torts and damages WEEK 2

8/10/2019 torts and damages WEEK 2

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Book 4: Obligations & ContractsTitle XVII. EXTRA-CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONSCHAPTER 2 > QUASI-DELICTSArt. 21!. "#$e%er &' ()t $r $*i++i$, )(+e+ (*(/e t$ (,$t#er0 t#ere &ei,/ (lt $r ,e/li/e,)e0 i+$&li/e t$ (' $r t#e (*(/e $,e. S)# (lt $r ,e/li/e,)e0 i t#ere i+ ,$ re-e3i+ti,/ )$,tr()t(lrel(ti$, &et4ee, t#e (rtie+0 i+ )(lle ( 5(+i-eli)t (, i+ /$%er,e &' t#e r$%i+i$,+ $ t#i+ C#(ter.61782(9Art. 21. Re+$,+i&ilit' $r (lt $r ,e/li/e,)e ,er t#e re)ei,/ (rti)le i+ e,tirel' +e(r(te (,i+ti,)t r$* t#e )i%il li(&ilit' (ri+i,/ r$* ,e/li/e,)e ,er t#e Pe,(l C$e. Bt t#e l(i,ti: )(,,$t

re)$%er (*(/e+ t4i)e $r t#e +(*e ()t $r $*i++i$, $ t#e ee,(,t. 6,9Art. 21;. T#e r$%i+i$,+ $ Arti)le+ 112 t$ 11< (re (l+$ (li)(&le t$ ( 5(+i-eli)t. 6,9Art. 217. "#e, t#e l(i,ti:=+ $4, ,e/li/e,)e 4(+ t#e i**ei(te (, r$3i*(te )(+e $ #i+ i,r'0 #e)(,,$t re)$%er (*(/e+. Bt i #i+ ,e/li/e,)e 4(+ $,l' )$,tri&t$r'0 t#e i**ei(te (, r$3i*(te)(+e $ t#e i,r' &ei,/ t#e ee,(,t=+ l()? $ e )(re0 t#e l(i,ti: *(' re)$%er (*(/e+0 &t t#e)$rt+ +#(ll *iti/(te t#e (*(/e+ t$ &e (4(re. 6,9Art. 21;8. T#e $&li/(ti$, i*$+e &' Arti)le 21! i+ e*(,(&le ,$t $,l' $r $,e=+ $4, ()t+ $r$*i++i$,+0 &t (l+$ $r t#$+e $ er+$,+ $r 4#$* $,e i+ re+$,+i&le.T#e (t#er (,0 i, )(+e $ #i+ e(t# $r i,)(()it'0 t#e *$t#er0 (re re+$,+i&le $r t#e (*(/e+ )(+e&' t#e *i,$r )#ilre, 4#$ li%e i, t#eir )$*(,'.G(ri(,+ (re li(&le $r (*(/e+ )(+e &' t#e *i,$r+ $r i,)(()it(te er+$,+ 4#$ (re ,er t#eir(t#$rit' (, li%e i, t#eir )$*(,'.T#e $4,er+ (, *(,(/er+ $ (, e+t(&li+#*e,t $r e,terri+e (re li?e4i+e re+$,+i&le $r (*(/e+

)(+e &' t#eir e*l$'ee+ i, t#e +er%i)e $ t#e &r(,)#e+ i, 4#i)# t#e l(tter (re e*l$'e $r $, t#e$))(+i$, $ t#eir ,)ti$,+.E*l$'er+ +#(ll &e li(&le $r t#e (*(/e+ )(+e &' t#eir e*l$'ee+ (, #$+e#$l #eler+ ()ti,/4it#i, t#e +)$e $ t#eir (++i/,e t(+?+0 e%e, t#$/# t#e $r*er (re ,$t e,/(/e i, (,' &+i,e++ $ri,+tr'.T#e St(te i+ re+$,+i&le i, li?e *(,,er 4#e, it ()t+ t#r$/# ( +e)i(l (/e,t@ &t ,$t 4#e, t#e (*(/e#(+ &ee, )(+e &' t#e $)i(l t$ 4#$* t#e t(+? $,e r$erl' ert(i,+0 i, 4#i)# )(+e 4#(t i+r$%ie i, Arti)le 21! +#(ll &e (li)(&le.L(+tl'0 te()#er+ $r #e(+ $ e+t(&li+#*e,t+ $ (rt+ (, tr(e+ +#(ll &e li(&le $r (*(/e+ )(+e &'t#eir il+ (, +te,t+ $r (re,ti)e+0 +$ l$,/ (+ t#e' re*(i, i, t#eir )+t$'.T#e re+$,+i&ilit' tre(te $ i, t#i+ (rti)le +#(ll )e(+e 4#e, t#e er+$,+ #erei, *e,ti$,e r$%e t#(tt#e' $&+er%e (ll t#e ili/e,)e $ ( /$$ (t#er $ ( (*il' t$ re%e,t (*(/e. 6178(9

