Topicality Oceans Starter Packet123

8/12/2019 Topicality Oceans Starter Packet123

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Its


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1ncits

Its is a possessive pronoun showing ownershipGlossary of English Grammar Terms, 2005

(http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/possessive-pronoun.html)

Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs are the possessive pronouns used to substitute a noun and to

show possession or ownership.

EG. This is your disk and that's mine. (Mine substitutes the word disk and shows that it belongs to me.)

Violationthe aff incentives private sector development or explorationit doesnt

mandate federal development or explorationthese are contextually distinctMcNutt, 13 - chair of the Ocean Exploration 2020 group (Marcia, The Report of Ocean Exploration

2020http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/oceanexploration2020/oe2020_report.pdf)

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT By 2020, private sector investments in exploration technology

development specifically for the dedicated national program of exploration exceed the federal

investment, but federal partners play a key role in testing and refining new technologies.

Forum participants agreed that a top priority for a national ocean exploration program of distinction is

the development of mechanisms to fund emerging and creatively disruptive technologies to enhance

and expand exploration capabilities. In addition to the significant federal government investment in

ocean exploration technology developmentwhether by the U.S. Navy, NASA, NOAA, or other civilian

agenciesmany felt strongly that increased investment would come from the private sector to achieve

the kind of program they envisioned. Participants also felt that national program partners should

continue to play a key role in testing and refining these technologies as well as working to adapt existing

and proven technologies for exploration.

Voting issue

1. limitsincentives introduce multiple new mechanismsits hugeMoran, 86 (Theodore, Investing in Development: New Roles for Private Capital?, p. 28)

Guisinger finds that if incentivesare broadly defined to includetariffs and trade controls along with tax

holidays, subsidized loans, cash grants, and other fiscal measures, they comprise more than forty

separate kinds of measures. Moreover, the author emphasizes, the value of an incentive package is just

one of several means that governments use to lure foreign investors. Other methodsfor example,

promotional activities (advertising, representative offices) and subsidized government servicesalso

influence investors location decisions. The author points out that empirical research so far has been

unable to distinguish the relative importance of fundamental economic factors and of government

policies in decisions concerning the location of foreign investmentlet alone to determine the

effectiveness of individual government instrucments.

2. negative groundthey kill core negative strategies like free market counterplans
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/oceanexploration2020/oe2020_report.pdfhttp://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/oceanexploration2020/oe2020_report.pdfhttp://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/oceanexploration2020/oe2020_report.pdf


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AT: No cases meet

Plenty of direct federal exploration affs

McNutt, 13 - chair of the Ocean Exploration 2020 group (Marcia, The Report of Ocean Exploration2020http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/oceanexploration2020/oe2020_report.pdf)

toward a national program of ocean exploration

Ocean Exploration 2020 participants agreed that there is a critical need for effective coordination among

the federal agencies in all aspects of ocean exploration and research. Likely federal budget ocean

exploration allocations for these agencies are too small for independent approaches. The community

noted that a national program must be flexible, responsive, and inclusive, and called for NOAA to act as

a coordinator and facilitator of all exploration activities. The program must have the means to grow

partnerships of all kinds to seize the opportunityand respond to the urgent need to understand the

global ocean.

Finally, Ocean Exploration 2020 participants noted the value of this National Forum and the need for

regular opportunities for the community of ocean explorers to come together. Maintaining themomentum from Ocean Exploration 2020 is critical, and NOAA and its partners need to take advantage

of all opportunities to capture the energy and maintain the commitment of the ocean exploration

community.
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/oceanexploration2020/oe2020_report.pdfhttp://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/oceanexploration2020/oe2020_report.pdfhttp://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/oceanexploration2020/oe2020_report.pdf


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Its means belonging to

Its means belonging to

Cambridge Dictionary ( Its, http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/its)Definitionbelonging to or relating to something that has already been mentioned The dog hurt its paw.Their house has its own swimming pool.

The company increased its profits.

I prefer the second option - its advantages are simplicity and cheapness.


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Aff - its

Federal ocean development occurs by permitsthe federal government never directly

develops anything

Winter, 9 - E&E reporter(Allison, Greenwire, White House task force crafting 'marching orders' formanaging waters 8/24,http://www.eenews.net/stories/81712/print)

The Obama administration is working to craft a new overarching national ocean policy that could change

how federal agencies address new projects at sea -- from offshore energy development to aquaculture

to marine conservation.

Top administration officials last week kicked off what will be a cross-country tour of public listening

sessions on the plan, the first public events for a group that has worked in overdrive, but under the

radar, throughout the summer to craft the new policy.

Once completed, the group's work could significantly alter marine planning and set the stage for a new

system of ocean "zoning" that would allocate marine resources among interests such as fishing, boating,

oil and gas development, shipping, renewable energy and wildlife.

The new ocean policy is intended to give a unifying voice to the 20 federal agencies and more than 140

separate laws that address aspects of ocean policy. Two major national oceans commissions

recommended the creation of an overaching ocean policy five years ago in reports that found the

marine environment is seriously depleted and disrupted by overfishing, development, pollution and

climate change.

"It is commonly understood that the lack of a cohesive policy, the lack of mechanisms to ensure the

health of the ecosystem, is one of the reasons we're seeing so many problems in the oceans," said Jane

Lubchenco, one of the administration's chief advocates for oceans as head of the National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration and a member of the task force.

Lubchenco added: "It is high time we took a careful look and made a statement about what the national

oceans policy should be, to bring that all together in a cohesive fashion with clear marching orders, clear

intent for our uses of the oceans and our uses on land for things that affect the oceans."The White House-appointed group plans to release the recommendations for a first-of-its-kind national

ocean policy next month and a framework for marine planning by the end of the year.

Its recommendations, which will go to President Obama for approval, are an attempt to address issues

such as who should oversee permits for ocean development , conflicts over shipping lanes that run into

marine mammal migration routes, wind farms poised to enter recreational areas and water pollution

from Midwest farms that kills fish in the Gulf of Mexico.

Federal ocean development occurs by creating legal frameworks to guide private

actionsWinter, 9 - E&E reporter(Allison, Greenwire, White House task force crafting 'marching orders' for

managing waters 8/24,http://www.eenews.net/stories/81712/print)

The new policy will likely provide "general guidance" to federal agencies on the national priorities for

the ocean, according to Lubchenco. Further regulations or laws may be needed to translate the guidance

into action, she said.

"But its importance shouldn't be underestimated," Lubchenco said. "There are currently no guidelines,

there is no cohesive statement about the nation's intent for the use of the waters and ecosystems under

its jurisdiction."
http://www.eenews.net/stories/81712/printhttp://www.eenews.net/stories/81712/printhttp://www.eenews.net/stories/81712/printhttp://www.eenews.net/stories/81712/printhttp://www.eenews.net/stories/81712/printhttp://www.eenews.net/stories/81712/print


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The next phase, the marine spatial planning framework, will set parameters for how the federal

government could approach ocean development and conservation at the ecosystem level, rather than

just project by project in different isolated agencies.

The marine plan could eventually lead to a system of zoning the ocean for different uses, mapping out

areas for different activities, such as energy development, recreation or fishing. But Lubchenco said the

task force is unlikely to come up with something that specific by the end of the year. Rather, she said thetask force will likely assemble a "road map" for how to move ahead with more specific plans.

"It's not clear how detailed we will be able to get," she said. "I think, in the time we have available, we

will be making recommendations about a fairly generic approach framing what [marine spatial planning]

is, what it looks like, who might be responsible and what it would include."


