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First People in Americas Scientist believe the first people arrived in North America from Asia Freezing temperatures of the Ice Age created huge glaciers Ocean temperatures fell Bering Strait became dry forming a “land bridge” called Beringia Asian peoples crossed “land bridge” between Asia and Alaska They were hunter-gatherers
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Tonkawa ~ Apache ~ Comanche ~ Kiowa Coahuiltecan ~
Karankawa
Native Texas Cultures Caddo ~ Wichita Tonkawa ~ Apache ~ Comanche ~
Kiowa Jumano ~ Tigua Coahuiltecan ~ Karankawa First People in
Americas
Scientist believe the first people arrived in NorthAmerica from
Asia Freezing temperatures of the Ice Age created hugeglaciers
Ocean temperatures fell Bering Strait became dry forming a land
bridge calledBeringia Asian peoples crossed land bridge between
Asia andAlaska They were hunter-gatherers First People in
Americas
In 1492, Christopher Columbus thought he reached apart of Asia
called the Indies Named the people he met Indians Today, we call
them Native Americans The Early Cultures How do we study past
cultures?
Archeologists-scientists who study and learn aboutpast cultures
from artifacts they find How were Indian cultures organized? Bands
consist of two or more extended familiesthat lived together under
one leader. What is an extended family? Tribes multiple bands who
follow the same leaderand share the same territory and culture.
Southeastern Tribes Wichita Caddo THE CADDO Region: Coastal Plains
Piney Woods Area
Housing: Large, Cone-Shaped Houses in Villages Could hold 8-10
families Decorated with colorful rugs, baskets, and pottery
Clothing: Deerskin (tanned to a deep black) andBuffalo Hide (in
winter) Tools/Weapons: Bow and Arrow THE CADDO Unique
Characteristics: Organized into confederacies
Clay Pottery Farming/Hunting/Gathering Contributed to Texas
agriculture Tay-yas Friends Most Advanced Culture THE WICHITA
Region: North Central Plains
Housing: Tipis (nomads), Grass Huts Clothing: Deerskin and Buffalo
Hide Tools/Weapons: Horses for hunting from Kiowas Unique
Characteristics: Shorter and Darker Raccoon Eyes Tattoos Farmers
Plains Tribes Kiowa Comanche Apache Lipan- Tonkawa THE TONKAWA
Region: Coastal Plains Housing: Tipis (nomads)
Clothing: Buffalo Hide Tools/Weapons: Used buffalo to make tools
and weapons;Bow and Arrow Unique Characteristics: Became hunters
and gatherersafter being pushed East from Comanches and Lipan-
Apaches Friendly tribe THE LIPAN-APACHE Region: Great
Plains/Coastal Plains
Housing: Tipis (nomads) Clothing: Deerskin and Buffalo Hide
Tools/Weapons: Used buffalo to make tools and weapons;Bow and Arrow
Unique Characteristics: Among the first to ride horses up to 100
miles per day Some Farming THE COMANCHE Region: Great Plains
Housing: Tipis (nomads)
Clothing: Buffalo Hide Tools/Weapons: Used buffalo to make tools
and weapons;Bow and Arrow Unique Characteristics: ENTIRE way of
life depended onthe buffalo Pemmican Known as warriors of the
plains THE KIOWAS Geographic Location: Great Plains
Types of Housing: Tipis (nomads) Types of Clothing: Buffalo Hide
Tools/Weapons: Used buffalo to make tools/weapons;Bow and Arrow
Unique Characteristics: Sun Dance Unity Became allies with
Comanches Pueblo Tribes Tigua Jumano THE JUMANO Region: Mountains
and Basins Small portion of Great Plains
Housing: Adobe Housing (Pueblos) Many families lived in each Pueblo
Clothing: Capes and Ponchos Tools/Weapons: Farmers/Farming Tools
THE JUMANO Unique Characteristics: Men did most of the
farming
Skilled Traders Striped People - horizontal FIRST to have horses
THE TIGUAS Region: Mountains and Basins
Housing: Adobe Housing (Pueblos) Shelters in the fields Kiva tribal
council meetings Clothing: Capes and Ponchos Tools/Weapons: Farming
Tools THE TIGUAS Unique Characteristics:
Oldest group of Native Americans still living inTexas today tiny
reservation in El Paso Western Gulf Tribes Coahuiltecan Karankawa
THE COAHUILTECANS Region: Coastal Plains
Housing: Dome-shaped huts covered with reed matsand animal hides
Independent bands Very mobile Clothing: Little clothing
Breechcloths and sandals Tools/Weapons: Bow and Arrow Pits to catch
javelinas (wild pigs) Fires THE COAHUILTECANS Unique
Characteristics: Hunter-gatherers
Ate many things: snakes, snails, insects, spiders, ROTTEN WOOD,
Plants THE KARANKAWAS Region: Coastal Plains Housing:
Lean-To/Hut
Held 8 People Easy to move Clothing: Deer Skin or Spanish Moss
Tools/Weapons: Long Bow and Arrow THE KARANKAWAS Unique
Characteristics: Ceremonial cannibalism
Fishing, hunting and gathering wild plants Dugout canoes from tree
trunks Tallest Indians 6 ft TEXAS INDIANS TODAY 100,000 Native
Americans live in Texas today
3 Tribes Tigua in El Paso Alabama-Coushatta in East Texas Kickapoo
near Eagle Pass Most bands settled on reservations in Oklahoma