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Tom FarsidesATP PAID 3: Socio-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
Socio-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
Tom FarsidesATP PAID 3: Socio-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
Lecture contents
• Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory Repertory Grids
• Rotter’s Social Learning Theory
• Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Personality System Behavioural signatures
• Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
Tom FarsidesATP PAID 3: Socio-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory
• The Psychology of Personal Constructs (1955)• Fundamental postulate:
“A person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the way in which he anticipates events.” (Kelly, 1955, p. 46)
"Man looks at his world through transparent templates which he creates and then attempts to fit over the realities of which the world is composed." (Kelly, 1955, pp.8-9)
"Constructs are used for predictions of things to come, and the world keeps on rolling on and revealing these predictions to be either correct or misleading. This fact provides the basis for the revision of constructs and, eventually, of whole construct systems." (Kelly, 1955, p.14)
Tom FarsidesATP PAID 3: Socio-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
Repertory Grids
1. Select elements (e.g., roles, self-elements)
2. Select or elicit bipolar constructs (e.g., original triad method)
3. Rate each element on each construct (e.g., 1-7)
4. Analyse ratings
CONSTRUCT (Similarity)
Self Mother Father CONSTRUCT (Contrast)
Old (7) /2 /5 /6 Young (1) Fun-loving (7) /7 /2 /6 Serious (1) Emotional (7) /5 /7 /1 Cold (1)
Tom FarsidesATP PAID 3: Socio-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
Julian Rotter’s Social Learning Theory
• Social Learning and Clinical Psychology (1954)
• Behaviour potential Likelihood of one of several possible behaviours being adopted
Behaviour potential is a function of expectancy and reinforcement value
• Expectancy Subjectively expected consequences of each possible behaviour (e.g.,
trust, locus of control of reinforcement)
• Reinforcement value Subjective evaluation of those consequences’
costs and rewards
Tom FarsidesATP PAID 3: Socio-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
Walter Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)
• Personality and Assessment (1968)
• Reviewed correlations between trait scores and behaviours, and between behaviours across (sometimes very similar) situations. Seldom found correlations above .30
Tom FarsidesATP PAID 3: Socio-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
Behavioural signatures
“Might the same person who is more caring, giving, and supportive than most people in relation to his family also be less caring and altruistic than most people in other contexts? Might these variations across situations be meaningful stable patters that characterize the person enduringly...?”
Mischel (quoted in Pervin & Johns, 1996, p. 403)
Tom FarsidesATP PAID 3: Socio-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
Intraindividual profiles for verbal and physical aggression for one person
01
2
3
-1-2
-3
01
2
3
-1-2
-3
Tom FarsidesATP PAID 3: Socio-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
• Observational learning
• Vicarious conditioning
• Self-efficacy
• Goals and standards
Tom FarsidesATP PAID 3: Socio-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
Observational Learning: Bandura (1965)
0
1
2
3
4
No incentive
Incentive
Tom FarsidesATP PAID 3: Socio-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
Vicarious conditioning
Berger (1962)• People witnessed a tone followed by the appearance of
another reacting in pain to an electric shock.• These witnesses later exhibited a conditioned emotional
response to the tone.
Mineka et al. (1984)• Rhesus monkeys developed an intense, enduring, and
generalised fear of snakes after briefly witnessing intense parental reactions to real or toy snakes.
Tom FarsidesATP PAID 3: Socio-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
The General Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwartzer)
• I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard enough.
• If someone opposes me, I can find the ways and means to get what I want.
• I am certain that I can accomplish my goals.
• I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events.
• Thanks to my resourcefulness, I can handle unforeseen situations.
• I can solve most problems if I invest the necessary effort.
• I can remain calm when facing difficulties because I can rely on my coping abilities.
• When I am confronted with a problem, I can find several solutions.
• If I am in trouble, I can think of a good solution.
• I can handle whatever comes my way.
(1) not at all true, (2) barely true, (3) moderately true, (4) exactly true
Tom FarsidesATP PAID 3: Socio-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
From Ellen McCooney’s Homepage
"I have missed more than 9000 shots in my career.
I have lost almost 300 games.
On 26 occasions I have been entrusted to take the game
winning shot... and I missed.
And I have failed over and over
and over again in my life
And that is precisely......why I SUCCEED."
- Michael Jordan