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CITATION

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WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?

Plagiarism is the act of using another person’s words or ideas without acknowledging that person/s as your source.

It also occurs when you acknowledge the other person, if your re-written version is similar to the original.

Source: Oshima & Hogue, 1999 3

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?

When you borrow another person’s words or ideas by quoting, paraphrasing or summarizing them, you must show the source of the idea by putting certain information in parenthesis immediately after the material you have borrowed.

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Why is Plagiarism a serious offence?

Plagiarizing amounts to STEALING other people’s words and ideas.

Plagiarizing leads to failure and expulsion from university

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How do you avoid plagiarism? Make sure you give credit where it is due. Give credit when you :

– use words or ideas from a magazine, book, newspaper, song, TV program, movie, Web page, computer program, letter, advertisement or any other medium

– gain information through interviewing or conversing with another person - face to face, over the phone, or in writing

– copy the exact words or a unique phrase – reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures or other

visual materials – reuse or repost any electronically-available media,

including images, audio, video, or other media(Quoted from “The Owl at Purdue” website) http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/02/

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How do you give credit correctly?

Direct method– Quotation

Indirect method – Paraphrasing, summarizing

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Quotation

Quotation is copying word-for-word from a published text, interview transcript, etc.

However, changing words or sentence structure from the original source means it is no longer a direct quote.

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Opinions Supported by Statistics

Statistics are good supporting details. Like quotations, the source of statistical

data must also be cited.

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Documenting sources:

Refers to the practice of citing original sources of information used in formal reports, journal articles, books or any documents that includes evidence from published works.

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Documenting sources:

Reasons:

a) readers can locate the original source material and read it if they want.

b) the writer is not personally responsible for every fact in the document.

c) to avoid charges of plagiarism.

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Documenting sources: Document information when:

- using direct quotation from another source

- paraphrasing information from another

source. Do not document when:

- presenting generally known information

- readily available information from

dictionaries or encyclopedias.

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Documentation System:

Frequently used in natural sciences, social sciences and technical fields are:

- APA (America Psychological Association)

system.

- Number-reference system.

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Conventions of the APA citation system:

If an author’s name begins a sentence, place the date of the work in parentheses immediately after the documented information.

If an author is not referred to directly in a sentence, place both the author’s last name and the year of publication, separated by a comma, in parentheses.

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Conventions of the APA citation system:

If there are multiple authors, cite all the names up to six. If there are more than six authors, cite only the first author and follow with et al.

If multiple authors are cited in parentheses, separate names with commas, and use an ampersand (&) between the last two names.

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Conventions of the APA citation system:

If an author is referred to more than once in a single paragraph, do not repeat the year in parentheses as long as the second reference clearly refers to the same author and date as in the first reference.

If you are using a direct quotation, state the page numbers immediately after the quotation.

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Conventions of the APA citation system:

If you are citing two works by the same author, published in the same year, distinguish them by a, b, c and so on:

- Lucas (1987a, 1987b) refers to…. If you are citing two works by the same

author, give the year of publication of both works:

- Young (1979, 1984) disagree….

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Conventions of the APA citation system:

If you are citing several works by different authors in the same parentheses, list the works alphabetically by first author:

- Several studies tested for side effects but found no significant results (Bowman & Johnson, 1990; Mullins, 1979; Roberts & Allen, 1975; Townsend, 1988)

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Conventions of the APA citation system:

Use last name only unless two authors have the same surname; then include initials to avoid confusion.

- W.S Caldwell (1993) and R.D Caldwell (1988) reported varied effects ….

- Heightened effects were noted (R.D. Caldwell, 1988; W.S Caldwell, 1993).

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Conventions of the APA citation system:

Use an ellipsis (three spaced periods) to indicate omissions from direct quotations.

- Bagwell (1998) commented, “This handbook will not fulfill most needs of statistician, but … model formulas are excellent.” (p. 45)

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Conventions of the APA citation system:

If the omission in a quotation comes at the end of the sentence, use four periods to close the quotation.

- According to Martin (1994), “Researchers should inquire further into effects of repeated exposure ….” (p. 30)

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Number-Reference System

Organised in two ways:

1. List the items alphabetically by last

name of author.

2. List the items in the order they are cited

in the text.

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Conventions of the number-reference system:

Page numbers are included in the parentheses, separate from the reference number by a colon.

Sentences may begin with “Reference 6 states…”. However, for readability, rewrite as often as possible to include the reference later in the sentence.