blam we y ca fmt ca tat y lawye, tc sge, sik s cde f y ne te tnse f metig s bettea a me eqitabl basis, t seice fsal as

mtatd it a csadig ilatst. ntitist escbs te igt fla f te infat ad t syciatistt "gt atidesat ad te sclmstew actingwt te flle we f "catfls etitled t s ismet betw y ad anytig y wat t la Ec newseialt sice dctin ti ly wen t lic as

accet an te law as ensd a new ecetin f watgt nt t ist Scls exanded in a mlizing cadeagainst illiteacy nce illiteacy ad b deed s an evlMateity wads msme t d away wit m bits

Pfsinals claim a mnly ve t iti f iance and t emedis nedd F xaml lawys asse tattey ale av te cmtnce an t lgal gt t iassstace in dice f y dise a kit f ityslf divc, y n yslf in a le bin if y a nt a lawye,y ae liable f actcing witt a licns; if y ae ammbe f the , y ca b exelld f nfessiabeai Pfsinals als claim set ledge athm ate a ts wes, wege tey ae almaat t aly Gadigg f examle i nt bmemembes f a f in by calling tmelves mtcas, bytaing cllg cedentals by aisig thei incms, ygettig d f te attacd t ti tade y electg nf temelves ent f te Lis Clb Mtcas feda fs, a dmnant ad sablg wn ty acqete mscle t ae te lic st y bial if y a ntemm an bxed by tem In ay aea ee a ma ne b imagid, the ew lg fssis clam tattey e te exclsie wadens f te blic gd

Pfssos s C

e tfat f a le fi t a mnat ei vaet t e leal lhmet f a Physiatmg nt iats tce t gscats m


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28 OA A HSO O NEES

cian ino hanaoca ae mch cloe o aeppoed cee han o ade aocaon The poeional a eache ofhe cen band of cienic oodoxy ac a heoloian Amoal enepene he ac he ole of pe: he cea he

need o hi eiaion cadin helpe, e ac he pa ofhe miionay d hn down he ndepviled A inqio he olaw he noodoxhe impo h olion one ecalcian who ee o econize ha ey ae a poblemThi lfaceed invie ih he a of elievn a pecicinconvenience of an' ae each pofeon no e

analoe of an eabled cl he pblc accepance of dom-neein pofeion i eenally a poliical even he newpoesion ceae a new heacy new clien and ocaand a ne ain on he bde B alo each new eablihmen of pofesional leiimacy mean ha he polical aof lawmain jdcial evew and execive powe loe moe

of e pope chaace and ndeendence blic aais pao he laypeon eeced pee ino he and of a elfaccediin elie

When medicine ecenly ow lbl vaded leilaio by abln pblc nom. Phycan adalway deeined wha conied dee domnan cine now deein wa d oce ll o oeaeedcne naded he co Phyican had awa dianoed who wa c; dominan edcne

howeve, band hoe

wo m be eaed ibeal pacione pcbed a cedomnan medce ha pblic powe o coecion: decdewha hall be done wih o o he ic In a democacy epowe o mae la exece hem and achieve pblic ce deive fom e ciizen hemelve Thi ciien conolove e ey powe ha been eced eaened and omeme abolied by he ie of chchle poon Govemen by a cone ha bae decion on expe opinioo ch poio mh be ovemen fo b neve by hepeople h no he plae o nveae e inen wih wchpolical le a h weaen; i cen o indicae hepoeoal dqacaon o a opino a necea ondo o hi bveon


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USEFUL UNEMPOYMENT AND IS ROFESSIONA NS 9

Cze lbe ae goud i the le tat exclud hsay om ttmo o whic ublc decsos ae based hateol s fo emsel ad tee s te coongoud fo biig ul Opios belies feences o pe

suasios ogt ot to sta whe i coct wt te eewtnse. Expe elit ol bome domiat posons onlyby a ieceml eoson ad al eveal of ts le I telegislatue ad cou the le against eay evdece s owde fa, suspeded fao of te opos poeed b temembes of the selfacceitd eltes

Bt let us ot couse the ublc use of exe actual koledge wt a poesso's cooate execse o oatve g-met Whe a casma, such as a gunmake was calle ntocou as a expe to eeal to te y te secets of s taehe apentice the jur to his cat on te sot He emonstate vsbl fom wc bael te bullet ad come Toa

most exerts pla a deent ole e domnant pofsonalovis ju o legslatue wth is fellow itates opoathe t t actua eidence ad a skll He calls fo asusso o the aay le ad evtably de theue of law. Thu emocatic owe is elucably abdge

h Hgmony of Iputd Nds

Pofessos oul ot ave boe domant a isablngles eople had be ead to eeience a ack tat ichthe exe muted to them as a eed e mutal dependece tto ad cge has becoe estat to aalyss becase thas be obscued by coptd laguage Goo ol wos havebe made to badig os hat clam wadsp fo expesoe home so stoe a te space o ete beteen temLagage, te most ndamea o commos s ts olltedby sted stads o jargo c unde te cotol of aotepofso. The dissezi o wods the deetio of odnarylagug a ts degradatio to bueaucatic teolo,alel i a moe itmtely dbg mae that acuafo of eiome degadatio that isos eole ohei sels l they e gally oye Possibe


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30 OR HSOR OF NS

chanes n den attd and laws that would retrench professonal domnance cannot be poposed unls we becomemore senstve to he msnomers behn whch ts omnancehd

