Toll-like receptors on phagocytes are directly involved in this stage of phagocytosis

A. Phagosome formation

B. Phagolysosome formation

C. Oxygen dependent killing

D. AttachmentE. elimination

Phagosome fo

rmation

Phagolysoso

me form

ation

Oxyge

n dependent killi

ng

Attachment

elimination

20% 20% 20%20%20%

Which is true about interferons?

A. Type stimulates cells to produce antiviral proteins

B. Rabbit interferon can protect human cells from viral infection

C. Type II includes alpha and beta forms

D. The antiviral interferons are prophylactic not threapeutic

Type stimulate

s cells

to ...

Rabbit interfe

ron ca

n pr...

Type II inclu

des alpha an...

The antiviral in

terfe

rons .

..

25% 25%25%25%

This complement pathway is stimulated by mannose sugars which are uncommon in human cells but typically found on bacterial cells:

A. LectinB. ClassicalC. AlternativeD. properidin

Lecti

n

Classica

l

Altern

ative

properid

in

25% 25%25%25%

Signs of this process include redness, heat, swelling, and pain

A. Complement cascade

B. InflammationC. PhagocytosisD. Type I interferonE. Type II interferon

Complement casca

de

Inflammation

Phagocyto

sis

Type I inte

rfero

n

Type II inte

rfero

n

20% 20% 20%20%20%

Inflammatory cytokines can contribute to all of these processes except:

A. Blood vessel dilationB. VasoconstrictionC. ChemotaxisD. PainE. Leukocyte

extravasation (diapedesis)

Blood vessel d

ilation

Vasoco

nstricti

on

ChemotaxisPain

Leukocy

te extra

vasa

tion ...

20% 20% 20%20%20%

A parasite-infected red blood cell could not be eliminated by a t-killer cell because:

A. The red blood cell lack MHC I receptors

B. The red blood cell lacks toll-like receptors

C. The T-killer is class II MHC restricted

D. The T-killer cell is unable to activate a B-lymphocyte

The red blood ce

ll lack

M..

The red blood ce

ll lack

s to...

The T-killer is

class

II MHC...

The T-killer c

ell is u

nable...

25% 25%25%25%

Which of the following statement is false?

A. There are less than 400 stem cell genes that code for B-cell receptors

B. The heavy chain of a B-cell receptor is coded for by V,D,J, and C genes

C. Kappa and lambda are types of heavy chains

D. A Lymphocyte can produce more than one class of antibody molecule

There are le

ss th

an 400 s...

The heavy ch

ain of a B-ce

l...

Kappa and lambda are

t...

A Lymphocy

te can pro

du..

25% 25%25%25%

This cell can serve as an antigen presenting cell:

A. MacrophageB. Dendritic cellsC. B-lymphocyteD. A and BE. All of the above

Macro

phage

Dendritic c

ells

B-lymphocy

te

A and B

All of t

he above

20% 20% 20%20%20%

This class of antibody exits in two forms: serum and secretory

A. GB. MC. ED. AE. D

G M E A D

20% 20% 20%20%20%

B-lymphocytes that bind to T-independent antigens

A. Cannot be stimulated to produce antibody

B. Must react with T-helpers to produce antibody

C. Cannot produce memory cells

D. Only produce IG-G antibody

Cannot be sti

mulated to ...

Must

react

with T-h

elper...

Cannot pro

duce m

emory ...

Only produce

IG-G

antibody

25% 25%25%25%

Diapedesis is the

A. loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.

B. production of only red blood cells.

C. production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

D. plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.

E. migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues.

loss of b

lood due to hem...

producti

on of only re

d b...

producti

on of white

bloo...

plugging o

f bro

ken vessel...

migration of white

blood...

20% 20% 20%20%20%

Which is incorrect about inflammation?

A. It can last hours to years.B. Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.C. Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction.D. Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen.E. Basophils and mast cells release histamine.

It can la

st hours

to ye

ars.

B. Pyro

gens cause

vaso

di...

C. Sero

tonin ca

uses s

moo..

D. Fever c

ould be benefici..

E. Baso

phils an

d mast

cell..

.

20% 20% 20%20%20%

Which is incorrect about complement?

