Topic guide 3.1 Compiling information for resource the evaluation of the resources. ... 3.1 Compiling information for resource planning ... Standard forms of contract contain many

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Unit 3: Planning construction work processes and efficient use of resources in construction and the built environment

This topic guide covers the many different sources of construction project information that are available in several formats. You will understand how to look for, and access, this data. The types of data are often linked to the project strategies that have been employed and you will initially examine these and how they affect data sources. You are advised to read the assessment criteria for the learning objective associated with this topic.

No two construction projects are the same: they all have different users, methods of construction and aims that a client wants to achieve. This produces variations in the project information that is available to you when you start to look at sustainable procurement of these resources. As such, the initial planning stages must be carefully considered to take into account many aspects of:

• the project, its strategies and constraints • project information and data • the evaluation of the resources.

Compiling information for resource planning3.1

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3.1: Compiling information for resource planning

1 The project – strategies and constraintsAll construction projects differ in their strategic direction, design, construction and the constraints that affect them.

Client and user needsThe client is obviously the most important person on the project and will have a great deal of influence through their representatives such as the architect or designer, structural engineer and quantity surveyor. For example, corporate clients obviously have a corporate image to maintain; the resources employed on the project will need to reflect their branding so that it can be recognised by the general public.

A client’s needs and requirements are therefore of paramount and primary importance. If the project does not deliver what the client wanted, then opportunities for repeat business may be lost.

Project criteriaThis is the essence of any project and is the written and drawn information about the project. This data normally appears within the contract documents, which include:

• the tender and then construction phase drawings • the contract specification • the bill of quantities (BoQ) • the health and safety plan • any technical appendices • schedules – room specifications, internal/external finishes/fittings • performance criteria specifications.

Facility/asset managementLarger organisations will have strategies for managing their assets and facilities. This may have an impact on the aspects of facilities management that need to be incorporated into the design and construction of the project. These tend to be energy- and resource-based monitoring systems for the management of the life cycle costing of the building. The building services engineer and the facilities manager will need to liaise on the client’s requirements.

Contract requirementsStandard forms of contract contain many clauses governing the use of:

• time • quality • costs.

Time is often a critical element as many contracts contain penalties if the completion date is not met. These are imposed by a client to cover expenses such as lost rental agreements, lease agreements or retail sales if a contractor overruns the completion date. The clauses apply mainly to traditional JCT contracts. You can find out more at www.jctltd.co.uk.

LinksThis topic links to:

HNC in Construction and the Built Environment Unit 20: LO1; NVQ Unit 4: LO1; NVQ Unit 5: LO1.

Key termsBill of quantities (BoQ) – contains details of every item that is included within a project, together with a unit and total price for each item. The bill front sections include details of the project, data and preliminaries.

JCT – the Joint Contracts Tribunal is compiled by employers, professional associations and contractors who publish a range of agreed standard contracts for use in the industry.

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The quality of the finished project is paramount. For example, a seven-star hotel in Dubai will feature the very best of materials and high-quality work. Quality is the variable that must be controlled through close supervision and inspection.

Costs are the client’s concern. The contract budget must contain sufficient funds to service the construction, maintenance and operation of any project.

Community benefitsCommunity benefits are now a sustainable concern for any project that is constructed within an established community. They are now considered in some detail by local authorities as part of their planning strategy. The benefits to the community from the design and construction of a project should include:

• transport networks, car parking and road use • creation of local employment • use of local sub-contractors • use of local suppliers • enhancing the aesthetics of the local environment • regenerating the urban environment • limited pollution • being sympathetic to the capacity of local services.

Third-party obligationsThird parties are those interested parties who may have some influence on the design and construction of a project. These could be:

• parish councils • Highway Authorities • conservation officers • English Heritage, or Cadw, in Wales • Local Authority Building Control • Neighbourhood Watch associations • community groups • the general public.

All of these can have a dramatic influence on any development that has a large impact on a community. As part of any planning application the community is allowed to express their concerns about a development. This is undertaken in two ways.

