TOOLKIT FOR Hazardous Materials Transportation Education

TOOLKIT FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION EDUCATION

Module 2: Hazmat Transportation Logistics

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This work is sponsored by the U. S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). It was conducted through the Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program (HMCRP), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.

Prepared by3 Sigma Consultants, LLC909 Edenbridge Way, Nashville, TN 37215

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module students will be able to:1.Describe the extent of freight transportation infrastructure and activity in the U.S.2.Describe the contribution and characteristics of hazardous materials transport as part of the freight transportation system.3.Identify the key stakeholders in the supply chain process and their roles and responsibilities. 4.Explain the operational issues and economic considerations associated with the transport of hazardous materials.

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Topics

• U.S. freight transportation infrastructure, vehicles and equipment

• Hazmat shipment classifications, modes and commodity flows

• Hazmat shipment supply chain process maps• Management and operational issues

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U.S. Freight Transportation Infrastructure

• Roads– Over 4 million miles of public roads– 164,000 miles of roads comprising the National Highway System,

including over 47,000 miles of Interstates• Rail

– Over 250,000 miles of track, including yards, sidings and multiple main tracks

– Nearly 95,000 miles of Class I railroad track• Waterway

– Over 13,000 miles of inland waterways, including rivers and Great Lakes

– Nearly 300 major commercial ports• Pipeline

– Roughly 1.7 million miles of oil and gas pipelines• Air

– Over 13,000 airportsSources: FHWA Freight Facts and Figures 2011, North American Transportation Statistics Database 5

U.S. Freight Transportation Vehicles & Equipment

• Nearly 11 million commercial freight trucks

• 24,000 freight locomotives and over 1.3 million rail cars

• 40,000 freight vessels – 9,000 self-propelled and 31,000 barges

• Over 18,000 commercial aircraft

6Sources: FHWA Freight Facts and Figures 2011, North American Transportation Statistics Database

NAICS

Establishments Revenue (millions of current $)

Payroll (millions of current $)

Paid Employees

Rail transportation 565 59,600 NA 169,280Water transportation 1,721 34,447 4,544 75,997Truck transportation 120,390 217,833 58,266 1,507,923Pipeline transportation 2,529 25,718 3,219 36,964Support activities for transportation 42,130 86,596 24,579 608,385Couriers and messengers 13,004 77,877 20,431 557,195Warehousing and storage 13,938 21,921 25,526 720,451

Key: NA = not available; NAICS = North American Industry Classification System.

Notes: Data are for establishments in which transportation is the primary business. Data exclude transportation provided privately, such as trucking organized "in-house" by a grocery company. Data are not collected for governmental organizations even when their primary activity would be classified in industries covered by the census. For example, data are not collected for publicly operated buses and subway systems.

Data is reported for calendar year 2007, except for railroads, which is reported for calendar year 2010.

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, 2007 Economic Census, Transportation and Warehousing, United States (Washington, DC: 2010);Association of American Railroads, U.S. Freight Railroad Statistics, 2013.

Economic Characteristics of Transportation and Warehousing in Freight-Dominated Modes

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Freight Transportation Modes

• Highway (Truck)– Private and for-hire – Bulk and less-than-truckload (LTL) shipments

• LTL carriers consolidate many freight packages into a single larger shipment to improve shipper and/or customer efficiency

• Rail– Class 1 (major carriers)– Class 2 (regional and short lines)– Class 3 (terminal – switching)

• Marine (Water)– Brown water (inland)– Green water (coastal)– Blue water (ocean-going)

• Pipeline• Air (with truck)• Intermodal

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Truck: Bulk Shipment

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Truck: LTL Shipment

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Rail: Bulk Tank Cars

Marine: Brown Water

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Marine: Green Water

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Marine: Blue Water

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Pipeline

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Air

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Terminal, Warehouse & Transfer Operations

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Drums

Special Containers

Boxes

Cylinders

Tanks18

Various Types of Hazmat Packaging

19Each surface mode is characterized by major freight corridors.

Tonnage on Highways, Railroads and Inland Waterways: 2007

20One-fourth of distance traveled by all traffic is on interstates, yet nearly one-half of combination truck vehicle miles are on these roads.