Art. 21;1. "#$e%er ('+ $r t#e (*(/e )(+e &' #i+ ee,e,t+ $r e*l$'ee+ *(' re)$%er r$* t#el(tter 4#(t #e #(+ (i $r eli%ere i, +(ti+()ti$, $ t#e )l(i*. 6178


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619 B' t#e e3l$+i$, $ *()#i,er' 4#i)# #(+ ,$t &ee, t(?e, )(re $ 4it# e ili/e,)e0 (, t#ei,(**(ti$, $ e3l$+i%e +&+t(,)e+ 4#i)# #(%e ,$t &ee, ?et i, ( +(e (, (e5(te l()e@629 B' e3)e++i%e +*$?e0 4#i)# *(' &e #(r*l t$ er+$,+ $r r$ert'@69 B' t#e (lli,/ $ tree+ +it(te (t $r ,e(r #i/#4('+ $r l(,e+0 i ,$t )(+e &' $r)e *(ere@6


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+. #, 'P,- (OQ'/O0 hen octrine is a!!licable hen not a!!licable

I, t#e )$**$, l(40 res ipsa loquitur6L(ti, $r Mt#e t#i,/ it+el +e(?+M9 i+ ( $)tri,e t#(t +t(te+ t#(tt#e ele*e,t+ $ t' $ )(re(, &re()#)(, +$*eti*e+ &e i,erre r$* t#e %er' ,(tre $ (, ())ie,t$r $t#er $t)$*e0 e%e, 4it#$t ire)t e%ie,)e $ #$4 (,' ee,(,t&e#(%e. Alt#$/# *$er,$r*l(ti$,+ i:er &' ri+i)ti$,0 t#e )$**$, l(4$ri/i,(ll' +t(te t#(t t#e ())ie,t *+t +(ti+' t#e,e)e++(r' )$,iti$,+ $ ,e/li/e,)e.

(atin !hrase

T#e ter* )$*e+ r$* L(ti,(, i+ liter(ll' tr(,+l(te Mt#e t#i,/ it+el +e(?+M0 &t t#e +e,+e i+ 4ell)$,%e'e i, t#e *$re )$**$, tr(,+l(ti$,0 Mt#e t#i,/ +e(?+ $r it+el.M1T#e e(rlie+t ?,$4, +e $ t#e#r(+e 4(+ &'Ci)er$i, #i+ ee,)e +ee)# Pro Milone.2T#e )ir)*+t(,)e+ (r$, t#e /e,e+i+ $ t#e#r(+e (, (li)(ti$, &' Ci)er$ i, R$*(, le/(l tri(l+ #(+ le t$ 5e+ti$,+ 4#et#er it ree)t+ $, t#e5(lit' $ res ipsa loquitur(+ ( le/(l $)tri,e +&+e5e,t 2 BC0 +$*e 1071 'e(r+ &e$re Byrne vBoadle0 (+ 4ell (+ t#e 5e+ti$, 4#et#er C#ie B(r$, P$ll$)? *i/#t #(%e t(?e, ire)t i,+ir(ti$, r$*Ci)er$+ (li)(ti$, $ t#e *(3i* i, 4riti,/ #i+ /*e,t i, t#(t )(+e.


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MT#ere i+ (prima facie)(+e t#(t t#e ee,(,t i+ li(&le. T#e' )$,tr$lle t#e *. T#e *4(+ let $, (, $$e t#e l(i,ti:+ #$+e. T#e l(i,ti: 4(+ (4(' (, #( let t#e #$+e i, t#e)$,tr$l $ t#e ee,(,t. Res ipsa loquitur.M

es '!sa (o)uiturL(ti,0 T#e t#i,/ +e(?+ $r it+el.A rebuttable presumption or inference that the defendant was negligent, which arises upon proof that theinstrumentality or condition causing the injury was in the defendant's eclusive control and that the accident was one that ordinarily does notoccur in the absence ofNe/

