Voluntary tools for environmental Voluntary tools for environmental

managementmanagement

University of PadovaUniversity of Padova

A.A. 2013A.A. 2013--20142014

Second Cycle Degree Programme (MSc Level) in Environmental EnginSecond Cycle Degree Programme (MSc Level) in Environmental Engineeringeering

Ing. Alessandro ManzardoIng. Alessandro Manzardo

Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment

The market is demanding for green production and products

Over 100 billion euros will be invested in Italy to the

latest requirement of the 2020 European Policy (IEFE-

Bocconi 2009)

To restart economic growth towards low-carbon ecnomy

…investements for low carbon technologies and markets will

be the 4% of the world GDP within 18 months (Leeds

University 2009)

“The world has its best chance in decades to make serious

progress on both the climate and economic fronts” (Ban

Ki-moon-United nations 2009)

The main bank gorpu in the owrld are working togheter to set

specific investments fund for those companies that are

working for cleaner production and consumption(CDP,2009)

The Green Consumer profile

“Despite of ecnomic crisis, the green products

market share is growing fast to 62%. Conusmers seems to pay even more attention when looking at

social responsibility. ” Carbon Trust 2009

78

80

84

52

84

61

85

0 20 40 60 80 100

USA

Canada

UK

Giappone

Germania

Francia

Italia

Pagherebbero il10% in più per unprodotto fattorispettando lasocietà el'ambiente

Fonte:Camera di Commercio di Milano - 2005

Risks related to resource availability

•Physical Risks: access to water resources and water related services.

•Compliance Risks: regulation and administrative procedures

•Market Risks: Corporate Responsability and reputation

•Financial Risks: water and energy costs rising, fall in sells and profits as a consequence of above mentioned risks

COMPANIES NEED TOOLS TO ASSESS AND MANAGE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS RELATED TO WATER

WATER ENERGY

CESQA 5

ISO standards

An International Standard consists in a set of requirements used to accomplish a task in a consistent manner recognized at international level

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the world's largest developer and publisher of International Standards

Main characteristics:

•Result from a transparent and consesus-based process

•Based on principles of transparency, openess, impartiality and voluntariety

•Voluntary Application

TERMINOLOGY

ISO 14050

PROCESS ORIENTED PRODUCT ORIENTED

Water footprint

ISO/DIS 14046.2

EMS

ISO 14001 - ISO 14004;

ISO 14005; ISO 14006

Audit

ISO 19011, ISO 14015

EPE

ISO 14031; ISO/TS 14033

ISO/NP 14034

Communication

ISO 14063

Green House Gas

ISO 14064 – part 1,2,3; ISO 14065;

ISO 14066; ISO/TR 14069

Material flow cost accounting

ISO 14051

Life Cycle Assessment

ISO 14040-44; ISO/TR 14047

ISO/TS 14048

ISO/TR 14049

ISO/DTS 14071

Ecolabelling

ISO 14020, ISO 14021

ISO 14024, ISO 14025

ISO NWIP 14026

Product environmental aspects

ISO/TR 14062, ISO Guide 64, ISO

14045

Organizational LCA

ISO/DTS 14072

Product carbon

ISO/TS 14067

Supply chain GHG

ISO/TR 14069

Voluntary tools for environmental management

HDPE BotttleHDPE BotttleHDPE BotttleHDPE Botttle

Stock of HDPE grains in Silos

and Quality Control

Plastic Extrusion

Trimming and sterilization

(H2O)

Filling and capping

Secondary packaging

Final Product Stock

Bottle Blowing

What the Company should be aware of (environmental impact perspective)?

Beverage CartonBeverage CartonBeverage CartonBeverage Carton

Stock of rolls Beverage carton

MaterialFilling and capping

Secondary packaging

Final Product Stock

What the Company should be aware of (environmental impact perspective)?

What process would you go for?

Beverage Carton productionBeverage Carton productionBeverage Carton productionBeverage Carton production

PETgrains

Extrusion

Lamination

Final Product Stock

Aluminum Foil Paper

…..What if the company have to produce the beverage cartons by itself?

Having a limited view can result in environmental burden shift!!!

CESQA 12

Life Cycle Approach

Look at products, processes and services with a cradle to gate approachin order not to shift impacts from one stage of the life cycle to another!

FROM CRADLEFROM CRADLE

TO GRAVETO GRAVE

The very firts analysis are from the 1969 when

Coca Cola wanted to understand which was

the best packaging for its drink

Glass? Plastic? or Alluminium can?

which of this material is the best for reuse at the

end of life?

Which is the best management strategy at the

end of life of the product?

Reuse? Disposal?

