Toolbox for Walter Filtration - Rain Gardens

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    TOOL BOX

    Filtration

    Wtland/Swamp

    Filtration Pond

    Shallow Marsh

    Natural Vgtation

    Surfac Landscap

    Constructd Wtland

    Bio-Rtntion Swal

    Purification Biotop

    Grn Fingr

    Grn Roof

    Rain Gardn

    Vgtativ Purification Bd

    Watrscaps

    http://www.lightimprint.org/F_wetlandswamp.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_greenfinger.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_raingarden.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_raingarden.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_greenfinger.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_wetlandswamp.pdf
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    F3Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    INTRO

    DUCTION

    Filtration

    t u f c

    fu w ul -

    c cu f cc

    y -

    . p cz, ucl,

    c w

    have runo fltered by techniques

    wll uc u, ullu

    w. my cu w

    fltration processes involve the use

    f x, ly clcl

    ccl

    ul ul c

    uu y.

    The goal o the fltration tools in

    L i c ul

    y w l lcy,

    while also fnding a place or new

    y -

    ate choices. The expensive fltration

    l cclly fl

    u z f c.

    There the cost can be justifed by

    y.

    L l c-

    ries, fltration tools can also serve

    cc w y wll

    . r

    c uful ulc fu;green fngers can be very active

    . Wc c

    uful c l u

    plazas. There are many fltration

    c l x

    successul in improving water quality

    w ul ul -

    .

    TOOL BOX

    Filtration

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    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F4

    sUrFaC

    eLandsCape

    natUra

    Lvegetation

    shaLLoWma

    rsh

    F

    iLtration

    pond

    W

    etLand/sWamp

    green

    rooF

    green

    Finger

    pUriFiCation

    biot

    ope

    bio-retention

    sWaLe

    Const

    rUCtedWetLand

    vegetativepUriFiCatio

    nbed

    raingarden

    WatersCapes

    http://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_wetlandswamp.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_wetlandswamp.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_wetlandswamp.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_wetlandswamp.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_wetlandswamp.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_wetlandswamp.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_wetlandswamp.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_wetlandswamp.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_wetlandswamp.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_wetlandswamp.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_wetlandswamp.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_wetlandswamp.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_wetlandswamp.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_greenfinger.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_greenfinger.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_greenfinger.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_greenfinger.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_greenfinger.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_greenfinger.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_greenfinger.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_greenfinger.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_greenfinger.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_greenfinger.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_greenfinger.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_grassedcellularconcrete.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_grassedcellularconcrete.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_grassedcellularconcrete.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_grassedcellularconcrete.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_grassedcellularconcrete.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_grassedcellularconcrete.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_grassedcellularconcrete.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_grassedcellularconcrete.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_grassedcellularconcrete.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_grassedcellularconcrete.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_grassedcellularconcrete.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_grassedcellularconcrete.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_raingarden.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_raingarden.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_raingarden.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_raingarden.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_raingarden.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_raingarden.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_raingarden.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_raingarden.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_raingarden.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_raingarden.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_waterscapes.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_waterscapes.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_waterscapes.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_waterscapes.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_waterscapes.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_waterscapes.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_waterscapes.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_waterscapes.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_waterscapes.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_waterscapes.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_waterscapes.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_waterscapes.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_raingarden.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_grassedcellularconcrete.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_constructedwetland.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_bioretentionswale.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_purificationbiotope.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_greenfinger.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_wetlandswamp.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_filtrationpond.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_shallowmarsh.pdfhttp://www.lightimprint.org/F_surfacelandscape.pdf
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    NATUR

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    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F5

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    NATUR

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    FILTRATION

    F7

    I. Wtland/Swamp

    t-Z: t1, t2 sl: Fl

    C : $ sl: g

    mc: Lw Cl: Cl, t, h

    mly W, W

    A. DscriptionWl ully w

    l ylcl c. t l f w-

    l w y clly u u l

    w; y c w llw ly f w

    u f fll . vu y

    f wl w clu: , l w,

    pocosins, and wetats. They may all be considered part o con-

    ul . suc ul y clf u w ll xy u f w

    . Wl c ccu y f c. s

    w w l cl ufc. o y

    ccu l l f w.