li/e,)e.Re+ i+( l$5itr0 $r res ipsa0 (+ it i+ )$**$,l' )(lle0 i+ re(ll' ( rle $ e%ie,)e0 ,$t ( rle $ S&+t(,ti%e L(4.Ne/li/e,)e i+ )$,)t t#(t (ll+ &el$4 t#e +t(,(r e+t(&li+#e &' l(4 $r t#e r$te)ti$, $ $t#er+ (/(i,+t (, ,re(+$,(&le ri+? $#(r*. I,$rer t$ re%(il i, ( ,e/li/e,)e ()ti$,0 ( l(i,ti: *+t e+t(&li+# &' ( Pre$,er(,)e $E%ie,)et#(t t#e ee,(,t+ )$,)t 4(+,re(+$,(&le i, li/#t $ t#e (rti)l(r +it(ti$, (, t#(t +)# )$,)t )(+e t#e l(i,ti:+ i,r'. T#e *ere ()t t#(t (, ())ie,t $r (, i,r'#(+ $))rre0 4it# ,$t#i,/ *$re0 i+ ,$t e%ie,)e $ ,e/li/e,)e. T#ere *+t &e e%ie,)e t#(t ,e/li/e,)e )(+e t#e e%e,t. S)# e%ie,)e )(,)$,+i+t $ ire)t te+ti*$,' &' e'e4it,e++e+ 4#$ $&+er%e t#e ee,(,t+ ,re(+$,(&le )$,)t (, it+ i,ri$+ re+lt.Ne/li/e,)e )(, (l+$ &e e+t(&li+#e &'Cir)*+t(,ti(lE%ie,)e4#e, ,$ ire)t e%ie,)e e3i+t+. Cir)*+t(,ti(l e%ie,)e i+ e%ie,)e $ $,ere)$/,ie ()t $r

+et $ ()t+ r$* 4#i)# t#e ()t t$ &e eter*i,e )(, &e re(+$,(&l' i,erre &e)(+e it i+ t#e l$/i)(l )$,)l+i$, t#(t )(, &er(4, r$* (ll t#e ?,$4, ()t+. $r e3(*le0 +?i *(r?+ (t t#e +)e,e $ (, ())ie,t (re )ir)*+t(,ti(l e%ie,)e t#(t ( )(r 4(+ ri%e, (t (,e3)e++i%e +ee. T#e re(+$,i,/ r$)e++ *+t&e &(+e $, t#e ()t+ $:ere (+ e%ie,)e0 t$/et#er 4it# ( +)ie,t &()?/r$, $ #*(,e3erie,)e0 t$ +ti' t#e )$,)l+i$,. E%ie,)e t#(t *erel' +//e+t+ t#e $++i&ilit' $ ,e/li/e,)e i+ i,+)ie,t0 +i,)e ,e/li/e,)e *+t (e(r*$re li?el' t#(, ,$t t$ #(%e $))rre. T#i+ i,ere,)e *+t )$%er (ll t#e ,e)e++(r' ele*e,t+ $ ,e/li/e,)eF t#(t t#e ee,(,t $4e t#e l(i,ti:( t'0 4#i)# t#e ee,(,t %i$l(te &' (ili,/ t$ ()t ())$ri,/ t$ t#e re5ire +t(,(r $ )$,)t0 (, t#(t +)# ,e/li/e,t )$,)t i,re t#el(i,ti:.Res ipsa loquituri+ $,e $r* $ )ir)*+t(,ti(l e%ie,)e t#(t er*it+ ( re(+$,(&le er+$, t$ +r*i+e t#(t t#e *$+t Pr$&(&leC(+e$ (,())ie,t 4(+ t#e ee,(,t+ ,e/li/e,)e. T#i+ )$,)et 4(+ r+t (%(,)e i, 1;! i, ( )(+ei, 4#i)# ( &(rrel $ $r r$lle $t $ ( 4(re#$+e4i,$4 (, ell $, ( (++i,/ ee+tri(,. Res ipsa loquitur4(+ t#e re(+$,(&le )$,)l+i$, &e)(+e0 ,er t#e )ir)*+t(,)e+0 t#e ee,(,t4(+ r$&(&l' )l(&le +i,)e ,$ $t#er e3l(,(ti$, 4(+ li?el'. T#e )$,)et 4(+ r(il' (lie t$ )(+e+ i,%$l%i,/ i,rie+ t$ (++e,/er+ )(+e&' )(rrier+0 +)# (+ r(ilr$(+0 4#i)# 4ere re5ire t$ r$%e t#e' #( ,$t &ee, ,e/li/e,t. Res ipsa loquitur0 (+ it i+ i, t#e e(rl' 2888+ (lie&' ,e(rl' (ll $ t#e 8 +t(te+0 e(l+ 4it# t#e +)ie,)' $ )ir)*+t(,ti(l e%ie,)e (,0 (+ i, +$*e +t(te+0 (:e)t+ t#e Bre, $ Pr$$i,,e/li/e,)e )(+e+.#le"ents