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Its means associated with

Its means associated with

Dictionary.com, 9 (based on Collins English Dictionary,http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/its?s=t)

its (ts)

determiner

a. of, belonging to, or associated in some way with it: its left rear wheel

b. ( as pronoun ): each town claims its is the best
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/its?s=thttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/its?s=t


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Non-military


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1ncMust be civilian

Non-military means they cant be associated with the armed forces in any way

Oxford Dictionaries, 14 (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/non-military)

non-military

Line breaks: non-military

Pronunciation: /nnmlt()ri /

ADJECTIVE

Not belonging to, characteristic of, or involving the armed forces; civilian:

the widespread destruction of non-military targets

B. ViolationUsing the military in a non-combat role isnt non-military because it still

operates within military structureBrown, 12 - PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London (Sylvia, Youths in non-military roles in an armed

opposition group on the Burmese-Thai border.http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/15634)

a) Definition of key terms

The term youth is understood in this study to be a socially constructed emic term which, like all social

constructions, is not static, but continually re-defined by society based on the social context of the time.

The term non-military is usedhere to refer to roles which are not located within army or militia

structures. Since roles within military structures involve both combat and non-combat roles (army

cooks, porters, signallers and engineers, for example), the term non-combat can be used to refer to

ancillary roles within a military, which are not the focus of this study. This study is concerned with

participants outside the armed wing of an armed opposition group entirely, for instance, within its

administrative apparatus or mass organisations.

C. Voting issue

1. limitsallowing the military explodes the literature base and our research burdensthere are

dozens of noncombat roles like anti-piracy, counterterrorism or counternarcotics that could all facilitate

developmentit could be its own topic

2. predictabilitytheir interpretation makes the word non-military meaningless if military only

means formal combat roles, exploration and development are incoherent in that context.
http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/15634http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/15634


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2ncmust be civilian

Theyre a non-aggressive use of the militarythats substantially broader than non-

military international law establishes a brightline

Benko et al, 85served as the legal adviser to the German Delegation in the UN Committee on thePeaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) from 1979-2013; teaches space law & policy at Aachen

University of Applied Sciences (Faculty of Aerospace Engineering)(Marietta, Space Law in the United

Nations, p. 176)

The vast literature on the subject shows, in space law, two major interpretations of'peaceful': that of

non-military and that of non-aggressive53. In international law 'non-military is defined as the

prohibition to use outer space for military activities in times of peace, whereas 'non-aggressiveness'

refers to the permission to use at least partial military precautions. The term 'non-aggressiveness'

includes the possibility to apply military activities in outer space law-fully as long as those activities do

not aim at direct attack in the sense of the United Nations definition of 'aggression'.

The concept of non-aggressiveness is, from the political point of view, therefore a much broader onethan the non-military one : it permits among other things almost all present activities in outer space

such as those of 'spy' satellites, interceptor satellites, remote sensing satellites of a certain type as well

as laser beam experiments and the use of nuclear power in outer space.

At this point it begins to be difficult for those among us who are in favour of peace on Earth as well as in

the rest of outer space, because many outer space activities, scientific or not, have up to now been

executed by military personnel*; so that, if we had to get rid of the 'non-military', this would mean that

space research as it stands would become impossible. But it would be difficult, if not impossible, to

discontinue space research, the more so since international law, and, to a smaller degree space law, do

not forbid the use of outer space for military purposes.

Including military operations other than war makes non-military meaningless andexplodes the topicStepanova, 2- Candidate of Historical Sciences (E.A., Military Thought: A Russian Journal of Military

Theory and Strategy, MILITARY OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR (THE U.S. VIEW)

http://eastviewpress.net/Files/MT_FROM%20THE%20ARCHIVES_No.%203_2010_small.pdf)

The term operations other than war itself is formulated by the rule of contraries, stressing their

specifics as opposed to conventional military operations. The change of terminology was also supposed

to symbolize the difference of the new concept, which placed a special thrust on the non-military

character of humanitarian, peacekeeping, and other suchlike operations, from the 1970s-1980s theory

of low-intensity conflicts where they were regarded as less intensive military operations. The concept of

operations other than war is by definition rather blurry : In U.S. society itself, there are plenty ofversions of their definition and classification, as reflected in the relevant documents by the Joint Chiefs

of Staff, the Department of Defense, U.S. Army field manuals, and so forth.2 The U.S. military doctrine

specifies the following main types of operations other than war:

Humanitarian operations in crisis zones that for their part include the following: assistance in natural

disasters and other emergencies (say, man-made disasters); assistance to refugees and displaced

persons; ensuring the security of humanitarian operations (facilitating access for international

humanitarian organization and service officers to disaster areas, and protection of humanitarian
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personnel, columns of refugees and areas of their temporary accommodation, humanitarian aid convoys

and depots as well as seaports and airports used to deliver humanitarian aid); and technical support

say, in humanitarian mine-clearing(not directly connected with military necessity).

Peace support operations: peacekeeping operations, contingent on consent by the belligerents to the

presence of peacekeeping forces as well as non-use of force to the extent possible, even in self-

defensesay, the UN operation in Cyprus (since 1964) or Cambodia (1991-1992 and 1992-1993); and

peace enforcement operations, with none of the aforementioned limitationse.g., NATO operations in

Bosnia (since 1995) and Kosovo (since 1999).

Counterinsurgency and nation assistance (assistance in creating local (national) security agencies

training, arming, technical and information support; humanitarian and other non-emergency assistance,

etc.).

Support for insurgency (guerrilla) movements in other countries (support by the U.S. military-political

leadership for the mujahedin in Afghanistan in 1979-1989).

Noncombatant evacuation operations in zones of conflict or man-made disaster (e.g., 1991 operations

to evacuate U.S. and other citizens from Somalia and Zaire).

Sanctions enforcement (e.g., the 1993 operation along the Haitian coast) and no-fly zone enforcement

in Iraq (since 1992) and in Bosnia (since 1993).

Show of force (patrolling by U.S. Air Force of insurgency bases in the course of a coup attempt in thePhilippines in 1989).

Non-combat operations also include short-term actions to deliver pinpoint strikes, controlling

proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, arms control (inspections), and interagency military

contacts.3

Although U.S. military doctrine provides for military participation in operations other than war mainly

abroad, it allows for the use of armed forces in operations other than war also domestically. This

includes support for civilian authoritiesin dealing with strikes, emergencies and natural disasters as

well as in search-and-rescue, humanitarian, and other operations; law enforcement agenciesin

restoring public order (in the event of mass riots), protection of sensitive installations (e.g., electric

power and water intake stations, transport and communication nodes, and so forth) as well as in

counterdrug and counterterrorism operations.Whereas some types of operations other than war provide for the use of force (say, peace

enforcement), others (humanitarian or traditional peacekeeping operations) do not. Oftentimes both

types of operation are conducted simultaneously: Humanitarian operation combined with peace

enforcement (as in Bosnia, Kosovo, etc.) is becoming standard practice. Finally, operations other than

war can be both multilateral (multinational) and unilaterali.e., conducted by one or several countries.

The most common types of operations other than war are peacekeeping and humanitarian operations.

For all the diversity of operations other than war, they have something in common, which sets them

apart from military (combat) operations per senamely, their predominantly political character.

Regardless of the role that armed forces play in an operation other than war, it serves above all political,

not military, tasks and objectives. Although military operations are in the final analysis also dictated by

political considerations, in operations other than war, political considerations prevail over all other

considerations. These operations are designed not to achieve military victory, but to avert, limit, and

settle conflicts; keep the peace and provide support to civilian authorities in internal crises; maintain

and assert influence in a particular region, and so forthnaturally, in accordance with national

interests.4 They do not include such goals as effective engagement or physical elimination of an

adversary; they are called upon to, among other things, create conditions for electoral victory by local

political forces loyal to the international community or national authorities. Operations other than war

are literally permeated with political interests and considerations on all levels while their objectives are

always limited (that is to say, are not related to the vital interests of participating countries) and can


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change often and quicklycontingent on the prevailing situation. Although in theory, specific tasks

addressed by armed forces at a particular stage of an operation (say, forcible separation of belligerents)

should be subordinated to its general political tasks, in practice it is often the case that political

considerations not only do not coincide with military needs at given moment but even are in conflict

with them.


