Toki Niu Hila: Making Tokelau adzes and identity in … Niu Hila: Making Tokelau adzes and identity in New Zealand Sean Mallon1 with Kupa Kupa?and Jack Ki rifi" Mo

Toki Niu Hila: Making Tokelau adzesand identi ty in New Zealand

Sean Mallon 1 with Kupa Kupa? and Jack Ki rifi"

Mo<eum " fN..... 7""I, nd Top. r. Toog.fn"' , l~) 11m 'l67.Wd lmgton, Now,-", I. " d \s<, nm""p"p"_gm',. n.)2 1.1 '"m"",,,, Vi<w. A,,;o<1'. <1<. 11:>,;,"0, New 1", I.ncl l ku~'\l"' hOlm .il,oomJ

3 32 W,ih<mo St""", ['o';mo. NC'W L.<>.bnJ I j,cklkd..., "'ki (h>ft<d .Jw lin N<w Z<.l.lnJ , The 100.;.f< " ,,,,,Uy ,hough. of.. functional _I. hut 'h<y "<. 1", .moo ium through ",hoch ,h, pol;,;« <Jf ",I" ;,,,,,],,,,,. knowl'd g< '",mf.:,- . nO<IIl<u,,1idro t;'}' an b< n''gO'i"eJ. Thi> .noly.i. f<Xu... On cul,o nol p",dw;tnn p"""""" " ,,,,id, the",ual public fo'urn, of gall'tie>,h",>t"t<, J..n« md p<rtornun«. The m,n uf. rn",: 'nJdocunl<n,.,ion of the'" toki p""iJ. in'ight>;", 0 the di , jo"" ' ;" ,,, of <111,,,,,1meaning in"""'"" iona!000«"". ' nd "" n,id." ,he impli""! 'n", 'h<>< di'i"""' ion, Il,,,,, fo' mu", . m,. od mei' app"""" '" ' o,f", , '' '';'< rth""S"ph,,, "'l'",,,,n..,ioo.

KEY\'('ORDS, T"hl,u, Tokelo",,",_ Now 7-<".J.nd , od'OS, ' o'i, ' ",n ,n"ioo. li,m, k""",ledge, (uhu" l puH,i.., m it"," p~>ductio" , iden" ty. e,hnog" phy.

Int roductionIn 1997, ,he Mu",um of Ne'''' Z<"",J Te r.p. Tong. '<W.

(1< I'>pal ""'lui "" , "" of ' oki (h.lied ad= ).' Two Toke_

1' ""0 men. Kuf<'Kup. l~ 31)",dJ>cl< Ki,i. I~ 28).

m.d< ,he ,01; in 1')<)7 und« ,he go'd.n« of ,I., I"e Fuli

h'i . whn w" Ril)'<> " "d " ' he " me.nd h,d h«n ,...id<n,

in Now Ze.I . Jld ,j'l<e 1972. The ,oki...., e",mpb oHul',ed

.d" fo,m, m.de from. rombio"i,," of iodig<,"ou> and

I>O._iodil\""" u, m"e,i.... The "'g u,~ " oo " f ,I., ",ki w. ,

. 0 " ppurtuni,y Ii" the mU><Um ,,, d""ome", ,he work of

• = 08n" ed Tokd."", m»"" "" h,m. n. , nd two Y"ung<'

Tokd."", ' ppr<n' i= r<> iden' in Now Z<ilind. The cir·

cum" ane<.of rhe "",ouf",[Ur<01',1.... toki J>O><' g",,, ,io,,,

. Ix,u' why ,hi, group of men "" m.king 'oki, how ...., d",ns

it, , nd wI... th", ' hinS' ,"... n ,,, ,hom

Th "", . utho" ront"bu", '" thi' . nick .Toki makm

Knp. K"p' , ,,d J",k Kiri. d.-.crihe bow m<y nude ",10

. no p,ovide im igh, into ,heir rob . nd ", ,,ion,),ip ,, loki·

makiog .ppr<n, ie<~ B.l,ed "n w, ;" en m."ri.J p"",iJed by

Kup. ' nd inten-iew< wi,h bo'b Kup..nd Kit ,li, S,,,,, M"·

kill """" I.,,.., ." ",>1yoi> of thoi' ""'''U'''' .nd link> 'be

d""u"i"" "I' ,he m to wide' . n'hm!",I"!:'",1di.<o:>'II>e on

""J, u.-.! prod"" tioo. id,nt iry. t eoo.".,ion.li,m••no is,,,,,,"I'rth nog.-.p"'" "'Pre",,, ,,,ion. Kupa .nd Kiri. "'id . nd

rommenl<'d 0" """,,,,I d...fro of ,h i, "'i<k, Fuli F"i p'-'d

. way in 200 1 . nd hi. "p<,;<ne<' ",h"n~ ' " ,he mak,n~ of

rhe rob. "" unfonuna,dy no, reronJed

In ,he I"t lW<) d"".do . the >It. h. Y< boon • popu w

(",u, for «.holo" iOle""ted in p""-"",,, of iden'ity for"",.

