Topic: The Digestive System Aim: What are nutrients? Do Now: Why do we eat food? How does every cell in the body get nutrients?

Topic: The Digestive Topic: The Digestive SystemSystem

AimAim: What are nutrients?: What are nutrients?

Do NowDo Now: Why do we eat food? How does : Why do we eat food? How does every cell in the body get nutrients?every cell in the body get nutrients?

Food and NutritionFood and NutritionWhat are nutrients?What are nutrients? Nutrients:Nutrients: substances in food that substances in food that provide the body with the energy provide the body with the energy the body needs to carry out all the body needs to carry out all essential processes. essential processes.

Calorie:Calorie: used to measure the used to measure the amount of energy in food amount of energy in food

(more calories = more energy)(more calories = more energy)

What are the 6 Nutrients?What are the 6 Nutrients?1.1. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates: the body’s the body’s main main

source of energy source of energy a) a) simple carbohydratessimple carbohydrates = =

sugars sugars (quick energy) (quick energy) ExamplesExamples::

•Candy bar, Candy bar, donutsdonutsb) b) complex carbohydratescomplex carbohydrates = starch and = starch and

fiber fiber Examples:Examples:

•Bread, cereal, Bread, cereal, grainsgrains

*Fiber cannot be broken down by our bodies!*Fiber cannot be broken down by our bodies!


AimAim: How do vitamins & minerals help : How do vitamins & minerals help the body?the body?

Do NowDo Now: What is a calorie? How is extra : What is a calorie? How is extra energy stored in the body? energy stored in the body?

2.2. Fats:Fats: high energy nutrients high energy nutrients

a.a.Unsaturated FatsUnsaturated Fats:: liquid at liquid at roomroom

temperature (oil)temperature (oil)b.b. Saturated FatsSaturated Fats:: Solid at room Solid at room temperature (animal products)temperature (animal products)

**High in saturated fat usually High in saturated fat usually = = high in cholesterolhigh in cholesterol

3.. ProteinsProteins: needed for tissue : needed for tissue growth growth and repair (Made up of amino acids)and repair (Made up of amino acids)

Examples:Examples:• TurkeyTurkey

• BeefBeef

• PorkPork

4.4. VitaminsVitamins: Act as helper : Act as helper molecules in molecules in chemical reactions within the chemical reactions within the bodybodyExamples:Examples:

• Vitamin AVitamin A – Maintains healthy skin, – Maintains healthy skin, bones, teeth, and hair; aids vision in bones, teeth, and hair; aids vision in dim lightdim light

Found in: Found in: Dairy products; eggs; liver; Dairy products; eggs; liver; yellow, orange and dark green yellow, orange and dark green vegetables; vegetables; fruitsfruits

• Vitamin EVitamin E – Aids in maintenance – Aids in maintenance of redof red blood cellsblood cells

•Vitamin DVitamin D – Maintains bones and – Maintains bones and teeth; helps in the use of calcium teeth; helps in the use of calcium andand phosphorusphosphorus

Found inFound in:: dairy products; fish; dairy products; fish; eggs; live; made by skin cells in eggs; live; made by skin cells in the presence of sunlightthe presence of sunlight

Found in:Found in: Vegetable oils; green, leafy Vegetable oils; green, leafy vegetables; whole grains, seeds and vegetables; whole grains, seeds and nutsnuts

• Vitamin KVitamin K – Aids in blood clotting – Aids in blood clotting

Found in:Found in: Green, leafy Green, leafy vegetables; vegetables; milk, liver; made by bacteria in milk, liver; made by bacteria in the intestinesthe intestines

5.5. Minerals:Minerals: Found naturally on earth; Found naturally on earth; obtained by eating plantsobtained by eating plants

ExampleExamples:s:• Calcium-Calcium- helps build bones and helps build bones and

teeth;teeth; important for blood clotting, nerve important for blood clotting, nerve and muscle function (milk, and muscle function (milk, cheese, tofu)cheese, tofu)• Iron-Iron- forms an important part of forms an important part of redred blood cells (meats, vegetables & blood cells (meats, vegetables & fruit)fruit)


AimAim: What is the digestive process?: What is the digestive process?

Do NowDo Now: Give the name and food source : Give the name and food source of three types of nutrients.of three types of nutrients.

•PotassiumPotassium-- helps maintain water helps maintain water balance; balance; needed for normal muscle and nerve needed for normal muscle and nerve Function (grains; fruits; vegetables; Function (grains; fruits; vegetables; meat; fish)meat; fish)

•SodiumSodium – – Helps maintain water Helps maintain water balance; needed for normal nerve functionbalance; needed for normal nerve function(table salt; soy sauce; processed foods)(table salt; soy sauce; processed foods)

6.6. WaterWater

60% of the body is water (most found 60% of the body is water (most found within our cells)within our cells)

Cells need water to carry out life Cells need water to carry out life processesprocesses

Nutrients from food need to dissolve in Nutrients from food need to dissolve in water in order to get throughout the bodywater in order to get throughout the body

Most chemical reactions in the body take Most chemical reactions in the body take place in solutionsplace in solutions

The Digestive ProcessThe Digestive Process

Digestion is a 3 step process:Digestion is a 3 step process:

1)1) Food is broken down into Food is broken down into smaller smaller

moleculesmolecules..