• The planning application is advertised in local newspapers and on a lamp post. Anyone with objections is invited to write in.

• Adjacent neighbours are written to by the planning authority.

2 Project information and dataThere is a wide variety of project data that needs to be sourced, read and understood so that the correctly specified materials can be resourced, procured, delivered and installed on the project.

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Portfolio activity (2.1)This assessment criterion asks you to ‘explain the methods used to scrutinise the available project information and data to establish required resources and work methods’.

You need to provide explanation which includes: • accessing the contract documents for a project • accessing any electronic documentation for a project • analysing the programme and establishing a delivery schedule for key elements of materials

and equipment • analysing the project estimate for the ‘estimator’s methodology’ • producing a sub-contract procurement schedule • explaining the production of a method statement for several work activities • producing a health and safety plan for a work element.

The explanation should be detailed and contain sufficient depth to illustrate your understanding and express your knowledge of the different methods that could be employed for scrutinising data on resources and work methods.

Assessing project informationThe digital age has introduced the paperless tender and the virtual project. This enables a project to be created within a virtual portal. From this portal all contract parties can dial in through a password system to gain access to all the project information.

Drawings can be issued electronically through the portal, along with any other relevant data or information. This has many advantages, including:

• speed of delivery • notification of who has opened what document • savings in printing and postage • fast and efficient communication • the use of tablets on site with electronic drawings instead of paper copies.

Drawings are the primary method of informing the contractor of the final design that has to be built. They are normally issued by the architect or designer through the use of a drawing register. The drawing register lists the distribution list and the latest revision numbers for each drawing. Often designers will ask the contractor to install materials into their project ‘in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions’. This will require the contractor to contact each manufacturer and obtain an installation guide for the specific materials.

Portfolio activity (1.1)Access a current project’s data by liaising with a commercial manager, estimator or contracts manager. You need quite a large project that will contain several sources of information. By working with the estimator/quantity surveyor, you could become involved in:

• scheduling of materials • plant scheduling • sub-contractor procurement • labour scheduling.

By working with the estimator/planner and/or contracts manager, you could be involved with the decisions associated with the work methods that will be employed for the pricing of an estimate, or the method statements required for the construction of the project.

Key term Sub-contract – this operates ‘below’ the main contractor in the role of a sub-contractor.

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Digital models, and graphical and non-graphical electronic data filesBuilding information modelling (BIM)

BIM is the current strategic drive that the government is pushing the construction sector towards. It is an approach that uses 3D technologies from computer-aided design (CAD) and which allows all parties involved in the design of a contract to investigate, analyse and evaluate any construction problems before they become a ‘physical’ issue on site.

It allows a 3D model of the completed design to be investigated in several ways, including:

• by the use of colour for different elements of the structure • the integration of a building’s services into the designed structure • reducing the clashing of services by detecting any issues before construction • the ability to estimate or budget for a project • the scheduling of project materials and components.

BIM provides a 3D, 4D and 5D experience for designers, building services engineers and structural engineers, helping them to explore a building before it is constructed. This link takes you to the government’s website and gives you some useful information on BIM: www.bimtaskgroup.org/.

Case study: Building information modelling (BIM) and The PlaceBIM was used during the construction of The Place, London Bridge Quarter, due to a number of site constraints, including:

• the location and position of London Underground services relevant to the foundation design

• the proximity of adjacent bus lanes which forced the superstructure to be cantilevered over them to avoid any conflict

• the need for accurate detailing of the steelwork superstructure

• potential conflicts with Network Rail assets above ground

• the possibility of encroaching boundary walls’ foundations below ground on the new basement construction.

Source: www.wspgroup.com/sv/BIM/BIM-3/Case-studies/The-Place-London-Bridge-Quarter/ Figure 3.1.1: The Shard.

Key terms3D – three-dimensional length x width x depth.

4D – adding time to 3D.

5D – adding of costs.

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Information management

Information management is vitally important in the fast moving environment of construction projects. Clients want fast-track schemes with shorter completion dates to enable changes in markets to be catered for instantly with modern production methods.

