Health Vs. Wellness Health Wellness The physical well-being of
an individual A multi-dimensional interrelationship between the
following aspects of life: 1) Physical 2) Emotional 3) Spiritual 4)
Intellectual 5) Interpersonal (social) 6) Environmental
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Physical Wellness Includes health, eating well, exercise, and
healthy lifestyle choices.
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Emotional Wellness Emphasizes an awareness and acceptance of
ones feelings Includes developing autonomy and the ability to
manage stress
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Spiritual Wellness Involves seeking meaning and purpose in
human existence. Thinking about and integrating your experiences
and beliefs with the experiences and beliefs of those around you.
May include religious beliefs but not necessarily
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Intellectual Wellness Encourages creative, stimulating mental
activities Using resources available to expand ones knowledge and
skills, along with expanding potential for sharing with others
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Interpersonal (Social) Wellness Having the ability to
successfully interact with people and the environment around you.
Encompasses the ability to develop and maintain relationships with
others and having respect and tolerance for those with different
beliefs.
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Environmental Wellness includes trying living in harmony with
the Earth by understanding the impact of your interaction with
nature and your personal environment, and taking action to protect
the world around you. Includes respecting our personal surroundings
(possessions, homes, schools)
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Assignment #1 In your assigned group, create a collage of
images, words, drawings, and ideas that represent one of the
following aspects of wellness: 1) Physical 2) Emotional 3)
Spiritual 4) Intellectual 5) Interpersonal (Social) 6)
Environmental
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Topic: Steps for Improving Wellness
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Steps for Improving Physical Wellness 1) Exercise three times a
week, 20-30 minutes per session 2) Use the stairs instead of the
elevator or escalator, and walk whenever possible
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Steps for Improving Physical Wellness 3) Get consistent and
adequate sleep 4) Eat breakfast - it's the most important meal of
the day 5) Eat a variety of healthy foods
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Steps for Improving Physical Wellness 6) Practice safe sex 7)
See a doctor for regular checkups
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Steps for Improving Emotional Wellness 1) Spend time with
friends & family discussing personal concerns 2) Learn time
management skills and other stress management techniques
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Steps for Improving Emotional Wellness 3) Read a self-help book
or visit a counsellor 4) Smile! Practice optimism
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Steps for Improving Spiritual Wellness 1) Ask yourself the big
questions: Who am I? Why did I come here? Why do humans/the world
exist? Why is there evil? What happens after death?
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Steps for Improving Spiritual Wellness 2) Spend time alone and
meditate regularly 3) Be inquisitive and curious 4) Ask yourself
what the consequences of a choice are and if the choice will bring
fulfillment and happiness
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Steps for Improving Intellectual Wellness 1) Take a course or
workshop in something outside your usual interests 2) Buy a book or
better yet, borrow one from a library.
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Steps for Improving Intellectual Wellness 3) Learn to
appreciate art attend exhibits, plays, musicals, and poetry
readings 4) Explore different ways to use spare time
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Steps for Improving Interpersonal Wellness 1) Contact and make
a specific effort to talk to the people who are supportive in your
life 2) Join a club or organization that interests you.
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Steps for Improving Environmental Wellness 1) Recycle 2) Walk
to school or carpool 3) Keep your binders organized 4) Dont leave
the water running & turn out the lights!
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In a 1-page summary, discuss how your own personal wellness
choices affect others. (10 Marks) Think about: 1) Family 2) Friends
3) School & Community 4) Environment
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Topic #4: Living Things Adjust to their Surroundings Text: Pg.
8-9
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Environmental Factors Organisms live in a constant interface
with their surroundings, or environment. This includes: 1) Air 2)
Water 3) Weather 4) Temperature 5) Other organisms in the area
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Adjusting to Surroundings Anything in an organisms external or
internal environment that causes the organism to react is a
stimulus. A reaction to a stimulus is a response.
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Homeostasis: response to stimuli The ability to respond to
stimuli in the environment is an important characteristic of living
things. Homeostasis is regulation of an organisms internal
environment to maintain conditions suitable for its survival E.g.
