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XVI International Silage Conference, Hämeenlinna, Finland, July 2012 Opportunities for reducing environmental emissions from foragebased dairy farms Tom Misselbrook 1 , Agustin Del Prado 2 and David Chadwick 1 1 Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon UK 2 BC 3 , Basque Centre for Climate Change, Bilbao, Spain

Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

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Page 1: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

XVI International Silage Conference, Hämeenlinna, Finland, July 2012

Opportunities for reducing environmental emissions from forage‐based dairy farmsg y

Tom Misselbrook1, Agustin Del Prado2 and David Chadwick1

1Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon UK2BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change, Bilbao, Spain

Page 2: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Overview Introduction – Environmental impacts of dairy farms

Emissions to the atmosphereE i i t d d f tEmissions to ground and surface water

Potential mitigation methods Farm‐scale modelling Conclusions

Page 3: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

IntroductionGro ing global demand for foodGrowing global demand for food

Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, medium variant (2011). Reay et al., 2012, Nature Climate Change 2, 410-416

Environmental impacts of food production

ENVIRONMENT PRODUCTION

SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION

Page 4: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Environmental impacts

Pollution to air Pollution to water

Diffuse pollution

Soil degradation Loss of biodiversity Loss of biodiversity Loss of landscape value

Page 5: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Pollution to air

Greenhouse gases – methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide

Ammonia

Non‐methane volatile organic compounds

Page 6: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Greenhouse gasesImpacts:Global warming

Importance:Globally agriculture contributes 10‐12% (IPCC 4th Assessment Report)

K CH N O d CO GWPKey gases CH4, N2O and CO2; GWP values of 25, 297 and 1

S

Stocker and Plattner, Copenhagen Dec 2009, www.ipcc.ch/presentations_and_speeches

Sources:Enteric fermentation by ruminants (CH4)Rice cultivation (CH )Rice cultivation (CH4)Manure management (CH4, N2O)Soils (N2O)( 2 )Fuel use (CO2)

Page 7: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

AmmoniaImpacts:EutrophicationA idifi iAcidificationParticulate formationIndirect GHGIndirect GHG

Importance:Globally agriculture contributes c. 80%

Sources:Livestock manuresGra ing

PM2.5  BAU 2020, loss in life expectancyIIASA, 2008 Grazing

Fertiliser applications

Page 8: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Non‐methane volatile organic compoundsImpacts:Photochemical production of ground‐level ozone

Importance:From agriculture – uncertaingIncreasing requirements for accurate reporting

Cutting and drying of grass a potentially  important source?

Page 9: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Pollution to water Nitrate Ammonium Phosphorus Sediments Pathogens Organic carbong

Haygarth (2005): “source‐mobilisation‐delivery‐impact” model 

Page 10: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Potential mitigation methods

Livestock health

Di t i l ti Dietary manipulation

Crop nutrient management Crop nutrient management

Grazing management

Genetic potential

Examples using a farm‐scale model in the context of a dairy farm

Page 11: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Farm scale dairy model

N and P flows, transformations and losses from the soil‐plant‐animal system

Emissions of CH4

Animal requirements and performance

Farm economics

Oth tt ib t f t i bilit Other attributes of sustainability

Del Prado et al., (2011) Science of the Total EnvironmentDel Prado et al., (2011) Science of the Total Environment

Page 12: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Outputs from SIMSDAIRY

2.0average N

Mil QMilk quality

POLLUTANTS OTHER SUSTAINABILITY ATTRIBUTES

0 8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

CH4/haaverage P

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0Mil Q

Biodivk€/L milk Biodiversity

[Nitrate]

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

[ Phosphorus]0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

N2O/haNox/haLandscapee LANDSCAPE

Animal Welfare+health

NH3/haGWP/haSoil QSoil quality

Del Prado et al., (2009) J. Agric. Sci.

Page 13: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Potential mitigation methods

Page 14: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Livestock health h l h f l l l l Improved health and fertility gives lower production losses and lower 

emission intensity per unit product

25Replacements

Annual methane emission for a 100 cow herd at different fertility levels

20

per h

erd Cows Fertility level

A: CurrentB: 1995 levels

10

15

metha

ne p B: 1995 levels

C: ideal

5

Annu

al t m

0A B C A B C

A

6,000 l cows 9,000 l cows6,000 l cows 9,000 l cows

Garnsworthy, Animal Feed Sci Tech, 2004

Page 15: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Diet manipulation Feed additives

Largely aimed at methane reductionSeveral potential, but effects may be short‐livedp , y

Matching N and P requirementsOften fed in excessOften fed in excessO’Rourke: 43% reduction in P intake gave 63%  reduction in excretionLower crude protein content diets, e.g. maize silage

Protecting N from rumen degradationInclusion of tannins or polyphenols in diet

Grazing sward compositionHigh sugar grassesHigh sugar grassesClovers/other legumes (polyphenols and tannins)

Page 16: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Dietary protein level and form

Cattle slurry applied to soils

5

6N

m-2

)

