Topic 3.Human Development

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:

QR-AAD-013 Revision No: 01 Issue No: 01

Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:

ALMA V. DELA CRUZ, Ph.D.

This is a controlled document. Revision of this document should undergo the standard procedure. The original copy of this document is located at the

office of the Academic Affairs Department (AAD). The user should secure the latest revision of this document from the AAD office. 1/5

LEARNING MODULE TITLE

Human Development

LEARNING MODULE RATIONALE

What can you tell about your childhood? Now, how will you describe the person that

youve become?

Such are just some of the concerns that psychologists have in examining the development

of humans. They are called developmental psychologists. Their job is to examine the

developmental changes that happen in individual from conception until death. This

module will focus on the factors influencing the development of a person. Likewise,

different aspects of development such as physical and motor, emotional, intellectual, and

social will also be discussed according to developmental stages.

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:


Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:




LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the conclusion of this learning module, the students are expected to:

A. Explain the nature of human development.

B. Discuss the developmental changes in the physical, cognitive, social, and moral

domains

C. Determine the theoretical perspectives that influence the developmental theories.

TEACHING STRATEGIES/LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Lecture

Classroom Discussion

Graphic Organizers/ Charts

RESOURCES/MATERIALS

Are you wondering why you should study human development?

Read the article entitled 5 Great Reasons to Study Human Development authored by a

Psychology expert. Whether you want to take just one course or devote your

entire education to studying the topic, there are plenty of great reasons to learn

more about human development. If you are majoring in psychology, education

or a medical field, some background knowledge of how people grow and change

throughout life is essential. In addition to gaining a better understanding of

others, studying human development can also provide greater personal insight.

Check this link:

http://psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/tp/why-study-human-development.htm

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:


Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:




LEARNING CONCEPT

Topic 3

Human Development

Human development- the study of physical, emotional, motor, cognitive, and social

changes experienced by an individual all throughout his or her lifespan.

Longitudinal design- involves examining the developmental changes in relation to age.

Cross- sectional design- involves observing different groups with different

developmental stages

Hereditary and Environment

Heredity- refers to the inherited physiological, emotional, intellectual, and social

characteristics that make up the individual.

Environment- the external force that influences the individual

Developmental Stages

A. Prenatal Development

- begins with fertilization which is the union of sperm cell and egg cell, and ends

during birth, approximately nine months after.

germinal embryonic fetal

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:


Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:




B. Infancy and Childhood Development

B1. Physical Development

- rooting reflex- if you touch the infants cheek with a feeding bottle, the infant

will automatically turn his head toward the bottle

- sucking reflex- if you put something to the infants mouth, it would right away

suck on it

- startle (Moro) reflex- infants

who are startled will

instinctively open their arms

widely and then immediately

brings them back together near

their chest

Image A

Rooting Reflex

B2. Motor Development

- involves the childs ability to raise his head, stand, sit, crawl, walk, and perform

other physical actions

cephalocaudal principle- motor skills are developed from the head downward

proximodistal- development of motor skills from inside (center of the body) to

outside

B3. Cognitive Development

- examination of information processing of an individual

Cognitive Stage Age Description

1. Sensorimotor

Stage

Birth to 2 years Children interpret their

surroundings using their

senses and motor abilities.

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:


Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:




They acquire object

permanence and symbolic

thought.

2. Preoperational

Stage

2-7 years Children make use of

symbolic thoughts to

understand their

environment

3. Concrete

Operations

7 to 12 years Children at this stage know

how to use logic in their

thinking on real or tangible

experiences.

They are capable of

conservation.

4. Formal

Operations

12 years to

adulthood

Adolescents, aside from

thinking logically, can now

think abstractly.

Personality Development

- Sigmund Freuds Psychosexual Stages of Development

mainly focus on sexual themes

Stage Age Erogenous

Stage

Crisis

1. Oral Birth- 18 months Mouth, lips, and

tongue

Weaning or

feeding problems

2. Anal 18 months- 3

years

Anus Toilet training

3. Phallic 3-6 years Penis or clitoris Oedipus complex

or Electra

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:


Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:




complex

4. Latency 6 years- (before)

puberty

--- ---

5. Genital Puberty-

adulthood

--- ---

Social Development

- Involves personal growth and how they form relationships with those people

around them.