don .m" ng m'gr.m' f'JI."d. l .i,«>ry .nd vi••,I,,, form .>. ",h .. po;nling

' nd oculpmr<, . nd perlOrman"" grnml, . ""h .. film, ,h""tr<,

12 r,.},i>w<, Nu",b<, 14 1200:1)

m",ic. , nd done'e. h,ve been ,he mo>, >cc,..,ib!e ,i,,,, .nd

,w,u,..) produ"ion. fD, ,h. « plm"i"o .",J publi, "p'«

.ion of ethni, iden,i'}', hshion . nd ;e-liery .re """ o,h"

rd".,J.cr €O"",wh"" , imil" p""""'''''' =on.« (I..y 19'16.2002, Mallon , nd Perei.. 2002. S,,,,,mon 1'1<)6, Thnm"

19')6" 19'X>b, V<,co< 199')). Othe, , ultu,,1 production,

,,,,,h,, n!l"U (T""gon lurkdu<h) "oJ ,i,..... (,.>Uk 1,"",,1>

quil,,) h.ve • , imil" ,igoifi",occ••od .re ,i[(ub,«I .nd

,,,,h.,,~ within ,he i, ,ommuoi,ie> of u,i~in bo, h in ,he

"bnd,.nd Now ZcaI.od , Th<y.re pf<'><med or weddings

ond in "'i , ,,,lting«=mm,..,..,d bought .nd ",Id in ,1.01"

, nd wcd<cnd m.rk,,,. 'Ib e circuLn ion of th<>e obj,,,, .1>0

",'e"J. '" mU>cum,.nd ,,' galle,;« , where ,h'1'''''' rol _

1c<,ed, di>pt.ycd••"d ",n"" im" ",k!" work. of . It, l b e

....nuf",'u", .nd d"......,io" of ,hcoe item, ,re oct.."ie>,h"

b,ing rrorle ,ogeth", pr<>ervc knowledge, . nd p,omo«

,de" " fi"" ion wi,h p'''kul>tethni< .'' ",d.1 gorul" lOt. k,2002, HUIlon 2002, lIer'" 20(2) ,

10,hi>1"1"'" we'peOfic>lIy fi..",on toki to hi~hl;ght

one <nm pleof , I"" publi, .nd rommuniry .b ....d ron,,,,

hH ,he fu,m"i""..,J "'p,"".m of «hoi< iJco,i,y, We ,"

rlw ou how the m.king of the>< toki <on be und""ood .,

\>oth • ,ul'u,a1 prod"'" ,nd ...",ial p"""'" th,o ugh whi,h

><>eia! "10""e .ble 10produce.,,, [h,,i, val u", ideological

pe"pccti=. >nd iden,;,ie> (M.hun 2000, ..67_..681. W,

demon""" how idm, i'}'can beronmu,,«1 ,h,ou~h••nd

... ",,,, t, of. .. ..-iol .nd m" "n,) p,n=",,,.nd "1'"",nl>

,ion' !Buder 1990, Be'ni" 19'17.1.1)'<<> 19'14). Thi, i,

"ig" i"", n' hcuu"" unlike <><h" ,-"hnr.1 pmd u"',on' ,Iu,,ireol"e in ,he vety public forurrn of",hibi,iom , m"lre",

plkri<>.nd publi""inn', I... ispublish<J 'OOut how ><>eW

..to" nego< i". idm ,i,i" oul>id. ,he publ" g=. Wh" ""

,he [Hi.." venuc>. negn,i"iun" ."J teI".,n.h ipo,h" allow

""ial ..~o" to "',,,,,"", pmonal iden,i,i" iu ,m, ller ,nd

!c>.. 0pcn "",al g",up>?

