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Top 110 Biology ConceptsTop 110 Biology Concepts
By: Mrs. LepkofkerBy: Mrs. Lepkofker
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11
A _________________is a selectively permeable barrier around every cell made of a double layer of lipid s and proteins that separates the cell's content from its environment. Plasma Membrane
22
A __________________is a barrier around the nucleus that contains pores so materials may pass out of the
nucleus.
Nuclear membrane
33
Holes in the nuclear membrane used for materials to may pass out of the nucleus are called _____________.
Nuclear pores
44
This structure maintains cell shape; it is invisible and anchors organelles in place and moves parts of cells in processes of growth and motility.
cytoskeleton
55
_____ consist of microtubules and occur in animal cells only and are involved in division of the chromosomes.
Centrioles
66
This structure is located inside the nucleus. It manufactures ribosomes, which in turn build proteins.
nucleolus
77
A ____________is one half of a duplicated chromosome.
Chromatid
8 8
A phase in mitosis when the centromeres divide and the two chromatids now called chromosomes move toward opposite poles as the spindle fibers attached to them shorten
Anaphase
99
A phase in mitosis that appears to be a “resting” stage, but cell growth, and replication of the chromosomes are taking place during this time
interphase
1010
The repeating sequence of growth and division through which eukaryotic cells pass each generation.
The Cell Cycle
1111
A phase in mitosis when the chromosomes coil up and become visible The nuclear envelope dissolves and the spindle forms.
Prophase
1212
A phase in mitosis when chromosomes move to the center of the cell and line up at the equator. Spindle fibers link the chromatids of each chromosome to opposite poles.
Metaphase
1313
A phase in mitosis when the nuclear envelope forms at each pole, chromosomes uncoil, spindle dissolves and cytokinesis begins.
Telphase
1414
The splitting of the cytoplasm at the end of mitosis.
cytokinesis
1515
Substance that decreases activation energy and increases reaction rate in a chemical reaction
catalyst
1616
Large complex polymer composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
and usually sulfur which provides
structure for tissues and organs and
carry out cell metabolism
Proteins
1717
Compounds that do not contain carbon.
inorganic
1818
Includes all compounds of carbon.
organic
1919
A macromolecule containing a glycerol backbone and 1,2, or 3 fatty acid chains.
fats
2020
Macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; includes sugars and starches.
carbohydrate
2121
Non-polar molecules including fats, oils and cholesterol that are used by cells for energy storage, insulation and protective coating
lipid
2222
A complex carbohydrate.
starch
2323
The type of bond created by the unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond.
polar
2424
Type of bond formed when there is Equal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond.
Non-polar
2525
An attraction formed by the sharing of electrons.
Covalent bonding
2626
An attraction created by the gain and loss of electrons.
Ionic bonding
2727
asymmetrical
body plan of some organisms in which the body is not identical on both sides of a central line
2828
plants that lack an internal means for water transportation and do not produce seeds or flowers
Nonvascular plants
2929
seed plant whose embryos are enclosed by fruit
angiosperms
3030
Polymer of nucleotides; the genetic material of organisms; RNA and DNA
Nucleic acids
3131
Nucleic acid molecule that allows for the transmission of genetic information and protein synthesis.
RNA
3232
Difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another.
Concentration gradient
3333
Solution that has equal concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution.
isotonic
3434
Solution that has a higher concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution
hypertonic
3535
Solution that has a lower concentration of dissolved particles compared with another solution
hypotonic
3636
All chemical processes that synthesize or
break down materials within an organism.
metabolism
3737
High energy molecule that contains,
within its bonds, energy that cells can
use.
ATP
3838
Protein that catalyzes chemical reactions for organisms, biological catalyst.
enzyme
3939
Study of heredity patterns and variation of organisms.
genetics
4040
Monomer that forms DNA and has a phosphate group, a sugar and a nitrogen-containing base.
nucleotide
4141
Process by which DNA is copied in the nucleus of the cell.
replication
4242
Process of copying a nucleotide sequence of DNA ro form a complementary strand of mRNA.
transcription
4343
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced.
translation
4444
Process by which DNA codes for
the production of DNA and
proteins.
Protein synthesis
4545
Molecule that makes up proteins;
composed of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes
sulfur.
Amino acids
4646
A type of RNA transports amino
acids to the ribosome to be
assembled into a protein
tRNA
4747
A type of RNA that brings info
from DNA in nucleus to the
cytoplasm
mRNA
4848
A type of RNA the clamps onto mRNA
and use its info to assemble the amino
acids in the correct order
tRNA
4949
A type of RNA the clamps onto mRNA and use its info to assemble the amino acids in the correct order
rRNA
5050
Set of 3 nitrogen bases in mRNA
coding for an amino acid
codon
5151
Set of 3 nitrogenous bases on tRNA that are complementary to the 3 bases on mRNA.