National Network for Conventional Combination Trucks: 2010

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The top 25 water ports handle roughly two-thirds of the weight of all foreign and domestic goods moved by water.

Top 25 Water Ports by Tonnage: 2009

National Pipeline System

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23Rail intermodal transport is spread throughout the U.S.

Tonnage of Trailer-on-Flatcar and Container-on-Flatcar Rail Intermodal Moves: 2009

24Top 25 foreign trade gateways by shipment value include 10 water ports, 6 land-border crossings and 9 airports.

Top 25 Foreign Trade Freight Gateways by Value: 2009

Economic Considerations – Dry Cargo Capacity Efficiencies Among Surface Transportation

Source: C. James Kruse, et. al., A Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on the General Public: 2001-2009, Prepared by the Center for Ports and Waterways, Texas Transportation Institute, Houston, Texas, 2012, p. 2. Prepared for the National Waterways Foundation. 1750 Short Tons is the standard dry bulk cargo capacity for a single barge.

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Economic Considerations – Liquid Cargo Capacity Efficiencies Among Surface Transportation

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Source: C. James Kruse, et. al., A Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on the General Public: 2001-2009, Prepared by the Center for Ports and Waterways, Texas Transportation Institute, Houston, Texas, 2012, p. 2. Prepared for the National Waterways Foundation. 27,500 BBL is the standard liquid bulk cargo capacity for a single barge.

Economic Considerations – Fuel Efficiency Comparisons Among Surface Transportation

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Source: C. James Kruse, et. al., A Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on the General Public: 2001-2009, Prepared by the Center for Ports and Waterways, Texas Transportation Institute, Houston, Texas, 2012, p. 5. Prepared for the National Waterways Foundation.

Ton-Miles per Gallon of Fuel: 2009

Environmental Considerations – Greenhouse Gas Emission Comparison Among Surface Transportation

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Source: C. James Kruse, et. al., A Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on the General Public: 2001-2009, Prepared by the Center for Ports and Waterways, Texas Transportation Institute, Houston, Texas, 2012, p. 5. Prepared for the National Waterways Foundation. GHG is Greenhouse Gas Emissions.

Metric Tons of GHG per Million Ton-Miles (2005 & 2009)

SmartWay: Reducing Transportation Emissions

• An Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) initiative that reduces transportation related emissions by creating incentives to improve efficiency.

• Freight carriers and shippers commit to benchmark operations, track fuel consumption and improve performance annually.

• Program includes testing, verification and designation to help identify equipment, technologies and strategies that save fuel and lower emissions.

• Provides grants to make investing in fuel-saving equipment easier for freight carriers.

29Source: http://www.epa.gov/smartway/basic-info/index.htm 29

PHMSA Hazmat Classification System

Class 3: Flammable & Combustible LiquidClass 4: Flammable Solid• 4.1 Flammable solid• 4.2 Spontaneously combustible material• 4.3 Dangerous when wet material Class 5: Oxidizing Agent & Organic Peroxide• 5.1 Oxidizer • 5.2 Organic peroxide Class 6: Toxic & Infectious Substance• 6.1 Poisonous material • 6.2 Infectious substance (Etiologic agent)Class 7: Radioactive MaterialClass 8: Corrosive Material Class 9: Miscellaneous Hazardous Material

Class 1: Explosives• 1.1 Explosives with a mass explosion

hazard• 1.2 Explosives with a projection hazard• 1.3 Explosives with predominately a fire

hazard• 1.4 Explosives with no significant blast

hazard• 1.5 Very insensitive explosives; blasting

agents• 1.6 Extremely insensitive detonating

substancesClass 2: Gas• 2.1 Flammable gas• 2.2 Non-flammable compressed gas• 2.3 Poisonous gas

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Note: Gasoline and fuel oil are considered Class 3 materials; liquefied natural gas and compressed natural gas are considered Class 2 materials.

Hazardous Material Shipment Characteristics - 2007

• Over 2.2 billion tons of hazardous materials are transported every year in the U.S., valued at over $1.4 trillion.

• This corresponds to 323 trillion ton-miles of hazmat cargo moved annually.

• The average trip distance of these shipments is 96 miles.

• Hazmat transportation represents roughly 18% of total tons transported by freight industry and accounts for nearly 10% of the ton-miles.

31Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U.S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available.

Tonnage by Mode and Shipment Type - 2007

Mode Hazardous Non-Hazardous

Tons (thousands) Percent Tons (thousands) Percent

For-hire Truck 495,077 12 3,580,060 88Private Truck 707,748 15 3,995,828 85Rail 129,743 7 1,731,564 93Water 149,794 37 253,845 63Air (Includes Truck and Air) s s 3,256 90Pipeline 628,905 97 21,954 3Multiple Modes 111,022 19 462,708 81Other and Unknown 8,489 3 263,078 97

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s = Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or poor response quality.

Source: 2007 Commodity Flow Survey. This survey is performed by the U.S. Census Bureau every five years. 2012 survey results are not yet available.

Percent Hazmat Tons Shipped by Mode - 2007

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The majority of hazardous cargo by weight is moved by truck, with a significant volume of hazmat also moved by pipeline.


Tonnage Moved by Mode and Hazard Class - 2007

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Rail carries the most uniformly distributed mix of different classes of hazardous materials.

(includes combustible liquids)


Ton-Miles by Mode and Shipment Type - 2007

Mode

Hazardous Non-Hazardous

Tons (millions) Percent Tons (millions) PercentFor-hire Truck 63,288 6 992,359 94Private Truck 40,709 14 245,748 86Rail 92,169 7 1,251,871 93Water 37,064 24 120,251 76Air (Includes Truck and Air) s s 4,334 96Pipeline s s s sMultiple Modes 42,886 10 373,756 90Other and Unknown 1,466 4 32,298 96

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S = Estimate does not meet publication standards because of high sampling variability or poor response quality. Ton-mile measure not relevant for continuous flow mode of pipeline.


Percent Hazmat Ton-Miles by Mode - 2007

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Due to the movement of larger loads, longer distances, rail, water and intermodal transport become significant freight modes when ton-miles are considered.


Average Hazmat Trip Length by Mode (Miles) - 2007

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Local distribution is the dominant trip pattern for moving hazmat by truck.


Top Hazmat Classes/Divisions Transported by Mode

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Source: William Tate, et al., Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments, HMCRP Report 8, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2012, p. 48. Note that this source identifies Ocean as a Transport Mode. The 2007 Commodity Flow Survey identifies Water as a Transport Mode instead of Ocean, reflecting shipments on the inland water system as well as ocean movements as well.


Overview of Modes and HM Shipments

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Source: William Tate, et al., Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments, HMCRP Report 8, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2012.The 2007 Commodity Flow Survey identifies Water as a Transport Mode instead of Ocean (Marine), reflecting shipments on the inland water system as well as ocean movements as well.

Hazmat Shipments by State of Origin - 2007

Value Value Tons Tons(million $) Percent (thousands) Percent

StateTexas 340,144 24 499,592 22Louisiana 126,043 9 221,005 10California 151,684 10 199,755 9Illinois 73,473 5 114,925 5Pennsylvania 53,480 4 95,592 4.New Jersey 47,908 3 78,894 4Florida 45,582 3 68,259 3Georgia 35,767 2 67,633 3Ohio 48,758 3 66,218 3New York 37,438 3 56,577 2


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Hazmat Shipments (Tons) by State of Origin - 2007


Hazmat Shipments by State of Destination - 2007

Value Value Tons TonsState (million $) Percent (thousands) Percent

Texas 318,321 22 487,434 22California 159,535 11 211,302 10Louisiana 101,838 7 182,088 8Florida 57,547 4 88,865 4Illinois 56,291 4 80,466 4New Jersey 45,654 3 80,041 4Georgia 39,381 3 69,241 3New York 46,247 3 67,308 3Pennsylvania 40,415 3 67,220 3Ohio 47,924 3 66,226 3


Hazmat Shipment Characteristics by Selected Commodities - 2007

Commodity

Total Value

(million $)HM Value (million $) % HM

% of Total HM

ValueTotal Tons

(thousands)Tons HM

(thousands) % HM% of Total

HM Tons

Gasoline and Aviation Turbine Fuel 663,194 663,194 100.0 48 959,161 959,161 100.0 43Fuel Oils 373,515 373,515 100.0 27 641,894 641,894 100.0 29Coal and Petroleum Products 268,163 133,043 50 10 578,188 247,172 42.7 11Basic Chemicals 271,469 149,697 55 10 412,581 295,890 71.7 13Fertilizers 43,613 12,468 29 1 149,600 37,788 25.3 2Chemical Products and Preparations 331,750 54,850 16 4 123,537 24,997 20.2 1