HISTORY OF PRODUCT BASED LCA

First studies (early ’70)

Energy Efficiency

Raw material conusmption

Waste management

Development (’80, ’90)

Corporate responsibility

Boom (1992)

UN Earth Summit

Europe(2005)

Key role in the Europena Policy on Envrionment

Petrol crisis

“LCA is among the most promising new tools for a wide

range of environmental management tasks”

Ecolabel, EPD, transports, recycling, plastic material..

Resouces analysis, focus on

specific issues

HISTORY OF PRODUCT BASED LCA

Impacts

Climate changeEnergy

use

Solid waste

Acidification

Eutrophication

Human

Toxicity

Others….

Carbon Footprint Water Footprint

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Tetra Rex PET Tetra Rex PET Tetra Rex PET Tetra Rex PET Tetra Rex PET

Produzione Confezionamento Distribuzione Fine vita Totale

Eco-profile

THE EVOLUTION OF THE LIFE CYCLE APPROACH

Environmental Management

Life cycle approach: potential applications

Focus on environmental issues form the

very beginning of the design processes

leads to lower environmental impacts and

costs

2. 2. DesignDesign::

3. 3. MarketingMarketing

Management: Management: < environmental Impacts

> Material and energy efficiency

< input

< waste

< costs< costs

CESQA©

17

LCA ed ecodesign

En. Impact

Product cost

Life cycle cost paid

by stakeholders

Cost definition

€,

Environmental

Impacts

xConcept

xPilot

xMarketDesign Production Product market life End of life

Il ciclo di vita del prodotto/servizio

LCA tool according to ISO 14040-44

Let’s go back to Awesome Beverage Case study..

Goal and scope definition

Objective of the study

•Determine which packaging system is better to contain the innovative free range milk with the lowest potential environmental impacts.

•The results will be used by the management to take decision on how to

equip the new production site.

•The results are not intended to be disclosed to the public

Function and functional unit (….the reporting unit)Contain one litre of milk

Product SystemsAll the processes involved in the production, distribution and disposal of HDPE bottle and Beverage Cartons in Italy

emissionsBOTTLE

steam waterwater electric powerelectric power methane

methane other fuels PACKAGED

other fuels steam PRODUCT emissions

HDPE waste

air emissions

caps, labels, seals

HDPE waste

emissions

HDPE waste matters

* outside the system boundaries

emissions emissionsemissions

RAW MATERIALS EXTRACTION

AND MANUFACTURING:

BOTTLE

PRODUCTION BOTTLE FILLING

AND

PACKAGING

TRANSPORT

Virgin HDPE

Titanium dioxide

Black carbon

*TRANSPORT TO LARGE RETAIL CENTERS

AUXILIARY MATERIALS

EXTRACTION AND

MANUFACTURING:*LARGE RETAIL CENTERS AND

TRANSPORT TO RETAILERS

TRASPORT

Bottle top

Labels

Seals

*RETAILERS AND TRANSPORT TO CONSUMERS

garbage

dump

disposal

52%

TRANSPORT *USE

WASTE MATTERS

TREATMENT*TRANSPORT

material

recovery

24%

heat

treatment

24%

END OF LIFE

heat treatment 100%

Goal and scope definition

emissionsemissions emissions emissions

emissions

hydrogen peroxide

electric power

compressed airsteam

cooling water

strip emissions

electric power lubricating oil emissions methane PACKAGED

gas oil FOIL-LINED PACKAGE PRODUCT

refrigerants

emissions

Waste: aluminium, paper, polyethylene

Refuse: cleaning clothes with inkpart of machineries, ferrous and

non-ferrous wreckages

* outside the system boundaries

material

recovery

37,6%

heat

treatment

12,7%

garbage

dump

disposal

49,7%

*TRANSPORT

WASTE MATTERS TREATMENT

Photopolymer

TRANSPORT *USE

FILLING PACKAGING

emissions

TRANSPORT

Cardboard Pallet

*RETAILERS AND TRANSPORT TO

CONSUMERSShrink film

waste (aluminium, paper,

polyethylene)

*TRANSPORT TO LARGE RETAIL

CENTERS

AUXILIARY

MATERIALS

EXTRACTION AND

MANUFACTURING :*LARGE RETAIL CENTERS AND

TRANSPORT TO RETAILERSTRANSPORT

paper: recyclealuminium + polyethylene:

energy recovery

END OF LIFE

Cardboard cores

RAW MATERIALS

EXTRACTION AND

MANUFACTURING:

PRODUCTION

Paper

Aluminium foil

Polyethylene

Ink

TRANSPORT

Goal and scope definition

Potential approaches:

-Gate to gate � Only production processes are considered

-Cradle to gate � from raw materials to the output of a specific stage of the life cycle such as production…

- Cradle to grave � encompasses all the life cycle of the products

Inventory analysis consists of the gatahering of all relevant daInventory analysis consists of the gatahering of all relevant data ta

(material and energy flows ) of the products systems Input(material and energy flows ) of the products systems Input--output output

approach). approach).