T#ree &(+i) re5ire*e,t+ *+t &e +(ti+e &e$re ( )$rt )(, +&*it t#e 5e+ti$, $ ,e/li/e,)e t$ t#er' ,er res ipsa loquitur!'nference of NegligenceT#e l(i,ti:+ i,r' *+t &e $ ( t'e t#(t $e+ ,$t $ri,(ril' $))r ,le+++$*e$,e #(+ &ee, ,e/li/e,t. T#i+re5ire*e,t0 4#i)# i+ t#e i,ere,)e $ ,e/li/e,)e0 (ll$4+ res ipsat$&e (lie t$ ( 4ie %(riet' $ +it(ti$,+0 +)# (+ t#e (lli,/ $ ele%(t$r+0t#e re+e,)e $ ( e( *$+e

i, ( &$ttle $ +$(0 $r ( +treet)(r )(ree,i,/ t#r$/# ( re+t(r(,t. Alt#$/# *(,' $ t#e )(+e+ i,%$l%e re(?i+#(, i*r$&(&le +it(ti$,+0 $ri,(r' e%e,t+0 +)# (+ 4#ere ( (++e,/er i+ i,re 4#e, ( %e#i)le+t$+ (&rtl'0 4ill (l+$ 4(rr(,t t#e(li)(ti$, $ res ipsa!C$**er)i(l (ir tr(%el &e)(*e +$ +(e i, t#el(te t4e,tiet# )e,tr' t#(t l(,e+ e,/(/e i, re/l(rl' +)#ele)$**er)i(l i/#t+ /e,er(ll' $ ,$t )r(+# ,le++ +$*e$,e #(+ &ee, ,e/li/e,t. Ve#i)l(r ())ie,t+ )(+e &' ( +e, l$++ $ )$,tr$l0 +)#(+( )(r +e,l' +4er%i,/ $: t#e r$( $r ( tr)? +?ii,/ $, ( +lier' r$( (, )r$++i,/ i,t$ t#e 4r$,/ l(,e $ tr()0 +ti' t#e )$,)l+i$,t#(t +)# (, e%e,t 4$l ,$t ,$r*(ll' $))r e3)et $r +$*e$,e+ ,e/li/e,)e.T#i+ i,ere,)e $ ,e/li/e,)e $e+ ,$t *e(, t#(t (ll $t#er $++i&le )(+e+ $ t#e i,ri$+ e%e,t *+t &e eli*i,(te. A l(i,ti: +i,/ res ipsat$e,(&le #er )(+e t$ /$ t$ t#e r' *+t r$%e t#(t t#e ee,(,t+ ,e/li/e,)e i+ t#e *$+t r$&(&le )(+e $ #er i,rie+. T#e (rti)l(r ,(tre $t#e ee,(,t+ ,e/li/e,)e ,ee ,$t &e i,$i,te. $r i,+t(,)e0 4#ere ( &$ttle $ +$( e3l$e+ i, ( +er*(r?et i**ei(tel' (ter it+eli%er' &' t#e &$ttler0 t#e i,re er+$, $e+ ,$t #(%e t$ r$%e t#(t t#e &$ttler (ile t$ ,

$ti)e ( ee)t i, t#e &$ttle $r t#(t t#e +$( 4(+ $%er-)(r&$,(te. It i+ +)ie,t t$ e+t(&li+# t#(t t#e e3l$+i$, 4$l ,$t #(%e $))rre ,le++ t#e &$ttler #( &ee, ,e/li/e,t."#ere t#e i,ere,)e $ ,e/li/e,)e ee,+ $, ()t+ &e'$, t#e )$**$, ?,$4le/e $ r$r+0 E3ertTe+ti*$,'i+ ,e)e++(r' t$ r,i+# t#i+i,$r*(ti$,. S)# te+ti*$,' i+ +(ll' re+e,te i, )(+e+ $ r$e++i$,(l ,e/li/e,)e0 +)# (+ ei)(l
http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Negligencehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Negligencehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Substantive+Lawhttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Substantive+Lawhttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Preponderance+of+Evidencehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Preponderance+of+Evidencehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Circumstantial+Evidencehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Circumstantial+Evidencehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Circumstantial+Evidencehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Probable+Causehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Probable+Causehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Burden+of+Proofhttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Expert+Testimonyhttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Expert+Testimonyhttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Medical+Malpracticehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Negligencehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Negligencehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Substantive+Lawhttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Substantive+Lawhttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Preponderance+of+Evidencehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Preponderance+of+Evidencehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Circumstantial+Evidencehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Circumstantial+Evidencehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Probable+Causehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Probable+Causehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Burden+of+Proofhttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Expert+Testimonyhttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Expert+Testimonyhttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Medical+Malpractice


