Topic V – Energy in the Earth’s Processes

A. Electromagnetic Energy

1. The is the major energy source for weather changes in the atmosphere and many of the changes occurring at Earth’s surface.

2. Energy from the Sun comes in

SUN

many different wavelengths

1. Reflected by aerosols (dust particles, water droplets) (6%)

2. Reflected by clouds (20%)

3. Reflected by Earth’s surface (4%)

4. Absorbed by clouds (3%)

5. Absorbed by Earth (51%)

6. Absorbed by Ozone, water vapor, dust (16%)

C. Factors that effect the amount/ rate of heating

Angle

And

Duration

Of Insolation

Land heats and cools faster than water

Land Vs. Water2.

3. Color

Black heats faster than white

4. Texture

Smooth RoughVs.

Dark / Black White / LightVs.

Rough surfaces heat faster

III. Temperature and Heat

A. Heat Transfer

1. Conduction

The flame’s heat causes molecules in the pans bottom to vibrate and become hotter. These vibrating molecules collide with their neighboring molecules, making them vibrate faster too. After a while molecules in the pan’s handle are

vibrating so fast that it is too hot to touch.

The transfer of heat by the collision of molecules. Occurs best in solids-molecules closer together (more dense)

2. ConvectionThe heat in the pan, especially near

the flame, causes the molecules of

water at the bottom of the pan to

vibrate faster, making it hotter. This

hotter water becomes less dense

and rises, and surrounding cooler

more dense water sinks to replace it.

A circular pattern of movement develops

within the water. This up and down

movement eventually heats all of the water.

The transfer of heat by actual movement of the heated fluid (gas or liquid)

3. RadiationThe heat in the pan radiates heat in the form of waves to the surrounding air. (Air is a poor ` of heat.) Heat Light and other kinds of waves radiate through the near vacuum of outer space from the sun to the earth.

The transfer of heat by wave motion through air (transparent material) or a vacuum (space)

B. Measuring Temperature

Water Boils

Human Body Temperature

Room Temperature

Water Freezes

100212

3798

20/2168/69

32 0

Found on pg 13

Of the Earth Science

Reference Tables

Fahrenheit

Kelvin

Celsius

Goes Up By

2’sGoes Up By

1’sGoes Up By

1’s

2468

10

1234

5

271272273274

275

44°F 7°C 280°K

__________________________________ = The amount of heat required to raise one gram of liquid water, one degree Celsius.

Rocks, ice, wood and all other materials take _________________than one calorie of heat to raise their temperature one degree

Celsius.

The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of any substance one degree Celsius is called the ______________________ of that substance.

Some of these can be found on the front page of the Earth Science Reference Tables.

We can calculate how much heat needs to be added in to or taken out of a substance to raise or lower the temperature using the following equation:

Calories = ___________ X ________________ X ___________

CALORIE

LESS

SPECIFIC HEAT

GRAMS CHANGE IN TEMP SPECIFIC HEAT

Examples:

If I want to raise the temperature of 40 g of dry air from70 0C to 78 0C:

What if I want to lower the temperature of 20 g of copper from 42 0C to 37 0C:

A piece of granite lost heat so that it’s temperature went down 15 0C. If the mass is 90 g, how many calories of heat were lost?

B. Changes in State1. Evaporation –

A. It requires of energy (heat) to convert of

B. Evaporation is a process since it absorbs heat from the environment.

2. Condensation-

A. Water molecules energy equivalent to what was absorbed in evaporation.

B. Condensation in the atmosphere results in the formation of and

Liquid changing to gas2260 Joules

1 gram liquid water to water vapor

cooling

Water vapor changing to

a liquidrelease

clouds dew/fog/frost

3. Melting-

A. It requires of energy/heat to convert of

B. Melting is a process.

4.Freezing-

A. Water molecules energy equivalent to what is absorbed during melting.

Solid changing to a liquid

334 Joules1 gram ice to liquid water

cooling

Liquid changing to a solid

release

Sublimation

Deposition

Melting 334

Freezing 334

Evaporation 2260

Condensation 2260

Heat Absorption DiagramA. Water’s temperature is

________________, water is in the ________________ phase.

B. Water’s temperature is________________, all heat going in is converted to__________, water is ___________________________.

C. Water’s temperature is_________________, water is in the ________________ phase.

D. Water’s temperature is_________________, all heat going in is converted to__________, water is __________________________.

E. Water’s temperature is________________, water is in the ________________ phase.

Many times this diagram has “time” along the bottom.

Latent Heat:_______________________.