Protein level Protein form

4

sion

(g N

2

3

a em

iss

0

1

Amm

oni

0CP 19% CP 14% Alfalfa Lotus LT Lotus HT

A

Misselbrook et al, J Dairy Sci, 2005

Page 17: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

SIMSDAIRY Diet Manipulation: HSG and Low CP Scenarios

• Methane EF per kg DMI modified (recentresults from sheep)

HSG

• Production and N excretion modified(Miller et al., 2001)

• Reseeding frequency same for HSG and g q yconventional

M i f ff t il• Maize grown on farm – offset grass silage• Diet change for dairy cows only• Decreased concentrate CP intake

-CP/+MAIZE

Page 18: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

70 %

SIMSDAIRY Diet Manipulation: HSG and Low CP Scenarios

60 %

70 %

HSG – ‘win‐win’Maize – trade‐offs

40 %

50 %

chan

ge Maize – trade‐offs 

20 %

30 %

edic

ted

c

HSG

-CP/+maize

10 %

20 %

%pr

e -CP/+maize

-10 %

0 %

-30 %

-20 %

-30 % Output parameter

Page 19: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Crop nutrient management

Fertiliser timing, rate and typeMatching crop requirements

LegumesLess fertiliser N

InhibitorsUreaseUreaseNitrification

Manure management Manure managementMethod, timing and rate of applicationRapid incorporation

Page 20: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Application rate and timing

y = ‐19460+19450*1.00301x25000

30000

35000

40000

‐1yr

‐1Nitrous oxide emissions from f tili li d t l d t

y =‐2780+4720*1.005x

5000

10000

15000

20000

Flux, g N hafertiliser applied to grassland at 

different rates

y = 70+474*1.00812x

0

5000

0 100 200 300 400

Fertiliser applied, kg N ha‐1 yr‐1

Cae Banadl Rowden High Mowthorpe

120140160180

ed

grassland

bare fallow

rye cover crop

Cardenas et al., Agric Ecosys Env, 2010

406080100120

kg/ha N leache

Nitrate leaching from cattle 

02040

control September October November December January

k

Application timing

slurry applied at different times

Application timing

Smith and Chambers, SUM, 1993

Page 21: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Inhibitors12

8

10

1

UU+7NBPT+U

Urease inhibitor (nBPT) Very effective (50‐80%) in reducing

4

6

g N

-NH

3ha

-1d-

1Very effective (50‐80%) in reducing NH3 emissions from urea fertiliser

0

2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

kg

160 Days after applicationSanz et al., Atmos Env, 2011

120

140

160

1d-

1 )

ControlUrineUrine + DCD

Nitrification inhibitor (DCD) Very effective (50‐90%) in 60

80

100

ux (g

N2O

-N h

a-

reducing N2O emissions from urine depositions

0

20

40

aily

mea

n N

2O fl

-2006-Mar 26-Mar 15-Apr 05-May 25-May 14-JunD

a

Misselbrook, unpublished

Page 22: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

SIMSDAIRY fertiliser use scenarios

120 dairy cows, target milk yield 7120 litres, summer grazing, winter grass and maize silage

Scenarios:Conventional – recommended fertiliser application rates, no clover

Tactical – optimised fertiliser application rates and timings

Organic – no mineral fertiliser, grass‐clover, manure all applied to maize

Del Prado et al., (2011) Science of the Total Environment

Page 23: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

SIMSDAIRY fertiliser use scenarios: Outputs

0.8

1N2O

Conv

Tact

0.2

0.4

0.6

CH4NO3

Org

0

Milk quality

GHGNH3

P ll t t1

1.5

Pollutants

0

0.5 BiodiversitySoil quality

Net marginAnimal welfareOther attributes

Page 24: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Grazing management

Extended season or reduced seasonDepends on key objective and location

Potential trade‐offs between impacts

Page 25: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

SIMSDAIRY output for extended grazing scenario

Management adaptation to climate change by 2020

Trade‐off air vs. water pollution

Page 26: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Genetic potential

PlantsN uptakep

N partitioning

C sequestration

Plant composition (PUFA)

A i l AnimalsN partitioning to milk

FertilitFertility

Low enteric methane potential

Page 27: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Conclusions

There is an increasing emphasis on maximising production while minimising environmental impacts

Improved efficiency of production can deliver major mitigation benefits:mitigation benefits:Improved livestock health and fertility

Matching diet to requirementsMatching diet to requirements

Attention to the quantity, timing and method of application of nutrients to forage crops

Utilising advances made through genetic improvements

Decision support tools recommended to explore alternatives and identify optimum site‐specific practices

Page 28: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Conclusions

Further research:

Genetic improvement – livestock and plant traitsProduction and environment

Alternative forages

Cost‐effective delivery mechanisms for inhibitors

Better accounting of forage quality (and factors influencing this) in farm scale models

Page 29: Tom Misselbrook1 Agustin Del Prado and David Chadwick · –methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide Ammonia ... Manure management (CH 4,N 2 O) Soils (N 2 O) Fuel use (CO 2) Ammonia

Any questions?