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(lr()ti)e. A, e3ert 4it,e++ )(,te+ti' ire)tl' i, re/(r t$ t#e i,erre ()t it+el0 +)# (+ 4#e, t#ee3ert te+tie+ t#(t t#e l(i,ti:+ i,r' 4$l ,$t #(%e $))rre i t#e$)t$r #( ,$t &ee, ,e/li/e,t.#3clusi$e Control b the DefenantT#e l(i,ti:+ i,r' $r (*(/e *+t #(%e &ee, )(+e &' (, i,+tr*e,t(lit' $r )$,iti$, t#(t 4(+4it#i, t#e e3)l+i%e )$,tr$l $ t#e ee,(,t. S$*e )$rt+ i,terrett#i+ re5ire*e,t t$ *e(, t#(t e3)l+i%e )$,tr$l $r *(,(/e*e,t *+t #(%ee3i+te (t t#e ti*e $ t#e i,r'. T#i+ i,terret(ti$, #(+ le t$ #(r+# re+lt+. I, $,e )(+e0 ( )+t$*er +(t $4, i, ( )#(ir i, ( +t$re 4#ile4(iti,/ $r ( +(le+er+$,. T#e )#(ir )$ll(+e (, t#e )+t$*er 4(+ i,re. T#e )$rt e,ie re)$%er' t$ t#e )+t$*er i, #er ,e/li/e,)e()ti$, (/(i,+t t#e +t$re &e)(+e it $, t#(t t#e )#(ir 4(+ ,$t 4it#i, t#e e3)l+i%e )$,tr$l $ t#e +t$re &t r(t#er 4(+ ,er t#e e3)l+i%e)$,tr$l $ t#e )+t$*er (t t#e t

i*e $ i,r'.T#i+ (li)(ti$, $ t#e rle #(+ &ee, re/(re (+ i,e3i&le &' *(,' )$rt+0 +i,)e it +e%erel' re+tri)t+ t#e t'e $ )(+e t$ 4#i)# res ipsa)(,&e (lie. I, re+$,+e0 *(,' +t(te+ re+)ri&e t#(t t#e ,e/li/e,)e*+t $))r 4#ile t#e ee,(,t #(+ )$,tr$l $%er t#e i,+tr*e,t(lit'. I, t#ee3(*le $ t#e e3l$i,/ +$( &$ttle0 t#e ,e/li/e,)e $ t#e &$ttler $))rre +$*e4#ere i, t#e &$ttli,/ r$)e++. T#e ()t t#(t t#e &$ttle 4(++itti,/ $, ( +er*(r?et +#el (, 4(+ ,$ l$,/er i, t#e i**ei(te $++e++i$, $ t#e &$ttler $e+ ,$t re%e,t t#e re(+$,(&le )$,)l+i$, t#(tt#e i,r' re+lte r$* t#e ,e/li/e,)e $ t#e &$ttler. T#ei,re l(i,ti: *+t r+t +#$4 t#(t t#e &$ttle 4(+ ,$t )r()?e &' *i+#(,li,/ (ter itlet t#e l(,t $ t#e &$ttler. T#i+ $e+ ,$t *e(,0 #$4e%er0 t#(t t#e l(i,ti: *+t ())$,t $r e%er' *i,te $ t#e e3i+te,)e $ t#e &$ttle r$* t#eti*e it let t#e l(,t. I t#e l(i,ti: )(, +&+t(,ti(te t#e ()t $ )(rel #(,li,/i, /e,er(l (, t#e (&+e,)e $ ,+(l i,)ie,t+0 +)# (+ t#eeli&er(te t(*eri,/ $ t#e &$ttle /$$+&' (, ,?,$4, er+$,0 +)# ()t+ 4$l er*it re(+$,(&le er+$,+ t$ )$,)le t#(t t#e i,r' 4(+*$re li?el' t#(, ,$t t$ #(%e &ee, )(+e &' t#e ee,(,t+ ,e/li/e,)e 4#ile #e #( e3)l+i%e )$,tr$l $ t