1,386,767 100 2,206,902 100


Class 1 HM (Explosive) Shipments by Mode - 2007

Mode Value Tons (million $) Percent (thousands) Percent

For-hire Truck 7,475 63.6 807 26.5Private Truck 3,245 27.6 2,205 72.4Rail s s s sWater s s s sAir (Includes Truck and Air) 130 1.1 s sMultiple Modes 853 7.3 26 0.8Other and Unknown 31 0.3 1 s

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Class 2 HM (Gas) Shipments by Mode - 2007


For-hire Truck 15,925 12.1 24,691 9.9Private Truck 46,970 35.6 111,245 44.4Rail 20,641 15.7 32,538 13Water 1,335 1 2,425 1Air (Includes Truck and Air) 273 0.2 s sPipeline 42,033 31.9 75,226 30Multiple Modes 3,763 2.9 3,321 1.3Other and Unknown 868 0.7 1,056 0.4

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Class 3 HM (Flammable and Combustible Liquid) Shipments by Mode - 2007


For-hire Truck 285,022 44.3 7,075 34.7Private Truck 386,712 15.3 3,670 18.0Rail s s 3,995 19.6Water s s s sPipeline 9 0.2 s sAir 25 0.6 1 sMultiple Modes s s s sOther and Unknown 9 0.2 s s

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Class 4 HM (Flammable Solid) Shipments by Mode - 2007


For-hire Truck 1,800 24.4 399,877 22.8Private Truck 624 33 544,394 31.1Rail 24,095 2.1 31,485 1.8Water 62,635 5.4 129,760 7.4Pipeline 348,297 29.8 545,821 31.1Multiple Modes 58,161 5 95,317 5.4Other and Unknown 4,784 0.4 5,822 0.3


Class 5 HM (Oxidizing Agent & Organic Peroxide) Shipments by Mode - 2007


For-hire Truck 2,617 39.1 4,519 30.2Private Truck 1,798 26.9 3,324 22.2Rail 1,737 25.9 5,929 39.6Air (Includes Truck and Air) 68 1 1 sMultiple Modes 382 5.7 962 6.4


Class 6 HM (Toxic & Infectious Substances) Shipments by Mode - 2007


For-hire Truck 8,682 41 2,414 21.4Private Truck 1,446 6.8 537 4.8Rail 6,782 32 5,354 47.5Water s s 1,847 16.4Air (Includes Truck and Air) 36 0.2 1 sPipeline s s 298 2.6Multiple Modes 1,068 5 817 7.2Other and Unknown 26 0.1 s s

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Class 7 HM (Radioactive Material) Shipments by Mode - 2007


For-hire Truck 2,949 14.3 16 3Private Truck 16,133 78.2 485 94.1Air (Includes Truck and Air) 233 1.1 2 0.5Multiple Modes 1,218 5.9 9 1.8Other and Unknown 100 0.5 3 0.6


Class 8 HM (Corrosive Material) Shipments by Mode - 2007


For-hire Truck 20,930 40.7 31,810 27.8Private Truck 15,686 30.5 25,256 22.1Rail 7,973 15.5 34,839 30.4Water 1,483 2.9 8,342 7.3Air (Includes Truck and Air) 194 0.4 s sPipeline 1,398 2.7 4,976 4.3Multiple Modes 3,190 6.2 7,817 6.8Other and Unknown 622 1.2 1,396 1.2

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Class 9 HM (Miscellaneous Hazardous Material) Shipments by Mode - 2007


For-hire Truck 13,392 44.4 23,868 37.8Private Truck 5,667 18.8 16,632 26.3Rail 7,292 24.2 15,598 24.7Water s s 3,552 5.6Air (Includes Truck and Air) 25 0.1 1 sMultiple Modes 1,719 5.7 s sOther and Unknown 35 0.1 s s

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Manufacturer Output/Raw

MaterialsLoading

Transportation •Truck •Rail•Water/Ocean•Air•Pipeline•Intermodal

Storage

Unloading Storage Customer

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Generalized Supply Chain Flow Chart

HM Shipment Supply Chain - Process Map Element Descriptions: Activity Identifiers, Roles and Definitions

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Source: William Tate, et al., Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments, HMCRP Report 8, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2012.