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2ncnot Icebreakers

Icebreakers are military ships

Bement, 8Director, National Science Foundation (Adrien, COAST GUARD ICEBREAKING (110-154)HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION OF THE

COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 7/16,

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg43754/html/CHRG-110hhrg43754.htm)

The other big difference is that, because the Coast Guard icebreakers are military ships and have

multiple missions, they have a much larger crew strength. Their manning is about 134 crew, officers and

crew, compared with 18 on the Oden.
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg43754/html/CHRG-110hhrg43754.htmhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg43754/html/CHRG-110hhrg43754.htm


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2ncCoast Guard is military

The Coast Guard is part of the military

US Coast Guard, 14 - About Us, last modified 3/20, http://www.uscg.mil/top/about/)

The U.S. Coast Guard is one of the five armed forces of the United States and the only military

organization within the Department of Homeland Security. Since 1790 the Coast Guard has safeguarded

our Nation's maritime interests and environment around the world. The Coast Guard is an adaptable,

responsive military force of maritime professionals whose broad legal authorities, capable assets,

geographic diversity and expansive partnerships provide a persistent presence along our rivers, in the

ports, littoral regions and on the high seas. Coast Guard presence and impact is local, regional, national

and international. These attributes make the Coast Guard a unique instrument of maritime safety,

security and environmental stewardship.


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AT: Non-combat CI

Non-military means not associated with the military, not non-combat

Wordnet, 10- WordNet is a large lexical database of English, run by Princeton University andsupported by a grant from the National Science Foundation,

http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=nonmilitary&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o8=

1&o1=1&o7=&o5=&o9=&o6=&o3=&o4=&h=) bold in original

Adjective

S: (adj) unmilitary, nonmilitary(not associated with soldiers or the military) "unmilitary circles of

government"; "fatigue duty involves nonmilitary labor"

Non-military means civilianit excludes peacetime military rolesBunyan, 6Editor of Statewatch (Tony, Essays for an Open Europe,

http://www.statewatch.org/secret/essays2.htm)

There are a few other aspects to the Solana decision which are worrisome. First, the phrase "non-

military crisis management" refers to civilian aspects of crisis management, such as police and judicial

co-operation. This would exclude, for example, access to all documents relating to the new EU rapid-

reaction paramilitary police force, even with regard to policy-making matters. Second, the Solana

decision allows international organisations such as NATO and third countries such as the US to veto a

citizens access to documents if the documents have been drawn up by or in conjunction with them. For

all the rhetoric of the EU on the need for greater transparency only the Netherlands, Sweden, and

Finland voted against adoption of the Council's Solana decision.
http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=nonmilitary&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o8=1&o1=1&o7=&o5=&o9=&o6=&o3=&o4=&hhttp://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=nonmilitary&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o8=1&o1=1&o7=&o5=&o9=&o6=&o3=&o4=&hhttp://www.statewatch.org/secret/essays2.htmhttp://www.statewatch.org/secret/essays2.htmhttp://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=nonmilitary&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o8=1&o1=1&o7=&o5=&o9=&o6=&o3=&o4=&hhttp://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=nonmilitary&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o8=1&o1=1&o7=&o5=&o9=&o6=&o3=&o4=&h


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AffCoast Guard is topical

The Coast Guard is part of the armed forces but has a statutorily mandated non-

military functionDolan, 5Masters Thesis for the Naval Postgraduate School (Mark, THE SEAMLESSMARITIMECONCEPThttps://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=452965)

Capability and resource redundancy is expensive. However, contingency and surge compatibility is both

necessary and appropriate. Where does appropriate compatibility and surge capacity become

unnecessary redundancy? Navy and Coast Guard discussions concerning the Coast Guard as the national

patrol boat manager, Deepwater communications and weapons systems interoperability, and

deployment schedules are outstanding examples of complementary capabilities and cooperation. While

the Navys justification for capabilities is solely dependent on defense missions, the Coast Guards

justification includes readiness for defense missions and traditional Coast Guard missions . The

redundancy discussion frequently fails to recognize that the Navy does not have a requirement toexecute non-military missions . Moreover, the Coast Guard through its statue as a law enforcement

agency and military service must be prepared for both . The same is not true of the Navy .

This doesnt mean that the Navy cannot be an appropriate supporting service during times of maritime

homeland security duress; it just means the Navy force should not be built for that secondary purpose.

The Navys warfighting capability set includes numerous assets that can augment the Coast Guard

during crisis.

Some amount of redundancy is desirable. How much redundancy is appropriate is a constantly changing,

depending of the security and defense environments, deployments, threats, resource status, etc. At a

minimum the redundancy must include a Coast Guard force structure and capability mix sized for the

non-military mission and readiness for defense missions. The Navy force structure planning and

capability mix must be sized for military missions. The Navy does not need to be built to nonmilitary

mission specifications; however, that does not preclude the use of Navy resources and capabilities in

dealing with homeland security contingency plans. A Seamless Maritime Concept would include all

resources.

Coast Guard missions are non-military despite being part of the armed forcesGarrett, 81Thesis written for the Naval Postgraduate School (Jeffrey, Arctic Alaska and icebreaking :

an assessment of future requirements for the United States Coast Guard

http://calhoun.nps.edu/public/bitstream/handle/10945/20435/arcticalaskaiceb00garr.pdf?sequence=1)

The Coast Guard is in certain ways unique in the country's governmental structure. It is, by definition, an

armed force of the United States yet virtually the entire thrust of its peacetime role is distinctly non-

military . This dual nature is characteristic of individual operating units as well as the organization as a

whole. The sheer scope of duties is also noteworthy; there are fourteen operating programs (or major

endeavors) carried out by 38,400 uniformed personnel, 5,400 civilian employees, 11,700 selected

reservists and an auxiliary of 42,500 [Reference 160] . The Coast Guard has been descriptively

categorized with regard to these features as a dual-role, multi-mission agency: it is a military service

performing a wide range of civilian duties [Ref. 2]
https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=452965https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=452965http://calhoun.nps.edu/public/bitstream/handle/10945/20435/arcticalaskaiceb00garr.pdf?sequence=1http://calhoun.nps.edu/public/bitstream/handle/10945/20435/arcticalaskaiceb00garr.pdf?sequence=1https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=452965


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Most Coast Guard missions are non-militaryits military capabilities are only for a

crisisORourke, 14Specialist in Naval Affairs at the Congressional Research Service (Ronald, Coast Guard

Polar Icebreaker Modernization: Background and Issues for Congress 6/5,

http://fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/RL34391.pdf)

The prepared statement of the GAO witness at a December 1, 2011, hearing before the Coast Guard and

Maritime Transportation subcommittee of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee that

focused primarily on icebreakers states:

Another alternative option addressed by the Recapitalization report would be to fund new icebreakers

through the NSF. However, the analysis of this option concluded that funding a new icebreaker through

the existing NSF budget would have significant adverse impacts on NSF operations and that the

capability needed for Coast Guard requirements would exceed that needed by the NSF.