Anti-codon
5252
A change in the DNA sequence.
mutation
5353
A chromosomal mutation when part of a chromatid breaks off and attaches to the sister chromatid.
insertion
5454
A chromosomal mutation when part of the chromosome is left out
deletion
5555
A chromosomal mutations when part of chromosome breaks off and goes back backwards
inversion
5656
A type of asexual reproduction whereby the offspring grows out of the body of the parent.
budding
5757
A type of asexual reproduction where the body of the parent breaks into distinct pieces, each of which can produce an offspring.
fragmentation
5858
A type of asexual reproduction and cell division used by prokaryotic organisms which divides the organisms into two parts.
fission
5959
Process by which a new organism can grow from a fragment of a nonreproductive structure.
regeneration
6060
The scientific word for a sex cell; an egg or sperm cell.
gamete
6161
The male gamete.
sperm
6262
The female gamete.
egg
6363
A cell that forms when a male gamete fertilizes a female gamete.
zygote
6464
A cell that only has one copy of each chromosome designated as “n”.
haploid
6565
A cell that only has two copies of each chromosome designated as “2n”.
diploid
6666
The process of the fusion of an egg and sperm cell.
fertilization
6767
Genetic disorders that are not expressed unless two copies of an allele are present in an organism’s genotype.
Recessive disorders
6868 trait that is produced by two or more
genes
Polygenic trait
6969
A series of three or more alternative or allelic forms of a gene that express a phenotype, only two of which can exist in any normal, diploid individual.
Multiple alleles
7070
An image of all of the chromosomes in a cell created with the help of staining.
karyotype
7171
the counseling of individuals, and of prospective parents regarding their offspring, on the probabilities, dangers, diagnosis, and treatment of inherited diseases
Genetic counseling
7272
scientific tests or techniques used in the investigation of crimes
forensics
7373
process of changing an organism’s DNA to give the organism new traits
Genetic engineering
7474
procedure to treat a disease in which a defective or missing gene is replaced or a new gene is inserted into a patient’s genome.
Gene therapy
7575
genetically engineered DNA that contains genes from more than one organisms or species
Recombinant DNA
7676
endosymbiosis
ecological relationship in which one organism lives within the body of another
7777
genetically identical copy of a single gene or an entire organism
clone
7878
variety of life within an area
biodiversity
7979
the belief that changes occur, or ought to occur, slowly in the form of gradual steps
gradualism
8080
theory that states that speciation occurs suddenly and rapidly followed by long periods of little evolutionary change
Punctuated Equilibrium
8181
states that species originate by descent, with variation, from parent forms, through the natural selection of those individuals best adapted for the reproductive success of their kind
Darwinism
8282
body part that is similar in structure on different organisms but performs different functions
Homologous structures
8383
process by which one species evolves and gives rise to many descendant species that occupy different ecological niches
Adaptive radiation
8484
the extinction of a large number of species within a relatively short period of geological time, thought to be due to factors such as a catastrophic global event or widespread environmental change that occurs too rapidly for most species to adapt
Mass extinction
8585
seed plant whose seeds are not enclosed by fruit
gymnosperm
8686
estimate of the age of a fossil based on the location of fossils in strata
Relative dating
8787
the systematic study of past human life and culture by the recovery and examination of remaining material evidence, such as graves, buildings, tools, and pottery
archaeologyarchaeology
8888
movement of a chemical through the biological and geological, or living and nonliving, parts of an ecosystem
Biogeochemical cycle
8989
nonliving factor in an ecosystem, such as moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, soil, and minerals
abiotic
9090
living things, such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria
Biotic factors
9191
stablishment and development of an ecosystem in an area that was previously uninhabited
Primary succession
9292
reestablishment of a damaged ecosystem in an area where the soil was left intact
Secondary succession
9393
level of nourishment in a food chain
Trophic level
9494
anything that is added to the environment and has a negative effect on the environment or its organisms.
pollution
9595
growth of a plant toward a light source
phototropism
9696
growth oriented with respect to the field of gravity
geotropism
9797
walled, single- to many-celled, reproductive body of an organism, capable of giving rise to a new individual either directly or indirectly
spore
9898
life cycle in which the organism alternates between haploid and diploid phases.
Alternation of generation
9999
the close external resemblance of an organism, the mimic, to some different organism, the model, such that the mimic benefits from the mistaken identity, as seeming to be unpalatable or harmful
mimicry
100100
concealment by some means that alters or obscures the appearance
camouflage
101101
waterproof container that allows an embryo to develop out of water and externally from the mother without drying out
Amniotic egg
102102
a species that exploits empty niches, and
produces many offspring, each of
which has a relatively low probability of
surviving to adulthood
R-strategist
103103
a species that is a strong competitor in crowded niches, and invests more heavily in fewer offspring, each of which has a relatively high probability of surviving to adulthood
K-strategist
104104
dramatic increase in population over a short period of time
Exponential growth
population growth that is characterized by a period of slow growth, followed by a period of exponential growth, followed by a period of almost no growth
Logistical growth
105105
106106
any organism that lacks a cavity between the body wall and the digestive tract, including the flatworms and sea anemones
acoelomate
107107
any organism with a fluid filled space with mesoderm on only one side of the space
pseudocoelomate
108108
any organism with a fluid-filled space that is completely covered by muscle
coelomate
109109
arrangement of body parts in a circle around a central axis
Radial symmetry
110110
body plan of some organisms in which the body can be divided equally along only one plane
Bilateral symmetry