Topic 7- Fotografi

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    Digital Kamera/konvensional

    Elemen-elemen penting yang patut andapelajari

    1. Teknik memokus2. Shutter Speed (kelajuan bukatup)3. Aperture4. IS0

    5. Kombinasi Shutter Speed dan Aperture6. Dedahan (Exposure) dan Pengukurandedahan

    7. Program/TV/AV

    8. Lensa dan sudut pandangan (angle of View)

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    Bagaimana kamera berfungsi

    Arah cahaya

    View Fiunder

    Light sensor

    Sutter Blade

    Pentaprism

    Kedudukan

    Filem atauCCD.

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    Mode dial- kawalan sepenuhnya sesebuah kamera

    Mengandungi kawalan

    Program Yang dikawaloleh kamera

    Auto2. Portrait3. Landscape4. Close Up

    5. Sports

    Exposure Modes (mode dedahan) Manual - Kawalan sepenuhnya oleh Jurugambar Program Kawalan sepenuhya oleh kamera Shutter Priority (TV) Kawalan shutter oleh Jurugambar Aperture Priority(AV) Kawalan Aperture oleh Jurugambar

    Gambar kecil-LCD panel

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    Shutter Speed

    Merupakan kelajuan bukaan tingkap (shutter blade)mengikutKaedah pengukuran masa

    Tugasan shutter

    Memberhentikan subjek yang bergerak dalam gambar. Mengimbangi aperture bagi mendapatkan kesan dedahan

    normal.

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    Bukaan shutter speed

    B Stop (bulb) - Tingkap terbuka apabila butang penekanshutter di tekan sesuai untuk penggambaran

    waktu malam.

    Bacaan Kaedah masa Hasil Gambar1 - 1/1 Saat Slow Speed Shutter2 - 1/2 Saat Gambar menunjukkan kesan4 - 1/4 Saat Pergerakan subjek8 - 1/8 Saat15 - 1/15 Saat Merakam gambar dalam situasi30 - 1/30 Saat yang kurang cahaya seperti dlm60 - 1/60 Saat bangunan dan sebagainya

    125 - 1/125 Normal Speed Shutter

    250 - 1/250 saat High Speed Shutter500 - 1/500 saat Gambar menunjukkan1,000 - 1/1,000 saat memberhentikan pergerakan2,000 - 1/2000 saat (rakam gambar sukan)

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    High speed shutter

    Normal speed shutter

    Slow speed Shutter

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    Contoh gambar kesan kelajuan shutter speed

    Slow speed Shutter1/10 saat

    Kelajuan Shutter 1/4000 saat

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    8 250

    40002000

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    Kelajuan Shutter1/30 saat

    Kelajuan Shutter1/15 saat

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    ApertureLubang Aperture pada Lens yang berperanan mengawal

    kemasukan cahaya Mengikut kaedah kuantiti

    Tugas Aperture

    Kawalan Dept Of Field (jarak Fokas) Mengimbangi Shutter Speed bagi mendapatkan gambar normal.

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    Bacaan Aperture (Focal)

    F1 Lubang Aperture paling besarF1.4F1.8 Semakin besar no aperture semakin

    kecil saizF2 Lubang Aperture

    F2.8F4 Semakin besar lubang Aperture

    semakinF5.6 semakin banyak cahaya masuk

    F8F11F16F22F32 Lubang Aperture paling kecil

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    Contoh lubang Aperture

    Semakin besar lubang Aperture semakin banyak cahaya masukdalam Kamera

    Semakin besar lubang Aperture semakin sempit jarak fokus

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    Dedahan/Exposure

    Cahaya yang dihasilkan melalui kombinasi shutter speeddan aperture mengikut Keperluan tindakbalas ISO

    Pengukuran dedahan

    Dalam Kamera - Meter cahaya pada pemidang tilikLuar kamera - Menggunakan Exposure meter

