tools used in community diagnosis demographyvital and health statistics epidemiology

5/20/2018 tools used in community diagnosis demographyvital and health statistics epidemiology

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TOOLS USED IN COMMUNITYDIAGNOSIS: DEMOGRAPHY,

VITAL AND HEALTH

STATISTICSEPIDEMIOLOGY


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Biostatistics

Demography

Study of population size,

composition and spatialdistribution as affected by birthsand deaths and migration.


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Sources

Census complete enumeration of the

population

De jure

people were assigned to place where

they usually live regardless of where they are at

the time of the census

De facto people were assigned to place where

they physically present at the time of the census


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Components

Population Size

Population Composition

Age distribution

Sex ratio

Population pyramid


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Median age

Age dependency ratio

Other characteristics

Occupational groups, Economic group,

Educational attainment, Ethnic group


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Population Distribution

Urban Rural

Crowding Index indicates the ease by

which a communicable disease can be

transmitted from one host to another

susceptible host

Population Density determine the

congestion of the area/place


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Vital statistics

The application of statistical

measurements to vital events such as

births, deaths and common illness that is

utilized to gauge the levels of health,illness and health services of a

community.

Fertility rateCrude birth rate

General fertility rate


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Mortality rates

CDR

Specific mortality rates

Infant mortality rate Neonatal mortality rate

Post-neonatal rate

Maternal mortality rate

Morbidity rates

Prevalence rate

Incidence rate


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HEALTH INDICATORS.

A list of information determined the

health of a particular communityparticularly the population.


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TYPES OF HEALTH INDICATORS

CBR Crude Birth Rate

CDR

Crude Death Rate IMR Infant Mortality/Morbidity Rate

MMR Maternal Mortality/Morbidity Rate

NDR - Neonate Death Rate


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IMPORTANCE/IMPLICATION OF

HEALTH STATISTICS

It is a tool in planning, implementation

and evaluating health programs.

Serves as indexes of the health

condition obtaining in a community or

population group.


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Provide variables due as to the nature

of health services or action needed.

Serves as basis for determining thesuccess or failure of such services or

actions.


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Crude Birth Rate (CBR )

Refers to the number of live birth/1000

population (fertility rate).

CBR = # of total registered live birth x 1,000

Estimated mid year population


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Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Refers to the deaths/1000 population. This

also measures the force of mortality in a 1

year calendar.

CDR = # of total deaths x 1,000



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Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Pertains to the number of death under 1

yr/ 1000 live births

IMR = # of deaths under1 yr. X 1,000

# of registered live births


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Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

Refers to the number of deaths related to

pregnancy/ 1000 population.

MMR = # of deaths related to pregnancy x 1,000



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Neonatal Death Rate (NDR)

Refers to the total number of deaths

among individual below 28 days old.

NDR = # of deaths under 28 days x 1,000



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Barangay Wakat, Nagcarlan, Laguna has anestimated mid year population of 550 for

the year 2007. In the same year 250 livebirths are registered at the Municipal Hall.There are 75 deaths from any cause ofdisease, which occurs, in the same year.

There are 7 mothers who died resultingfrom pregnancy, labor and delivery at thesame year. 15 babies dies during prenatal

and post natal period.

Compute for the following: CBR, CDR, IMR,MMR


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Given:

population = 550

# of registered live births = 250# of registered deaths = 75

# of deaths resulting from pregnancy = 7

# of babies deaths = 15


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1. CBR = # of total registered live birth x 1,000Estimated mid year population

= (250/550) x 1,000

= 454 / 1,000 population

Interpretation: There are 454 live births per

1,000 population


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2. CDR = # of total deaths x 1,000


= (75/550) x 1000

= 136 / 1,000 population

Interpretation: There are 136 deaths per1,000 population


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3. IMR= # of deaths under1 yr. X 1,000


= (15/250) x 1,000

= 0.06/ 1,000 population

Interpretation: There are 0.06 infant mortality

rate per 1,000 population


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4. MMR= # of deaths related to pregnancy x 1,000


= (7/250) x 1,000

= 0.028 / 1,000 population

Interpretation: There are 0.028 maternal

mortality rate per 1,000 population


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Incidence Rate

This measures the frequency of

occurrence of the phenomenon during a

given period of time. Deals only with new

cases.