When I leaed to speak "poblems exsted only n mthor hess "solutons ere salne or leal and "nee wasmanly used as a veb The expressons I have a problem o"I have a need both sounded slly. As I rew nto my teens andler oked a "solutons the "socal poblem also spread"Poblem hldren of ever newer shad were dscovere

amo the poo as sal workers leaed to band ther peyand to sndadze ther "needs Need used as a noun becamethe fodde on whch professons fatene nto domnance. Poverty was modezed anaement translated povety from anexpeence nto a mee. The poo beame the "needy

Dn he econd half of my lfe to be "needy became

respectable omptable and mptable needs moved p thesoal ladde ceed o be a sn of poverty to have neesInoe opened ne esters of need Spock Comfor an thevulazers of Nader rane laymen to shop for soltons topoblems they leaed to cook p accod to professonalrecpes dcaton qualed adates to clmb to ever moreare hehts and mplant and cltvate tere ever newerstans of hybdzed nees Prcptons ncred competenc shrank. In medcne for example eve moe phaacolocally actve drs went on pescpton and people lostthe wll and ablty to cope th ndsposton or even scom-fo In Amecan spekes where t s estmate thatabout 15 ne prodcts appear ch year ls than 20 ecent srvve moe than one year on the shelves the emanerhavn proved unsellable faddsh sky or unpoble oobsolete competo th new models Therefoe consmersare nceasnly foced to seek udance from pofessonal con-smer potecors

heore the rapd tuover of products renders wantsshallow and plastc. Paradocally then hh aeate con-smpton resltn rom enneere nees fostes own nsme nderence to specc potentally felt wants Inceas


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USEU EPOYE A PROSOA E 3

ingly n are crte by the aveiing logan an by purch mae by orer from the regirar beuician gynecolo-gi n ozen of other prcbng iagnoician e neo be foally tugh how to nd be thi by aveiing

prcription or gui icuion in the colective or in hecommue apprs i any cuture whee eciion an actionare no longe he rut of personal eperience in tifactionn he aapive conumer canno bu ubtitute e for felnee A people become ap pupil in leing how to nee theabiity o hape wan rom eperience atifacion become a

rare compeence o the very rich or the eriouly uneupplieA nee are broken own into ever maler component parteach manag by an appropriae pecialit he conumer e-peences iculy in integraing the eparate oering of hivarou uo ino a meaningful whole that coul be irewih commiment an poe with pleure he icome

maager eyle counelor conciouneraier acaemic avier fooa epe enitivity eveoper another lie hem clrly peceive the new poibiliie or managemet a move in o match package commoii o hepliner ne

Ued a noun "nee i the iniviua oprint of a profeion pe i i a pticfoam repica of the mol in whichproion c heir taple i i he aveie hape of hebroo ces ou o which conumer are prouce o be ignont or nconvince o one' ow nee h become the unfor-givabe antiocia c he goo ciizen i one who impueiz ee o hime wi uch covicion ha herows o ny eire or ateiv much or the rennciaion o nd

en w bo before lin an ier an Rooevelcame to power ony he ch hypochonac an member ofeie union poe of heir nee fo meca care when heiemperar roe Docor hen in repone cou no omuch more hn gramoher ha one meicine e rmuion o nes me wih g anibiotic hecntrl f ifs bme smple eecive oieg wen more more on prcrpion Aignme o he


43/154

OR A HSOR OF NES

skrol a a mdal monopoly Th prson who flt llhad to o to th ln to lald wth a dss nam andto ltatly dlard a mmbr of th norty of thsoalld sk popl xusd fro work nttld to hl put

undr dotor's ordrs and njond to hel n ord to omusful aan aradoxally phaaoloal thnqutst and dsa so prd and ha that onould hv dspnsd th th physan soty natd awsand pole rulatons to rstt th fr us of thos produres that sn had smpld and plad thm on th pr

srpton lstTh seond utaton of mdal nds happnd whn th

sk easd to a mnoty Today fw opl hw dotorsordrs for an nth of tm n taly th Untd StatsFra or Blu on out of vry two tns s bnwathd sultanously y sval halth profssonals who

trat advs or at lt osrv hm or hr Th oet of suhspald ar s o oftn than not a ondton of tthomb motons blood pressr or hoon lvls that thpatnt lf does ot fl Patnts a no mor n th mnorty Now th mnoty a thos dvants who somhow safrom any and all patntrols Ths mnorty s mad u of thpoor t pants th rent mmran and sund othho somtms on thr own volton hav on mdallyAWOL Just twnty yars ao t was sn of noma health

whh wa asumd to e oodto t alon wthou a otor Th sam status of nonpatnt s now ndtv of ovtor dssdn vn th status of th hyohonda hand or th dotor n th fo ths w th label aldto th atrashrs n hs oth dsnaton rd forth manary sk Now dotors rfr to th mnoty who eth y th sa nam: hyohonds ar th manhelthy To plud nto a profonal sst a lflonlnt s no lonr a sma that sts apart h dsabld onfrom tns at lar W now lv n a soty oran fordvant ots and thr kps To b an atv ln ofsvral profsonals ovd ou wth a wlldnd lwthn th ralm of onsmrs for th ak of whom our so