A. Composed of at least 26 blood proteins

B. Only appear in the blood during a response to a pathogen

C. Act in a cascade reactionD. Involves a classical

pathwayE. Involves an alternate

pathwayCompose

d of at le

ast 26 ...

Only appear

in the blood...

Act in a ca

scade re

action

Involves a

classi

cal p

athway

Involves a

n altern

ate pa...

20% 20% 20%20%20%

Juan has influenza and has aches, pains and a fever. His mother, a

physician, tells him to take an antipyretic. What is she telling him to take?

A. An antibiotic, like erythromycin

B. An antiviral drug, like TamifluC. An antihistamineD. Acetaminophen, like Tylenol, or aspirinE. Herbal tea with honey

An antibiotic, lik

e eryth...

B. An antivir

al dru

g, like...

C. An antihist

amine

D. Ace

taminophen, li

ke ...

E. Herb

al tea w

ith honey

20% 20% 20%20%20%

The contribution of B cells is mainly in

A. inflammation.B. humoral immunity.C. complement

activity.D. cell mediated

immunity.E. phagocytosis.

inflammation.

humoral immunity

.

complement a

ctivit

y.

cell m

ediated immunity

.

phagocyto

sis.

20% 20% 20%20%20%

Helper T cells

A. secrete antibodies.B. function in allergic

reactions.C. directly destroy target

cells.D. suppress immune

reactions.E. activate B cells and

other T cells. se

crete

antibodies.

functi

on in alle

rgic r

eact...

directl

y destroy t

arget c

ells.

suppre

ss im

mune reacti

ons.

activate B ce

lls and oth

er..

17% 17% 17%17%17%17%

Class II MHC genes code for

A. certain secreted complement components.

B. self receptors recognized by natural killer cells.

C. all HLA antigens.D. receptors located primarily

on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.

E. All of the choices are correct.

ce

rtain se

crete

d comple...

self r

ecepto

rs re

cognize

d...

all HLA

antigens.

rece

ptors

locate

d primari.

.

All of t

he choice

s are

cor..

.

17% 17% 17%17%17%17%

The region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is very different from one clone of B lymphocytes to another is the

A. variable region.B. joining region.C. constant region.D. light region.E. hinge region.

variable re

gion.

joining regio

n.

consta

nt region.

light r

egion.

hinge region.

20% 20% 20%20%20%

T cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens requires

A. typically a protein antigen.

B. binding of T cell to a Class II MHC receptor on an antigen-presenting cell.

C. binding of T cell to a site on the antigen.

D. interleukin-1 activating the T helper cell.

E. All of the choices are correct.

typica

lly a pro

tein antigen.

binding of T ce

ll to a Class.

..

binding of T ce

ll to a si

te ..

interleukin-1 acti

vating ...

All of t

he choice

s are

cor..

.

20% 20% 20%20%20%

An example of artificial passive immunity would be

A. chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity.

B. chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox.

C. giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease.

D. a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta.

E. None of the choices are correct.

chick

enpox infecti

on is fo

...

chick

enpox vaccine tr

igge..

giving a

person im

mune ...

a fetu

s acq

uiring m

aterna..

.

None of the ch

oices a

re ...

20% 20% 20%20%20%

Soluble antigens are detected in this type of test:

A. cross-reactionsB. agglutinationC. precipitationD. specificityE. sensitivity

cross-

reactions

agglutinati

on

precipita

tion

specifi

city

sensiti

vity

20% 20% 20%20%20%

A serum titer involves

A. serially diluting a serum sample.

B. determining the lowest dilution of serum that produces a visible reaction.

C. determining the highest dilution of antigen that produces a visible reaction.

D. the Western blot method.E. None of the choices are

correct.se

rially

diluting a se

rum...

determining th

e lowest

d...

determining th

e highest ...

the W

estern

blot meth

od.

None of the ch

oices a

re ...

20% 20% 20%20%20%

Precipitation tests involve all the following except

A. they rely on formation of visible clumps for detection.

B. they include the VDRL test for syphilis.

C. they are often performed in agar gels.

D. they can be done in a test tube by carefully adding antiserum over antigen solution.

E. a cloudy or opaque zone developing where antigen and antibody react

they re

ly on form

ation of...

they in

clude th

e VDRL tes..

