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Topic 16 Topic 16 Charismatic and Transformational Leadership

Topic 16 Charismatic and Transformational Leadership

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Page 1: Topic 16 Charismatic and Transformational Leadership

Topic 16Topic 16Charismatic and Transformational Leadership

Page 2: Topic 16 Charismatic and Transformational Leadership

Charismatic and Charismatic and Transformational LeadershipTransformational LeadershipCharismatic leaders are

passionate, driven individuals who are able to paint a compelling vision of the future.

The combination of a compelling vision, heightened emotional levels, and strong personal attachments often compels followers to put forth greater effort to meet organizational or societal challenges.

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Charismatic LeadershipCharismatic LeadershipBefore 1980, charisma was mostly the province

of researchers studying political leadership and the leadership of social movements or religious cults. Charisma was rarely considered within the literature on organizational leadership. In contrast, researchers today are very interested in studying charismatic leadership by entrepreneurs who build new organizations and executives who revitalize established ones. Charismatic and transformational leadership are terms used interchangeably by some writers, but some writers argue a shade of difference.

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Thoughts to DiscussThoughts to DiscussCan charismatic leadership exist

in both small and large organizations?

Can it exist at different levels in an organization?

Is it associated primarily with leaders promoted internally or with new leaders brought in to an organization?

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Early Conceptions of Charismatic Early Conceptions of Charismatic LeadershipLeadership

Charisma is a Greek word that means “divinely inspired gift.” The sociologist Max Weber (1947) used the term to describe a form of influence based not on tradition or formal authority but rather on follower perceptions that the leader is endowed with exceptional qualities. According to Weber, charisma occurs when there is a social crisis, a leader with exceptional personal qualities emerges with a radical vision that provides a solution to the crisis and attracts followers who believe in the vision and perceive the leader to be extraordinary.

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Max WeberMax Weber

The most important early research on charismatic leadership was completed by Max Weber, who maintained that societies could be identified in terms of one of three types of authority systems: traditional, legal-rational, and charismatic.

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Traditional Authority Traditional Authority SystemSystem

The traditions and unwritten laws of the society dictate who has authority and how this authority can be used.

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Legal-Rational Authority Legal-Rational Authority SystemSystem

Authority derives from society’s belief in the laws that govern it.

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Charismatic AuthorityCharismatic Authority

Authority stems from the society’s belief in the exemplary characteristics of the leader.

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Source of CharismaSource of CharismaOver the years since the concept

was proposed by Weber, a major controversy has been whether charisma is primarily the result of leader attributes, situational conditions, or an interactive process between the leader and followers.

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Source of CharismaSource of Charisma

Charisma is a result of all three --- thus, the importance of the leader-follower-situation framework.

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How Charismatic Leaders Influence How Charismatic Leaders Influence FollowersFollowersAccording to House (1977), a

charismatic leader has profound and unusual effects on followers. The followers of a charismatic leader perceive that the leader’s beliefs are correct, accept the leader most often without question, follow the leader willingly, feel affection toward the leader, are emotionally involved in the mission of the group or organization, believe that they can contribute to the success of the mission, and have high performance goals.

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How Charismatic Leaders Influence How Charismatic Leaders Influence FollowersFollowers

Charismatic leaders are likely to have a strong need for power, high self-confidence, and a strong conviction in their own beliefs and ideals.

Charismatic leaders are likely to engage in behaviors designed to impress the followers that the leader is competent (e.g., display confidence, talk about prior achievements).

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How Charismatic Leaders Influence How Charismatic Leaders Influence FollowersFollowers

Charismatic leaders are likely to articulate ideological goals relating the mission of the group to deeply rooted values, ideals, and aspirations shared among the followers.

Charismatic leaders are likely to set an example in their own behavior for follower to imitate. This role modeling involves more than just imitation of leader behavior.

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How Charismatic Leaders Influence How Charismatic Leaders Influence FollowersFollowers

Charismatic leaders are likely to communicate high expectations about follower’s performance while simultaneously expressing confidence in followers.

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Characteristics of Charismatic Characteristics of Charismatic LeadersLeaders

High degree of self-confidenceStrong conviction in the correctness

of their ideasHigh level of energy and enthusiasmHigh degree of expressivenessExcellent communication and

articulation skillsActive role modeling and image

building

Page 17: Topic 16 Charismatic and Transformational Leadership

Characteristics of Followers of Characteristics of Followers of Charismatic LeadersCharismatic Leaders

High degree of respect and esteem for leader

Loyalty and devotion to leader

Affection for the leader

High performance expectations

Willing compliance to the leader

Page 18: Topic 16 Charismatic and Transformational Leadership

Situational Requirements of Situational Requirements of Charismatic LeadershipCharismatic Leadership

Sense of distress or crisisPerceived need for changeOpportunity to articulate

ideological goalAvailability of dramatic symbolsOpportunity to clearly articulate

followers’ role

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Are Charismatic Leaders Always Are Charismatic Leaders Always Good?Good?