The Recapitalization report noted that a funding approach similar to the approach used for the Healy,

which was funded through the fiscal year 1990 DOD appropriations, should be considered. However, the

report did not analyze the feasibility of this option. We have previously reported that because of the

Coast Guards statutory role as both a federal maritime agency and a branch of the military, it can

receive funding through both the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and DOD. For example, as we

previously reported, although the U.S. Navy is not expressly required to provide funding to the Coast

Guard, the Coast Guard receives funding from the Navy to purchase and maintain equipment, such as

self-defense systems or communication systems, because it is in the Navys interest for the Coast Guard

systems to be compatible with the Navys systems when the Coast Guard is performing national defense

missions in support of the Navy. However, according to a Coast Guard budget official, the Coast Guard

receives the majority of its funding through the DHS appropriation, with the exception of

reimbursements for specific activities. Also, as the Recapitalization plan acknowledges, there is

considerable strain on the DOD budget. A recent DOD report on the Arctic also notes budgetary

challenges, stating that the near-term fiscal and political environment will make it difficult to support

significant new U.S. investments in the Arctic. Furthermore, DOD and the Coast Guard face different

mission requirements and timelines. For example, DODs recent report states that the current level ofhuman activity in the Arctic is already of concern to DHS, whereas the Arctic is expected to remain a

peripheral interest to much of the national security community for the next decade or more. As a result,

the Coast Guard has a more immediate need than DOD to acquire Arctic capabilities, such as

icebreakers. For example, with preliminary plans for drilling activity approved in 2011, the Coast Guard

must be prepared to provide environmental response in the event of an oil spill. Similarly, as cruise ship

traffic continues to increase, the Coast Guard must be prepared to conduct search and rescue

operations should an incident occur. For these reasons, it is unlikely that an approach similar to the one

that was used to build the Healy would be feasible at this time.63
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Affnoncombat roles topical

CInoncombat functions of the military are non-military

Huntington, 93former professor of government at Harvard (Samuel, Non-combat Roles for the U.S.Military in the Post-Cold War Era, ed: James Graham, p. 5)

These would clearly seem to be non-traditional roles. But are they really? The more I have thought

about this issue, the more I have become convinced that with one possible exception the subject of this

conference does not exist There are almost no conceivable roles for the American military in this new

phase of national security that the American military have not performed in some earlier phase. The

true distinction, I believe, is not between traditional and non-traditional roles but between military and

non-military roles, or more precisely, between the combat missions of the military and the non-combat

uses of military force. The purpose of military forces is combat, that is to deter and to defeat the

enemies of the United States; that is their central mission, their raison d'etre, the only justification for

expending resources on their creation and maintenance. The forces created for that mission, however,

can and throughout our history have been employed in non-combat non-military uses.

Official military doctrine includes non-military rolesMorag, 6 - faculty member at the Center for Homeland Defense and Security (CHDS) at the Naval

Postgraduate School in Monterey, California (Nadav, The National Military Strategic Plan for the War on

Terrorism: An Assessment Homeland Security Affairs, July,http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=2.2.7)

NMSP = National Military Strategic Plan

Given the above, in order to develop a credible and realistic strategy for dealing with terrorism, the

military should play to its strengths and comparative advantages. The military establishments primary

role is to apply physical power in order to achieve national objectives. In this case, this means that the

military focuses on the physical disruption of terrorist networks and the apprehension or liquidation ofindividual terrorists. The NMSP correctly spells out these goals and notes that they are a major part of

the militarys mission, but then it goes into unfamiliar territory, for the military, by dealing with overtly

non-military issues as well as ones in which the DoD subordinates itself to other domestic agencies

and/or foreign countries. The American public can legitimately and realistically expect the military to be

competent and effective (though not necessarily successful 100% of the time) in counterterrorist efforts

within the purely military sphere. Why, then, should the Pentagon willingly embrace mission creep

and dive head-and-shoulders into complex and muddled economic, financial, cultural, educational, etc.

issues that relate to broader societies? The military is infinitely more prepared and competent to arrest

or kill terrorists and destroy their bases than it is to change values, societal structures, and political

regimes. It is immeasurably better to produce a successful limited policy than a failed all-encompassing

one. As with any illness, it is always better to treat the root causes, but some diseases are presentlyincurable and the best way to manage them is by addressing their symptoms.

Non-military missions include military assistance to civil authoritiesGAO, 3US General Accounting Office (Homeland Defense: DOD Needs to Assess the Structure of

U.S. Forces for Domestic Military Missions 7/11,http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-

670/html/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-670.htm)
http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=2.2.7http://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=2.2.7http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-670/html/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-670.htmhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-670/html/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-670.htmhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-670/html/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-670.htmhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-670/html/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-670.htmhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-670/html/GAOREPORTS-GAO-03-670.htmhttp://www.hsaj.org/?fullarticle=2.2.7


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To address these objectives we assessed key national and defense strategies; DOD plans, mission orders,

documents (such as training manuals), and directives; and laws governing DOD assistance to U. S. civilian

authorities. We conducted interviews with knowledgeable officials including those in the Office of the

Secretary of Defense; the services and their various commands; U. S. Northern Command; and met with

units performing domestic military missions at various locations nationwide. We analyzed Army military

police and other combat unit installation security deployments, Air Force fighter wing operational data,

1 We define domestic military missions as DOD activities to protect the U. S. sovereignty, territory,

domestic population, and critical defense infrastructure from external threats and aggression (i. e.,

homeland defense). We define nonmilitary missions as military assistance to U. S. civil authorities*

federal, state, and local governments.

The military can provide non-military functionsDepartment of Defense, 7 (Irregular Warfare: Joint Operating Concept,

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/dod/iw-joc_v1_2007.pdf)

Combatant Command Strategic Planning. Before a JFC can design an IW campaign, the supported

combatant commander and supporting and subordinate JFCs will conduct strategic planning to translatenational strategic guidance and direction into a strategic concept for achieving a set of military and non-

military conditions necessary to achieve strategic success. Unlike conventional warfare, the nature of IW

will rarely dictate that the military instrument of power be in the lead. In fact, a strategic military lead

will usually be counterproductive in IW because it will tend to alienate the population that is the focus

of the IW effort. Typically, the joint force role in IW will be to establish the military conditions necessary

to enable and support the other instruments of national power so that they can lead a unified effort to

achieve strategic success. However, when other instruments of national power are unavailable in

sufficient quantity, the President or Secretary of Defense may direct the supported combatant

commander to employ military forces and capabilities to perform non-military tasks and achieve non-

military conditions in the pursuit of strategic success.

Only a Communist votes negHuntington, 93former professor of government at Harvard (Samuel, Non-combat Roles for the U.S.

Military in the Post-Cold War Era, ed: James Graham, p. 5-6

I will not go deep into this history, which I am sure, is familiar to you, but let me just highlight a few of

the traditional, non-combat uses of the aimed forces in our history. For over three decades West Point

trained all of this country's engineers, civilian as well as military. Throughout the nineteenth century, the

Army engaged in economic and political development. It explored and surveyed the West, chose the

sites for forts and settlements, planned settlements, built roads and developed waterways. For years,

the Army performed the functions later assumed by the Weather Bureau and the Geological Survey. In

the latter part of the century, the Signal Corps pioneered in the development and use of the telegraphand telephone. The Navy was equally active in exploration and scientific research. U.S. naval ships

explored the Amazon, surveyed Latin American and North American coasts, laid cables, collected

scientific specimens and data from around the world. They policed the slave trade. Naval officers

negotiated dozens of treaties and served in the lighthouse service, the life-saving service, the coastal

survey, and the steamboat inspection service. The Army ran civil government in the South during

Reconstruction and simultaneously for ten years also governed Alaska. It was, of course, frequently

called upon to deal with strikes and labor violence. The Corps of Engineers constructed public buildings
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/dod/iw-joc_v1_2007.pdfhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/dod/iw-joc_v1_2007.pdf


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and canals and other public works including the Panama Canal. Soldiers helped deal with malaria in

Panama and cholera, hunger, illiteracy in Cuba, Haiti, and Nicaragua. They also established schools, built

public works, promoted public health, organized elections, and encouraged democracy in these

countries. In the 1930s, the Army took on the immense task of recruiting, organizing, and administering

the Civilian Conservation Corps.

This past year after the hurricanes in Florida and Hawaii many people hailed the superb contribution the

military made to disaster relief as evidence of a "new role" for the U.S. armed forces. Nothing could be

more off the target. The U.S. military have regularly provided such relief in the past. As the official U.S.

military history puts it, during the 1920s and 1930s, "the most conspicuous employment of the Army

within the United States... was in a variety of tasks that only the Army had the resources and

organization to tackle quickly. In floods and blizzards and hurricanes it was the Army that was first on

the spot with cots, blankets, and food."2 That has been the case throughout our history. It is hard to

conceive of any non-military role for the U.S. military that does not have some precedent in U.S. history.

Non-military functions of the armed forces are as American as apple pie .