.

they are

often perform

ed ..

they ca

n be done in a te

s...

a cloudy o

r opaque zo

ne...

20% 20% 20%20%20%

When serum proteins are separated by electrophoresis and then antibodies specific for the serum proteins are placed in a parallel trough in order to form

reaction arcs for each protein, the test is called

A. Ouchterlony double diffusion.

B. Western blot.C. immunelectrophoresisD. ELISA

Ouchterlo

ny double diffu...

Weste

rn blot.

immunelectr

ophoresis

ELISA

25% 25%25%25%

Viral hemagglutination testing

A. uses a red blood cell that naturally reacts with viral antigens.

B. analyzes patient serum for specific antibodies to a virus.

C. has hemagglutination if the patient serum lacks virus specific antibodies.

D. is used to diagnosis viral diseases such as rubella and mononucleosis.

E. All of the choices are correct.use

s a re

d blood cell t

hat...

analyzes p

atient seru

m f..

has hemagglu

tination if t..

is use

d to diagnosis

viral ..

.

All of t

he choice

s are

cor..

.

20% 20% 20%20%20%

All of the following characterize the secondary response to an antigen except

A. a higher titer of antibody is produced than the primary response.

B. a longer persistence of antibody than with the primary response.

C. a quicker rate of antibody synthesis than the primary response.

D. it is mostly IgM antibodies that are produced.

E. it is also known as the anamnestic response.

a higher tite

r of a

ntibody...

a longe

r persi

stence

of a...

a quicker r

ate of a

ntibod...

it is m

ostly I

gM antibodie...

it is a

lso kn

own as th

e ...

20% 20% 20%20%20%

Cytotoxic T cells

A. stimulate B cell proliferation.

B. lack specificity for a target cell.

C. secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells.

D. secrete interleukin-2 to stimulate B and T cells.

E. All of the choices are correct.

stimulate

B cell p

rolife

ra...

lack sp

ecificit

y for a

targ..

secre

te granzy

mes and p...

secre

te in

terleukin

-2 to s.

..

All of t

he choice

s are

cor..

.

20% 20% 20%20%20%

Monoclonal antibodies

A. originate from a single B cell clone.

B. have a single specificity for antigen.

C. are secreted by hybridomas.

D. are used in immunology lab tests and cancer therapy.

E. All of the choices are correct.

originate

from a si

ngle B ce

..

have a si

ngle specifi

city f..

are se

crete

d by hybrid

omas.

are use

d in im

munology l..

All of t

he choice

s are

cor..

.

20% 20% 20%20%20%

The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus, saliva, colostrum, and other body secretions is

A. IgA.B. IgD.C. IgE.D. IgG.E. IgM.

IgA.IgD.

IgE.IgG.

IgM.

20% 20% 20%20%20%

Which process involves antibodies coating

microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis? A. NeutralizationB. OpsonizationC. Complement

fixationD. AgglutinationE. Anamnestic

response

Neutraliz

ation

Opsoniza

tion

Complement fixation

Agglutination

Anamnestic r

esponse

20% 20% 20%20%20%

Which is incorrect about the Fc region of an antibody?

A. It determines the antibody's distribution in the body.

B. It forms the antigen binding sites.

C. It contains an effector molecule that can bind to cells such as macrophages and mast cells.

D. It contains an effector molecule that can fix complement.

E. It determines the class to which the immunoglobulin belongs.

It dete

rmines t

he antibody..

It form

s the antige

n bindi..

It conta

ins an effecto

r m...

It conta

ins an effecto

r m...

It dete

rmines t

he class

t...

20% 20% 20%20%20%

Superantigens are

A. body tissues that the immune system mistakes as foreign.

B. cell markers found in some member of a species but not in other members.

C. bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens.

D. those that evoke allergic reactions.

E. None of the choices are correct.

body tissu

es that t

he i...

cell m

arkers

found in

so..

bacte

rial to

xins t

hat acti

...

those

that e

voke allerg

ic...

None of the ch

oices a

re ...

20% 20% 20%20%20%