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16. Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations. Learning Objectives. Identify the factors that determine the success of a tourism destination. Relate tourism planning to tourism policy. Discover what the goals of tourism development should be. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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___________________________
Principles, Practices, Philosophies
TOURISM
TWELFTH EDITION
Charles R. GoeldnerJ. R. Brent Ritchie
© 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.All Rights Reserved
© 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.All Rights Reserved
CHAPTER
© 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Tourism Planning, Development, and Social
Considerations
16
© 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.All Rights Reserved
LEARNING OBJECTIVES• Identify the factors that determine the success of a tourism
destination.• Relate tourism planning to tourism policy.• Discover what the goals of tourism development should be.• Recognize some serious barriers to tourism development
must be overcome if a desired growth is to occur.• Learn the political and economic aspects of development
including those related to developing countries.• Appreciate the importance of architectural design and
concern for heritage preservation, local handicrafts, and use of indigenous materials in creating tourist facilities.
© 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.All Rights Reserved
THE RITCHIE/CROUCH MODEL OF
© 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.All Rights Reserved
RELATING TOURISM PLANNINGTO TOURISM POLICYSIMILARITIES• Both deal with future development of a tourism
destination or region• Both emphasize strategic dimensions of managerial
action – although planning must also address tactical concerns
DIFFERENCES• Policy formulation is definitely “big picture” while
much of planning is characterized by attention to detail
© 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.All Rights Reserved
RELATING TOURISM PLANNINGTO TOURISM POLICY (CONTINUED)
DIFFERENCES (continued)
• Policy formulation is creative, intellectual process, while planning is a more constrained exercise
• Policy, particularly its visioning component, has long-term strategic emphasis, while planning tends to be more restrictive in time• A one-year planning cycle is not uncommon, although
3-5 year plans are possible• In contrast, destination visions may have a 5, 10, 50, or
even a 100 year time horizon
© 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.All Rights Reserved
RELATING TOURISM PLANNINGTO TOURISM POLICY (CONTINUED)
DIFFERENCES (continued)
• Policy formulation must allow for unseen circumstances and technologies; planning tends to assume current conditions and technologies, with allowances for predictable or evolutionary change
• Policy formulation tends to emphasize systematic determination of “WHAT” should be done in long-term tourism development; planning tends to emphasize the “HOW” for achievement of specific destination goals
© 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.All Rights Reserved
• Provide employment opportunities• Generates foreign
exchange• Increases incomes• Increases GNP• Development of tourism
infrastructure helps stimulate local commerce and industry• Justifies environmental
protection and improvement
• Increase governmental revenues • Diversifies the economy• Creates favorable
worldwide image for the destination• Facilitates modernization• Provides tourist,
recreational facilities for local population• Provides foreigners
opportunity to be favorably impressed by little-known nation or regions
ADVANTAGES OF TOURISM
© 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.All Rights Reserved
DISADVANTAGES OF TOURISM• Develops excess demand• Creates leakages so economic benefits do not accrue• Diverts funds from more promising forms of economic
development• Creates social problems from income differences, social
differences, introduction of prostitution, gambling, crime• Degrades natural physical environment• Degrades cultural environment• Poses the difficulties of seasonality• Increases vulnerability to economic and political changes• Adds to inflation of land values and prices of local goods,
services
© 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.All Rights Reserved
THE PLANNING PROCESS
• Define the system and formulate objectives
• Gather data• Analyze and interpret• Create the preliminary plan• Approve the plan• Create the final plan• Implement the plan
© 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.All Rights Reserved
AN OVERVIEW OF THE TOURISM PLANNING PROCESS
STAGE 1
DefineSystem
Ensure definitions for policy
formulation and
destination planning
are consistent
STAGE 2
GatherNecessary
Data
Much data used for policy
formulation may be
helpful for the
planning process;
additional and more detailed
data required
STAGE 3
Analyze &Interpret
Data
Useful to relate data to
specific facilities, events,
activities, programs
that impact factors that determine, influence
destinationsuccess
STAGE 4
CreatePreliminary
Plan
Plan should detail nature of
facilities, events,
activities, programs that will deliver the
unique destination
experience to enhance
competitiveness of destination
within strategic market
segments
STAGE 5
ApprovethePlan
Critical to ensure that
where approval is required no
relevant stakeholders
are overlooked
STAGE 6
Createthe
Final Plan
Level of detail
becomes increasingly rigorous and
directly related to specific
geography, legislation, financing,
and timing of the
“real world”
STAGE 7Implement
thePlan
Allocates responsibility
for development
actions to specific
individuals, organizations, defines timing
of actions, establishes
contingencies for unexpected occurrences.
Monitors, follows up, and
evaluates
© 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.All Rights Reserved
GOALS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT• Provide framework for raising the living standard
of people through economic benefits of tourism• Develop infrastructure and provide recreation
facilities for visitors and residents alike• Ensure development within visitor center and
resorts is appropriate• Establish development program consistent with
cultural, social, and economic philosophy of government and people of region
• Optimize visitor satisfaction