Referred tothe product system

Input-output includes:

� Use of resources

� Release to air, soil, warter

� These data are collected in reference withe the objective of the study (e.g. focusing on climate change we would collect data on GHG

emissions).

� Impact assessment are based on these data.

�PRIMARY DATA: directly measured and collected on the field

�SECONDARI DATA: from data base!

�TERTIARY DATA: from estimation

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

IMPACT CATEGORIES ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

Renewable sources deplation Use of resources

Non Renewable sources deplation Use of resources

Climate Change (Crbon Footprint) Emissions to air

Ozone layer deplation Emissions to air

Human Toxicity Emissions to air, water, soil

Eco Toxicity Emissions to wateer and soils

Photochemical effect Emissions to air

Acidification Emissions to air

Eutrophication Emissions to air, water, soil

Noise Noise production

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Global warming Potential

Eco profile of the product life cycle

Optional steps���� Normalization: determine the gravity of the impact to a reference value

���� Aggregation���� Weighting

���� Quality data Analysis (uncertainty and sensitivity)

Optional steps���� Normalization: determine the gravity of the impact to a reference value

���� Aggregation���� Weighting

���� Quality data Analysis (uncertainty and sensitivity)

Mandatory steps

1. Selection of impact categories, indicators and quantification models1. Selection of impact categories, indicators and quantification models

2. Classification: of inventory data within impact categories2. Classification: of inventory data within impact categories

3. Carachterization: quantification of impact categories 3. Carachterization: quantification of impact categories

Impact assessment steps

TERMINOLOGY

ISO 14050

PROCESS ORIENTED PRODUCT ORIENTED

Water footprint

ISO/DIS 14046.2

EMS

ISO 14001 - ISO 14004;

ISO 14005; ISO 14006

Audit

ISO 19011, ISO 14015

EPE

ISO 14031; ISO/TS 14033

ISO/NP 14034

Communication

ISO 14063

Green House Gas

ISO 14064 – part 1,2,3; ISO 14065;

ISO 14066; ISO/TR 14069

Material flow cost accounting

ISO 14051

Life Cycle Assessment

ISO 14040-44; ISO/TR 14047

ISO/TS 14048

ISO/TR 14049

ISO/DTS 14071

Ecolabelling

ISO 14020, ISO 14021

ISO 14024, ISO 14025

ISO NWIP 14026

Product environmental aspects

ISO/TR 14062, ISO Guide 64, ISO

14045

Organizational LCA

ISO/DTS 14072

Product carbon

ISO/TS 14067

Supply chain GHG

ISO/TR 14069

Voluntary tools for environmental management

Product Carbon Footprint ISO/TS 14067

Carbon footprint: a measure expressed in CO2

equivalent to represent the impacts of a product,

a process on climate change

1)It is not a comprehensive assessment but focused

only on climate change

2)Results of an LCA related to climate change

category and of a Carbon Footprint are the same but

are reported differently

Carbon Footprint of HDPE Bottle

Carbon Footprint of Beverage Carton

Comparative Carbon Footprint?

Eco-profile (Eco-indicator 99)

What is a Water Footprint?

…integrated by Hoekstra in 2002…

Comprehensive indicator of freshwater resources appropriation. Products, Nation,

Population

(Hoekstra et al., 2011)

Evolved with the support of the Life Cycle Assessment community.

Metric(s) that quantify(ies) the potential environmental impacts related to water (ISO

14046/DIS2). Products, Processes, Organization.

The concept of Virtual Water was firstly introduced by Allan in the 90’s…

Water needed for the production of a product…global trade of embedded water into products.

CESQA 34WF = WFBLUE + WFGREY + WFGREEN Hoekstra

The Water Footprint Network model

The ISO 14046 model

WATER FOOTPRINT

INVENTORY

WATER FOOTPRINT

midpoint/endpoint level

Water Availability Footprint

When the only relevant impact is Scarcity

Water Footprint Profile

Comprehensive impacts:

scarcity, eutrophication…

The ISO 14046 model

Endpoint damage categories

WFWFWFWFWFWF

Water Footprint Profile

Resources Human Health Ecosystems

Within LCA

Other

impacts

Other

impacts Other

impacts

Resources Human Health Ecosystems

WFWF WFWF WFWF

The ISO 14046 model

Goal of the study

GOAL OF THE STUDY. GOAL OF THE STUDY.