BIM systems are now a client’s first initiative in eliminating construction design issues, where all parties concerned share in 3D design modelling.

Information sharing needs to be carefully handled for several reasons, including: • copyright – ownership of information through intellectual property rights • ensuring that the latest versions of drawings and documents are used • the number of sub-layers that have to be negotiated to obtain the right data • security levels of access.

Contract documentsThe contract documents form the basis of an agreement between the client and the contractor undertaking the work. There must be a clear agreement or contract that lists all of the contract documents to avoid any future disputes. Any variation not forming part of the contract documents must be instructed accordingly using the methodology within the contract. Typical contract documents are outlined below.

• Schedules – these list any work (such as doors, windows and ironmongery) where it is easier to express information within a schedule rather than on each drawing. Rooms can also be expressed within a schedule and list all the fittings, fixtures and specifications of the finishes required.

• Contract drawings – these are the construction-phase set of drawings that are initially issued to the contractor in order to commence work. They should always be retained. Superseded drawings should be marked as such and kept for the pricing of any variations or changes. Issued drawings should always have the drawing register with them for reference, so you know that you are working on the latest versions.

• Insurance documents – these are the requirements for the contractor’s liability for the constructed works and cover the insurance of the building while it is being constructed. Employers’ paperwork and third-party liability documents must also be produced and displayed for all to see.

• Project conditions – these are often contained in the front sections of the bill of quantities or the contract specification. They list the conditions that you as the contractor are expected to work under. For example, deliveries may not be allowed before 10 a.m. due to operational reasons.

• The formal agreement – this tends to be written into the front of a contract. It lists the parties, the conditions of contract and the price agreed to carry out the work.

• Bill of quantities (also see page 2 of this guide) – this is a document that is mainly commercial. It gives the full breakdown of the agreed contract price in some detail. It is essentially a list of all the quantities per work items with unit rates and totals against each work classification. It is usually taken off using the SMM7 rules of measurement for building works, while civil engineering projects use the CESMM4 rules.

Key termsSMM7 – the standard method of measurement as published by the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. The document lists the classification and rules of measuring of quantities.

CESMM4 – the standard method of measurement as published by the Institution of Civil Engineers.

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• Specifications – Figure 3.1.2 shows a sample specification for a typical external cavity wall. It details the materials to be used, any standards, e.g. British Standard (BS), and the methods that will be employed. Specifications are often produced by the designer or architect in conjunction with manufacturers’ details.

Cavity External Walls: Below Ground

• Set out external wall so it sits centrally on the strip foundation.• Internal skin of cavity wall below ground is to be constructed using

7N/mm2 solid concrete blocks by Tarmac.• External skin of cavity wall below ground to be constructed in

class A engineering brickwork in cement mortar pointed flush with face of brickwork.

• Internal cavity to be filled with gen 3 weak mix concrete using 10mm aggregate and bevelled downwards towards the ground level on the outside skin.

• Drainage weep holes to be inserted using cavity plastic weep hole inserts to allow any drainage to vent through the wall.

• Trench to be backfilled using type 1 hardcore crushed brick rolled and compacted using manual methods once wall has set

Cavity External Walls: Above Ground

• Facing brickwork to be Taylor Maxwell Swinley Mix JS MK10 Brickwork rep to be contacted to ensure exact match against existing.

• Pointing is to be weather-struck pointing to all joints.• Sample panel to be constructed on site for the approval of the planning

control officer. Panel to remain intact for the duration of the works.• Hi-load dpc to be laid to both skins of cavity wall with 300mm lapped

joints, position of dpc to be 150mm above ground level.• Mortar to be designated mix to BS5268: part 3 (ii) below dpc level and

(iii) above dpc level.• Stainless steel cavity wall ties by Catnic to be used. Placement 600mm

horizontally and 900mm vertically. At abutments spacing to be 225mm vertically.