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Exploration


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1ncsearch for resources

Exploration means the process of searching for resources and development means

extracting themUS Code, 14 (43 USC 1331: Definitions, current as of 2014, From Title 43-PUBLIC LANDS CHAPTER 29-SUBMERGED LANDS SUBCHAPTER III-OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF LANDS,

http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:43%20section:1331%20edition:prelim))

(k) The term exploration means the process of searching for minerals, including (1) geophysical

surveys where magnetic, gravity, seismic, or other systems are used to detect or imply the presence of

such minerals, and (2) any drilling, whether on or off known geological structures, including the drilling

of a well in which a discovery of oil or natural gas in paying quantities is made and the drilling of any

additional delineation well after such discovery which is needed to delineate any reservoir and to enable

the lessee to determine whether to proceed with development and production;

(l) The term development means those activities which take place following discoveryof minerals in

paying quantities, including geophysical activity, drilling, platform construction, and operation of all

onshore support facilities, and which are for the purpose of ultimately producing the minerals

discovered;

(m) The term production means those activities which take place after the successful completion of

any means for the removal of minerals, including such removal, field operations, transfer of minerals to

shore, operation monitoring, maintenance, and work-over drilling;

The aff violatesthe only topical affs are about energy exploration and development

Voting issue

1. Limitsthe energy topic is already hugeadding entire categories of small

science research cases or looking through the ocean for missing airplanes or

protecting fish habitats makes it impossible to prepare for

2. Negative groundenergy creates a finite, predictable body of literature with

stable plan mechanisms that guarantee us links to good energy disads
http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:43%20section:1331%20edition:prelim))http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:43%20section:1331%20edition:prelim))


24/48

--XTexploration means resources

Exploration means looking for resources

US Code, 14 (16 USC 2462: Definitions, From Title 16-CONSERVATION CHAPTER 44B-ANTARCTICMINERAL RESOURCES PROTECTION, Pub. L. 101594, 3, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2976,

http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-

section2462&num=0&edition=prelim)

(3) The term development means any activity, including logistic support, which takes place following

exploration, the purpose of which is the exploitation of specific mineral resource deposits, including

processing, storage, and transport activities.

(4) The term exploration means any activity, including logistic support, the purpose of which is the

identification or evaluation of specific mineral resource deposits. The term includes exploratory drilling,

dredging, and other surface or subsurface excavations required to determine the nature and size of

mineral resource deposits and the feasibility of their development.
http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section2462&num=0&edition=prelimhttp://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section2462&num=0&edition=prelimhttp://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section2462&num=0&edition=prelimhttp://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section2462&num=0&edition=prelim


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2ncAT: CI

Prefer our resources-based definitionits internationally recognized, and theirs is notNational Research Council, 3 - Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board, Division on

Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council (Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown, p.199)

Montserrat Gorina-Ysern, American University, is an expert on the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC).

She provided a brief background on the regulation of fundamental oceanographic research and marine

science research as distinct from exploration in the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf

and the 1982 LOSC, Part XIII, respectively. She outlined the main principles, rights and duties concerning

the conduct of marine science research in different jurisdictional maritime zones and proposed how

these would apply to IGOE activities.

Exploration has different meanings for different purposes (i.e., marine science research versus

discovery of natural resources). The definition problem is compounded because marine science research

has not been defined in LOSC. IOC has defined marine science research as referring to the scientific

investigation of the ocean, its biota and its physical boundaries with the solid Earth and the atmosphere.The results of marine science research, normally published in journals of international circulation, are

said to benefit humankind at large; whereas, exploration (also referred to as applied research) is

concerned with ocean resources, and the results of this type of research are considered to be the

property of the persons, corporations, or governments initiating the research.


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Aff - AT: search for resources

Their definition is only in the context of extractive industriesnot general ocean

exploration

National Research Council, 3 - Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board, Division onEarth and Life Studies, National Research Council (Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown, p.

17)

As defined by the President's Panel on Ocean Exploration (National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration, 2000), exploration is discovery through disciplined, diverse observations and the

recording of findings. Ocean exploration has included rigorous, systematic observation and

documentation of the biological, chemical, physical, geological and archaeological aspects of the ocean

in the three dimensions of space and in time. This definition of exploration is much broader than the

definition one would find, for example, within the context for the extractive industries, where

exploration is a search for hydrocarbon or mineral deposits. More general approaches allow researchers

to develop and ask questions that are not rooted in specific hypotheses and that often lead to

unexpected answersa difficult task to promote within the current approaches to research funding.

Exploration is an early component of the research process; it focuses on new areas of inquiry and

develops descriptions of phenomena that inform the direction of further study. It is the collection of

basic observations that later allow hypotheses to be posed to connect those observations with the laws

of physics, chemistry, and biology. In some disciplines, such as physics, exploration has been pursued

aggressively, and the resources are best invested in testing hypotheses and conducting controlled

experiments. In other disciplines, the system under investigation is so vast, complex, or remote that

exploration is still the necessary first step. Outer space, the human genome, and the oceans are

excellent examples. This nation and others have invested heavily in the exploration of outer space and

the functioning of the human genome, and each program has both captured the imagination of the

public and produced tangible, valuable discoveries. No similar systematic program exists for ocean

exploration, despite its promise.In June 2000, a panel of experts from the ocean science community was convened to fulfill a presidential

request to provide recommendations for a national ocean exploration strategy (National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration, 2000). In October, the Presidents Panel on Ocean Exploration

recommended that the United States add a national program of ocean exploration to its current marine

research portfolio (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000). That program would

provide the opportunity to explore the Earths oceans through broad-based observations and through

interdisciplinary and cross-cultural investigations. The panels vision was to not only go where no one

has ever gone, but to see the oceans through a new set of technological eyes, and record those

journeys for posterity (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000).

Their definition only refers to the limited context of the Law of the SeaNational Research Council, 3 - Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board, Division on

Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council (Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown, p.

199) LOS = Law of the Sea

An international ocean exploration program must be nonbureaucratic and flexible. Perhaps a

decentralized structure, evolving through time, would be the most effective. Many countries already

have ocean exploration programs. Others do not, often for financial reasons. As we consider global

ocean exploration, we need to consider it not only in the geographic sense, but also in the sense of


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participation. The gap between developed and developing in science is widening. If we really want to

carry out an international program, we must consider issues of wide participation. The cooperation must

be rooted in shared interests. Standardization of data to facilitate data management, access, and

transfer is important. The situation with regard to data accessibility is changing and some of these issues

are being dealt with in international agreements. More data have commercial interest and this is a

growing problem. More data are now being used in real time and this means they must be shared much

more rapidly. Various international laws are forming the basis for changes in management of EEZs to

protect the proprietary interests of nations. While fully respecting the rights of coastal states and LOS,

we should seek to simplify the regulatory complexity where possible.The definition of exploration is

not the same as it is defined in LOS (i.e., exploration as a precursor of production, but rather in the

context of scientific discovery). An international ocean exploration program should ensure a strong

education and public outreach component.


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1ncexploration is discovery

Ocean exploration is discovery and data collectionHuddleston, 9communications officer for the National Research Council(Nancy, Ocean Exploration:

Highlights of the National Academies Reports,http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/osb/miscellaneous/exploration_final.pdf

What Is Ocean Exploration?

As defined by the Presidents Panel on Ocean Exploration(National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration, 2000), ocean exploration is discovery through disciplined, diverse observations and

recordings of findings. It includes rigorous, systematic observations and documentation of biological,

chemical, physical, geological, and archeological aspects of the ocean in the three dimensions of space

and in time.

Violationdiscovery is open endedthey cant search for something specificthats

researchMcNutt, 6 - PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER, MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM RESEARCH

INSTITUTE (Marcia, Prepared Testimony, UNDERSEA RESEARCH AND OCEAN EXPLORATION: H.R. 3835,

THE NATIONAL OCEAN EXPLORATION PROGRAM ACT OF 2005 AND THE UNDERSEA RESEARCH

PROGRAM ACT OF 2005,http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109hhrg28758/html/CHRG-

109hhrg28758.htm)

Ocean exploration is distinguished from research by the fact that exploration leads to questions, while

research leads to answers. When one undertakes exploration, it is without any preconceived notion of

what one might find or who might benefit from the discoveries . Research, on the other hand, is

undertaken to test a certain hypothesis, with the clear understanding of the benefits of either

supporting or refuting the hypothesis under consideration. Often novel discoveries are madeaccidentally in the process of performing hypothesis-driven research, but with a purposeful exploration

program, those discoveries are more likely to be appreciated for what they are, properly documented,

and followed-up.