2)2) Molecules are absorbed into the Molecules are absorbed into the blood and carried throughout the blood and carried throughout the body.body.

3) 3) Wastes are eliminated from the Wastes are eliminated from the bodybody

Absorption:Absorption: passage of nutrients from the passage of nutrients from the digestive system into your blooddigestive system into your blood

IngestioIngestionn

DigestioDigestionn

AbsorptioAbsorptionn

EgestionEgestion

SalivaSaliva plays an important role in the plays an important role in the 22 types of digestion (both begin in types of digestion (both begin in the mouth)…the mouth)…


AimAim: What is the digestive system?: What is the digestive system?Do NowDo Now: What two types of digestion : What two types of digestion take place in the mouth? How are they take place in the mouth? How are they similar and different?similar and different?

2 Types of Digestion2 Types of Digestion

1.1. Mechanical Digestion:Mechanical Digestion: breaks down breaks down large large

food molecules into smaller ones using food molecules into smaller ones using your your

teeth to chew your food and mixing it teeth to chew your food and mixing it with your tongue. with your tongue.

2. 2. Chemical Digestion:Chemical Digestion: begins with the begins with the addition of a watery substance called addition of a watery substance called salivasalivathat breaks food molecules down into that breaks food molecules down into different substances…different substances…

Saliva + Starch = SugarSaliva + Starch = Sugar

Organs of the Digestive Organs of the Digestive SystemSystem

Your digestive system has Your digestive system has 22 parts— parts—the digestive tract and the accessory the digestive tract and the accessory organs.organs.

The The 77 major organsmajor organs of your digestive of your digestive tract are:tract are:

1. mouth 1. mouth 5. large 5. large intestineintestine

2. esophagus 2. esophagus 6. rectum6. rectum 3. stomach3. stomach 7. anus 7. anus 4.small intestine4.small intestine

The The accessory organsaccessory organs are the: tongue, are the: tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.and pancreas.

They are important in They are important in mechanicalmechanical and and chemicalchemical digestion. digestion.

Your liver, gallbladder, and pancreas Your liver, gallbladder, and pancreas produce or store produce or store enzymesenzymes and and chemicals that help break down chemicals that help break down food. food.

Enzymes:Enzymes: proteins that speed up proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the bodychemical reactions in the body

*Specific Shape = Specific Reaction*Specific Shape = Specific Reaction

Digestive Digestive EnzymesEnzymesMouth:Mouth: salivary amylase salivary amylase

Stomach:Stomach: pepsin, hydrochloric pepsin, hydrochloric acidacidPancreas:Pancreas: amylase, trypsin, amylase, trypsin, lipaselipase


AimAim: What is the digestive system?: What is the digestive system?Do NowDo Now: What are the 7 major organs of : What are the 7 major organs of the digestive system? What is an the digestive system? What is an enzyme? How do enzymes help enzyme? How do enzymes help digestion?digestion?

The MouthThe Mouth

Food mixed with saliva becomes a Food mixed with saliva becomes a soft mass and is moved to the back of soft mass and is moved to the back of your mouth by your tongue. your mouth by your tongue.

It is swallowed and passes into your It is swallowed and passes into your esophagusesophagus..

Food moving into the Food moving into the esophagusesophagus passes over the passes over the epiglottisepiglottis

Epiglottis:Epiglottis: flap of tissue that seals off flap of tissue that seals off your your windpipewindpipe

Esophagus:Esophagus: muscular tube that muscular tube that connectsconnects the mouth and the stomachthe mouth and the stomach

Mucus:Mucus: thick, slippery substance that thick, slippery substance that makes food easier to swallowmakes food easier to swallow


AimAim: What is the role of the intestines?: What is the role of the intestines?Do NowDo Now: How does the body prevent food : How does the body prevent food from entering the windpipe (trachea) from entering the windpipe (trachea) when swallowing?when swallowing?

Peristalsis:Peristalsis: muscle contractions that muscle contractions that push push food through the digestive systemfood through the digestive systemStomach:Stomach: j-shaped organj-shaped organ

most mechanical digestion most mechanical digestion takestakes place hereplace here chemical chemical digestiondigestion digestive juices contain pepsin, digestive juices contain pepsin, hydrochlorichydrochloric acid, & mucusacid, & mucus

Small intestine:Small intestine: most of the most of the chemical digestion takes placechemical digestion takes place

*Almost *Almost allall chemical digestion chemical digestion andand absorptionabsorptionof nutrients takes place in the small of nutrients takes place in the small intestine!intestine!