• Cavity insulation to be 100mm thick Rockwool Cavity ensuring that the cavity is fully filled. All mortar spills to be removed from insulation during construction.

• Inside skin to be constructed using 120mm thermalite blocks.• Inside skin to be dry lined using Gyproc dry wall system of steel

channels and 12.5mm plasterboard and skim finish.Figure 3.1.2: A sample specification.

Bill of quantities

A bill of quantities follows the sections laid out within the SMM7, which are:• preliminaries • waterproofing • disposal systems• demolition works • linings • piped supplies• groundwork • windows/doors/stairs • mechanical

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• concrete • surface finishes • ventilation• masonry • furniture • electrical• structural • sundries • communications• cladding • external works • transport.

The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) has published some new rules of measurement that closely follow the Royal Institute of British Architects’ (RIBA’s) Plan of Work and which are divided into three volumes. These volumes attempt to provide a worldwide standard for the measurement and procurement of contract works that can be understood by all parties involved in a contract. They are:

• Vol. 1 – NRM 1: Order of cost estimating and cost planning for capital building works

• Vol. 2 – NRM 2: Detailed measurement for building works • Vol. 3 – NRM 3: Order of cost estimating and cost planning for building

maintenance works.

The sample bill of quantities in Figure 3.1.3 is taken from the groundworks section. You will see that the descriptions contain enough detail to calculate a unit rate and the final cost for each bill item.

Bill No.

Details Measure Unit Unit cost £:p

Total cost

Groundwork

Section D20: Excavating and filling

Site preparation

A Removing existing hardstandings by breaking out and disposing off site Item 5000.00 5000.00

B Clearing site scrub/bushes and low lying vegetation; shred on site and compost 350 m2 0.25 87.50

Excavating

C Excavate over site to reduced levels not exceeding 0.50 m deep 650 m2 0.65 422.50

D Excavate foundation trenches width not exceeding 1.00 m

Maximum depth not exceeding 1.50 m

25 m3 12.57 314.25

E Earthwork support to sides of excavation not exceeding 1.50 m deep; distance between opposing faces not exceeding 1.00 m

56 m2 3.50 196.00

F Compacting: base of excavations 16 m2 1.00 16.00

G Disposal of excavated material off site to suitable tips 350 m3 23.50 8225.00

H Form landscaped bund using excavated material; cover with top soil reused from site and seed with grass

Item 4500.00 4500.00

I Extra Over for breaking out existing reinforced concrete foundations: provisional quantity 10 m3 60.00 600.00

J Provide sump pumping for ground water removal Item 250.00 250.00

K Lay and compact imported hardcore crushed brick type 1 fill, rolled and compacted in 150 mm layers

500 m3 16.50 8250.00

Total: 27,861.25

Figure 3.1.3: A sample bill of quantities.

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Portfolio activity (2.3)For assessment criterion 2.3 you have to ‘appraise a range of work methods which will optimise the use of resources and which meet project criteria and statutory requirements’.

By careful negotiation with the project planner, site manager or contracts manager, select a work activity that is in advance of the current programme position. You will then need to investigate the methodology that the estimator has used for the pricing of the work item or activity at tender stage within the estimate or bill of quantities.

Taking this work method, produce an analysis of alternative work methods that could drive out efficiencies and hence increase profit margins on the work element. Substantiate your alternative with calculated costing figures.

Specifications

Access to specifications can be gained via two different sources, which are contained within other contract documents. These are:

• drawn information – contract drawings often contain a specification on a side panel for many of the components that are present within the drawing

• through the contract specification that accompanies a set of drawings instead of a bill of quantities.

Specifications are normally drawn up in accordance with the NBS. This organisation helps promote the methodology in specifying building and construction materials in a clear, understandable format.

When ordering any material for a project, the specification must be the first document that you analyse to ensure that the supplier will meet the quality and quantity requirements within the contract.

Drawings

Drawings are the visual media of any project. Traditionally they are 2D, but BIM technology is now firmly entrenched in providing methods to view and construct in 3D. Paper-based drawings are normally given to the site office in order to set out and construct the project.