Organisms must make constant adjustments to maintain the proper
internal temperature
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Types of Homeostatic Mechanisms To function properly,
homeostatic mechanisms must allow the body to: 1) Regulate
respiratory gases 2) Maintain water and salt balance 3) Regulate
energy and nutrient supply 4) Maintain constant body temperature 5)
Protect against pathogens 6) Make repairs when injured
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Dynamic Equilibrium Because the external environment is
constantly changing and homeostatic reactions respond to the change
and bring the body back to a given set point, it is often referred
to as a dynamic equilibrium Dynamic equilibrium is a condition that
remains stable within fluctuating limits
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Negative Feedback Think of your body like a thermostat When the
room temperature goes down, the thermostat tells the heater to turn
on. This heats up the room to normal temperature. A Negative
Feedback cycle is an internal feedback mechanism in which a
substance is fed back to inhibit the original signal and reduce
production of a substance
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Control Center Effector: Change: Normal Condition Change:
Receptor Cause: Negative Feedback Cycle
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Control Center (Thermostat) Effector: Heat comes on Change:
Room heats up Normal Condition You are a comfortable temperature
Change: Room cools down Receptor (Thermometer) Cause: Door is open
Negative Feedback Cycle
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Negative Feedback in the Body Your body responds to changes in
stimulus, just like the thermostat. What happens to your body when
you enter a sauna?
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Control Center Effector: Change: Normal Condition Change:
Receptor: Cause:
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Control Center (Brain) Effector: Blood vessels dialate Sweat
glands secrete Change: Body heat lost to surroundings Normal
Condition Body temperature of 37 degrees C Change: Body heats up
Receptor: Skin Cause: You enter a sauna
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Topic#5: Types of Body Regulation
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Body Regulation 3 Feedback Cycles that help the body regulate
homeostasis are: 1) Thermoregulation 2) Osmoregulation 3) Waste
Management
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Thermoregulation Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism
to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when
the external temperature is different. If the environment is colder
than the bodys dynamic equilibrium, and the body systems are unable
to maintain normal temperature, hypothermia results If the
environment is warmer than the bodys dynamic equilibrium and the
body systems are unable to maintain normal temperature,
hyperthermia results
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Osmoregulation Osmoregulation is the regulation of water and
salt balance in the body
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Waste Management Waste Management is the regulation of wastes
within the body. Examples of waste: 1) Carbon Dioxide 2) Urea 3)
Indigestible materials
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Topic #6: The Plasma Membrane
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Life Processes that Cells (and Organisms) Must Manage 1) Obtain
Food 2) Convert energy 3) Eliminate wastes 4) Reproduce 5) Grow and
Repair 6) Transport Substances
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Balance in the Cell All living cells must maintain a balance,
regardless of internal and external conditions. To function, your
cells need nutrients such as: Glucose Amino Acids, Lipids The
plasma membrane must allow a steady stream of these nutrients to
come into the cell, no matter what the external conditions
are.
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Balance in the Cell Waste also leaves through the plasma
membrane. This process of maintaining balance in the cells
environment is homeostasis.
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How does the cell maintain Homeostasis? Selective Permeability:
a process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through
while keeping others out. E.g. A screen door is an example of
selective permeability. It allows fresh air in, but keeps insects
out.
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Osmosis A special type of selective permeability is osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
membrane. Regulating the water flow through the plasma membrane is
an important factor in maintaining homeostasis within the
cell.
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Osmosis If two solutions with different concentrations of
solutes are separated by a selectively permeable membrane (that
only allows water to pass), water flows to the side of the membrane
where the water concentration is lower. The water continues to
diffuse until it is in equal concentration on both sides of the
membrane
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Osmosis
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Topic #7: Passive & Active Transport
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Passive Transport Passive Transport is the movement of
particles across cell membranes It includes osmosis and diffusion
The cell uses no energy to move particles across the membrane
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Passive Transport There are 2 types of passive transport: (1)
Simple Diffusion and (2) Facilitated Diffusion
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Passive Transport With simple diffusion, materials move through
the plasma membrane from high concentrations to low concentrations.