We.pp,oach ,hi. que«i"" f,om "'",) p=pcctive.,

Fi",. , h. m.onufocto«nf the tnki ~ d...,ibcJ , , nJ we""m·

i", ,he w.y ,he make" Iuve U>Cd thi, procc>'to :u"ts> infor

m"ion ohuu, h ~,oty, lif..<yk. v,)u<>, ,"d cui,,,,,) pc,,-'tke

in Tokdau. SromJ, wee..mi", ,he "t.,iorulhip, embedded

,n ,hi, po","", '0 cn=I hnw ,he ....I<e", sough, '0 hridge'

i:'",,.,ion gop be"""n ,hen"dve> ond ondder. who.. well

.. being, =>gn ised""fi,ma" in ,he community was also

,hei, grandf.,h<t, Third, wc ,how ho", ,hi. ".n>mi,,;on of

,nfouruu~m.nd knowledge f..ilit"cd ,he "pn.o.lU<';on of

long-aubli,hed and col,,,,,lIydehncd rol.., .nd ,be li"m._

, ion of , >en>e of >elf-iden, ity .mong ,he m.keno

Tokelauans and New ZealandTnlrel.u i••n .rchipe!ogn"f ,hr« . roll, in ",.,tern PoIyn"i.

ius' "o"h of San""" ,he ,hree .i1l:lj«'l, 0'" ..,h in Aufu,I'mofo, ""d Nukuonnu, ,u,rently <upport . popul"ionof ,,,,und I~ Ill Sinr. 1 9l~. Tokel.u h" been und", New

7.coI.nd', .dm;n;",..,i"o "' . ""n-",If-so",,,n;ng ,,'-';toty.

Huwcy", T"hL.""" h"e ,,,,Iy mi~",ed '0 :-:lew 7......ndin ,ignifiam number. ,inee ,be 1960, Some",il'«l .. P'''

of ""d.Olmt .nd ,,",olm-h ip schm,,,. , nd SO"" ame to

New hol.oJ nf , h.i, own o<ooru, with ,he ..';",nce of

«"ol.. hcd ",un'ryme". T"'d"..n' ,n-iv,og in New Ze. land Iuvc,,"d«! to ""Iei" e;,bet Well;ngton OtAudJ...d." i,h ,mai ler COmOlUn;,,,, .Iso " "bl;,h«l in Ruin'". ",d

"['upo. From the>< initi.1 mig"nt popul"ion, h.vcem,rged• ""-Und,,,,J ,hi ,d g, ,,,,,, inn, bo'n. " i,..), ,nd ed"""d in

r-<ew Zc.al.nd. In 19')1. ,he m.~"i,v ofli>L:l .u.... (60%1

li"ed in ,h, Wellingron regiorul ma, ",,,h iuu "".r h:olf ....

,id ing in either l'-oriru.0' Lowe, Hu". M,nr of ,he p",.m

gene",,;"noITok," u. m h"'e knowledS' .nd «PC' >cn« of

,he" I",""t," "tltu« "n lythm "gh their l'cw 7<-al. nd-o.>«I<om"'uni,"',. Si",;w ,,, th, «p"'im"", ofS.mtn>n"';~t." "

'0 r-<... z..1,nd ...d their de><:<:nJ..m, (Mocph"' lUn 1984),

,he " oge of "'pc,ienrc, onoket." cult"" .nd val"" inNew Z",bnd ""y. How""", ,he ",n""",ion al c" nnectOon,

ber-oo Tolrel""", i" New 7.c.l.nd . "J th""e in li,k,"u

"" ""J' moog, , nd ,here is. ""J' "al ",me in ",hid. ,t.ey

form • •ingl. commuui'}' (Hoopcr 2000: 611"" 12).

Tokelau material culrure-.Tokelau toki

Th< m.."i.1rulrurc nfToke"," <ireol"". 00 ,be ".n<n._tional ncrwo,k ,Iu, com!",i", ,h. comempo"ty Tolre)'u

<o",munity.The import" ;"" of toW "",,,rial> flOm 'fokd.lu

'0 m.ke item, in NowZe.bnd;' <-Urnmuo. T,mh...-, '-"'''''u,fibre,p~ pwdonu' fo, "",,,';ng.wd u:..Jy......J.< item,

,ud.., rulum. wd 1"'t1,hell ortwn<nCl "" teg"l:uly ",vei

ling w"h m'g"n" f",m. , od .-<tum vi,ito" to. Tnk,L."Wi,h ,he =.-ep"on ofGo.-d"o M",Srcgoo-', (l937l

bh""loV 'fTiJk<l,,", [j"te i, puhlished on ,he m..erial

",1m" ofTol<ebu, Ao,hlOpologim Judirh flun"m.n .nd

An,u ny Hoope" book Tok<l,,", A h;"o.;,~1 <th""t"'p/ry(1')96) "If", in, igh, in,o ,he in"i,u,i,,,,, . "d ",,-W 'UU<_

_ .. whidl .......... ,. , .. ...l~hao

.....~ .. .."." '.... pop« _ Tolcbu ...bb

1 H.mc.......a.4.~~ ....m.I.............,.'"Taldou oIooot; ...._IWO .< ""do'.dao<i<

-'" on T...- (l')&t)...l Kioih..<; ' 1'1161. andT~ Rq

Hu..... I !Iud<) on "'''''''' I I " ~).