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HM Shipment Supply Chain - Process Map Element Descriptions: Activity Identifiers, Roles and Definitions


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HM Shipment Supply Chain - Truckload Process Map


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HM Shipment Supply Chain - Less-Than-Truckload Process Map


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HM Shipment Supply Chain - Rail Process Map

Source: William Tate, et al., Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments, HMCRP Report 8, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2012 .

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HM Shipment Supply Chain – Ocean/Intermodal Process Map


60Source: William Tate, et al., Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments, HMCRP Report 8, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2012.

HM Shipment Supply Chain – Air Process Map

Hypothetical Shipment: Supply Chain Roles

Petrochemicals are shipped via rail from a chemical plant in Houston, Texas, to a manufacturer in Philadelphia. The finished product, also considered a hazardous material, is then transported by truck to the Port of New York for ocean shipping to Europe.

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Chemical Plant•Prepare shipping documents•Load commodity using approved procedures by certified employees•Maintain an emergency response plan•Inspect cars prior to loading•Provide emergency response information and contact phone number•Inspect cars after loading•Provide appropriate placards

Railroad•Accept and verify shipping documents and prepare additional documents as required•Place car within the train in an approved configuration•Inspect car before moving

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Railroad (continued)•Maintain shipping documents•Maintain emergency response information•Transport to interchange with another railroad•Inspect car at interchange•Transfer shipping documents to second carrier •Second railroad places car in appropriate position within train•Deliver to manufacturer

Manufacturer (Incoming)•Accept car and inspect•Accept shipping papers•Unload car •Store commodities in approved manner

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Manufacturer (Outgoing)•Prepare appropriate shipping documents•Load truck

Trucking Firm•Accept and maintain shipping documents•Inspect load•Provide appropriate placards•Transport load

Port Facility•Accept load and shipping documents•Store in appropriate location•Prepare additional required shipping documentation for overseas shipping•Move to ship

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Hazmat Logistics: Management and Operational Issues

• Corporate management practices• Mode and route selection• Hazmat permits• Hazmat inspections/violations/penalties• Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC)• Commercial Driver’s License (CDL)• Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for

Seafarers (STCW)• Tracking and performance monitoring• Safe havens

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Corporate Management

• Hazmat transportation procedures are integrated into a corporation’s safety culture.

• Each organization establishes its own structure for managing hazmat transportation issues. Typically, a position is established with responsibility for hazmat transportation and safety.

• The location within the corporate government is dependent on the nature and amount of the hazardous materials that are handled.

• Each firm establishes a chain of command which specifies responsibility and accountability.

• Within the organization, communications and coordination responsibilities are reinforced through training exercises and established protocols.

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Factors Affecting Hazmat Mode Choice

• Travel time and service reliability• Total logistics costs• Safety and security• Shipment size and weight• Hazardous materials properties and composition• Container characteristics• Availability of infrastructure access/egress• Equipment availability• Local restrictions (e.g., bridges, tunnels, highway weights)• Intermodal considerations

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Route Selection Factors

• Efficiency– Trip length– Travel time– Availability of diversion route– Access to enroute storage and repair facilities

• Safety & Security– Condition of infrastructure– Height, width, weight and traffic conflict considerations– Accident likelihood– Population exposure– Number of transfers– Proximity to critical infrastructure and iconic targets– Emergency response capability– Safe stopping places

• Environmental– Wildlife and vegetation exposure– Soil composition– Proximity to surface and ground water

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Hazmat Permitting

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• Special permit is a document authorizing an entity to perform a function that is not currently authorized under the authority of the HM regulations.

• Special permits are issued for motor vehicles; rail cars; ocean-going vessels and ferries; cargo and passenger planes; and intermodal containers.

• Applicant for special permit must demonstrate that special permit achieves level of safety that is required by HM regulations or is consistent with public interest.