Here is a concrete example. One of the greatest surprises in oceanography in the 20th century was

the discovery of the hot-vent communities, deep-sea oases that thrive in sea water geothermally heated

to several hundred degrees centigrade. These animals form an entire ecosystem completely

independent of the sun's energy, and their existence opens up huge new possibilities for how life might

be sustained elsewhere in the universe. This discovery led to a host of new research questions. What is

the energy source for this new style of community? How do proteins fold at such high temperatures? By

what reproductive strategy do deep-sea vent organisms manage to find and colonize new, isolated vent

systems as the old ones die? These are important questions, but ones that we would not know enough

to even ask had the discovery not happened. And it almost didn't. The shipboard party involved was

entirely geologists and geophysicists. There wasn't a single biologist on board to appreciate the

significance of what was to become the most important discovery in marine biology. Ever. Lacking basic

biological supplies, the geophysicists had to sacrifice all of their vodka to preserve the novel specimens

they collected.

Such discoveries don't need to be rare, accidental, or potentially unappreciated with a strong, vigorous,

and systematic ocean exploration program. I created a graphic (Figure 1) to show how NOAA's OE

program might ideally relate to the broader ocean research agenda and to the NURP program.
http://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/osb/miscellaneous/exploration_final.pdfhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109hhrg28758/html/CHRG-109hhrg28758.htmhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109hhrg28758/html/CHRG-109hhrg28758.htmhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109hhrg28758/html/CHRG-109hhrg28758.htmhttp://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109hhrg28758/html/CHRG-109hhrg28758.htmhttp://dels.nas.edu/resources/static-assets/osb/miscellaneous/exploration_final.pdf


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The upper box is meant to represent NOAA's Ocean Exploration program. New discoveries are made

by exploring new places, and/or by deploying new tools which ``see'' the ocean in new dimensions. With

roughly 95 percent of the ocean still unexplored, and new tools that image the physics, chemistry,

biology, and geology of the ocean at all scales being developed constantly, the opportunities for

discovery are virtually limitless. The greatest strength of having a federal organization such as NOAA

leading this effort is the fact that it can undertake a systematic, multi-disciplinary exploration of the

ocean. However, if I had to identify NOAA's weakness in terms of being the lead agency for this effort, it

is the fact that NOAA is not widely known for its prowess in developing new technology. For this reason,

I support the provision in H.R. 3835 that establishes an interagency task force which includes NASA and

ONR to facilitate the transfer of new exploration technology to the program.

Voting issuethey destroy negative ground and unlimit the topicboth by allowing

searches for downed airplanes or specific shipwrecks, making small search and rescue

missions topical, and by allowing the entire category of ocean research as an

unpredictable aff mechanism


30/48

2ncdiscovery, not research

Exploration is the study of the unknownresearch is the attempt to understand

things previously discoveredKeener, 14Marine Biologist and Education Director at the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (Paula, Introduction to Volume 2: How Do We Explore?

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/edu/collection/media/hdwe-Bkgnd.pdf)bold in original

On August 13, 2008, the NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer was commissioned as Americas Ship for Ocean

Exploration; the only U.S. ship whose sole assignment is to systematically explore Earths largely

unknown ocean. A key part of the vision underlying this assignment is that the Okeanos Explorer is a

ship of discovery. Her mission is to find anomalies; things that are unusual and unexpected. When

anomalies are found, explorers aboard the ship collect basic information that can guide future

expeditions to investigate hypotheses based on this information. This process underscores an important

distinction between exploration and research:

Explorationis about making new discoveries to expand our fundamental scientific knowledge and

understanding and to lay the foundation for more detailed scientific investigations;

Researchis about the attempt to understand things that have previously been discovered and leads to

informed decision-making.

Exploration seeks to establish new hypotheses; research seeks to prove or disprove

existing hypothesesMalik et al, 13The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System (To Explore or to Research: Trends in

modern age ocean studies American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2013, abstract #OS33B-1763,

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFMOS33B1763M)

The recommendations of President's Panel Report on Ocean Exploration gave rise to NOAA's Office ofOcean Exploration in 2001, and helped establish NOAA as the lead agency for a federal ocean

exploration program. The panel defined exploration as discovery through disciplined, diverse

observations and recordings of findings including rigorous, systematic observations and documentation

of biological, chemical, physical, geological, and archaeological aspects of the ocean in the three

dimensions of space and in time. Here we ask the question about the fine line that separates

';Exploration' and ';Research'. We contend that successful exploration aims to establish new lines of

knowledge or give rise to new hypothesis as compared to research where primary goal is to prove or

disprove an existing hypothesis. However, there can be considerable time lag before a hypothesis can be

established after an initial observation. This creates interesting challenges for ocean exploration because

instant ';return on investment' can not be readily shown. Strong media and public interest is garnered by

far and apart exciting discoveries about new biological species or processes. However, most of theocean exploration work goes to systematically extract basic information about a previously unknown

area. We refer to this activity as baseline characterization in providing information about an area which

can support hypothesis generation and further research to prove or disprove this hypothesis. Examples

of such successful characterization include OER endeavors in the Gulf of Mexico that spanned over 10

years and it provided baseline characterization in terms of biological diversity and distribution on basin-

wide scale. This baseline characterization was also conveniently used by scientists to conduct research

on benthic communities to study effects of deep water horizon incident. More recently similar
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/edu/collection/media/hdwe-Bkgnd.pdfhttp://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/edu/collection/media/hdwe-Bkgnd.pdf


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characterization has been attempted by NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer from 2011 - 2013 field season in

NE Atlantic canyon. This has been one of the first ever campaigns to systematically map the NE canyons

from US-Canada border to Cape Hatteras. After the 3D mapping of the canyons that included multibeam

sonar derived bathymetry and backscatter, OER provided the first ever comprehensive maps of the

seafloor and water column which have become the basis for further exploration and research in this

region. NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer currently remains the only federal vessel dedicated solely to Ocean

Exploration. Examples of some of the recent discoveries of the ship will be provided to explain as how

Exploration and Research are merging together in modern era of ocean sciences.

Exploration is discovery, not researchmeans it has to be open-endedNOAA, 12National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations Office of Ocean Exploration and

Research (Independent Review of the Ocean Exploration Program 10 Year Review 2001 2011 5/21,

http://explore.noaa.gov/sites/OER/Documents/about-oer/program-review/oe-program-history-

overview.pdf)

2.1 What is Exploration?

As described in the Presidents Panel Report, ocean exploration is defined as discoverythrough

disciplined diverse observations and the recording of the findings. An explorer is distinguished from aresearcher by virtue of the fact that an explorer has not narrowly designed the observing strategy to test

a specific hypothesis. A successful explorer leaves a legacy of new knowledge that can be used by those

not yet born to answer questions not yet posed at the time of the exploration. Above all, the

overarching purpose of ocean exploration is to increase our knowledge of the ocean environment; its

features, habitats, and species; and how it functions as part of the global ecosystem.

In practice, the NOAA Ocean Exploration Program adopted and continues to promote an approach to

engage teams of scientists representing multiple disciplines to explore unknown and poorly known

ocean areas and phenomena. This approach also includes recruiting natural resource managers,

educators, journalists, documentary filmmakers, and others to join expeditions and provide a unique

perspective on the areas being investigated. The objective is to generate a comprehensive

characterization of the area and phenomena explored, providing a rich foundation to stimulate follow-on research, as well as new lines of scientific inquiry.

