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Division Ave. High School Ms. FogliaAP Biology
AP Biology
Tour of the Cell 1
AP Biology
Prokaryotebacteria cellsTypes of cells
Eukaryoteanimal cells
- no organelles
- organelles
Eukaryoteplant cells
AP Biology
Why organelles?§ Specialized structures
u specialized functions§ cilia or flagella for locomotion
§ Containersu partition cell into compartmentsu create different local environments
§ separate pH, or concentration of materialsu distinct & incompatible functions
§ lysosome & its digestive enzymes§ Membranes as sites for chemical reactions
u unique combinations of lipids & proteins u embedded enzymes & reaction centers
§ chloroplasts & mitochondria
mitochondria
chloroplast
Golgi
ER
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Division Ave. High School Ms. FogliaAP Biology
AP Biology
Cells gotta work to live! § What jobs do cells have to do?
u make proteins§ proteins control every
cell functionu make usable energy
§ for daily life§ for growth
u make more cells§ growth§ repair§ renewal
AP Biology 2007-2008
Building Proteins
AP Biology
Proteins do all the work!
cellsDNA
proteins
organismRepeat after me…
Proteins do all the work!
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Division Ave. High School Ms. FogliaAP Biology
AP Biology
Cells functions § Building proteins
u read DNA instructionsu build proteinsu process proteins
§ folding§ modifying
w removing amino acidsw adding other molecules
n e.g, making glycoproteinsfor cell membrane
u address & transport proteins
AP Biology
Building Proteins§ Organelles involved
u nucleusu ribosomesu endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)u Golgi apparatusu vesicles
nucleus ribosome ER Golgiapparatus vesicles
The Protein Assembly Line
AP Biology
nuclearpores
nuclearpore
nuclear envelopenucleolus
histone protein
chromosome
DNA
§ Functionuprotects DNA
§ Structureu nuclear envelope
§ double membrane§ membrane fused in spots to create pores
w allows large macromolecules to pass through
Nucleus
What kind of molecules need to
pass through?
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Division Ave. High School Ms. FogliaAP Biology
AP Biology
DNA
NucleusmRNA
nuclearmembrane
smallribosomal
subunit
largeribosomal
subunit
cytoplasm
mRNA
nuclear pore
production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus
mRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm through nuclear pore
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AP Biology
AP Biology
Nucleolus§ Function
u ribosome production§ build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins§ exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm &
combine to form functional ribosomes
smallsubunit
large subunit
ribosome
rRNA &proteins
nucleolus
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Division Ave. High School Ms. FogliaAP Biology
AP Biology
smallsubunit
largesubunitRibosomes
§ Functionu protein production
§ Structureu rRNA & proteinu 2 subunits combine 0.08µm
RibosomesRough
ER
SmoothER
AP Biology membrane proteins
Types of Ribosomes§ Free ribosomes
u suspended in cytosolu synthesize proteins that
function in cytosol§ Bound ribosomes
u attached to endoplasmic reticulum
u synthesize proteins for export or for membranes
AP Biology
Endoplasmic Reticulum§ Function
u processes proteinsu manufactures membranesu synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds
§ Structureu membrane connected to nuclear envelope &
extends throughout cell
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Division Ave. High School Ms. FogliaAP Biology
AP Biology
Types of ER
rough smooth
AP Biology
Smooth ER function§ Membrane production§ Many metabolic processes
u synthesis§ synthesize lipids
w oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones
u hydrolysis§ hydrolyze glycogen into glucose
w in liver
§ detoxify drugs & poisonsw in liverw ex. alcohol & barbiturates
AP Biology
Membrane Factory§ Build new
membraneu synthesize
phospholipids§ builds membranes
u ER membrane expands§ bud off & transfer
to other parts of cell that need membranes
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Division Ave. High School Ms. FogliaAP Biology
AP Biology
Rough ER function§ Produce proteins for export out of cell
u protein secreting cellsu packaged into transport vesicles for export
Which cellshave lot of rough ER?
AP Biology
Synthesizing proteins
cytoplasm
cisternalspace
mRNA
ribosome
membrane ofendoplasmic reticulum
polypeptide
signalsequence
ribosome
AP Biology
Golgi Apparatus
Which cellshave lots of Golgi?
transport vesicles
secretoryvesicles
§ Functionu finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products
§ like “UPS shipping department”u ships products in vesicles
§ membrane sacs§ “UPS trucks”
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Division Ave. High School Ms. FogliaAP Biology
AP Biology
Golgi Apparatus
AP Biology
Vesicle transport
vesiclebuddingfrom roughER
fusionof vesiclewith Golgiapparatus
migratingtransportvesicle
protein
ribosome
Regents Biology
DNA
RNA
ribosomes
endoplasmicreticulum
vesicle
Golgi apparatus
vesicle
proteinon its way!
protein finishedprotein
Making Proteins
TO:
TO:
TO:
TO:
nucleus
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Division Ave. High School Ms. FogliaAP Biology
AP Biology
proteins
transportvesicle Golgi
apparatus
vesicle
smooth ER
rough ER
nuclear porenucleus
ribosome
cellmembrane protein secreted
cytoplasm
Making proteinsPutting it together…
AP Biology
AP Biology
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Division Ave. High School Ms. FogliaAP Biology
AP Biology 2007-2008
Any Questions!!