No. of new cases of a particular disease

IR = registered during a specific period of time x 100,000estimated population as of July of same year


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Prevalence Rate

This measures the proportion of the

population which exhibits a particular

disease at a particular time. This can only

be determined following a survey of thepopulation concerned. Deals with the total

number of old and new cases.


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No. of new and old cases of a certain

PR = disease registered at a given time x 100

total number of person examined at

same given time


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Epidemiology

The study of the distribution of disease or

physiological condition among human

populations and the factors affecting such

distribution.

The study of the occurrence and

distribution of health conditions such as

disease, death, deformities or disabilitieson human populations.


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IMPORTANCE AND USES OF

EPIDEMIOLOGY IN PUBLICHEALTH

Serve as backbone of the prevention of

diseases


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Uses of Epidemiology: according to

Morris

To study the history of the healthpopulation and the occurrences of disease

To diagnose the health of the community

and the condition of people To study the working of health services

with a view of improving them

To estimate the risks of disease,accidents, defects and the chances ofavoiding them


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Factors affecting distribution

Person

Intrinsic characteristics

Place

Extrinsic factors

Time

Temporal patterns


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Patterns of Disease Occurrence

ENDEMIC

places where diseases areregularly experience; occurrences of disease areconstant. Example: malaria

EPIDEMIC when disease occurs in shortduration of time or season. Example: measles,chickenpox, dengue.

PANDEMIC when disease occurs worldwide.

Example: SARS, AIDS, cholera SPORADIC - when disease occurs on and off.

Example: rabies, tetanus


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Steps in EPIDEMIOLOGICAL

INVESTIGATION

Establish fact of presence of epidemic

Establish time and space relationship of

the disease

Relate to characteristics of the group in

the community

Correlate all data obtained


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Establish fact of presence of

epidemic

Verify diagnosis

Reporting

Is there an unusual prevalence of thedisease


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Establish time and space

relationship of the disease

Are the cases limited to or concentrated in

a particular area

Relation of cases by days of onset to

onset of the first known cases (usually

done in weeks)


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Relate to characteristics of the

group in the community

Relation of cases to age, groups, sex,

color, occupation, school attendance, past

immunization.

Relation of sanitary facilities

Relation to milk and food supply

Relation of cases to other cases and

known carriers if any


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Correlate all data obtained

Summarize the data

Draw final conclusion

Establish source of epidemic and themanner of the spread

Make suggestions as to the control and

preventions of future outbreaks


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Outline on the operational

procedure during a disease

outbreak Organization team

Epidemiological investigation

Collection of laboratory specimens

Treatment of patients and contacts

Immunization campaign

Environmental sanitation

Health education

Involvement of other agencies

Reporting


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Health Care Delivery System

the network of health facilities and

personnel, which carry out the task of

rendering health care to the people.

Types Services Types of Examples


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Types Services Types of

health

services

Examples

Primary Health promotion,preventive careContinuing care for

common health

problems, attention

to psychological and

social care, referrals

Health promotionand illness

prevention

Informationdissemination

Secondary Surgery, medicalservices by

specialist

Diagnosis and

Treatment

Screening

Tertiary Advances,specialized,

diagnostic,

therapeutic and

rehabilitative care

Rehabilitation PT/OT


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Strategies and Methodologies in

CHN

Priority for the vulnerable groups

Infants (0 1 year old)

Children (1 4 y.o.)

Women of reproductive age (15

44 y.o.)

Adolescent

Elderly

Key Approach

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE


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Levels of Health Care

Health Promotion

Individual wellness

Family wellness

Community wellness Environmental

wellness

Social wellness

Disease Prevention

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary Focus on screening

Case finding

Contact tracing

Multi-phasing screening

surveillance

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tools used in community diagnosis demographyvital and health statistics epidemiology