110., ",. """" ............ -n.I T ~ ......naI,.....'.... collenioom in~ Z<aUn.l "' mo. In a <Un'<}' in

."" bet I~70...n.f<arly )91lO1. '" r i!K ,oll,..,ion. in N....-

Z..lonJ "'W<UflU. ,h. holJ ;nv""J J i,,, ih"'''n ufTohlm"", ...i.1,,,1'"1< ro ll",ioo, w.. " " hh.h«l IN,i,h . 19HZ),

J1>< ,n.." oo"hI, hoW;o~;, in ,he- A....-kI,nJ In"i,"" and

~h""",,,. I , ;.""","''''"'''' ...... ~~ <>1.;.........,.;!riI by

H<oopa- . nd Hw" J",;,,~ II>< court< of,,,",,, fidd...., .J.

'" T,*"",~ ....,;"f::"'" 1971'k. /'r<w;..a.I m ...do ..

0.., and Cam.-rbw-y hoJ 42 ...l 24 i< ~.

At ,he- ...... ol ,11<......,..T, P"I" Iood U. , P,h",~J~.

.... M_ofs...~T<P'l'" T""'" "...160....n.- Tolcbu. oIdooup ......... ......,.dupliarc

-..-,"' ....p6c. 43 -u..c.. _• ....,......... T. P>p>

..... '-~ of doiwp ....d< by T,*-,-- ;" N<T.......... inclood;", . ki<: .... co,... ." .... and a~~........ P""'""L'lloc hoIdo... ofT<oldou _ ;" T< I'opa'.

...llt..,,,,,, ilKludc"""".I .....JI......pI<> ofhdi«l lOki wi,h

ohcll hIa.b .. __ .......... ""- tNIl hbd<..

n.. <on! ' ''''10 olT u oFF<. .... ""<>0< for ,II<,,,..,.( ,,,'" '"oJ""'M Of"",, o.J. i"ll ,...,I~ (1.,(...-.

."~n,, f' '''',!"", n ron " oJ,.. hI I '" ", ,,,11, ", ..J.

r,,,m ,h••h.1I <>f ,h. ,..;,;" , b lj;<' '1""<"" or d ,m . Toki

h, hal wi,h , h<ll bla<h '" uw>J in ,hc m.n ,,~iU'"

"I ..,k. « 1 0;1 o,+...,-~ 'nklt>....-h .. ruJum,

(........J... h"';"~ ho.<.) anoJ k~m= 1"'-101. O",;••io<Wly.

...- bladco ..... ""I"i!ril frono Sa..-.nd """'P' badbyTcId..un~ Fm..:.Iopo Goodot, MO<JI"P" m<t>

[;.,., <wo~ of rob ""'It, >od ;" do< <owx u hi>1'.I2Iidd_k ..bcinJmadc frono ........ _ i..l..-..

",T'*d.oo tM t 6"1'37:I H~"""" ..... ,1 ...-..

.... in Tokdou.....IcnaUD b, so-. 11<>< .. 1_ .....

..... _ ..".d """"" namplr> '" ad>t l>I*' <Wa<l< liom

..... /Ilnt InlI). Mc...rbWoo............ utit.d.....,. ...

lit.< ............... wi'" Eurnp<ano. no. Ju.r.li<1ity and r;=K<

. IF<<ti '' ' I<. '"mnaI ....x i< • ""';bI<' and I"'f'IIar ,hoi«_ ur>ct> ..",ply bccau>< " ....x Lf< .......

1lw ""harolop:al and .. h""lf>l"hi<: """'" fo< do<....... r...·ili< LU [hal aJu ,nd hlod.. ha..... long

b<-c.. . r",o, of lih , oJ ",iI;""' jill< ,oJ ••I" ..hI.