From here, blood transports the From here, blood transports the nutrients to all cells of your body.nutrients to all cells of your body.

Contains Contains villivilli – tiny hair-like structures – tiny hair-like structures – that increase surface area for – that increase surface area for absorption.absorption.


AimAim: How does the digestive system : How does the digestive system prevent dehydration?prevent dehydration?

Do NowDo Now: What is peristalsis? What : What is peristalsis? What happens when peristalsis is reversed in happens when peristalsis is reversed in the esophagus?the esophagus?

PeristalsisPeristalsis continues to force the continues to force the remaining undigested and unabsorbed remaining undigested and unabsorbed materials slowly into thematerials slowly into the large intestinelarge intestine..

TheThe main jobmain job of theof the large intestinelarge intestine is to is to absorb water from the undigested absorb water from the undigested mass.mass.

Muscles in the Muscles in the rectumrectum, which is the , which is the last section of the large intestine, and last section of the large intestine, and the the anusanus control the release of semisolid control the release of semisolid wastes from the body in the form ofwastes from the body in the form of feces (FEE seez).feces (FEE seez).

After the excess water is absorbed, After the excess water is absorbed, the remaining undigested materials the remaining undigested materials become more solid. become more solid.

GallbladderGallbladder:: organ that stores organ that stores bilebilePancreas:Pancreas: Produces enzymes that Produces enzymes that break down starches, proteins and break down starches, proteins and fatsfats

Liver:Liver: producesproduces bilebile – a substance – a substance that breaks up fat particles, that breaks up fat particles, medicine and other substances.medicine and other substances.

LIVERLIVER

GALL GALL BLADDERBLADDER

PANCREASPANCREAS

Topic: The Digestive SystemTopic: The Digestive System

AimAim: How does food travel through the : How does food travel through the digestive system?digestive system?Do NowDo Now: What is the function of the large : What is the function of the large intestine?intestine?

The foods in this illustration are rich in _______. The foods in this illustration are rich in _______.

A. carbohydratesA. carbohydratesB. fatB. fatC. mineralsC. mineralsD. proteinD. protein

The answer is D. Your body uses proteins for The answer is D. Your body uses proteins for replacement and repair of body cells.replacement and repair of body cells.

QUESTIONQUESTION::

This illustration represents _______. This illustration represents _______.

A. absorptionA. absorptionB. digestionB. digestionC. eliminationC. eliminationD. ingestionD. ingestion

The answer is D. Ingestion occurs as food The answer is D. Ingestion occurs as food enters your mouth.enters your mouth.

QUESTIONQUESTION::

_______ are a type of protein that speeds up _______ are a type of protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction in your body.the rate of a chemical reaction in your body.

The answer is enzymes. Enzymes reduce the The answer is enzymes. Enzymes reduce the amount of energy necessary for a chemical amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to begin.reaction to begin.

QUESTIONQUESTION::

Which is a major organ in your digestive tract?Which is a major organ in your digestive tract?

A. esophagusA. esophagusB. gallbladderB. gallbladderC. pancreasC. pancreasD. salivary glandsD. salivary glands

The answer is A. The major organs of the The answer is A. The major organs of the digestive tract are mouth, esophagus, stomach, digestive tract are mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. Food passes through all of these organs.anus. Food passes through all of these organs.

QUESTIONQUESTION::

Which is a function of the large intestine?Which is a function of the large intestine?

A. Absorbs water from undigested massA. Absorbs water from undigested massB.B. Produces bile and breaks up large fat Produces bile and breaks up large fat particlesparticlesC. Produces hydrochloric acid and chymeC. Produces hydrochloric acid and chymeD. Takes food to the stomachD. Takes food to the stomach

The answer is A. The large intestine keeps The answer is A. The large intestine keeps large amounts of water in your body and helps large amounts of water in your body and helps maintain homeostasis.maintain homeostasis.

QUESTIONQUESTION::

Which begins the process of chemical digestion?Which begins the process of chemical digestion?

A. esophagusA. esophagusB. salivaB. salivaC. teethC. teethD. tongueD. tongue

The answer is B. Chemical digestion begins The answer is B. Chemical digestion begins with the addition of a watery substance called with the addition of a watery substance called saliva. Saliva is produced by three sets of saliva. Saliva is produced by three sets of glands near your mouth.glands near your mouth.

QUESTIONQUESTION::


AimAim: Excellent test scores!!!!: Excellent test scores!!!!

Do NowDo Now: Review your notes for 5 : Review your notes for 5 minutes.minutes.

HWHW: Lab conclusion questions due : Lab conclusion questions due Monday. Monday.

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Topic: The Digestive System Aim: What are nutrients? Do Now: Why do we eat food? How does every cell in the body get nutrients?