Typical drawn information that can be accessed would include: • plans of each floor • elevations • design details • a location plan • steelwork engineers’ drawings • setting out information.

Sample drawn information

The drawings provided as a pdf show an example of how the project specification has been embedded within the drawings.

Health and safety plansThe requirements of the Construction (Design and Management) (CDM) Regulations 2007 make it necessary to produce three project documents and involve not only the contractor but also the client.

Key termNBS – National Building Specification.

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The project documents are: • a health and safety file for any existing structure which must be handed over

and communicated to all parties concerned • a pre-tender health and safety plan which must be prepared and

communicated to all involved with the project • a contractor health and safety file which must be prepared and handed

over to the client at the completion of the project containing all relevant information about the materials, equipment and plant that has been used to construct the building project.

For more information, go to www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/320/contents/made.

ProgrammesCurrent programming techniques utilise software such as Microsoft® Project. Figure 3.1.4 shows an example of a Gantt chart.

Site set up 2 days Site clearance 5 days Asbestos removal 7 days Demolition 3 days Fencing and gates Access road 5 days Excavate foundations 2 days Concrete foundations 1 day Erect steel frame 5 days Cladding to roof 3 days Cladding to walls 3 days Windows and doors

Task Gantt chartTime

5 days

2 days

Figure 3.1.4: A Gantt chart.Programmes have to be produced as part of the contractual requirement agreement between the client and the main contractor. The client’s representative on site then uses the programme to monitor progress during monthly meetings.

Portfolio activity (1.2)This assessment criterion asks you to ‘plan work methods which will optimise the use of resources and which meet project criteria and statutory requirements’.

The production of the following would provide evidence in support of this criterion: • master programme • weekly programme • daily programme • work activity programme • detailed method statement.

The planning of a work activity through the production of a method statement would also provide a detailed analysis of working methods to produce the desired production rates against a programme item. A short-term programme for a work classification activity would also provide enough evidence in support of this criterion. You will need to refer to the estimate or contract price for the work element to ensure that you remain within budget.

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ChecklistYou should now have produced evidence against each of the following: assess your project’s information and data to establish the required resources and work

methods that will be employed for the installation of the project resources undertake the planning of work methods which will optimise the use of resources and which

meet project criteria and statutory requirements agree the selected resources and work methods with the decision makers or management

team in your organisation.

3 Evaluation of the resourcesAny resource on the project must be fit for purpose, i.e. it must meet the project specification criteria. This will need checking to ensure that a consistent quality is produced during the construction of the project. Often, alternative materials are considered and used on site. This section will look at the evaluation of project resources.

The project resourcesThe project resources on any construction project can be classified into different areas, including:

• temporary works, preliminaries and infrastructure set up on site – the temporary infrastructure that is required in order to produce a building project, e.g. scaffolding, temporary roads, site fencing, insurances

• materials – the different types, sources, suppliers and specification for the project materials that will be installed

• equipment, temporary plant, e.g. cranes, mobile platforms, and machinery, e.g. escalators and lift installations

• building services installations – the complex services of data, telephone, internet, fire, water, heating and power that must be integrated into a project

• labour – the calculation of labour resources for each activity area and the sourcing of labour-only contractors for work activities balanced against the estimator’s allowances

• management – the safe control of labour resources on site • sub-contractors – the procurement of sub-contractors to undertake specialist

packages of work.

Types and quantity/scale of resources and production methodsA specification may give you a type, for example plaster, but it will not give you the manufacturer’s details for the plaster. You will need to source the data from the specification of materials. This may be just the BS or EN number for plaster. You will then need to source the product that meets these standards and the quality of work undertaken on site. There are several plaster manufacturers within the UK

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and you will have to analyse each product to ensure that it meets the quality and cost required against the estimate and specification for the project.

Specifications can be classified into further subdivisions, namely: • a performance specification – this details the criteria that the specification

should meet, for example a completed room should get no hotter than 22° in the summer months and no cooler than 15° in winter

• a prescribed specification – this details that a material, for example concrete, should resist a certain force or chemical when set.