Erik Ericksons Psychosocial Stages of Development

Proposed that personality development persists throughout the individuals

lifetime

Psychosocial

Crisis Age

Healthy

Resolution

Unhealthy

Resolution

1. Trust vs.

Mistrust

Infancy

(birth to 1

year)

If the needs of the

babies are met, they

develop a sense of

basic trust. They

perceived their

world as loving.

If the needs of the

babies are not met,

they learn that some

people cannot be

trusted.

2. Autonomy vs.

Shame and

Doubt

Toddler

(1 to 3 years)

If toddlers are able

to explore their

surroundings, they

learn to be

independent and

confident.

If toddlers are not

allowed to make

their own choices,

they develop a sense

of shame and doubt.

They become unsure

of themselves.

3. Initiative vs. Early If preschoolers learn If preschoolers fail to

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:


Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:




Guilt Childhood

(3 to 5 years)

to plan and take

responsibility, they

develop a sense of

initiative.

carry out plans or

take responsibility,

they develop a

feeling of guilt from

being irresponsible.

4. Industry or

Inferiority

Elementary

School Age

( 5 years to

puberty)

Children develop a

sense of industry if

they are able to

complete tasks or

learn new skills that

will make them feel

competent.

Children feel

inferior, incompetent

or inadequate if they

fail to produce

quality output.

5. Identity vs.

Role Confusion

Adolescence

( teen years

to early 20s)

Adolescents who

can answer with

confidence the

famous question

who are you?

develop a strong

sense of identity.

They know and

understand who

they are.

Adolescents, who fail

to identify their true

identity and role in

the society, develop a

sense of role

confusion.

6. Intimacy vs.

Isolation

Young

Adulthood

(20s to 40s)

Young adults from

intimate

relationship that

will make them

grow emotionally.

Young adults who

fail to establish close

relationships remain

self- absorbed and

experience emotional

isolation.

7. Generativity vs.

Stagnation

Middle

Adulthood

Adults develop a

sense of

generativity by

Adults who fail to

develop this task will

feel stagnation. They

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:


Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:




(40s to 60s) guiding the future

generation. They

find satisfaction

with the degree of

influence they have

on their family,

society, and future

generations.

will feel that they

did not contribute to

the improvement of

the next generations.

8. Integrity vs.

Despair

Late

Adulthood

(60s and

beyond)

Sense of integrity

can be developed if

elderly people live

their lives with

acceptance and

satisfaction.

Elderly people who

fail to develop this

sense of integrity

will feel dissatisfied

with their lives and

will perceive their

lives as empty.

C. Adolescence Development

Physical Development

- Physical changes that began during puberty will fully develop in the

adolescence stage.

Primary sex characteristics- development of sex organs such as the penis for

boys and the uterus for girls

Secondary sex characteristics- appearance of breasts for females and facial

hair for males

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:


Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:




Image B

Adolescents

Cognitive Development

- Characterized by the ability of adolescents to solve problems, be analytical in

confusing statements, and manage abstract concepts.

Social Development

- Involves the search for identity

Moral Development

- The application of the cognitive abilities to moral issues and dilemmas.

Lawrence Kohlbergs Moral Stages of Development

-explained that individuals pass though distinct stages of moral development

(Kohlberg, 1969)

Stage Characteristics

Preconventional The child can differentiate what is

good from bad and what is right from

wrong, though the rules being

implemented by the parents or

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:


Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:



office of the Academic Affairs Department (AAD). The user should secure the latest revision of this document from the AAD office. 10/

5

significant adults

Conventional The influence of people on the childs

physical and psychological growth will

form the moral perspective of the child.

Postconventional The moral development will be re-

shaped, re-moulded, re-transformed.