....... -' ........ (0« "',/;. oIU J'Ill: 3~. SilL_

J'lI8, .~. Kiodo 1'.I8i,*'T~ Ran$i H_ 1'I}t, 133). SiD<oo

.... , _ .-i<b~ ""'" ..... aIoo b<m~ --,... i~<na<olEwop-< __and colee .

-.. T..ld.u.n, in Sc..- z..alonol -. ..... hi """"'" ...

aonlinw ofTnkcbu "",f". .. __ .. "'...n ."",nd

.... and _1qAaUO.1"- onl<'.nd "",,<hal.nd [ith, ly """,,..j ""1" of 'Y'" tul>b.t.

0,.... Takcla....n Ij. ing in AIICllinil1.u n...... and II...J loki["

"'",,["', .",.n ""I, .cpli.......""'" H, ffh",~ 1"'1>, ,,,mIlL.)

,oJ "..., '''' . 1", commonly u....J '" . . .... wrond."",Ium.lfiohins ,odJ. .......) from local O[ imro" «l ,iml>«.

Making Tokelau roki _ Niu H ila

(New Zealand) styleAI timba- i< ........- ia<p<><wd n- Tol.:d.. '"

""'" and odoa- ...,. Kt:-. ia1 I_f...... fibn,J ..... mWrc d>< d<w:,ibcd Ii<x

_ -..ad in Sew- koIond. ""'" -' ,Iod;.~

..,..( pip< .... doiod< "" ... w..x.. and I...*"d b timba

.......... ..t.. IundI<. 1oe<II1' Jo<II ftUIk [hi< .11< pn:><ao

of ...n...-uns .........eriaI .... ..,.,. ;.",..n- '" thcm .......l>f;,t,i"'ll • .n.[ionJrip of it...... ,.., Ftili. H<..... ·w,(d[ ;[ _ ,mpnnam ro 6l1d anoJ . ollc<-< ",.[«..1< ro.........1- it S"'...Jia.r-... k.............."' .boo[ "'"[.,k. .ol,h. 1\h ,h" f"llow«l . n i,,;[i.tI",."h with Fuli ...oo" Ligh, u, wh.. to ""'" rn,.' Tho ...mh f", "'I<,,,i.1 ad"h.nil l« ,~if1l ;"""Ivd ,h...,-h"", ,,,,k. in", <"";",nm<""

wi...... K.." .oJ Jaci-. could hnJ .u;"hk 1.lkn ["""-

1I'h,k ,"' """""" "'; ,h "nr: , o;Ii" i",,_[iw Tokdau ,oki., """" aIoo. dnU< mAkc wL dwK.po and J>d (d. dimncii>dy <hrit-.l. fuli ....

"P'" .... td.d ....... rloi> and .... _ ..-n<i<d 011<...... _Iahcd _.<aI,anoJ oa .....,.... _ F......

..-; " ..-pn«d "'......,~ tIw ka< ..... ( ),

........ ...u (lobd,,) _ k>lo t~. l<' W-

~ ....""... Kupo Kupo ~~

Kau lOki (the ada handles)lloc , ;."" ol <hc b<an..-h ro..... [ht ka~.ok; io.""cIW

an.J .lcIi " procno. 0nI,.- boand..s .hao rt..po<.mial

'0 be p<d '" ''' ''''' of ,hc ""l"iml luiu,ok; <cIox<<<l. Iiio "'~ j"" •""'"of "" .. ;ng' ''y~..",-h . nJ "yin~ 'Q f..liioo

"J. I. u.-ud ............. " ... .,""'_

• h.ord< rn- il . In .........._ .I ---.~

. ,.... '" ft,,, IonJdo ...,j.....l<\o. If ....,..!""""'" io ....It .I UIs _ dorp ;"10 ....

.......... R= _ ""'"' ~ ....

.w..~IO... ....It ~...........n..-~ -....W...I r..... .- "'"'

........,... _ b<1-.. 4S-t'li(/~ _'"w..t. .1 """" ioo ........_ _ "-UoIf lro. n..kao _ _

b " - ~ fRa """" "",r-_ hod&ao. ...~·

nIy. ... fro"" ~rdtwund~ """'..-1_.AI

..... ..... .1 u.. ..u ... fn.... b....dRo .l ........

.-..t.: d<ifnout"I __ "'" idrnOfiod .....

..w...I h..,. .,. ...l .-.lit...... Tlo<K ....