44/154

SF POY S OSSO S 33

unctions Tus te tnsomtion o medicine om ibecnsuting poession into dominnt, disbing poession simmesub incsed te numb o te need

t ti ctic moment imput nes move into tid

muttion Te coesce into t e experts c mutidisci-pin pobem necsitting, teeoe, mutipossionsoution Fst te pietion o comoditi ec tendingo tu into equiement, eective tined te consumeto need on commnd Nex, e pogesive gmenttion oneeds into eve sme nd unconnected ps s mde te

cient dependent n posion judgment o te bending ois needs into mening oe Te uto indust povid good empe te end o te sixties te dveised option equipent needed to me bsic d desibe dbeen mutipied immense But cont to te customes epecttions tis option" imm is in ct insted on te

ssemb ine o te Detoit cor nd te soppe in Pinsis et it coice beteen e pcged smps tt esipped t ndom: e cn eite bu te conveibe tt en but it te geen sets e tes o e c um isgiend it eopdsin sets t te cost o buing n unnted pise dop

in, te cient is tined to ned tm ppoc toeceive t is gudins conside siscto ttmentPeson sevices impove te consume iustte tepoi Tepeutic uence s exusted te vibe ieime o m om seice posions diose sndigin ned o moe Te intensit o te seice econom s mdehe time ndd o e consumption o pedgogic, medic,nd si etmens inceing scce Time sccit msoon into te mo obstce to te consumption o pescbed, nd oen pubic nnced, sevices Signs o sucscci become evident om ones e es d inindegen, te cid is subeced to mngement b temmde up o suc spciists s te egist spec ptoogistpitici chid pschooist, soci oke, phsiceduction itco, d eche B oig such pedocicm m die posions mp o she e ime


45/154

34 OA HSO OF NEES

ha ha becme e majo limiing faco o e impuaion offue need Fo e adul i i no e cool bu e wokplace wee e packaging o eic ocue. Te eonnelmanag lab educao ineice aine, inuance planne,

cnciouneaie nd i moe poable o hae eoe' ime han o compee fo i needle ciizen wouldbe highy upiciou People ae old a hey need ei jobn o much fo e money a fo e vic ey ge Thecommon ae exingied and eplaced by a new placena builof funel a delive pofioa evi Lfe i paalyed inpeanen ienive cae

ENBING ISTINCTIONS

Te diabling of e ciien houg pofional dominance

i compleed houg he powe of illuion Hoe of eligiouavaion ae dplaed by expecaio ha cee on e tea upeme manage of pofeional evic Eac of manypcia ped clai compeence o dene public iue inem of pecic eiceable poblem he accepance of hiclaim legiiae he docile ecogniion o impued lac on e

a o e la, woe wold ino an ecochambe ofneed e aiacion o lfdened efeence i aciced oe lllmen of educaed need i dominac o enneedand managed ned i eeced in e kyline of e ciy: oe-ional building look down on e cowd a le beweenem in a coninual ilgimage o e new caedal o l,ducaion, and welae ly om ae anomed inoygienic apamen wee one canno be bo canno be ic,and cann die decenly No only ae elpful neighbo a vaniing pecie bu alo libeal doco who make hoe callWokpace o appenicip u ino opaque me ofcodo a pei acce only o unciona euippedwih ideniie in mica olde pinned o hei lapel wold deigned o eice delivee i e uopia o ciiene ino welfae iien.

e pevailing addicon o impable need on e pa of


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3 OAR SO O NS

tehal ths t by and md, pfessally atteded sttutns funt als as pweful tuals whh geeate edee the thgs the maages pmse Besteahg Jhy t shls als teah hm that leag

m teahe s bette" ad that wthut mpuls shlsee bs uld be ead by the p Bes pvnlmt he bus just as muh as the seda eshap theevmet ad put alk ut f step Besd pvhelp avdg txes lawyes als vey the t that lawsslve pblems eve pa f u maj nsttuts

futn s he ultvat ad mateae f thee se flluss hh t the tze nt a let t be saved byexpes

ongestion versus Paralyss

he st eslavg llus s the dea that peple ae b tbe sume ad that they an atta ay f the gals bypuhas s ad seves hs llus s ue t an euated bldes t the wh f usevalu the ttal emyI e f the enm dels sevng atal udeless thee a vaable t aut f nmakeable usevalu ay

me tha thee s vaable f natues peeal ntbut Yet thee s n enmy that uld nt llapse mmedately f usevalue put tate beyd a pt fexample f hmemag wee de ly f ag neue egaged n ly at a fee What peple mae butwll t at put up f sale s as mmeuabe a asvaluable f the emy as the xye they beathe

he llus that enm mdels a e sevalsps fm the assumpt that thse atvte hh ednate by tastve vebs an be dentely eplaed bynsttutaly dened staple efeed t as us euatn"substtuted f I lea" health ae" f I heal" tasptat" f I mve televs" f I play."

he fus f pesal a saaded values hspead thughut mst as de psal leshp usevalue ae ssved edee bslete a naly


48/154

S PO S POSSO S 7

deprved f ther dstnctve nature Lve and nsttutnal carebecme ctenus en yes f runnng a fa can bethrwn nt a pedaggcal mer and made equvaent t a hghschl degree. Thngs pcked up at randm and hatched n the

freedm f the street are added as "educatnal eperence tthngs funneled nt pupls' heads he knwledge accuntantsseem unaware that the tw actvtes lke l ad water mly lng as they are stered by an educatr's percptnGangs f cusadng needcreatrs culd nt ctnue t ta usr culd they spend ur resurces ther tts netwrks, and

ther nstrums f we dd nt reman paralyed by ths knd fgrey bele

he usefulness f staples r packaged cmmdtes s ntscally lmted by tw bundars hat must nt be cfusedrst, queues wll sner r late stp the peratn f anysystem that prduces needs fter han the cespndng cm

mdty and secnd dependence n cmmdtes ll sner rater s detene needs tha the autnmus prductn f afunctna analgue l be paralyed he usefulness f cmdtes s lmted by cges and aalss Cngestn andparalyss are bth results f calatn any sectr f prductn, albet rults f a very deret kd Cngestn whchs a measure f the degree t whch stap get n ther wn wayeplans why ms transprtatn by pvate car n Manhattanuld be useless t d nt eplan why peple wrk hard tbuy and nsure crs that cannt mve them ven less descngestn ne epla why peple becme s dependent nvehcls that they are paralyed and just cannt take t therfeet