Alternatives that may meet the required criteriaYour research on alternative data must be carried out well and with concentration. Cheaper products may appear attractive but may result in:

• substandard finishes for the client • taking longer to apply, thus incurring additional labour charges • having to be rectified by further applied finishes.

You may need to test alternative products in order to ensure compliance with the client’s written specification. Approval of an alternative product should always be sought from the client’s representative on site and reinforced with confirmation in writing.

Feedback/evidence from previous useThe historical use of construction materials will provide valuable data as long as it is captured on performance, skill and quality. The use of a product within different environments is where variations start to creep into the process. Talk to the product’s technical representative as they can probably suggest solutions to any issues that you are having.

Often, technical materials have to be applied by an approved applicator who is registered and trained to use that product. This forms part of the guarantee that is given with such materials

Viability of innovative resource/method claimsThe British Board of Agrément certificates exist for products that have yet to receive a full British or European Standard.

‘We provide reassurance to the construction industry by assessing manufacturers’ products, systems and procedures to ensure they are ‘fit for purpose’. We also provide inspection services monitoring installers of BBA approved schemes and third party inspection of installers for client managed schemes.’ (BBA 2013)

‘The British Board of Agrément (BBA) is the UK’s major authority offering approval and inspection services to manufacturers and installers supplying the construction industry. Originally set up in 1966 by Government, but now an independent non-profit distributing organisation, the BBA’s certification and inspection services are recognised by building control, local authorities, industry insurers and key trade associations in the construction industry.’ (BBA 2013)

Key termsBS – The British Standard of manufacture – an organisation that provides a kitemark assurance of quality for manufactured British products.

EN – a similar system but with European-wide numbering.

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This scheme allows you to access the BBA certificate for an innovative product and download it to inform others about its use, feasibility and quality.

You can find out more by visiting: www.bbacerts.co.uk/.

Need for more informationOften, you will need to request further information on a product, service, piece of equipment, plant or machinery. Several options are available to find the information. They include:

• manufacturers’ Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) and safety data sheets

• manufacturers’ installation instructions • reference to the British Standards • request for information to the architect • reference to a Code of Practice.

The following link details a typical manufacturer’s data sheet for a material and serves to illustrate the amount of data that you can obtain: www.lafarge.co.uk/wps/portal/uk/2_9_4-Material_safety_datasheets.

Portfolio activity (1.3)This assessment criterion asks you to ‘agree the selected resources and work methods with decision makers’. This will depend on the structure of your organisation and may mean recording the decisions approved by a:

• commercial manager • quantity surveyor • estimator • planner • contract manager.

Use a suitable format for this assessment criterion. This could be in the form of a recorded meeting with written minutes, or a written agreement, or a written instruction.

WastageThe amount of wastage a material produces in its manufacture, packaging and delivery to site must be carefully considered in terms of the amount of carbon used. Waste is a resource that should be kept as close to zero as possible. Landfill disposal is the last resource that should be used (due to scarcity) and could have a financial bearing on the sustainable costs for the project.

It is a legal requirement now for a waste management plan (WMP) to be prepared, implemented and monitored for large construction projects. The disposal of waste must be carefully considered in terms of:

• reducing the amount of packaging delivered with the material • the amount of any wastage that can be recycled • the availability of suitable local recycling contractors • whether the material needs to be cut or is modular in its dimensions.

A high percentage of the waste produced by a construction project can be thrown away with no recoverable income from it. The high cost of skips and tip charges often make the disposal of waste a heavy financial burden on a project.

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Portfolio activity (2.4)For this assessment criterion you have to ‘justify the preferred work methods with decision makers against financial, technical and organisational criteria’.

A suggested method for producing the evidence for this could be a report to the project management team detailing your findings, to:

• outline the advantages and disadvantages of your chosen alternative method of construction, such as the work activity price or budget to show the benefits of the alternative methodology

• provide detailed calculations associated with the resources to justify the efficiencies gained from using an alternative or chosen resource

• itemise the report to highlight financial, technical and organisational criteria.