�Compare Water Accounting Water Accounting for organic and non-organic cultivation in a specific location; (WFN)

�Quantification of the Water Footprint for a jar of 330 grams of Organic strawberry Jam (LCA Approach_WSI)

Manzardo A.*, Mazzi A., Niero M., Toniolo S., Scipioni A. : “Water footprint accounting of organic and non-organic strawberries including ancillary materials: a case study”. Proceeding LCA FOOD 2012.

1) Boundaries of analysis

WATER ACCOUNTING (organic and nonWATER ACCOUNTING (organic and non--organic)organic)

�Blue, green and grey water of processes are assessed (Hoekstra et al., 2011)

�CROPWAT model is employed (http://www.fao.org/nr/water/infores_databases_cropwat.html) to determine Blue and Green Water.

�The results are expressed as l/kg of strawberries

Water Accounting

1) Water Inventory

OrganicOrganic Non OrganicNon Organic

�Yield of cultivation [20 t/ha]

�Natural fertilizers used and leaching rate

Data refer to a 15 months period between 2009 and 2010

�Yield of cultivation [26 t/ha]

�Chemical fertilizers used and leaching rate

The two fields are located in the same location and data collected using the same tools

�Climate data (climate station located in the field)

�Primary data of irrigation water volume

�Micro-irrigation is used on both cases

1) Water Accounting

The organic farming method in this case study resulted to be more water intensive than the non-organic one. This result strongly depends on

the yield of the two farming methods in the specific production site.

NON ORGANIC NON ORGANIC

FARMINGFARMINGORGANICORGANIC

FARMINGFARMING

Green Water [l/kg] 90.7 117.9

Blue Water [l/kg] 98.1 127.5

Grey Water [l/kg] 40.0 2.5

Total [l/kg] 228.8 247.9

These are site-specific data!! The results can vary signicantly in other location and using other cultivation methods. Uncertainty need to be

addressed!

2) Boundaries of the analysis

PRODUCT WATER FOOTPRINT PRODUCT WATER FOOTPRINT

(organic)(organic)

�A life cycle approach is adopted

�Water Stress Index (WSI) is employed (Pfister et al., 2009)

•Functional Unit: 330g of organic strawberry jam sold in Italy

�The results are expressed as l/Functional Unit (FU)

SYSTEM BOUNDARIES

2) Water Inventory

�Yield of cultivation [20 t/ha]

�Natural fertilizers used

�Transport of material (from suppliers and from Site 1 to Site 2)

�Ancillary materials involved in the process

Water Stress Index (WSI)

Data refer to a 15 months period between 2009 and 2010

Impacts related to water limited to stress

Metodo: Pfister et al, 2009

2) Inventory assesment

The farming processes resulted to be responsible for

the majority of the product water footprint. Other processes account for over the 10% of the product overall water footprint

Accounting: 237,7 l/FU Footprinting: 88,4 l/FU

Metodo: Pfister et al, 2009

Identification of hot-spot

2) Impact Assessment: water footprint progile

Example of a product water footprint

Contribution analysis, identification of hotspot related to consumptive and degradative water use

Water availability

Conclusions

I. In the specific case study the Organic strawberry farming resulted in higher water use than non-organic strawberry farming per kg of strawberry. The main reason is the different yields of the two farming methods.

I. The Product Water Footprint of the 330g organic strawberry jam is 88.4 l.

II. Overheads water footprint contribution resulted to be over 10%.

III. Ancillary materials and processes should be considered when looking at strategies to reduce a product water footprint.

IV. Other studies in other location will be performed to test the validity of the results;

V. Assessemnet methodology need to be improved to be comprehensive

Water Accounting

Product Water Footprint

Future challanges

Organization

Facility 2Facility 1

Other activities

Other activities

Perspective EMS for a facility

Perspective WF/CF (and LCA) for an organization

Perspective EMS for an organization

Perspective LCA and WF/CF for a product

LCA of Organization ISO 14072

POLICYPOLICY

CONTINUOUS CONTINUOUS

IMPROVEMENTIMPROVEMENT

PLANNINGPLANNINGCHECKCHECK

ACTACT

INITIAL REVIEWINITIAL REVIEW

DODO

ISO 14001 revision: Value chain control

ISO 14001 revision: Value chain control

Applies to processes related to:

Significant environmental aspects

Risks and opportunities

Life cycle products/services including outsourced processes

Define type / degree of control vs influence

Specify environmental requirements for procured goods/services

Communicate to suppliers

Consider during design/development & product modification

Consider communicating information on environmental impacts during delivery, use and end-of-life treatment