#e &$ttle.Si,)e t#ere *+t &e e3)l+i%e )$,tr$l &' t#e ee,(,t0 res ipsa)(,,$t &e +e (/(i,+t *ltile ee,(,t+ i, ( ,e/li/e,)e )(+e 4#ere t#el(i,ti: )l(i*+ #e #(+ &ee, i,re &' t#e ,e/li/e,)e $ (,$t#er. $r e3(*le0 ( ee+tri(, i+ i,re 4#e, #e i+ +tr)? &' ( )(r t#(t #( +t)$llie 4it# (,$t#er %e#i)le. T#e ee+tri(, i,+titte+ ( ,e/li/e,)e ()ti$, (/(i,+t $,e ri%er (, +ee?+ t$ #(%e res ipsa(lie t$#i+ )(+e.A, i,ere,)e $ ,e/li/e,)e $e+ ,$t (ri+e r$* t#e *ere ()t $ t#e )$lli+i$,0 +i,)e ,eit#er ri%er i+ i, e3)l+i%e )$,tr$l $ t#e +it(ti$,. I0#$4e%er0 $,e ri%er i+ )le(re $ (lt &' +$*e +e)i) e%ie,)e0 t#e r' i+ +tie i, i,erri,/ t#(t t#e i,r' 4(+ t#e re+lt $ t#e $t#erri%er+ ,e/li/e,)e.T#e re5ire*e,t $ e3)l+i%e )$,tr$l &' t#e ee,(,t i+ ,$t (lie i, )(+e+ i,%$l%i,/Vi)(ri$+Li(&ilit'$r +#(re re+$,+i&ilit' $r t#e +(*ei,+tr*e,t(lit' $r )$,iti$,. I, $,e )(+e0 ( er+$, 4(+ i,re 4#e, (, ele%(t$r i, 4#i)# +#e 4(+ rii,/ ell %er' r(il'. S#e &r$/#t (,e/li/e,)e ()ti$, (/(i,+t&$t# t#e $4,er $ t#e &ili,/ (, t#e )$*(,' t#(t *(,()tre t#e ele%(t$r (, #( t#e *(i,te,(,)e +er%i)e)$,tr()t $r t#e &ili,/. T#e l(i,ti: relie )$*letel' $, res ipsa!T#e r' $, $r t#e l(i,ti: +i,)e ( (lli,/ ele%(t$r i+ ,$t t#e t'e $())ie,t t#(t +(ll' $))r+ 4it#$t ,e/li/e,)e0 +$ t#(t t#e ,e/li/e,)e $ t#$+e i, )$,tr$l )(, &e i,erre. T#e +er%i)e )$,tr()t &et4ee, t#eele%(t$r )$*(,' (, t#e &ili,/ $4,er e+t(&li+#e t#e ()t t#(t t#e' e3erte $i,t )$,tr$l $%er t#e ele%(t$r. T#e re5ire*e,t $ e3)l+i%e)$,tr$l &' ( ee,(,t $ t#e i,+tr*e,t(lit' )(+i,/ i,r' $e+ ,$t *e(, t#(t $,l' (+i,/le e,tit' #(+ )$,tr$l. "#ere t4$ $r *$re ee,(,t+(re ()ti,/ $i,tl'0 t#e $)tri,e $ res ipsa)(, &e (lie t$ e+t(&li+# t#eir ,e/li/e,)e.S$*e +t(te )$rt+ #(%e e(rte r$* t#e re5ire*e,t $ e3)l+i%e )$,tr$l (, (lie res ipsa loquitur(/(i,+t *ltile ee,(,t+. I, $,e)(+e0 4#ile (, (,e+t#etie (tie,t 4(+ ,er/$i,/ (, $er(ti$, $r (e,i)iti+0 #e +:ere ( tr(*(ti) i,r' t$ #i+ +#$ler. Res ipsa4(+(lie (/(i,+t (ll $ t#e $)t$r+ (, #$+it(l e*l$'ee+ )$,,e)te 4it# t#e $er(ti$,0 (lt#$/# ,$t (ll $ t#e* 4ere ,e/li/e,t. T#e)$rt&(+e it+ e)i+i$, $, t#e +e)i(l re+$,+i&ilit' $r t#e l(i,ti:+ +(et' ,ert(?e, &' e%er'$,e )$,)er,e.