    Teknik Pengukurandiukur oleh kamera melalui

    pemidang

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    Hasil dedahan

    Dedahan Under - Kurang cahaya/gelap

    2. Dedahan Normal - Cahaya seimbang(gambar cantik)

    hasil dari kombinasi seimbangantara shutter speed dan Aperture

    memenuhi keperluan kepekaanfilem

    3. Dedahan Over - Lebih cahaya (gambar putih pucatdan kurang Menarik

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    Hasil Exposure

    OverLebih cahaya

    NormalCahaya mencukupi

    UnderKurang cahaya

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    Kombinasi Shutter Speed dan Aperture

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    Shutter speed 1 2 4 8 15 30 60 125 250 500 1,000

    Aperture F1 f1.2 1.4 2 2.8 4 5.6 8 11 16 22 32

    Iso 100 (mengikut kadar cahaya panas terik)

    Shutter speed 1 2 4 8 15 30 60 125 250 500 1,000

    Iso 100 (Kadar cahaya mendung)

    Aperture F1 f1.2 1.4 2 2.8 4 5.6 8 11 16 22 32

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    Kesan dedahan Rakaman secara braketing (Iso 200 )

    Normal 125/ f8 Over 60/F8

    Over 30/f8 0ver 15/f8 Over 8/f8

    Under 2,000/f8 Under 1,000/f8 Under 500/f8

    Under 250/f8

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    Kesesuaian penggunaan lensa

    Gambar potret

    Pemandangan/lanskap

    Group photo

    Sukan

    Mengambil gambar di ruangan biliksempit

    Gambar jarak dekat (close up)seperti bunga, serengga dll

    Telephoto 85/100/135mm

    Wide angle 35mm/28mm

    Wide angle 35 mm

    Zoom lens telephoto

    Wide angel lens 35mm atau

    Zomm lens wide angle.

    Micro lens

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    Kesan DOF

    Sempit : Lubang Aperture - Semakin BesarFokus - DekatLensa - Telephoto

    Luas : Lubang Aperture - KecilFokus - JauhLensa - Wide Angle

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    TRIPOD

    Fungsi tripod yangterutama adalah untukmenyangga kamerasehingga foto/video tidakkabur. Fungsi ini banyak

    digantikan oleh fungsiimage stabilization (IS)kamera atau lensa danjuga perkembangan

    kamera digital yangmampu memproduksi fotoyang relatif bersih meskidalam setting ISO tinggiatau di tempat yang

    kurang cahaya

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    Contoh gambarDept Of Field

    Subjek Jelas

    Latar belakang Jelas

    (dlm ruangan DOF)

    Aparture???

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    Komposisi

    dan sudut

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    Composition is the art of creating images that tellthe story the photographer intended. (Randy, RGDigital Photography Tips)

    Composition means arrangement: the orderlyputting together of parts to make a unified whole;composition through a personal, intuitive act.

    DEFINITION

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    Environmental portraits can oftenleave the viewer wondering if theimage is about the environment, orthe person(s) in the portrait. To

    emphasize my portrait subject in thisimage I employed the Rule of Thirdsto focus the viewers attention onAndy, and not the surroundingwoods.The Rule of Thirds states that

    important information in thephotograph should fall on the linesand intersections created by dividingthe frame horizontally and verticallyinto thirds.If you imagine two lines drawnvertically to split the frame into thirdsyou will see that my subject isstanding a third of the way into theframe. If you then draw twohorizontal lines to divide the imageinto thirds from top to bottom, youwill see the subjects head is located

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    This next image is anexample of using a LeadingLine to direct the viewersattention through thephotograph. The leading linein this image is obvious,although there are a coupleof notes I would like you toobserve.First, the railing enters the

    image from the left at adifferent angle from the restof the path. Notice how thispart of the railing is locatedbased on the Rule of Thirds.Had I not included this part

    of the railing a viewers eyewould be led through theimage just the same.However, there would be novisible anchor to bring theeye back into the frame.