No transport protein is needed. With facilitated diffusion,
materials move through the plasma membrane from high concentrations
to low concentrations. However, a transport protein is needed. In
all forms of passive transport, no energy from the cell is
needed.
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Protein Channels vs. Carrier Proteins There are 2 types of
carrier proteins: 1) Protein Channels these form channels that
allow specific molecules to flow through 2) Carrier Proteins these
change shape to allow a substance to pass through the plasma
membrane
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Protein Channel vs. Carrier Proteins
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Active Transport Cells can move materials through a membrane
against a concentration gradient by a process called active
transport Active transport requires energy from the cell The energy
is the form of ATP
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How Active Transport Occurs 1) A transport protein (carrier
protein) first binds with the particle to be transported. 2) Each
type of carrier protein has a shape that fits a specific molecule
or ion (like a specific key for a lock) 3) Chemical energy (ATP)
allows the cell to change the shape of the carrier protein, so the
particle is released on the other side of the membrane (like
opening a door) 4) Once the particle is released, the protein
regains its original shape.
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Summary: Transport through Cell Membranes Type of Transport
Transport Protein Used? Direction of Movement Requires Energy from
the cell? Classification of Transport Simple Diffusion NoWith
concentration gradient NoPassive Facilitated Diffusion Yes channel
proteins or carrier proteins With concentration gradient NoPassive
Active Transport Yes carrier proteins Against concentration
gradient YesActive
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Summary: Passive Transport vs. Active Transport
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Topic #8: Transport of Large Particles: Endo &
Exocytosis
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Transport of Large Particles Some cells can take in large
molecules, groups of molecules, or even whole cells
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Endocytosis Endocytosis is a process by which a cell surrounds
and takes in material from its environment. The material does not
pass directly through the membrane. It is engulfed and enclosed by
a portion of the cells plasma membrane That portion of the membrane
then breaks away, and the resulting vacuole with its contents moves
to the inside of the cell.
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Endocytosis Endocytosis requires energy (ATP)
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Exocytosis Exocytosis is the expulsion or secretion of
materials from a cell. Cells use exocytosis to expel wastes, or to
secrete hormones produced by the cell Exocytosis requires energy
(ATP)
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ATP: The currency of the Cell Many cell processes, such as
active transport, and endo/exocytosis require energy input to
function. ATP is the currency of the cell cells must use ATP to
carry out their functions. Analogy: You use money to get stuff
done: obtaining food, getting rid of garbage (through taxes), etc.
Cells use ATP to convert into energy to do stuff.
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ATP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate A molecule in cells that is
composed of: 1) Adenosine molecule 2) Ribose sugar 3) 3 Phosphate
groups Energy stored in the molecules chemical bonds can be used
quickly & easily by cells.
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Topic #9: Factors that affect movement of substances across a
membrane
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Concentration Gradient Affects Movement through a Membrane As
we already learned, it requires less energy to move from an area of
high concentration to low concentration.
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Size of the Molecule Affects Movement through a Membrane In
general, small molecules will pass through the plasma membrane more
easily than large molecules.
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Temperature Affects Movement Through a Membrane When heat is
added, molecules move around faster in the environment. This causes
more collisions with the cell membrane This increases movement
through the plasma membrane.
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Surface Area Affects Movement Through a Membrane As the surface
area of the membrane increases, there is more available area for a
particle to pass into or out of a cell. As surface area increases,
movement through the plasma membrane increases.
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Structure of the Plasma Membrane
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Phospholipid bilayer The plasma membrane is made of a
phospholipid bilayer that has 2 layers of phospholipids back to
back.
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Polarity of the Particle affects Movement through a membrane
The polar head of the phospholipid is hydrophilic meaning it
interacts with water. The non-polar tail of the phospholipid is
hydrophobic meaning it avoids water It does so by making a sandwich
tails on the inside, and heads on the outside.
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Polarity affects transport through the membrane Water-soluble
molecules (polar molecules) will not easily move through the
membrane because they are stopped by this water-insoluble layer.
Water-insoluble molecules (non-polar molecules) move more easily
through the membrane. Example: lipids