    B. UsWl l f c w

    quality. Runo rom urban areas oten contains toxins, bacteria,

    u. Fl u wl c ffc-

    tive water purifcation. Sediment in the runo is trapped in thewl, l cl w wwy. t cl,

    fltered water benefts both aquatic ecosystems and supplies o

    drinking water. Wetlands oer natural solutions to water quality

    u wu u cy.

    C. CostA natural wetland requires no additional cost, other than a

    l c .

    D. Maintnanca ully ccu wl ll -

    c.

    e. RsourcsC Cll mcl o. C

    uc Wl

    sul Lc. nw Y: J Wly & s, ic., 1999:

    82-86. 82-86.

    d guf, J a, s h C, rc axl. i o sw t sy:

    Cuc Wl. Uy f m: ex

    sc, 2002.

    n Cl d f Cl m. Wl: t Fuc

    vlu Cl n Cl. rl, n Cl:

    d f el nul ruc (12 dc

    2001).

    Wetland/Swamp

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    N

    ATURAL

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    FILTRATION

    F8

    Wetland/Swamp

    t1 - Wl/sw - e il, sC

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    FILTRATION

    F9

    Wetland/Swampt1 - Wl/sw - aly, b

    t2 - Wl/sw - h, sC

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    FILTRATION

    F10

    Wetland/Swamp

    t2 - Wl/sw - tul, ok

    t2 - Wl/sw - tul, ok

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    FILTRATION

    F11

    II. Filtration Pond

    t-Z: t1, t2 sl: Fl

    C : $$ sl: p, mu, g

    mc: mu Cl: Cl, t, h

    mly W, W

    A. DscriptionFl cu

    w. ty c f ly f l

    c f f w

    impounded. Oten, aquatic plants are planted on the pond oor.

    sw lwly cl u l. t

    w l cu ycl llu uc , ,

    l, y l, . s xc l u-

    y l ly.

    B. UsFl , yclly ul cc,

    f w ul c z, t1 t2. sc y

    somewhat expensive to build and maintain, fltration ponds should be

    clly lc cu xu u f w. a wll

    maintained fltration pond can serve as a neighborhood amenity.

    C. CostFiltration ponds require some inrastructure to work properly.

    t y clu l f l cl,

    wll f l. a uu cl

    system or fltered water is necessary when there is a high volume

    f w w l c .

    Inrastructure costs make fltration ponds somewhat expensive

    cuc. if clly lc, f -

    fucu c c ff y uc f w

    cyc y.

    D. MaintnancFiltration ponds require regular maintenance to ensure e-

    ectiveness. The sand and gravel used as flter material must

    cl ulu f . v

    requires maintenance or unctional and aesthetic purposes.

    e. RsourcsCy f al-sw Uly d. sw

    p. al, tx: 2008.

    FiltrationPond

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    FILTRATION

    F12

    Filtratio

    nPond

    t2 - Fl p - h, sC

    t2 - Fl p - h, sC

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    FILTRATION

    F13

    Shallo

    wMarsh

    III. Shallow Marsh

    t-Z: t1, t2, t3 sl: Fl

    C : $ sl: g

    mc: mu Cl: Cl, t, h

    W

    A. DscriptionShallow marsh fltration systems use a method similar to wetlands.

    W cl lwly u ,

    c f w. nully cu llw

    y c c f ul . Cuc

    llw u clcul w l c;

    w, llw c ly c .

    B. Ust xz llu l, llw u

    lw-ly w fly w l clx -

    cl fu. t y c y u

    ; f, f t4, t5, t6.