    The left side of the imageserves as an anchor to bring

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    RULESOFTHIRD

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    RULEOFTHIRDImagine that your image is divided into 9 equal segments by 2 vertical and 2

    horizontal lines. The rule of thirdssays that you should position the mostimportant elements in your scene along these lines, or at the points wherethey intersect.

    Doing so will add balance and interest to your photo. Some cameras evenoffer an option to superimpose a rule of thirds grid over the LCD screen,making it even easier to use

    http://www.photographymad.com/pages/view/rule-of-thirdshttp://www.photographymad.com/pages/view/rule-of-thirds
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    BALANCINGELEMENTS

    Placing your main subject off-centre, as with the rule ofthirds, creates a more interesting photo, but it can leave avoid in the scene which can make it feel empty. You shouldbalance the "weight" of your subject by including anotherobject of lesser importance to fill the space.

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    LEADINGLINES

    When we look at a photo our eye is naturally drawn along lines. Bythinking about how you place lines in your composition, you can affectthe way we view the image, pulling us into the picture, towards thesubject, or on a journey "through" the scene. There are manydifferent types of line - straight, diagonal, curvy, zigzag, radial etc -and each can be used to enhance our photo's composition.

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    SYMMETRYANDPATTERNS

    We are surrounded by symmetry and patterns, both natural andman-made., They can make for very eye-catching compositions,particularly in situations where they are not expected. Another greatway to use them is to break the symmetry or pattern in some way,introducing tension and a focal point to the scene.

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    VIEWPOINTBefore photographing your subject, take time to think about where you will

    shoot it from. Our viewpoint has a massive impact on the composition of ourphoto, and as a result it can greatly affect the message that the shotconveys. Rather than just shooting from eye level, consider photographingfrom high above, down at ground level, from the side, from the back, from along way away, from very close up, and so on.

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    BACKGROUND

    How many times have you taken what you thought would be a great shot, only to find that the finalimage lacks impact because the subject blends into a busy background? The human eye is excellent atdistinguishing between different elements in a scene, whereas a camera has a tendency to flatten theforeground and background, and this can often ruin an otherwise great photo. Thankfully this problemis usually easy to overcome at the time of shooting - look around for a plain and unobtrusivebackground and compose your shot so that it doesn't distract or detract from the subject.

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    DEPTHBecause photography is a two-dimensionalmedium, we have tochoose our composition carefully to conveys the sense of depth thatwas present in the actual scene. You can create depth in a photo by

    including objects in the foreground, middle ground and background.Another useful composition technique is overlapping, where youdeliberately partially obscure one object with another. The humaneye naturally recognises these layers and mentally separates themout, creating an image with more depth.

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    FRAMINGThe world is full of objects which make perfect natural frames, suchas trees, archways and holes. By placing these around the edge of

    the composition you help to isolate the main subject from the outsideworld. The result is a more focused image which draws your eyenaturally to the main point of interest.

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    CROPPING

    Often a photo will lack impact because the main subject is sosmall it becomes lost among the clutter of its surroundings. Bycropping tight around the subject you eliminate thebackground "noise", ensuring the subject gets the viewer'sundivided attention.

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    COMPOSITION

    In photography is far from a science, and asa result all of the "rules" above should betaken with a pinch of salt. If they don't work

    in your scene, ignore them; if you find agreat composition that contradicts them,then go ahead and shoot it anyway. Butthey can often prove to be spot on, and are

    worth at least considering whenever you areout and about with your camera.

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    AMALI

    Dalam kumpulan, pilih satu temafotografi yang anda suka, ambil 10keping gambar terbaik dan

    bentangkan dalam kumpulan.Gunakan pilihan kompisisi (rule ofthird, DOF, panning image,framing

    symmetry, balancing elements).

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    SEKIAN TERIMA KASIH