Source: http://phmsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/DownloadableFiles/Special Permits Action Plan.pdf

http://phmsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/PHMSA/DownloadableFiles/Special%20Permits%20Action%20Plan.pdf

PHMSA Hazmat Permits

Source: US DOT Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Transportation of Hazardous Materials, 2009-2010, October 2011, p. 16. * The figures reflect applications for status as “party-to-exemption” (PTE). Party means a person, other than the initial grantee, authorized to act under terms of the special permit. **The figures reflect applications for modifications to a special permit.

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HM Inspections, Violations and Penalties

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• HM inspections cover all modes: airlines, pipelines, motor carriers, water carriers, and railroads.

• Inspections are conducted by multiple federal agencies.

• Violations among motor carriers are generally considered serious and contributing factors to HM incidents due to :– Release of HM from packages– Unauthorized packaging– Smoking while loading or unloading– Package not secure in vehicle– Vehicle not placarded as required

Source : http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/documents/tb99-005.pdf

HM Inspections, Violations, and Penalties

Source: US DOT Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Transportation of Hazardous Materials, 2009-2010, October 2011, p. 21. 72

Transportation Worker Identification Credential - TWIC

• A Transportation Security Administration and U.S. Coast Guard initiative.

• Provides a tamper-resistant biometric credential to maritime workers requiring unescorted access to secure areas of port facilities, outer continental shelf facilities, and vessels regulated under the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002, and all U.S. Coast Guard credentialed merchant mariners. Over two million individuals are currently enrolled.

• To obtain a TWIC, an individual must provide biographic and biometric information such as fingerprints, sit for a digital photograph and successfully pass a security threat assessment conducted by TSA.

• TWIC implemented in maritime area initially, but may be implemented across other modes in future.

73Source: http://www.tsa.gov/what_we_do/layers/twic/index.shtm

Commercial Driver's License - CDL

• Required to operate any type of vehicle which has a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 26,001 lb (11,793 kg) or more for commercial use, or transports quantities of hazardous materials that require warning placards under USDOT regulations.

• CDL is intended to improve highway safety by ensuring that truck drivers are qualified to drive commercial motor vehicles and to remove drivers that are unsafe and unqualified from the highways.

• States have the right to issue CDLs, subject to meeting federally-established minimum requirements.

74Source: http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/registration-licensing/cdl/cdl.htm

Commercial Driver's License – Hazardous Materials Endorsement

• The Transportation Security Administration (TSA)’s Hazardous Materials Endorsement Threat Assessment Program conducts a security threat assessment for any driver seeking to obtain, renew or transfer a hazardous materials endorsement on a state-issued CDL.

• Program was implemented to meet the requirements of the US Patriot Act, which prohibits states from issuing a license to transport hazardous materials in commerce unless a determination has been made that the driver does not pose a security risk.

• The US Patriot Act further requires that the risk assessment include checks of criminal history records, legal status, and relevant international databases.

75Source: http://www.tsa.gov/stakeholders/hazmat-endorsement-threat-assessment-program

Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW)

• The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) sets qualification standards for master, officers and watch personnel on seagoing merchant ships.

• STCW was adopted by the International Maritime Organization and entered into force in 1984, with significant amendments enacted in 1995.

• Requires that seafarers be provided with "familiarization training" and "basic safety training“, which includes basic fire fighting, elementary first aid, personal survival techniques, and personal safety and social responsibility. This is intended to make seafarers aware of the hazards of working on a vessel and able to respond appropriately in an emergency.

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Tracking and Performance Monitoring

• Is utilized to improve transportation efficiency, safety, and security.

• At a minimum, tracking is done by maintaining a manifest accompanying the shipment.

• Most companies use electronic systems to track shipments and also monitor vehicle and driver performance.

• GIS and GPS technologies form the basis for enabling this practice.

• Federal agencies such as TSA are currently considering the use of hazmat tracking systems for oversight purposes.

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Safe Havens

• A safe haven is an approved place for parking vehicles loaded with high hazard materials (e.g., explosives, radioactive materials).

• Designation of safe havens is usually made by local authorities.

• Must be off the traveled way and not near where people gather, an open fire, or a bridge, tunnel, or building.

• Must notify owner if parking on private property.