    C. CostNaturally occurring shallow marshes require little upront

    cost. A constructed shallow marsh fltration system is comparable

    f cuc wl.

    D. MaintnancNaturally occurring shallow marshes require little maintenance

    l clcc f

    . a cuc llw u

    manner as a constructed wetland. Water quality and water level o

    llw u ully. al,

    f llw u y ul w

    l lc. sllw l u clly

    u cc lc f l y.

    e. RsourcsC Cll mcl o. C

    uc Wl

    sul Lc. nw Y: J Wly & s, ic.,

    1999: 82-86.

    rc a. Cly, J., p.e. Ccl C f succful

    pl, d, Cuc, mc f sw

    Best Management Practices. Washington, DC: U. S. EPA, Ofce o

    Wl, oc W (4 Fuy 2003).

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    FILTRATION

    F14

    Shallow

    Marsh

    t1 - sllw m - C, sC

    t1 - sllw m - C, sC

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    FILTRATION

    F15

    Natur

    alVegetation

    IV. Natural Vgtation

    t-Z: t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6 sl: s, m, Fl

    C : $ sl: p, mu, g

    mc: Lw Cl: Cl, t, h

    dy, mly W, W

    A. Dscriptionnul y x, ully ccu l

    l. i c c l lc c

    fcly lcl c. r y f l

    are the frst to absorb water rom runo, natural drainage, or rain.

    The plants flter out some impurities beore the water percolates

    l. nul c c

    c f ul .

    B. UsNatural vegetation is a specialized and site-specifc tool; it can

    only be utilized where it naturally occurs. It essentially defnes T1,

    ul c z. nul ul -

    served and utilized where possible in all subsequent zones. It may

    be used in conjunction with other tools, such as a green fnger

    ul . nul y l c

    an overland fltration device. Similar to surace landscape, the

    f ul ff z.

    Even the most urban locations, however, beneft rom this tool.

    C. CostThis naturally occurring tool is ree at the onset. The fnal

    c f c ul y lu

    f ul l.

    D. MaintnancNatural vegetation requires little to no maintenance. It may

    require some pruning and trimming in more urban areas.

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    FILTRATION

    F16

    NaturalVeg

    etation

    t1 - nul v - syll, md

    t2- nul v - m. Lul, aL

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    FILTRATION

    F17

    t2- nul v - C, nC

    Natur

    alVegetation

    t4- nul v - s, FL

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    FILTRATION

    F18

    t4- nul v - ry bc, FL

    NaturalVeg

    etation

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    FILTRATION

    F19

    Surfa

    ceLandscape

    V. Surfac Landscap

    t-Z: t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6 sl: m, Fl

    C : $ sl: p, mu, g

    mc: mu Cl: Cl, t, h

    dy, mly W, W

    A. Dscriptionsufc lc y l cly

    over soil with no subterranean fltration system. Typical examples

    include grass, shrubs, ower beds, and trees. The root systems o

    these plants are the frst to absorb water rom runo, drainage,

    or rain. They flter out some o the impurities beore the water

    cl l.

    B. UsSurace landscape is a diverse overland fltration tool. It is used

    uu c z. t ul lc y

    clly l. i u u, uly

    fly f l wll c. i u t5 t6

    z, ufc l y lc cl ufc

    f ul, c l x .

    sufc lc clly f cll

    w l. F xu ffc,

    l lc ul .

    C. Costt l c f ufc lc y

    and maturity o plants used. I the quality o the existing soil is

    , y l c f ul f l.

    D. Maintnancsufc lc lly x ; w-

    , c l lc. W c

    used, weeding and watering are usually required until the plantsc l.