Peple becme psners t tmecsumn acceleratstupefyng educatn and sckmakng medcne because beynd a cen thrhld f ntensty, dependence n a bll fndustal and prfessnal gds dtrys human ptentaand des s n a specc way. Only up t a pnt can cmmdtes replace what peple make r d n ther n Oly thlmts can echagevalus satsfactry replace usevalu. Bed ths nt fuher prductn seves the ntersts f theprfsnal prducerwh has mputd te need t the cn


49/154

8 OR HSOR O NEES

sumeran ea the consuer befule giy albetcher Nees satise rather than merel fe must b eterin to a sgncnt egree b the plere tat is eriefrom the reembrance of peroa autoomo acto here

ar bounares beon whch commoit cannot be mtpie wthout iabling ther conumer for ths self-aationn acton

Packag alone neitabl fustrate the consumer when thereiery paral hm or her The measure of welbeig in asocet s thu neer an quation n which the two moes ofproucton ae matche; it s aways a balance that rest whnuseaues a comotie fitfly mh ynergy y pto a pont can heteronoos proucton of a comoit enhance an copement the atonomous procton of te correponng peronl prpose Beon thi pont te serg

between the two mo of prouction paoxically taganst the purpoe for whch both useae an comoitwere ntene Occona this s not clearly see becaus hemainstream ology oeent te to obscre the point. Forexample atocenerg reactor ha b wiel cicizebecause ther raaton i a thrt or buse they fostr te

nocratc contro So far oweer oly e fw a toctcze the bee tey a to th eer glut plysof human action by socilly estctie eery qa otyet ben acepte argmet for rcg t cl forenergy. imiary te inexorabl lits to go tat ar iltinto any seice agenc ar til ily o. yt t

ought to be eiet tat th instittioaliio of lth etens to ma peope ito nheth mariott a tatfelong ecation foters a culture of proamm pple.Ecology will pro gielin for a feible fo of mtyoly when it s recognie that a manae eniromt ge for comoiti rc ponal alies to t ptwhere the comoti themsel os ther al a m fopersoa satisfacton Wtot ts isgt, tal tology tat w cr l agi ol e owmpossb lls of fstratig cmt.

It wou be isake to atribute counterouctiit


50/154

USU UMPYM S PSS MS 9

ay he neve eeali f ecnmc rwh ex-haun uin, ad vau f f cnen h ldu cfue he cn y whh hn e n heir wnway wih he arayi f he ern wh can n er exerce

hi r her aumy i a envirmen dined fr hn hefudamen ren ha marke neny ead cuner-rduciy mu e uh in he reainhi beween hemny f cmmdii ad hum nd h myexend fuher hn wha uuay by he name A cmmercal mny merey cer he mre fr ne rand f

why r car An nduwde ce can rec freedmfuher: i can cer a ma raan n favr f inernacmui en a Genera M did when i urchaedhe L nee rey Yu can ce he r by icn um and he ecnd y urchain a bicycle I ue h rmradc mny" dnae mehin ee he uui f an idual rduc r rfinl evce fr aueful acy in whch ee enae r wuld le enaeA radc mnly aralyze aunmu cn in fvr frfena dele. he mre cmeely vehicle dceee he mre manaer w needed nd h mrewe ele be wk hme hi radica mnlywud accmay hiheed ac even f mr were wer y unhne and ehic were un f air. he er chen i in he f educain he ime and incinainhe ha fr brwin and exrain A me i eerydmain he amun f d deiered derade he enrn

me fr erna ac ha he le ynery beweenueaue ad cmmdii u neave Pradc recic cunerrducviy e n I wi ue h e whneer he ime rui frm he uun f a cm-mdy fr a vau n ue u hi very cmmdy in adialue i he uui f he aifacin wa mean r-

de

Inustra vrsus Convva Toos

an regnie a ne f hi d when h can ler hae h eed y he mre r l cmen


51/154

0 O HSO O ES

se o hose oos hs ulre provdes hrouhout histomos oos ere aborinensve means ha old b eployeo sasy he ser o he oo and ere used in dtc poducon O l ere shovs or haers used o prode

pyrmd o sps or gehane and even ore arelyo produe hngs or he mrke Ocasions or he etactono pros ee lmed Mos ork s done o rae sevaluno dne or echnge Bu ehnoi progrs has benonsseny apped o develop a very dieen kid of tol: hs prse he ool pimarly ino he prodon of area

ble saples A rs during he indusial revolion the netehnloy reded he orker on the jo o a Charle Capl Me Tes A his early sae hoever he ndusalmode o prodion dd no ye paralyze pope he tey ereo he job No omen or e o have e to dependamos enrely on devees o sndardized fraets p

duced y ools operaed by anoyous othes have ced tond he se dre ssfaon in he se o os ha stulaed he evoluion of an and his ultues Alu therneds and he consupton have ulipled any tes tersisfaion in handln toos has boe rae ad hey aveesed o live a life for hch tei rani aqued ts foAt es ey barely suvive eve u tey d s suuddby lter Thei lfe-span has become a can f needs tt aveeen me for h sae of uleor sn for stsfatin timately anheassve-onsuer loses even te alit disrinae beeen livig ad suival Te le nsuacand te lfl epcttion f ratos ad theap te teplac o enjoye In suc opany it eom sy foettha saisaton and joy an only lo as pesoalalvens nd enied provisos ae kept i ba whe agol s prsed

he delusio tat ols in te sece of aet-eted

institutions a it ipuniy dto te cndtons fr cvval nd personally aaeabe eans pets the etctoof "alvenss' cei f tclcal pss kdf enneen pduct tat lcens oe ofso doaon This deluso says tha ts n ode t ece oe


52/154


53/154

2 OR A HSOY OF NDS

seem to overlook when they justiy thei istittional allegianceby pig teslv the publcly appoited inistes otechologcal pogess that ust be doticte.