Charismatic leaders can have either tremendously positive or negative effects on followers, organizations, and societies and the differences may be explained by their value systems.

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Dark Side of Charismatic Dark Side of Charismatic LeadershipLeadership(similar to dark side personality (similar to dark side personality traits)traits)Charisma can be exercised for

evil purposes. Some charismatic leaders are unethical, abuse power, and lead their organizations toward illegal and immoral ends.

For example,…………………………………..

Page 21: Topic 16 Charismatic and Transformational Leadership

Burns (1978) Theory of Burns (1978) Theory of Transformational Transformational & Transactional Leadership& Transactional LeadershipBurns’ 1978 Theory of

Transformational and Transactional Leadership distinguished first between power and leadership. Power wielders influence others to attain their own personal goals; leaders mobilize resources to arouse and satisfy followers’ needs and goals.

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Burns (1978) Theory of Burns (1978) Theory of Transformational Transformational & Transactional Leadership& Transactional LeadershipLeadership itself can take one of

two forms:◦Transactional Leadership is an

exchange relationship that is mutually beneficial to leader and followers and built around the modal values such as honesty and fairness.

◦Transformational Leadership changes the status quo by appealing to a higher purpose and to end values such as liberty and equality.

Page 23: Topic 16 Charismatic and Transformational Leadership

Transactional LeadershipTransactional LeadershipTransactional leadership occurs

when leaders and followers are in an exchange relationship in order to get needs met.

Transactional leadership: Leaders who guide or motivate their followers direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements.

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Transformational Transformational LeadershipLeadership

Transformational Leadership serves to change the status quo by appealing to followers’ values and their sense of higher purpose.

Transformational Leadership:◦Leaders who inspire followers to transcend

their own self-interests for the good of the organization by clarifying role and task requirements.

◦Leaders who also are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on their followers.

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Bass’ Theory of Bass’ Theory of Transformational and Transformational and Transactional LeadershipTransactional Leadership

Transformational leaders possess charismatic-leader characteristics (vision, rhetorical skills, etc.).

Transactional leaders do not possess these leader characteristics, nor are they able to develop strong emotional bonds with followers or inspire followers to do more than they thought they could. Instead, transactional leaders motivate followers by setting goals and promising rewards for desired performance.

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Important DistinctionImportant DistinctionBass et. al, suggest:All transformational leaders are

charismatic, but not all charismatic leaders are transformational.

But see next slide---Pierce and Newstrom et. al.,suggest:

Page 27: Topic 16 Charismatic and Transformational Leadership

Charismatic and Charismatic and Transformational LeadershipTransformational Leadership

Charismatic leaders generate extremely intense loyalty, passion, and devotion

Transformational leaders use their personal values, vision, passion, and a commitment to a mission to energize and move others◦Charismatic leaders by definition are

transformational, but not all transformational leaders are charismatic

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A Leaders’ Vision Of the Future Can A Leaders’ Vision Of the Future Can Align Efforts and Help Groups Align Efforts and Help Groups Accomplish MoreAccomplish More

Groups that lack vision

Groups with vision

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Guidelines for Transformational Guidelines for Transformational LeadersLeaders

Articulate a clear and appealing vision.Explain how the vision can be attained.Act confident and optimistic.Express confidence in followers.Provide opportunities for early

successes.Celebrate successes.Use dramatic, symbolic actions to

emphasize key values.Lead by example.Empower people to achieve the vision.

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Concluding Thoughts about the Concluding Thoughts about the Characteristics of Charismatic and Characteristics of Charismatic and Transformational LeadershipTransformational Leadership

It is an interaction between leader, follower, and the situation; all conditions do not have to be met; position or celebrity status is not sufficient but may appear to be like charismatic leadership; it takes time for such relationships to develop.

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Training and Selecting Charismatic Training and Selecting Charismatic LeadersLeadersWhile some aspects may be improved

through training, it has yet to be demonstrated that charismatic leadership can be trained. Unfortunately, selection of charismatic leaders is little better since we can’t identify the personality traits which differentiate them and also because charisma exists largely in the eyes of the followers.

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True Measure of Charismatic True Measure of Charismatic LeadershipLeadership

The true measure of Charismatic Leadership is the followers’ reaction to the leader.

i.e.--- The most critical component of charismatic leadership is the response of the followers.

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Challenges to the Validity of Challenges to the Validity of Charismatic LeadersCharismatic Leaders

Most leadership researchers doubt that charisma can be accurately defined and measured. Also, charismatic leaders are not liked by everyone. According to the concept of leadership polarity, leaders are often either revered or vastly unpopular. People rarely feel neutral about them. Also, charisma may not be required for leadership effectiveness. Bennis and Nanus hypothesize that people who are outstanding leaders are perceived as charismatic by their constituents as a result of their success.