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    N

    ATURAL

    T1

    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F20

    SurfaceLandscape

    t3 - sufc Lc - m. Lul, aL

    t4 - sufc Lc - r, ily

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    NATUR

    AL

    T1

    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F21

    Surfa

    ceLandscape

    t5 - sufc Lc - r, ily

    t5 - sufc Lc - r, ily

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    ATURAL

    T1

    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F22

    SurfaceLandscape

    t5 - sufc Lc -

    r, ily

    t5 - sufc Lc -

    s, ga

    t6 - sufc Lc - r, ily

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    NATUR

    AL

    T1

    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F23

    VI. Constructd Wtland

    t-Z: t2, t3 sl: Fl

    C : $$$ sl: p, mu, g

    mc: mu Cl: Cl, t, h

    mly W, W

    A. DscriptionWl ully w u l-

    ylcl c. a cuc wl c c f ul wl ycl . a c-uc wl l y clly u u l w; y c w llw lyf w u f fll .

    Wl c c y f c. s yly w w cllc. o c

    c w w l cl ufc.A third type can be beneath the surace. This sub-surace ow

    wl u ly llw w ow slowly beneath the surace. There the roots o wetland plants

    u ly w help flter the remaining.

    B. UsCuc wl l c ffc, -

    termediate step or protecting water quality. Runo rom urban

    f c x, c, l. s uff cuc wl, l clwater to enter waterways. The cleaner, fltered water benefts both

    aquatic ecosystems and supplies o drinking water.

    m cuc wl l scale to serve as a water treatment acility. Sub-surace ow

    wl c u ll cl c pedestrian trafc, such as parks. They are integrated systems

    c l ully ccu wl. C-uc wl c c cuy y wl uc

    stormwater sheet ow and collecting sediment.

    C. Costa cuc wl c u cuc

    phase than other man-made water fltrations systems, such as a

    typical sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Within a couple o months,

    c f c f sbr y xc lwc f c f cuc wl

    ccl cc.

    D. Maintnanca cuc wl u ly uu

    its lie. As part o the general operation, both the water quality

    w ll f cuc wl u ul . dc c w ll c ul l c u. F l y, y cy ly. t cuc wl u l won a regular basis to to maximize capacity and ow.

    Const

    ructedWetland

    Cu

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    ATURAL

    T1

    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F24

    e. RsourcsC Cll mcl o. Cuc Wl

    sul Lc. nw Y: J Wly & s, ic.,

    1999: 82-86.

    d guf, J a, s h C,

    rc axl. i o sw t sy:

    Cuc Wl. Uy f m: exsc, 2002.

    n Cl d f Cl m. Wl: t

    Fuc vlu Cl n Cl. rl,

    n Cl: d f el nul

    ruc (12 dc 2001).

    ConstructedW

    etland

    t3 - Cuc Wl - h, sC

    t3 - Cuc Wl - h, sC

    Cu

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    NATUR

    AL

    T1

    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F25

    Bio-retentionSwale

    VII. Bio-rtntion Swal

    t-Z: t2, t3 sl: m, Fl

    C : $$ sl: p, mu, g

    mc: mu Cl: Cl, t, h

    mly W, W

    A. DscriptionBio-retention swales mimic the fltration properties o natural

    . ty l c yclly lc jc

    u uc w

    sheet ow. The swale consists o a layer o sand beneath the soil

    l w c. t f

    porosity o the naturally occurring soil. Stormwater is fltered by

    u . t w l

    cl llu, uc , , l, yl, yc, . ty l

    l u.

    B. UsBio-retention swales have a rural character. They require

    wu cu. ty t2

    t3 c z jc u .

    ty ul clly lc cu xu

    u f u ufc uff. ty l c u

    flter overow runo rom landscaped areas, such as lawns. Bio- wl ul u c c

    ulc l. ty ul l -

    . b- wl

    kc l lc w l c f

    c cl ufc.

    C. Costill c f - wl ly x-

    pensive. They require excavation, subterranean layers o sand,and specifcally selected plants. The use o indigenous vegetation

    y lw c. i , c c ff y

    uc f w cyc y.