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Key Takeaways

• The transportation of hazardous materials is a major shipping activity involving many freight modes and service providers.

• The majority of shipments are made by truck, with pipeline, rail and waterway trips representing longer-haul and larger bulk movements.

• Hazardous cargo takes on many forms, with unique material properties that require different types of packaging.

• Transport of hazardous materials requires special treatment within the supply chain, involving a variety of stakeholders.

• Shippers and carriers in particular have several important roles and responsibilities.

• A variety of operational issues must be considered from a logistics perspective.

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Student Exercise

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• Compare the HM shipment supply chain process maps for TL and LTL truck, rail, and ocean intermodal:

• For which modal alternative are there more opportunities for delays and bottlenecks? Identify the bottlenecks and explain your answer.

• For which modal alternative are there more risks for an HM incident (spill or release)?

• Suggest ways to reduce the delays/bottlenecks in the process maps without simultaneously increasing the risk of an HM incident.

Resources for Support and Additional Learning

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• Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Commodity Flow Survey – 2007: Hazardous Materials http://www.bts.gov/publications/commodity_flow_survey/2007/hazardous_materials/pdf/entire.pdf

• Federal Highway Administration, Freight Facts and Figures 2011 http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_analysis/nat_freight_stats/docs/11factsfigures/index.htm

• Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Hazardous Materials Table http://phmsa.dot.gov/portal/site/PHMSA/menuitem.ebdc7a8a7e39f2e55cf2031050248a0c/?vgnextoid=d84ddf479bd7d110VgnVCM1000009ed07898RCRD&vgnextchannel=4f347fd9b896b110VgnVCM1000009ed07898RCRD&vgnextfmt=print

http://www.bts.gov/publications/commodity_flow_survey/2007/hazardous_materials/pdf/entire.pdf

http://www.bts.gov/publications/commodity_flow_survey/2007/hazardous_materials/pdf/entire.pdf

http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_analysis/nat_freight_stats/docs/11factsfigures/index.htm

http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_analysis/nat_freight_stats/docs/11factsfigures/index.htm

http://phmsa.dot.gov/portal/site/PHMSA/menuitem.ebdc7a8a7e39f2e55cf2031050248a0c/?vgnextoid=d84ddf479bd7d110VgnVCM1000009ed07898RCRD&vgnextchannel=4f347fd9b896b110VgnVCM1000009ed07898RCRD&vgnextfmt=print





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• John Coyle, et al., Management of Transportation, Cengage Learning, 2011.

• C. James Kruse, et. al., A Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on the General Public: 2001-2009, Prepared by the Center for Ports and Waterways, Texas Transportation Institute, Houston, Texas, 2012. Prepared for the National Waterways Foundation.

• C. James Kruse, et. al., Marine Highway Transport of Toxic Inhalation Hazard Materials, National Cooperative Freight Research Program, NCFRP Report 18, Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C., 2012.

• H. Barry Spraggins, Truck v. Rail Transportation of HM, International Journal of Business Research, Vol. VII, No. 2, 2007.


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• William Tate, et al., Evaluation of the Use of Electronic Shipping Papers for Hazardous Materials Shipments, HMCRP Report 8, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2012.

• US Bureau of the Census, Census of Transportation 2007• US DOT Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety

Administration, Transportation of Hazardous Materials, 2009-2010, October 2011.

• Guidelines for Safe Warehousing of Chemicals, 1998, Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

• NFPA 55 Standard for the Storage, Use and Handling of Compressed and Liquefied Gases in Portable Cylinders, 1998 Edition, National Fire Protection Association.

• Guidelines for Safe Warehousing of Chemicals, 1998, Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

• NFPA 55 Standard for the Storage, Use and Handling of Compressed and Liquefied Gases in Portable Cylinders, 1998 Edition, National Fire Protection Association.

• Carmel, Matthew M., A Guide to OSHA Regulations on Storing and Handling Flammable and Combustible Liquids, Plant Engineering, March 18, 1982.

• Recommended Practices for Storing and Handling Hazardous Substances, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.

• American Chemical Council, Chemical/CCPA Warehouse Assessment Protocol, American Chemistry Council, June 1, 1996.

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TOOLKIT FOR Hazardous Materials Transportation Education