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TOOLS IN CONTEXTLaura Czerniewicz
@czernie19 March 2013
Beyond the PDF2, Amsterdam
Tools in research dissemination are only one aspect of a complex web of
scholarly communication & knowledge production
TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
Neutral
Value-laden
Autonomous Human control
Substantivism
InstrumentalismTechnological determinism
Critical theory
Invention and development have their
own immanent laws Technology shapes
society
Technology has intrinsic valuesMeans & ends
linked in systems
Technology is simply a tool
The values embodied in technology are socially
specific. Choices of means-end systems
Feenberg, A 2003
CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE
Whose interests are being served?Who participates?
Who is enabled? Who is constrained?
WHO PRODUCES KNOWLEDGE?
the opposite of open is “broken”
Books published
INTERNATIONAL PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS
o Of the articles published in international peer-reviewed journals• USA academics 30%• Developing countries 20%• of which half from China, India, Brazil, Turkey, Mexico• Sub Saharan Africa 1% of total
Hassan, M, 2008,, Science Vol. 322 – 24
WHAT SHAPES KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION & DISSEMINATION?
INFRASTRUCTURE
http://www.masterresource.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/earth_night.jpg
http://submarine-cable-map-2013.telegeography.com/
http://global-internet-map-2012.telegeography.com/
FUNDING
www.researchtrends.com/issue-32-march-2013/trends-in-arts-humanities-funding-2004-2012/
CULTURE
RESEARCH OUTPUT FROM AFRICA
Ad
am
s et
al, 2
010
REWARD SYSTEMS
o The case of South Africa, where the government gives universities $13000 for every article published in• The Sciences Citation Index of the Institute of Scientific Information
(ISI)• The Social Sciences Citation Index of the ISI • The Arts and Humanities Citation Index of the ISI • The International Bibliography of Social Sciences (IBSS) • The Department of Education (DoE) List of Approved South African
Journals
o Of the 23 universities, 21 give a % directly to the authors
WHO PUBLISHES? WHAT ABOUT?
What does an “international” high impact journal look like?
EXAMPLE: 4 “HIGH IMPACT” JOURNALS
Authorship per country AMJ, AMR, ASQ and JIBS (2006-2010),
Empirical focus AMJ, AMR, ASQ and JIBS (2006-2010)
WHO DECIDES?
“We editors seek a global status for our journals, but we shut out the experiences and practices of those living in poverty by our (unconscious) neglect. One group is advantaged while the other is marginalised.”Richard Horton, The Lancet, Vol 361, 1 March 2003
Than
ks to
Les
lie C
han,
http
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net/l
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WHOSE INTERESTS ARE SERVED?
Whose interests do international journals serve?Are journals the best way to share research
outputs?
IN CONCLUSION: OA NOW
“An old tradition and a new technology have converged to
make possible an unprecedented public good”
Budapest Open Access Declaration 2002
Need active engagement by all in the innovation space to
avoid inadvertently deepening inequalities
Open access is not just about passive receipt from the north
Is a knowledge production & dissemination system that sidelines three quarters of the
world desirable?Is it good for science?
Ultimately, open access and open science stand or fall as workable ideals if the whole international community buys into are able to
participate in it(to rephrase Curry, S 2013)
REFERENCES
o Adams J; King, C; Hook, D, (2010), Global Research Report, Africa, Thomson Reuters
o Curry, S (2003) Insights – 26(1), March 2013o Hassan, M, (2008), Editorial, Science Vol. 322
– 24 October 2008. Page 3o Hamann, R (2012) Balancing the academic
terms of trade: The paradox of publishing in top-tier journals from the periphery (unpublished)
o Horton, R (2003) The Lancet, Vol 361, 1 March 2003