    D. MaintnancBio-retention swales require regular maintenance and inspec-

    fllw l u f fll. t ly u

    cl ul u f . t l f

    u l ; l ul lc cy u fc f wl.

    e. Rsourcsnw Jy sw b m pcc mul.

    C 9.1 (Fuy 2004). nw Jy d f

    el pc. .

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    ATURAL

    T1

    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F26

    Bio-retention

    Swale

    t3 - b- swl - Cl L, ok - dl

    t3 - b- swl - Cl L, ok - dl

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    NATUR

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    RURAL

    T2

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    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F27

    t3 - b- swl - Cl L, ok

    Bio-retentionSwale

    t3 - b- swl flw

    ul - Cl L, ok

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    N

    ATURAL

    T1

    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F28

    t3 - b- swl - pl, or

    Bio-retention

    Swale

    t3 - b- swl flw ul u y

    u - Cl L - dl

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    NATUR

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    RURAL

    T2

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    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F29

    PurificationBiotope

    VIII. PurifcationBiotope

    t-Z: t2, t3, t4 sl: s, m, Fl

    C : $$$ sl: p, mu, g

    mc: h Cl: Cl, t, h

    dy, mly W, W

    A. Dscriptiona cy. t w u

    l c fcl w f c

    plants and animals. A purifcation biotope is an artifcially created

    f w f c l c cl

    stormwater. Water ows into the biotope and circulates through it

    y y y f u. t l l,

    along with layers o sand and gravel, flter the water. The water

    llw c u, cllc cl uc wll c.

    B. UsPurifcation biotopes should be used where natural vegetation

    is not an option. They are exible in nature and can look natural or

    f c w fu. ty

    t2 u t4 c z, u c wll

    ff y z. ty w wll l , ul

    y w ccul. ty l

    c f ll lz .

    C. CostPurifcation biotopes are a relatively new, expensive tool in

    stormwater management. Certain siting techniques, such as using

    w l y, y ll c. t

    c l . b c wu

    u (l ) z c f

    ul c llw.

    D. MaintnancPurifcation biotopes are expensive to maintain. The pump

    systems require regular maintenance. Sand and gravel flters need

    cl clly l fc. t

    plants, even when native species are used, require maintenance

    ul y c l.

    e. Rsourcsh dl d gu. nw Wc

    : pl,

    bul d w W. b: bu, 2001.

    sw r, rl C e. J ml. Cluu,

    o: mcgw-hll, 1995.

    b.C. Wl J Wl. gw Cl W: nu

    sllu W pllu. pcyu, m: Wl

    el sc, 2001.

    m. sclz. Wl sy Cl U ruff. oxf, Uk:

    el scc, 2006.

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    NATUR

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    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F31

    Green

    Finger

    IX. Grn Fingr

    t-Z: t2, t3, t4, t5, t6 sl: s, m, Fl

    C : $ sl: p, mu, g

    mc: Lw Cl: Cl, t, h

    dy, mly W, W

    A. DscriptionA green fnger is an extension o a naturally occurring land-

    c uz . ty xcll f

    c ul . ty y x

    y ul uu ,

    intervention, such as a greenway. Green fngers usually ollow an

    x ul uc c l xz

    natural fltration capabilities.

    Green fngers may be a combination o natural vegetation andufc lc. ty cc uff f u ufc

    and are a type o overland fltration device. Root systems o the

    plants flter some o the bacteria, sediment, and nutrients beore

    w y l.

    B. UsGreen fngers typically originate as natural vegetation in the

    t1 c z w uy cc l

    ul l . ty x u

    f c z. ty y u c f , ul ul, f cc-

    tions. They are especially eective or fltration when located

    l ully ccu w .

    C. CostGreen fngers are inexpensive when native species are used.

    When they occur naturally, they are ree fltration devices that

    c c y.