Ocean exploration is distinct from hypothesis-driven investigationsexploration is

discovery of the unknownBan, 12 - Chair, NOAA Science Advisory Board (Raymond, Letter to The Honorable Jane Lubchenco

Administrator National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 11/26,

http://www.sab.noaa.gov/Reports/OER_Review_TransmittalLetter_Final.pdf)

I am pleased to transmit to you the following report from the Ocean Exploration and Research (OER)

Program review. This review was conducted under the Science Advisory Board Ocean Exploration

Advisory Working Group (OEAWG) as per its terms of reference. The review panel found that the OER

Program has had impressive successes in science, mapping, data management, education, politics, and

diplomacy. However, there remain vast unexplored regions of the ocean. The panels major finding is

there is undiminished motivation for ocean exploration research. The panel affirmed that ocean

exploration is distinct from comprehensive surveys and at-sea research, including hypothesis-driven

investigations aimed at the ocean bottom, artifacts, water column, and marine life.
http://explore.noaa.gov/sites/OER/Documents/about-oer/program-review/oe-program-history-overview.pdfhttp://explore.noaa.gov/sites/OER/Documents/about-oer/program-review/oe-program-history-overview.pdfhttp://www.sab.noaa.gov/Reports/OER_Review_TransmittalLetter_Final.pdfhttp://www.sab.noaa.gov/Reports/OER_Review_TransmittalLetter_Final.pdfhttp://explore.noaa.gov/sites/OER/Documents/about-oer/program-review/oe-program-history-overview.pdfhttp://explore.noaa.gov/sites/OER/Documents/about-oer/program-review/oe-program-history-overview.pdf


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AffAT: not research

Ocean exploration is the first stage of research and can lead to directed discovery

Mineart, 2Oceanography Dept, US Naval Academy (G.M, A data management strategy for the oceanexploration program OCEANS '02 MTS/IEEE (Volume:3 )

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/89070111/A-Data-Management-Strategy-for-the-Ocean-Exploration-

Program)

The Frontier Report defines ocean exploration as discovery through disciplined diverse observations

and recording of the findings *2+. The U.S. Navy, a partner in the Presidents Panel process, has refined

its definition as the systematic examination of the oceans for the purposes of discovery; cataloging and

documenting what one finds; boldly going where no one has gone before; and providing an initial

knowledge base for hypothesis-based science and for exploitation [3]. This definition recognizes that

true ocean exploration is planned and executed to achieve discoveries as an intentional process rather

than relying on serendipitous discoveries that sporadically emerge from typical oceanographic research

programs. This definition also emphasizes the recording of results to facilitate the sharing of each newbaseline level of knowledge across a broad, multidisciplinary user community.

Exploration is the first stage of researchNational Research Council, 3 - Committee on Exploration of the Seas, Ocean Studies Board, Division on

Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council (Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown, p.

17)

As defined by the President's Panel on Ocean Exploration (National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration, 2000), exploration is discovery through disciplined, diverse observations and the

recording of findings. Ocean exploration has included rigorous, systematic observation and

documentation of the biological, chemical, physical, geological and archaeological aspects of the oceanin the three dimensions of space and in time. This definition of exploration is much broader than the

definition one would find, for example, within the context for the extractive industries, where

exploration is a search for hydrocarbon or mineral deposits. More general approaches allow researchers

to develop and ask questions that are not rooted in specific hypotheses and that often lead to

unexpected answersa difficult task to promote within the current approaches to research funding.

Exploration is an early component of the research process; it focuses on new areas of inquiry and

develops descriptions of phenomena that inform the direction of further study. It is the collection of

basic observations that later allow hypotheses to be posed to connect those observations with the laws

of physics, chemistry, and biology. In some disciplines, such as physics, exploration has been pursued

aggressively, and the resources are best invested in testing hypotheses and conducting controlled

experiments. In other disciplines, the system under investigation is so vast, complex, or remote that

exploration is still the necessary first step. Outer space, the human genome, and the oceans are

excellent examples. This nation and others have invested heavily in the exploration of outer space and

the functioning of the human genome, and each program has both captured the imagination of the

public and produced tangible, valuable discoveries. No similar systematic program exists for ocean

exploration, despite its promise.

In June 2000, a panel of experts from the ocean science community was convened to fulfill a presidential

request to provide recommendations for a national ocean exploration strategy (National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration, 2000). In October, the Presidents Panel on Ocean Exploration
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/89070111/A-Data-Management-Strategy-for-the-Ocean-Exploration-Programhttp://www.docstoc.com/docs/89070111/A-Data-Management-Strategy-for-the-Ocean-Exploration-Programhttp://www.docstoc.com/docs/89070111/A-Data-Management-Strategy-for-the-Ocean-Exploration-Programhttp://www.docstoc.com/docs/89070111/A-Data-Management-Strategy-for-the-Ocean-Exploration-Program


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recommended that the United States add a national program of ocean exploration to its current marine

research portfolio (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000). That program would

provide the opportunity to explore the Earths oceans through broad-based observations and through

interdisciplinary and cross-cultural investigations. The panels vision was to not only go where no one

has ever gone, but to see the oceans through a new set of technological eyes, and record those

journeys for posterity (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000).


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Development


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1ncexploitation, not conservation

Ocean development is utilization of ocean resourcesJapanese Institute of Navigation, 98 (Ocean Engineering Research Committee,http://members.j-

navigation.org/e-committee/Ocean.htm)

Discussions of "Ocean Engineering" are inseparable from "Ocean Development." What is ocean

development? Professor Kiyomitsu Fujii of the University of Tokyo defines ocean development in his

book as using oceans for mankind, while preserving the beauty of nature. In the light of its significance

and meaning, the term "Ocean Development" is not necessarily a new term. Ocean development is

broadly classified into three aspects: (1) Utilization of ocean resources, (2) Utilization of ocean spaces,

and (3) Utilization of ocean energy.

Among these, development of marine resources has long been established as fishery science and

technology, and shipping, naval architecture and port/harbour construction are covered by the category

of using ocean spaces, which have grown into industries in Japan. When the Committee initiated its

activities, however, the real concept that caught attention was a new type of ocean development, which

was outside the coverage that conventional terms had implied.Special technologies are required for developing oceans, and an academic field is necessary to provide a

base to construct such special technologies in systematic and organic ways. This academic field is Ocean

Engineering. Dr. Tadayoshi Sasaki of the Tokyo Fisheries University stated that "Ocean Engineering" is

the integration of several fields in which diverse approaches are to be taken for the ocean environment,

unlike individual engineering fields in a traditional sense.

Violationincreasing development excludes conservationit requires increasing

commercial useUnderhill, 7US District Court Judge (Stefan, STATE OF CONNECTICUT and ARTHUR J. ROCQUE, JR.,

COMMISSIONER OF THE CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, Plaintiffs, v.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE and THE HONORABLE DONALD L. EVANS, IN HIS CAPACITYAS SECRETARY OF COMMERCE, Defendants, ISLANDER EAST PIPELINE COMPANY, LLC, Intervenor

Defendant. CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:04cv1271 (SRU) UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF

CONNECTICUT 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 59320 August 15, 2007, Decided, lexis)

The term "develop" is not defined in the statute, and there is a dearth of case law on the subject. In the

"absence of statutory guidance as to the meaning of a particular term, it is appropriate to look to its

dictionary definition in order to discern its meaning in a given context." Connecticut v. Clifton Owens,

100 Conn. App. 619, 639, 918 A.2d 1041 (2007). There are various definitions of the term "develop,"

some of which connote commercial and industrial progress, and some of which imply natural growth.

See BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 462 (7th ed. 1999); WEBSTER'S NEW COLLEGE DICTIONARY 310 (2d ed.

1995). Having gained no clear answer from the dictionary, words must be given their "plain and ordinary

meaning . . . unless the context indicates that a different meaning was intended." Connecticut v. Vickers,

260 Conn. 219, 224, 796 A.2d 502 (2002). [*19] Here, the plain meaning of the term "develop" includes

commercial improvement. Connecticut argues, in effect, that by placing the term "develop" in the

context of other terms, such as "preserve, protect, and restore," the definition of "develop" must have a

natural, conservationist meaning. That argument is not supported by the legislative history of the CZMA.