5reeo" fro" Contributor NegligenceT#e e%e,t i, 5e+ti$, *+t ,$t #(%e &ee, (ttri&t(&le t$ (,' )(+e $r 4#i)# t#e l(i,ti: i+re+$,+i&le. T#e l(i,ti: *+t ,$t #(%e $,e (,'t#i,/ t#(t +i/,i)(,tl' )$,tri&te t$ t#e ())ie,t t#(t )(+e t#e i,r'. I, $,e )(+e0 ( 4(ter+?ier 4(+ i,re 4#e, t#e r$eller $ t#e &$(t t#(t #( &ee, t$4i,/ #i* +tr)? #i+ (r* (+ t#e &$(t 4(+ (tte*ti,/ t$ i)? #i* .He +et#e ri%er (, t#e $4,er $ t#e &$(t $r ,e/li/e,)e0 4#i)# )$l &e $, i res ipsa4(+ (lie. T#e l(i,ti: (tte*te t$ i%e ,er4(ter4#e, #e +(4 t#e &$(t (r$()#i,/ #i*0 &t #e 4(+ ,+))e++l i, e+)(i,/ i,r'. T#e ee,(,t+ )l(i*e t#(t t#e (tte*te i%e )(+et#e ())ie,t (,0 t#ere$re0 res ipsa4(+ i,(li)(&le.T#e tri(l )$rt ())ete t#i+ (r/*e,t0 4#i)# 4(+ l(ter ree)te &' t#e (ell(te )$rt. T#e (ell(te )$rt e)ie t#(t t#e 5e+ti$, $4#et#er t#e (tte*te i%e )(+e t#e ())ie,t +#$l #(%e &ee, re+e,te t$ t#e r' ,er res ipsa!It +t(te t#(t ( l(i,ti: *(' rel' $,res ipsa loquiture%e, t#$/# #e #(+ (rti)i(te i, t#e e%e,t+ le(i,/ t$ t#e ())ie,t i t#e e%ie,)e e3)le+ #i+ )$,)t (+ t#e re+$,+i&le)(+e. I, li/#t $ t#e +?ier+ te+ti*$,' t#(t #e 4(+ (&$t t$ &e +tr)? &' t#e &$(t0 (+ 4ell (+ t#e

te+ti*$,' $ $t#er e'e4it,e++e+0 t#e r')$l l$/i)(ll' )$,)le t#(t t#e (tte*te i%e 4(+ ,$t ( )(+e $ t#e ())ie,t.-ccessibilit of #$ience

I, (iti$, t$ t#e t#ree &(+i) re5ire*e,t+0 ( e4 +t(te+ (l' res ipsai, ,e/li/e,)e )(+e+ 4#ere t#e e%ie,)e $ t#e ()t+ $ t#e e%e,t i+*$re ())e++i&le t$ t#e ee,(,t t#(, t$ t#e l(i,ti:. I, $,e +t(te0 $r e3(*le0 ( l(i,ti: 4(+ i,re 4#e, t#e &le()#er +e)ti$, i, 4#i)# +#e4(+ +itti,/ )$ll(+e ri,/ (
http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Medical+Malpracticehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Vicarious+Liabilityhttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Vicarious+Liabilityhttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Vicarious+Liabilityhttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Medical+Malpracticehttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Vicarious+Liabilityhttp://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Vicarious+Liability


6/6

&(+?et&(ll /(*e ,er t#e *(,(/e*e,t (, +er%i+i$, $ t#e ee,(,t #i/# +)#$$l (t#leti) (++$)i(ti$,. S#e+e t#e (++$)i(ti$, $r ,e/li/e,)e ,er t#e $)tri,e $ res ipsa!T#e (ell(te )$rt0 re%ie4i,/ ( %eri)t $r t#e l(i,ti:0 (r*e it &e)(+eMt#e ,erl'i,/ re(+$, $r t#e res ipsarle i+ t#(t t#e )#ie e%ie,)e $ t#e tre )(+e $ t#e i,r' i+ r()ti)(ll' ())e++i&le t$ t#e ee,(,t&t i,())e++i&le t$ t#e i,re er+$,.M/he #*ect of es '!sa

Res ipsa loquituri+ +(ll' +e 4#e, t#ere i+ ,$ ire)t e%ie,)e $ t#e ee,(,t+ ,e/li/e,)e. T#e ()t+ re+e,te t$ t#e )$rt *+t *eett#e t#ree &(+i) re5ire*e,t+. O,)e t#e )$rt e)ie+ t#(t t#e ()t+ $ ( (rti)l(r )(+e 4(rr(,t t#e (li)(ti$, $ res ipsa0 it i,+tr)t+ t#e r'$, t#e &(+i) ri,)ile+0 &t i