    D. MaintnancGreen fngers require little to no maintenance when native

    c u. tycl u, w,

    w y cy ul ufc lc f

    green fnger becomes established. Any natural area adjacent to

    l ly f c c

    l l.

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    N

    ATURAL

    T1

    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F32

    t3 - g F - h, sC

    Green

    Finger

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    NATUR

    AL

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    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F33

    Green

    Finger

    t3 - g F - h, sC

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    ATURAL

    T1

    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F34

    t3 - g F - vll, nC

    Green

    Finger

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    NATUR

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    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F35

    Green

    Finger

    t3 - g F - al p, FL

    t5 - g F - h, sC

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    N

    ATURAL

    T1

    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F36

    t6 - g F - r, ily

    t6 - g F - vcu, C

    Green

    Finger

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    NATUR

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    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F37

    Green

    Roof

    X. Grn Roof

    t-Z: t2, t3, t4, t5, t6 sl: s, m, Fl

    C : $$$ sl: p, mu, g

    mc: mu Cl: Cl, t, h

    dy, mly W, W

    A. Dscriptionsucu w f ully c cu w

    l ll. ty l w

    l cu fll yclly u

    areas. The building produces less sheet ow to be managed at

    u ll. i , y c f f cuy,

    u cl, ccul c, c.

    B. Usbcu f ul ul,

    f u t2, t3, t4, t5, t6 c z.

    A roo garden may be planted on a at roo or a roo with a low

    pitch. Roo gardens can use atypical gardening techniques, such

    yc. t c f uc l-

    ful c.

    C. Maintnanct u f f l f l

    clu l c. pl lc u

    u c lc f cl.

    D. Costt c f f c f

    a roo. The structure requires additional support or the weight

    f l. t f u wf

    u w l ucu.

    e. Rsourcsn b. t dw g U C. plz.

    (26 July 2006).

    U.s. el pc acy. g rf (W,

    dC: Usepa, h il effc, oc. 2007). < ://www..

    /l//f.l>

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    T1

    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F38

    t4 - g rf - ol, FL

    Gree

    nRoof

    t4 - g rf - pl, or

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    T2

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    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F39

    Green

    Roof

    t3 - g rf - F, scl

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    T1

    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F41

    RainG

    arden

    XI. Rain Gardn

    t-Z: t3, t4 sl: m, Fl

    C : $$ sl: mu, g

    mc: mu Cl: Cl, t, h

    mly W, W

    A. Dscriptiona ully ccu

    that temporarily retains water. It is planted with specifc vegeta-

    tion to flter water beore it percolates back into the ground.

    t f c w l l

    also flters some metals, phosphates, sediment and debris rom the

    w f l. t f l

    l w u ccl fu w.

    n c f f f u-lly lcl cl.

    B. Usr l f c,

    specifcally in the T3 and T4 zones. They are appropriate on

    lc cl. r

    . ty ul lc cllc -

    uff, u y c cllc l lu

    f cy. W cl ccly, y y c

    wl f u w uc w. ty wwll w y y c c-

    f lc. r ulc y w

    lc w ulc c f y u. i wy,

    y c, c f u cc f

    c.

    C. Costr ly x ll. muc f

    l c x l. sy l

    base and require little excavation as they absorb water rapidly.

    Denser soils such as clay require more excavation and the addition

    f l. Cly l lll

    in rain gardens with the addition o pine fnes.

    D. Maintnancr y u l c.

    They require more maintenance during periods o heavy rainall.

    Periodic replacement o the mulch and soil on the garden oor is

    necessary to ensure fltering o the pollutants. Plants may occa-lly lc, u u f u l l

    this signifcantly.

    e. RsourcsWll F. hu ncy W. U Wwy: d r

    g (b-r a). n Cl C

    ex sc (Ju 2001). .

    Cu

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    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F42

    W mc el ac Cucl. r g f W

    mc. g r, mc: 2000-2008. .