D. Adulthood Development

- changeable and unpredictable

Physical Development

menopause- cessation of menstruation and ovulation

andropause- gradual decline in mans several hormones, specifically the

testosterone level

Cognitive Development

- it is assumed that cognitive development declines during adulthood, however

developmental psychologists believe that people can get old without losing their

cognitive and intellectual functioning (i.e. taking post- graduate programs, etc)

Social Development

- greatly influenced by social and cultural expectations

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:


Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:




5

Image C

Playing Crossword Puzzle

Figure 3.1

Aspects of Human Development

Physical Cognitive

Moral Social

Human Development

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:


Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:




5

REFERENCES

De Guzman, et. Al. (2012). General Psychology A Birds- Eye View. Manila:

University of Santo Tomas Publishing House

Images

Retrieved from

http://www.allinahealth.org/ac/pregcc.nsf/page/Rooting300x200.jpg/$FILE/Rooting30

0x200.jpg?OpenElement ( Image A)

Retrieved from http://www.soxman-buzzatto.com/images/dental-care-for-

adolescents.jpg ( Image B)

Retrieved from http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/dam/assets/120123084808-older-man-

crossword-puzzle-story-top.jpg ( Image C)

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:


Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:




5

SELF-TEST

Multiple-choice.

Select the best answer.

1. What area in psychology is concerned with the study of the principles of human

development?

A. Neuropsychology

B. Development Psychology

C. Social Psychology

D. Forensic Psychology

2. This involves examining the developmental changes in relation to age..

A. Longitudinal design

B. Cross- sectional design

C. Experimental design

D. Correlational design

3. This involves observing different groups with different developmental stages

A. Longitudinal design

B. Cross- sectional design

C. Experimental design

D. Correlational design

4. This refers to the inherited physiological, emotional, intellectual, and social

characteristics that make up the individual

A. Environment

B. Genes

C. Attribute

D. Heredity

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:


Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:




5

5. This refers to the external force that influences the individual

A. Environment

B. Genes

C. Attribute

D. Heredity

6. If you put something to the infants mouth, it would right away suck on it. What

kind of reflex is shown?

A. Rooting reflex

B. Sucking reflex

C. Moro reflex

D. Autonomic reflex

7. This development of motor skills is from inside (center of the body) to outside

A. Sensorimotor principle

B. Concrete principle

C. Proximodistal principle

D. Cephalocaudal principle

8. In this stage of cognitive development, children acquire object permanence and

symbolic thought.

A. Sensorimotor stage

B. Preoperational stage

C. Concrete operations

D. Formal operations

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:


Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:




5

9. In this stage of cognitive development, children are capable of conservation.





10. Sarah is an adult who thinks abstractly of different things around her. She is

believed to be at this stage of cognitive development





11. This developmental theory mainly focuses on sexual themes

A. Piagets Cognitive Stages of Development

B. Ericksons Psychosocial Stages of Development

C. Kohlbergs Moral Stages of Development

D. Freuds Psychosocial Stages of Development

12. According to Freud, this is a condition where a child fails to resolve a conflict of a

particular stage

A. Libido

B. Fixation

C. Aggression

D. Regression

13. This developmental theory focuses on the examination of information processing of

an individual.

A. Piagets Cognitive Stages of Development

B. Ericksons Psychosocial Stages of Development

C. Kohlbergs Moral Stages of Development

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:


Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:




5

D. Freuds Psychosocial Stages of Development

14. This is the psychosocial stage where adolescents know and understand who they

are

A. Identity vs. Role Confusion

B. Industry or Inferiority

C. Intimacy vs. Isolation

D. Integrity vs. Despair

15. Elderly people have a tendency to feel dissatisfied with their lives and will perceive

their lives as empty. This psychosocial stage refers to





16. This is the conflict among elementary school age in Ericksons Psychosocial Stages

of Development





17. This refer to the stage where the child can differentiate what is good from bad and

what is right from wrong, though the rules being implemented by the parents or

significant adults

A. Preconventional

B. Conventional

C. Postconventional

D. Formal

LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

Effectivity:

SY 2015-2016

Document Reference:


Date Issued:

MAY 2015

Prepared by:

MARREN A. ADAN

E-FACULTY

Reviewed by:

RIVIERA G. GUIYAB

Approved by:




5

18. The moral development at this stage will be significantly re-shaped, re-moulded,

re-transformed

A. Preconventional

B. Conventional

C. Postconventional

D. Formal

19. What is this condition among women where cessation of menstruation and

ovulation happen?

A. Menopause

B. Andropuase

C. Regression

D. Progression

20. This developmental aspect is greatly influenced by social and cultural

expectations

A. Moral

B. Cognitive

C. Sexual

D. Social

***end of test***

Documents

Topic 3.Human Development