The sae subsevece to the dea o pogs conceives o

engeeg pcipally as a contbuton to institutioal eectives Scientic eseach s highly anced, bt only i it canbe applied o ilitay se o fo uhe oessional doination Alloys which ake bicycl both stonge and lightae a all-out o each deined to ak et ate and wapons deadlie Bt th ult o ost ah go solely to

industral tools thus akig aleady hge ache even oecoplex ad isctable ecause o this bias o the a oscietis and egees a ao tend is stegthened: edso tooous action ae precuded, while those o the acqisiton of cooditi a ultiplied Convivial tools whichacilite the idvidal's enjoyent o usvaleswithout o

with oly iial sevision by policn, physicians oispectosare polazed at two extes: poo Asian wokand ch studets ad pofsos are the two knds o peoplwho ide bicycl Phaps withot being conscios o teigood oune both noy bng e o this so llion

Recently, soe gos o posionas govent agn

c and inteaton ogantons have begn to lodevelop, d advocat sascal ieate tchnologyhe eo ight b nteet as an att to avoid theoe obvios lat o a thnolocal iatv tost of the new tchnology dge o selhelp i heatha, educato o ho ilding is only an altativ odlo highintesity depedene coodities Fo exal, pes ae asked to dign new edicine cabiets that alowpople to ollow the doctos odes ove te telephone Woenae taught to eaie thi bets to povide wok o thesugeon Cubans gv aid leav o wok to ect theieabicate hoses h nticing estg o osional oducts s they beco chae nds by aking ch and ooo l Both Bolvans and w l ually ndvigd, an xloitd to th that thy lwithot th seson o teachs athy with


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UU UO ROOA 3

out the check-ups of a physan, and move about wtout amotoze ctch.

Lbetes ers ghts

The trd dsabln llusio looks to experts or lmts torowth Entre populatons socalzed to need o commad aresumed redy to be told what they do not eed The samemultnatonl aents tat or a neraton mposed an nteatonal stadard o bookkeep, deodorat, ad enery o

sumpto o rh and poor alke ow sposor the Club oRome Obedently, UCO ets nto the at and trans experts the eonalzto o mputed eeds Fo ther owmputed ood the rch are thereby progammed to pay formore costly proesoal domnae at home ad to provde thepoor wth asse needs o a chper ad thter brand. he

btst o the ew profsonals see clealy that rown scrcty push ontrols over eeds ver upward The ental plann o outputoptmal deentralzaton has becoe the ostprtous jo o 1978. But what s ot et recozd s thatths ew usory saton by prosoally decreed lmts cous ert nd rghts

I ch o te se ted Naonsened world reonsa new lery s e taed to pch the appoprate style oausterty da by th new neener Conscousnsrasers roam throuh local ommut t peope to meetthe decetr prouto oas that hae bee asned tothem Mlk the amy oat ws a lbey utl more thlspl mde t a duty to contrbute the yeld to the G.

he syery o autoomous ad eteonoous poducto sreect n socety's balance of lbe and h beespott useus rhts prott the acs to commodt.Ad ust ommot extush the possblty o pro

ducg useau ad tu to mpovers wlth so theposoa deto o ghts etgush berts dtablsh a tay that smothers eople udeth therht.

he couso s reled th spal clrty whe oe on


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OARD A HSOR OF NEEDS

sies he expe on ealt. Health encompass two pecsibeties an ghts esignates te a of atonomy wihiwich a peson execises conto ove is own bioogica statsn ove he coniions of his immeiae envionment impy

sa heath is ientica with the ege of live feeomTeefoe, hose concee wih the pbic goo sou woko gaanee he eiabe isibtion o heal as feeomwhich, in t epens on envionmenta coniions tat onyoganie poiica eos can achieve Beyon a ceain lveof inensiy, pofssion eath cae owev qitaly is

tbute, wi smothe healthasfeeom n tis fndamntalsense te cae of heath is a matte of wel-potecte liey

s is evient sch a noion of healh pie a pincipecotent o inaenabe feeoms To nestand is onems isingish cealy between civl libey an civil gts.The libey o act withot estain fom govement as a wiescope han he civil igs he sate may enac to aantee thatpeope il have eqal powes to obtain ceain goos ansevices

ivi ibe oinaly o not foce othes to act in accowith ones own wishes. ave te feedom to spk and ublismy opinion, bu no specic newspap is obliged to pnt it noae fellow citizen eqie to it. I a e to nt I seeeaty bt no msem ha to y my canva At te saetime, howeve, the stte as aanto of libey can an doeenact laws tat potect te qal gt witot wic its bes woul not enjoy thi eeos Sch gt giv aning

an lity to equaity, wile lieties ve possibility and sapeto feeom. One cain way to etingis he feedos tospeak, to ea, to hea, o to cae is to delimit tem by tansmogying civi ights into civic ties pecise caact of tisti ilusion is o beive that t picly sponsod pitof ghs eas ineviably to the potection of libeti n eality

as society give pofsionals te legitiacy to n gtscitien feeoms evapoae


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SL ELOYME OSSOL ES 5

EQU UEFU UEMPOME

At pent ee new need tht s ofessonll ceedtnslte soone o lte nto ht The poltcl esse fothe enctent of ech ht enete new jos nd coodt Eh new coodt dedes n ctt whch eopleso f he een le to coe on the own; ech new jo tw letc fo wok so f done the neploed The

powe of pofsons to ese wht shll e ood ht ndone ws he dese wllnns n lt of the "coon n to le wthn hs ens.