    RainGarden

    t4 - r g - pc, Co

    t3 - r g - Lc, tn

    Cu

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    NATUR

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    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F43

    RainG

    arden

    t3 - r g - L alu, ok

    t3 - r g - dl

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    NATUR

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    T1

    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F45

    XII.VegetativePurifcationBed

    t-Z: t3, t4, t5 sl: m, Fl

    C : $$ sl: mu, g

    mc: mu Cl: Cl, t, W

    mly W, W

    A. DscriptionA vegetative purifcation bed treats and stores stormwater.

    t f cyclcl w y

    purifed water at the end o the process. A combination o plant

    material, sand fltration, and cycling water through the media

    purifes the water in the bed.

    B. Us

    t l u f w c w cl fly lw. ty u l

    u f c. t c u

    stormwater beore it reaches a drip irrigation feld or becomes

    f y f ww.

    C. Coste u ccl c f

    complicated, they can be costly. The system requires careul

    monitoring and proper installation. Installation also requires ad-

    l fucu c wll. exc

    c y y .

    D. MaintnancVegetative purifcation beds require some maintenance be-

    cu f ccl c. t , l, , w

    returns, pumps, and ow must all work properly or water to be

    treated. The two most important maintenance requirements are

    preventing the growth o weedy, woody plants and ushing the

    fu y.

    e. Rsourcsh dl d gu. nw Wc: pl,

    bul d w W. b: bu, 2001.

    66-67, 94-97.

    VegetativePurificationBe

    d

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    ATURAL

    T1

    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F46

    t5 - v pufc b - pl, or

    VegetativePurific

    ationBed

    t3 - v pufc b - pl, or

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    RURAL

    T2

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    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    URBAN

    CORe

    T6

    Light imprint handbook version 1.3

    FILTRATION

    F47

    XIII. Watrscaps

    t-Z: t4, t5, t6 sl: s, m, Fl

    C : $$$ sl: p, mu, g

    mc: h Cl: Cl, t, h

    dy, mly W, W

    A. Dscriptiona wc y f, l, f l

    used to manipulate the ow o water. Many waterscapes involve

    changes in elevation and direction o water ow. Ideally or Light

    i u, wc wll c ul -

    y. n l l uc

    y. W

    waterscape is fltered by one method or by several methods used in

    c. o u f ul . a f w u ff l l l

    ulc llu. e clx y l

    aeration; some depend on the introduction o natural or artifcially

    w c. t c f l -

    signers with much exibility.

    B. UsWc uully clly llfully .

    They can be used to meander through spaces or to defne them.

    They are oten the ocal point o civic spaces and squares. Manyc ly f cl. Wc -

    u c z, t4 u t6, u

    cc c lc. ty l -

    l f u ly l . sc

    the movement aerates the water, they provide fltration o the

    w cllc.

    ally, wc c u cl w

    to storage. A sub-surace ow wetland, described in the con-

    uc wl c y f wc ccu

    ly uu. t c u u c l .

    C. CostL l f wc f x;

    c l fc. W wc ,

    y c lu f y jc. Wc y

    c f y jc, u w u ccly,

    l c f cu.

    D. MaintnancWaterscapes require regular maintenance or both aesthetic

    and fltration purposes. The cost and regularity o the mainte-

    nance depends on the complexity o the design and fltration sys-

    . v u c c, u u f

    native species reduces this need signifcantly. Any fltration device,

    whether it is sand, gravel, or textile liner, requires periodic clean-

    Water

    scapes

    Cu

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    48/48

    N

    ATURAL

    T1

    RURAL

    T2

    SUB-URBAN

    T3

    GeNeRAL

    URBAN

    T4

    URBAN

    CeNTeR

    T5

    AN e

    FILTRATION cl. m clx ccl yl ul cl c.

    e. Rsourcsh dl d gu. nw Wc: pl,

    bul d w W. b: bu, 2001.

    Waterscapes

    Cu