Congress intended the CZMA to balance conservation of environmental resources with commercial

development in the coastal zone. See, e.g., COASTAL AND OCEAN LAW at 229. In fact, in the context of

the CZMA, the term "develop" has been defined to mean commercial improvement. Id. ("[T]he CZMA
http://members.j-navigation.org/e-committee/Ocean.htmhttp://members.j-navigation.org/e-committee/Ocean.htmhttp://members.j-navigation.org/e-committee/Ocean.htmhttp://members.j-navigation.org/e-committee/Ocean.htmhttp://members.j-navigation.org/e-committee/Ocean.htm


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reflects a competing national interest in encouraging development of coastal resources.").See also

Conservation Law Foundation v. Watt, 560 F. Supp. 561, 575 (D. Mass. 1983) (noting that the CZMA

recognizes a wide range of uses of the coastal zones, including economic development).

Voting issue

1. Limitsthe 2003 oceans topic was about protection, not developmentthey add every aff from that

topic to this one

2. Negative groundthey make the topic bidirectional; it allows increasing use of resources and

decreasing them


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2ncexploitation, not conservation

Development means resource exploitationUS Code, 14 (16 USC 2462: Definitions, From Title 16-CONSERVATION CHAPTER 44B-ANTARCTIC

MINERAL RESOURCES PROTECTION, Pub. L. 101594, 3, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2976,http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-

section2462&num=0&edition=prelim)

(3) The term development means any activity, including logistic support, which takes place following

exploration, the purpose of which is the exploitation of specific mineral resource deposits, including

processing, storage, and transport activities.

(4) The term exploration means any activity, including logistic support, the purpose of which is the

identification or evaluation of specific mineral resource deposits. The term includes exploratory drilling,

dredging, and other surface or subsurface excavations required to determine the nature and size of

mineral resource deposits and the feasibility of their development.
http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section2462&num=0&edition=prelimhttp://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section2462&num=0&edition=prelimhttp://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section2462&num=0&edition=prelimhttp://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section2462&num=0&edition=prelim


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AT: We meetsustainable use

They can take actions towards marine preservation but it has to be in the context of

increasing exploitation of resourcesUNESCO, 86 - Organized with the support of the Department of Ocean Development, Government ofIndia Ocean Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology (IOC-Unesco Regional Training

Workshop on Ocean Engineering and Its Interface with Ocean Sciences in the Indian OceanRegion

http://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/Training/085239eo.pdf)

The term "ocean development" has often been used to denote all activities, including ocean sciences,

ocean engineering and related marine technology, directed to resource exploration and exploitation and

the use of ocean space. The underlying guiding principle in all these activities has been that these be

conducted in a manner that insure the preservation of the marine environment without detriment to its

quality and the resources with which it abounds. From the statements given by the participants, it

became apparent that in some countries, such as China, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Philippines and

Thailand, ocean development programmes and activities, over the years, have evolved from fisheries

oriented needs towards mineral resources exploitation. In some of these countries exploitation of these

resources has brought about new adjustments to their priority needs which have progressively involved

the strengthening of their marine scientific and technological capability demanded by these new

situations.

Sustainable development requires growthit cant be just environmental protection

aloneDernbach et al, 2Widener University Law School; report prepared for the Committee on Climate

Change and Sustainable Development (John, Climate Change and Sustainable Development,

Environmental Energy, and Resources Law: The Year in Review, Vol. 2002, pp. 166-354 2002 Env't.

Energy & Resources L.: Year Rev. 166 (2002), Hein Online)

Sustainable development was formally endorsed by the nations of the world ten years ago at the United

Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, or Earth Summit) in Rio de Janeiro. At

the Earth Summit, nations agreed to implement Agenda 21, a global plan of action for sustainable

development.77 The concept of sustainable development incorporates environmental protection and

restoration into the definition of development. The idea is to work toward both conventional

development and environmental protection, instead ofmaking progress in conventional development

at the environment's expense or only protecting the environment.

Development requires commercial resource expansionByron, 88 - Neil Byron, Department of Forestry, Australian National University (Asian-Pacif ic EconomicLiterature Vol. 2, No. 1, (March 19881, pp. 46-80, Wiley Online)

The notion of harnessing more of un-utilized or under-utilized resources is generally implicit in any

definition of 'development'. Thus the thrust of many development agencies is to expand sectors of the

economy in which such slack resources exist, particularly by incorporation into the world economy

through trade. Characteristic examples are plantation estates (of rubber, tea, coffee, etc), export-
http://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/Training/085239eo.pdfhttp://www.jodc.go.jp/info/ioc_doc/Training/085239eo.pdf


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oriented fisheries, mining and forestry development programs, all utilizing indigenous labour, land and

natural resources, plus foreign capital, typically to produce primary commodities for world markets. It is

within this context that many of the resource and environmental issues reported in the Asian-Pacific

region, have arisen.

Sustainable development makes the topic bidirectionalUNESCO, 11 (Build Green Societies in Small Island Developing States: Addressing Key Vulnerabilities

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/priority-areas/rio-20-ocean/10-proposals-

for-the-ocean/2a-small-island-developing-states/)

SIDS expect Rio+20 to provide support for sustainable ocean development and protection of resources.

Measures could include actions to reduce fishing overcapacity, to establish MPAs, enhance and support

local coastal management efforts, improve wastewater treatment as well as solid waste management

and recycling. Significantly, capacity development could take place through SIDS-SIDS partnerships

based on the sharing and consolidation of unique SIDS approaches to coastal management; such as the

Pacific Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMA) network, the recognition and transmission of local and

indigenous knowledge and customary management of the coastal environment, and community

participation in scientific coastal monitoring, management and decision-making as practiced inUNESCOs Sandwatch programme.


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Aff - AT: Not conservation

Conservation efforts are developmentthey allow more sustained use of resourcesBarnabe, 97professor of marine ecology at the University of Montpellier (Gilbert, Ecology and

Management of Coastal Waters: The Aquatic Environment, p. 3-4)

1.3 DEFINITIONS OF COASTAL DEVELOPMENT

In ecological terms, development is defined as the organisation of a space by modifying an ecosystem in

order to exploit it, or the creation of habitats with a view to encouraging reproduction or settling of

particular species (Parent, 1990). Thus, pastoral, rural or forestry developments have become well

known on land and involve the development and careful exploitation of natural resources with respect

to the environment, since development also requires judicious organisation.

The development of European coastal waters which is aimed first at animal and, to a lesser degree, at

plant resources can be defined in the same way. This consists of the application of scientific and

technical principles and concepts to animal or plant populations, as well as to their habitats, with a view

to encouraging the reproduction or settling of particular species or ensuring their healthy survival.

These aims are of no direct benefit to man, whereas those of land management concern human ecologyand are defined as the organisation of space so as to improve living conditions for populations, to

develop economic activities and to develop natural resources while avoiding disturbance of natural

ecosystems (Parent, 1990). According to Lamotte (1985), the concept of development consists of the

transformation by man of a systemextending to the land, productivity, or some complex combination

of thesewith a view to more rational or efficient utilisation of resources; he added that it involves an

activity which is essential to human society ... man's objective is to free himself from the constraints of

the functioning of natural ecosystems in which he evolves and which he transforms.

The coastal domain is not very well defined; in France, it is considered to be a zone approximately 40 km

on either side of the water's edge (Anon., 1994). Coastal waters thus extend 40 km out from the coast.

Development of coastal waters must aim to compromise between man's requirements (in terms of food,

leisure, etc.) and safeguarding aquatic ecosystems. There is no contradiction between these twoobjectives, even from the point of view of strict human utilitarianism; this goal can also be attained by

conservation of ecosystems (since reserves or wildlife parks constitute developments) as well as by

modifications. It has been said that