As soon s ll lw stdents centl estee t UntedStt lw schools e ted the ne of nte Sttelwes wl ncese ot 0 e cent Jdce wl co

pleent Medce s lel nsnce ncesnl ts nto theknd of necesst tht edcl nsnce now When the htof the ctzen to lwe h een estlshed settln thedste n the wll e nded nenlhtened o ntsocl hoe hs e now Al the ht of ch ctzen ofDetot to le n hoe tht h een pofsonll wed

u the auo-eeccan ho na hs own pls nto abeaker e loss of one e te aohe o e seflwhen ot of jo o otse pofsson contol the nnet lso te ost ented exeence tht co wth odee poet now te ost snnt vege of hghoca u gh well e soe este of feedo fo seflneploent tht s ncenl dene to the et jotThe nsstence on the ht to e en ce of nd sled hslost ted nto the ht of ndstes nd ofsons toconque cen o uy he h he ouc, nd thedele to oltete the enonetl condtons tht keuneoye

ctt efl s fohe

te en thegge fo etle stto of he e nd he oeo e sefl o self nd ohes ote eoye o the ftha n eeey aayze ok done o the p job ooe on uon f not no Atonoos acvy hea


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6 OR HSOR OF NEES

en he eoyen eve genera devane and deafro he GP heefore ony oery "woaor no onge ean eo or o u he yeo aewedded o roduve nveen n an Wor no onger

ean he reaon o a vaue eeved y he woe uny a jo whh a oa reaonh Uneoyenean ad dene aher han he feo o do hng haare uefu for onef or for one neghor An ave woanwho n oe and rng hdren and e n hoe ofoher dnguhed fro a woan who or no ae

how ue or daagng he rodu of h wo gh eAvy eor aheveen or ee oude a heahareaonh and uneaued y ofeona andad heaen a oodynenve oey he geneaon of uevau ha eae eeve eaureen no ony he needfor ore oode u ao he jo ha eae he and he

yhe needed o y heWha o n a aenenve oey no he eo o

eae or he aue ha ow fro ha eo u he oung of he aor foe wh aa Wha oun no heaheveen of afaon ha ow fo aon u he auof he oa reaonh ha oand oduonh he o uaon o o apponen In he Mdde ghee wa no avaon oude he Chuh d heoogn hada had e exanng wha od dd wh hoe agan whowee vy vrou o ny Say n onepooey eo no oduve une done a he eh of

a o and eono have a hard dng wh he ovou uefn of eoe when hey ae oude he ooeonro of a ooaon vounee ageny o abo apWo oduve peae wohy o he oywhen he wo o nned onoed and onoedy a ofona agen who ene h he wo ee a

eed need n a ndadzed fahon n an advaned ndua oey eoe ao oe o or even oagne uneoyen a ondon o auonoou ueuwo he nfue o ey o anged h oy hejo gv a o he oo of oon d h onopoof oody roduon ove he generaon of ev


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SE NEPOYENT N TS PROFESSION ENES 7

tus even more stringent as te state takes over. Only wit alicense may you tc a cild; only at a clinic may you set aoen one Housewor, andicra susistence agricultureadical tenology, leaing excang, and te like are de

graded into activiti for te idle, te unproductive, te vryoor or te ve ric A society tat fosters intense dependenceon ommoditi tus tus its unemloyed into eiter its pooror its dependents n 945 for eac Amean social secutyeciient tere were still 35 wokers on te o n 197 32eml wore e to surt one suc etiee, wo is

imsel dedent on many more seices tan is retiredgadate could ave imagned.

encefort te qualit o a society and of its culture willdeend on te status o its unemloyed wil tey e te mosterentative roductive citizens, or will tey e deendents?Te coice or csis again seems clr advanced industalsociety can degenerate into a olding oeration arking ack tote drm of te sities ito a wellationed distrution systemtat dol out desing commoditi and jos and trains iscitiens for more standardied consumtion and more powerls wok Tis is te attitude reected in te plicy proposalso most goement at ent from Geany to Cina, aleitwt a ndamental dierence in deee: te ricer te country,te more ugent it seem o aton access to os and to imeusel unemlomen t would teaen te olume o telr market Te inee, o couse, is equally ossile: amode society in wic fust woke organie to rotect

te eedom of eole to useul outside te activiti tatrult in te roducion o commdities But again, tis socialleae deends on a new, raiona, ad cynica cometence e omon man wen ac wit e rosional imuta-o o ns

OUFLAKIG HE EW PREIAL

d si wer is cleal teatened increasgevde o te couteroducivity o its outut Ple areegnning to see tat suc egemony deprves tem o teir


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4-8 O O E

gh o o he mbol oer o exe hh hedenng need evera peronal ompeene no een tobe more eou than ther tehna apabt hh onned to eng he need the reate mutaneol one

hear the repeaed al or the enament o eglaton thamgh lead u beond an age domnated b he proeonaeho he demnd hat roeona and breauratc lcenngbe reaed b he nvetre o eleted tzen rather thanaered b the ncluon o onmer repreenatve on lenng board he demand hat prpton rle n phace,hool urra and oher preteno uearket ereaxed he eand or he roteon o uc berteth demand or t rh o rae tho a ene; thedemand or b le ha altae ent evaluaton o alraoner o ork or mone In reone o thee hreatthe maor proeona tabhment each n t on a uehee ndamenal raege o hore up he eoon o heregma and poer

e elfcca ooker

he rt aproach repreente b he ub o Rome FatVolkagen and ord pa eonom, eoo and expertn oal ono o dent he prod dtre ought noto rode n order to trenghen he ndua em Alodotor n he Club oKo no reommend that rge raaton and heothera e abandoned n the trtent o oter, ne thee reatents uual prolong ad tfuerng ho addng to the epan othe reated Laerad den prome to pole never beore the compeencedeenc and rate o her eo proeonal