t i+ t#e ,)ti$, $ t#e r' t$ e)ie t#e )rei&ilit' (, 4ei/#t $ t#e i,ere,)e t$ &e r(4, r$* t#e ?,$4, ()t+.T#e r' )(, )$,)le t#(t t#e ee,(,t 4(+ ,e/li/e,t0 &t t#e r' i+ ,$t )$*elle t$ $ +$. E%er't#i,/ ee,+ $, t#e (rti)l(r ()t+ $e()# )(+e. A, i,ere,)e $ ,e/li/e,)e *i/#t &e +$ )le(r t#(t ,$ re(+$,(&le er+$, )$l (il t$ ())et it. I t#e ee,(,t $:er+ ,$e3l(,(ti$,0 t#e )$rt )(,ire)t ( %eri)t $r t#e l(i,ti: i t#e i,ere,)e i+ +$ +tr$,/ t#(t re(+$,(&le r$r+ )$l ,$t re()# (,' $t#er)$,)l+i$,. "#ere t#e r' )$,+ier+ t#e 5e+ti$, $ ,e/li/e,)e0 it )(, e)ie t#(t t#e ()t+ $ ,$t l$/i)(ll' le( t$ (, i,ere,)e $ t#eee,(,t+ ,e/li/e,)e0 e%e, i t#e ee,(,t i ,$t $:er (,' e%ie,)e i, #er ee,+e. I t#e ee,(,t re+e,t+ e%ie,)e t#(t *(?e+ it,li?el' t#(t +#e #(+ ()te ,e/li/e,tl'0 t#e l(i,ti: 4ill l$+e #i+ )(+e ,le++ #e )(, re&t t#e e%ie,)e0 +i,)e +)# e%ie,)e e+tr$'+ t#ei,ere,)e $ ,e/li/e,)e )re(te &' res ipsa!A *i,$rit' $ )$rt+ #$l t#(t res ipsa)re(te+ ( re&tt(&le re+*ti$, $ ,e/li/e,)e. U,le++ t#e ee,(,t $:er+ +)ie,t e%ie,)e t$)$,tr(i)t it0 t#e )$rt *+t ire)t ( %eri)t $r t#e l(i,ti:. S$*e +t(te+ #(%e /$,e (+ (r (+ t$ +#it t#e &re, $ r$$ t$ t#e ee,(,t0re5iri,/ #er t$ i,tr$)e e%ie,)e

$ /re(ter 4ei/#t t#(, t#(t $ t#e l(i,ti:.Cross%referencesE%ie,)e@ (lr()ti)e@Ne/li/e,)e@ Pr$&(&le C(+e.

res i!sa lo)uitur6r(' i-+(# l$#-5it-#er9 ,. L(ti, $r Mt#e t#i,/ +e(?+ $r it+el0M ( $)tri,e $ l(4 t#(t $,e i+ re+*e t$ &e ,e/li/e,t i#eK+#eKit #( e3)l+i%e )$,tr$l $ 4#(te%er )(+e t#e i,r' e%e, t#$/# t#ere i+ ,$ +e)i) e%ie,)e $(, ()t $ ,e/li/e,)e0 (, 4it#$t,e/li/e,)e t#e ())ie,t 4$l ,$t #(%e #(e,e. E3(*le+F ( l$($ &ri)?+ $, t#e r$$ $ ( &ili,/ &ei,/ )$,+tr)te &' Hi/#ri+eC$,+tr)ti$, C$. (ll+ (, i,re+ P(l Pee+tri(, &el$40 (, Hi/#ri+e i+ li(&le $r Pee+tri(,+ i,r' e%e, t#$/# ,$ $,e +(4 t#e l$( (ll."#ile ,er (,e+t#eti)0 I+(&el P(tie,t+ ,er%e i, #er (r* i+ (*(/e (lt#$/# it 4(+ ,$t (rt $ t#e +r/i)(lr$)ere0 (, +#e i+ ,(4(re $4#i)# $ ( $e, *ei)(l e$le i, t#e r$$* )(+e t#e (*(/e. U,er re+ i+( l$5itr (ll t#$+e )$,,e)te 4it# t#e $er(ti$, (re li(&le $r,e/li/e,)e. L(4'er+ $te, +#$rte, t#e $)tri,e t$ Mre+ i+0M (, , it ( #(,' +#$rt#(, $r ( )$*le3 $)tri,e. 6SeeF ,e/li/e,)e9C$'ri/#t 17;1-288 &' Ger(l N. Hill (, (t#lee, T. Hill. All Ri/#t re+er%e.

res i!sa lo)uiturnoun(t$*(ti) l()? $ e ili/e,)e0 (t$*(ti),e/li/e,)e0 (t$*(ti) re+$,+i&ilit'0 &re()# $ t'0 ereli)ti$,0e,ite0 $)tri,e $ re+ i+( l$5itr0 i*re,)e0 irre+$,+i&ilit'0 l()? $(tte,ti$,0 li(&ilit' i*$+e $r $&%i$+ re+$,+i&illt'0li(&ilit' $r +$le (, e3)l+i%e )$,tr$l0 $&%i$+ (,)err(i, ,e/li/e,)e0 t#e t#i,/ +e(?+ $r it+el-ssociate conce!ts:,e/li/e,)eBrt$,+ Le/(l T#e+(r+0

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