Added valueThe term ‘added value’ is often used for project benefits. What can an alternative material bring in terms of added value to the project? For example, if you spend more on an initial material now, or substitute an alternative for a specified one, it may lead to savings in the life cycle of a building, i.e. money that would have to be spent on maintenance of the material in the future.

If the project that you are working on is design and build, then great care must be taken to ensure that the materials specified by the in-house architect or designer meet the project’s performance criteria. This may be in terms of a number of different criteria including thermal, insulation, ventilation, aesthetic and acoustic performance criteria. You may also have to look at the combination of products and materials in meeting said performance criteria, for example u-values.

When you are choosing materials or resources you should always obtain the necessary approvals that are required for accurate and effective contract administration. Changing a product, service or material without this may have cost and time implications if you have to correct unapproved work elements.

Evaluating resource quantitiesThe starting point for any evaluation must be the estimate or contract price for the project. This is the price for which you must undertake the work in order to maintain the profit margin that has been placed within the contract price.

You will need to analyse the tender price documents to establish: • the amounts that have been included for labour hours against specification or

BoQ items • the value placed against each material and its measured quantity • the value of any sub-contract tender prices that have been included within

the main contract estimate • the value of temporary infrastructure works • the methodology that the estimator has employed in order to reach unit rates • the measured quantities that the estimator has taken off if a specification and

drawing tender type has been used.

This will be a mathematical evaluation in order to gain a detailed knowledge and understanding of what the tender price includes and what methods have been

Key termU-value – a calculated numerical value that gives an indication of the amount of heat loss through a building’s external cladding material.

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used to price the work. For example, concrete can be placed using a crane and skip or a concrete pump. Finding an alternative that is resource-efficient will increase the profit margin on that particular work item.

Along with this evaluation is the monitoring of the resource in ensuring that it meets the predicted expectations in terms of time, quality and cost implications for the project.

Case study: Terminal 5 Heathrow Airport for British AirwaysDesign for manufacture and assembly (DFMA) techniques were employed on the project for Terminal 5 at Heathrow airport. This strategy meant that any component that could be prefabricated off site was designed so that this could be achieved. This speeded up the construction work on site substantially. For example, the reinforcement for the floor slabs was prefabricated, rolled up and rolled out on site, saving thousands of steel fixing hours on site. This was further extended to the prefabrication of plant rooms and car parking modules.

Source: www.laingorourke.com/our-work/all-projects/heathrow-terminal-5.aspx

ChecklistAt the end of this topic guide you should be familiar with: the types and scale of resources required for a project alternative resources and their approval with management wastage, price, budget and specification criteria for a resource added value for a project through resource utilisation evaluation of resources to inform future decisions.

Further reading and resourcesAnastasopoulos, D., Optimal Project & Procurement Management: A Real Redefinition of the Project Management Resource Allocation and Workload Balancing Problem (RCPSP) (LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2013) ISBN 9783659403002

Heerkens, G., Project Management, Second Edition (McGraw-Hill Professional, 2013) ISBN 9780071818483

AcknowledgementsThe publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs:

Getty Images: Flickr / Richard Newstead (5). © Rough Guides: Roger Mapp (1)

All other images © Pearson Education

We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material:

Steven Brown, DesigNQube for 4 Architecture and Urban Design ground drawings, www.designqube.co.uk. Reproduced with kind permission; British Board of Agrément Certificates for extracts from http://www.bbacerts.co.uk/about-us/what-do-we-do.aspx and http://www.bbacerts.co.uk/about-us/who-are-we.aspx. Reproduced with permission.

Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders and we apologise in advance for any unintentional omissions. We would be pleased to insert the appropriate acknowledgement in any subsequent edition of this publication.

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Topic guide 3.1 Compiling information for resource the evaluation of the resources. ... 3.1 Compiling information for resource planning ... Standard forms of contract contain many