A vaan o h approah een n ome ndvdual orther organzaon ho halenge the Amecan Bar Aoca

ton, Aean edal Aoaton, an other poer roero he etabmen hee am to be radal becaue () theave onumer agant the nteret of the aor o herpeer; 2) the utor layen on ho to ha o hotaunvert or pole goveng boar an 3 he oo


60/154

UEFU UEYE AD FE EE 49

ally tesfy to legslatve cotees on the uselessness of proce-dur proposed y he professons and deanded y the pulcFor eaple, n a provnce of Wte Canada doctors prepar a repo on soe two doen edcal procedur for

whch he legslaure was consdeng a udge ncrease All theprocedures were costly, and he dcors poned ou ha heywere also vey pnful, hat any were dangerous, and thanone could e proved eectve For he te eng the legslaors refused to act on such edcal advce a falure ha provsonally, ends to renforce he ele n the necessy ofprofes

inal protecon aganst professonal hursProfessonal selfpolcng s useul prncpaly n cachng the

grossly ncopetenthe utcher or he ourgh charlatanBu h een shown agan and agan t only proects henep ad ceents the ependence of he pulc on ther ser-vcs he ccal" docor he radcal" lawyer, or the advo

cacy" archec seduces clens away fro hs colleagu whoare ls aware ha he of he vaga of fhon Frst lealprofsons sold he pulc on he need for ther seces yprosng to wach over he poorer layen's schoolng ehcsor nsece ranng hen donant prfsons nssted onther ghful duty o gude and fuher dsale he pulc yorganng no clus ha randsh he hgh conscousns ofecologcal econoc and socal constrans Such acon nhs the fuher etenson of he profsonal sector ut srenth-ens pulc dependece wthn hat secor he dea tha pofes-sonas have a ight o see the pulc s thus of very recenogn her suggle to esalsh and egae hs coporaegh ecoes one of our os opprsve socal hreas

Allanc f Hawkrs

he second strategy ss o organe and coordinate profes-sonal rponse n a aner hat puoedly s ore fathfulo he ulfaceed character of huan proles Also hsaproach sees o utle ds oowed fro systes analyssad oeaons resrch n order to provde ore naonal andallncsng soluons An eaple of wha ths ns n


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50 A O NES

pracce a e ae rom Caaa or yeas ao e Caa ms o ace a campa o covce tepc a spen more moey o pyscas wod otcae e corys pates of see and de He poned

o a premare oss of fe was ue oveemny o treefacos accdens mosy n moor vec eart dseae andu cacer wc doctos are nooousy poweress to an suce comne w murer peomena a are ousdemedca coro e mster caed for new approaces toea and for e rerencme of mece e as of pro-

ec resor or coso oe made sc y e drucve fesye a envromet ypca of conemporary Canadaw tae p y a rea vaey of ew and od profsonsrcs scover a ey a a msso o mproveCaadas ea dog conro wa found to e an nterdepa-mena proem can for ew specasts A new corporaeocracy nesed coro over e oransms of Canadansw a oros e o atrocracy coud ady ave mane. Te soa Beter spen money n order o stay eatyta on doctors wen you e sc ca now e recogned ase aw of new ooers wo wat e money spent ontem

e pracce of medce n e Ute Sates ustat asmar dyamc ere a coordated approac o e eaof mes eome enormousy epensve wtout enespecay eectve In 190 te typca waeeaer trsfeedess an wo wees pay per year to profsona creIn 976 e propoo wa up o arond ve to een spay per year yn a ne ord one now pays moe for woreryene an for e mea e ca conans et w a seo and epese te fe epectancy of te adult mae popua-to as not sesy cane n te as oe udre yrs Is ower an n many poor cont and as een dnn

sowy seay for te as twenty yrWere sse pates ave caned for te beter asen de pncpay o te adopton of a ater festyeespecay n det o a sa eg nuatons and te oune admnstraton of suc sme nervetons as anbocs


62/154

SFL NEPLEN AN TS ROFESL EE 5 1

contracept or Caan tub have contrbute to the eclne of cean s. But such proceur o not postulaethe nee for professonal sec. eople cannot becoehealther by ben ore ly ede o a ecal professon

yet any "racal octors call for just sch an ncrese bocracy They see to be unaare that a ore ratonal proble-solvn approach s sply aother versonthouh perhapsa ore sophstcat onf aatve acton

Pofozto of t CtThe thr stratey to ae donant profsons suve s thsy's radcal chc. A the prophets of the stes rooled abouteelopent on the doorsteps of auence the yhaersouth about the selfhelp of professonalze clents

In the Unte Ste alone snce 96 about 7 boos have

appeare that tch you o to be your on patent, so thatyou nee see the octor only hen t s ohle for hSoe boo recoend that only after due trann an eanaton shoul auae n selfecaton be epoered tobuy pn ad pense t to ther hlen Other suest thatprofsonale patents shoul receve preferental rates n

hosptals and that they should benet fro loer nsurancepreus Oy oen th a lcense to practce hoe brthshoul have ther chlren outsde hosptals snce such profsona othe ca f necessa, be sud for alpractce. I haveseen a acal propoal that such a lcense to bh be o-tan under fenst rathe tha ecal auspc

he pofsonal drea o rootn ach herarchy of needs nthe sroots o under the banner of selfhelp. At prent ts prooted by the ne tbe of expes n selfhelp ho havereplac the exper n developent of the st The unversalprofsonalzaton of clen s ther a. Aercan bulneperts ho last fall nvade Mexco see as an exaple of thene crusae bout to years ao a Boston profssr of archtcture cae to Meco for a vacaton A Mecan fren ofe to h beyond the hre durn the last telveyr, a ne cty had rown up Fro a fe hut, t ha


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52 TOWARD HISOY OF NEEDS

mushroomed into a community three im the ize of Cambridge Maahuset. My friend ao an arhitet wnted tohw him the thouand of examp of peat igeuiy withpate rutur nd ue of refue n in nd theefre

dervabe fro tebos He houd not hav been uedha h oeage tok ever hundred o f pitu f theebant amateur invenion ht make the wo-milionpenlu wor e piur were anayzed in Cmbdge; and bythe end of the year newbaked Unit St peiit inommuniy hiu were buy tahi h pepe f Ciudd Netahuaoy their probe need and utin

H RAL H

e inver of profinay ertied a ed an pvery

i mode ubitene The te "ubitene enmy i nwgenray ued ny deignae group uiva whih i margna t maret dependene and in whih peope me whhey e by mean of rditina too d within an nheiedfen neamined ia anization I prp t eve he by peng abu me ubitee Le u md

ene he ye f ife ha previ in a ponueny in whih pepe hv ueeded in u he depeden n hv dne by ptigby pii meana oia infue i hih tehiqu o are ue pmay gneate ev ueu umeube by prfi needak I hv vpe aheoy f uh ewhe ( ls fr iia ewYr 97) and prope he tehni te "vv f uvaueoriented engieeed aif hve hw hthe invere of prgive modeized ovey i poiiy geed ovivi auey hat pret f uiy ithe ue uh

A ing of nmpa iey wih vv ahha iu pie a h f ehi sgglef ji i i a ew nd of subordination ofiuiv t paiip e I d iy


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USEFU UOY D ROFESSO S 53

nddals ae taned fo exteme pecazon They aeendeed mpotent to shape o to satsfy the own needs. heydepend fo coodtes on the maaes who the pescptons fo them he ght to daoi of ned, pescption

theapy, andn genealistbution of good pdomnatn ethcs poltcs and law Ths emphas on the igh o iputd neii hnks o a fagle luu the libey to leao to heal o oe on one's o. In a coial socey theopposte would be te The poton of equy n the execiseof eoal lii ould be he dona conce of a

ocie bd o adical tchnoogy: ence d chnque ae sece of oe eectie uealue geneation. Obosly,sch equitbl disbued libe ould be aningle if iwee no ground in the righ of ual acc to aw maeals,ool, and utlii Food, el, fh ai o lin space can nooe be equibl dbued han ech o job ul theare aiond wthout egad to mpued need, ha , in equamamm amounts o oung and old, cipple and psdent Aocie ddicaed o he oection of ual ditibuted, mode d eecte ool fo he eecse of poducte lbeicanno coe ito estnce u the coodi ad eouc on hch the eecse of hese lbert i bas aeequally distbued to


65/154

2

Outwiting DevelopedNatos

Ths s he ex of ecue ddessed n he umme 968o he Kuchchng eeng ofhe Cndn Foegn Pocy Asson I hve no eved he ex even whee d I wuld usedeen lngge een eh I emnde

hee my hogh hs evlved fm

t is now comon to deand that the ich natons conve tewa machine ito a poa fo the develoent of te TdWold. Te ooe fou-fths of humanity ultpl unceckedwle te e capta consution acuall decln Ts po

ulaton exanson and decease in consupton hten endustald natons, o ay sll a esl conve edefense bdgets o he econoc paccon of oo nond hs n tu cold podce reveble dp be epows of the ch cn do c s te ods UedStte tcs do oe ng daage thn Unitd Sae

an I s sie o ceat s deand fo te fe afo the lae Only a ot nes heavy weaons le amajoty can oe deenden on neastc levels of supplyfo such oductive achn as ode tcs nce the TdWold h ecoe a ke fo the goods, poduc ndpocess hich ae dned b te ch fo hesev e

dscepnc beteen ded o tee Wte fac nde supp nce ndtel Te fa codve the poo no e e age no can a scool se povdehe poo h ducaon no te faiy efeato eneheathy foo fo the


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OG VO OS 55

It s evdent that only one man n te thousand n LatnAeca can aord a Cadllac a hea operato or a PhDThs restrcton on the goals of deveopment does not make usdepar of the fate of the Thrd World and the reason s smple

We have not yet come to conceve of a Cadlac as necessary forgood trspoaton, or of a h operaton as noal healthce or of a PhD as the prereuste of an acceptabe educaton. In fact we rognze at once that the mportaton ofCadllacs should be heav aed n e that an organtra-pant cnc s a scandaos pahng to justf the concentra-

ton of more doctor n Bogot and that a betatron s beyondthe teachng faclte of the Unvesty of So alo

nfortunately t s not held to be unvesally evdent that themajoty of Latn Amecsnot only of or generaton butaso of the next and the next aganannot aord any knd ofatomoble, or any nd of hosptalzton, or for that matteran eementa school edcaton We suppress or conscous-ns of ths obous realt because we hate to recogne tecoer nto whch our magnaton has been pushed o pesua-sve s the poer of

Documents

Toward a History of Needs - Ivan Illich