1I01J'<"ihtd _ ...."..whca~ dUo • .1.... boo .oIU. llw <no<U1~...- io ...,. t.: nrlw-t-

tban ... """..-p ",.u- fO< .~"ond 10

pnaQlIy ......., d>ri< I"' tpuC.Afm- tdm,"II'1onol<tI ...,~ _

DIm, iomood< 10 dcUd< whid, moI ....u r..m. I..ndl<.....

wh.... <no! ....u hold .t.: bI.dr, 10 io _ • nun,.,."pidbna"'r md; hm< ............~ _...l if. afo.. a>mpl« i"l

.... wki. it i> lWod >ho, uul i> tiu<.n.,......... o:lJ....ti>dy

A .....ndo con "" ' hid< io ia fin> n il foom . ,f«. ....,

0""" i, """ '0 b. ohop<d i. ~"" ldy I>c<omn ......Jkr. Whm....1u,.,II, ia ,"'pod.i, io imp"run, ,lut ,I>< inll1T 1Jlgl< (I,r

nil) whorl'< ,I>< 10..",,10 fo<Iu. i, ""' ' j..." by"'y.uul. A-

,10.. ' I'<a ..,II .1"..,,1> m..u. '" ,be: f f"'.n ,be: """n<!iilg

""~ '"n ..·be:n ..,ing ,I>< ,,,1<;. 11 '0' m" l< in ,hi.

.... w,II ...... i, to """Ie 1'),i, <r..k will gr..l",lIr in"....

in .i« , evc"'ually I'<nd..ing ,h. 1<0.. ",ki in</k.;,"". WhM

I""J"Ih"S.... lb, ",rf.oce loe....bI.dr 10..... in, , m....ld

be: i..........gh~. ,,, ..oommod.o.. lu1fd, ,....J loooph

'" ,be: bbdo.

Lau loki {thee bhJdHi>tu.iWlr. ,OIU bI.da. modo from<0' dutuhdlo, buolOr.... Nt... z.,.a""j 1Ob ..,j bbdo<. ....,j I Jown>t,..damd>eII from To>kd:ou -.p., _ i. mobnc ,h•

... trf wki. UnOOwoaId,r. i<<iuRo .....

of~..--.prohibi ioI1em1>.; No..,.......lI"d .... <=p<ion .I..... typo trfwki. ..u~

""'...,.. bbdeo~ '" _ .. nukdIc tW.E.o<h IoIod< _ CUI to " .".,..jy _ f"'1"""l~ 01............n.. doarpmtd ...of blood< io _..-.I

.... "'" no. bbX iodwpmnd...l gnound in'" Jo.po......• ~....dUn<- n. ................. I<&o...d ....hbdotl. ..... pip<> .... __ o...-d ;" •

IuIf-t""'P-d-llo<...,. oIutp"""""'of ol.ooponod.... aIod"kim' __ <:o«NIy__.l1oio IN'

ciol~IO io...-d.a.to ........of .... al""'C ...l -'r thoo • <1<-. no- .~-.,...- _~ol«aiI..l _

Lau bra (coconut fi bre lashing)~w.;..g .... bb .-l '" h-.d .... hbdo ;, a

~....L Tt.r r- dhod_ fibrw.-l ...

....h boo. bb __ imponftl '"~h:aI...d 1iwnTokdaL

Tt.r lib.< ~Wrod b- onl of _ \Vb.ft.......p..io>bk: .,., ~""IlouoL ...Mal in ....

~ hdd do-n br rock. beary ...ub.

n..- fibo.Ka ~...... mnain tubn.. ,11'.:1 lOr "I' '"do ..-.0100

""'- I>.;ng.......,....j lOr~....Afu,- d>< lib.--..'" ,t.. <u<Dnu' ~ al'< "nonl m.".

....g.~ in f.o,I. .....,., <hoy .... F"" i~ ~ ,,, dry,

1...... th<y... doano.:I. in onl<r ro pro<IlI« 1onf, h6b.. kngrh. >ho, ..oil h«omr ,be:"' o bf• . A In. .........

(0h>D) ur nhi'< ... ><1""..0.:1 .. a ~"'" mll<.:l DI'I ,10;'"....J. ;U;n«l.•n<! ,hot> hroido.:l '....... w.i~g • ,odoniq...aIk.:I " ~p< ..... rolu·. ....ichprodlKft I ,h....-ply b..id that

.. a.. ho' tighdl' bound '<wth<,.Tho w hing of .....bia<kro ,h. h2ft ""l~j.... ,o;;hn;q,"" ,Iu, <n,.," ,Iu, ,I>< 1>1...10

i. hdd """..ly '0 ,be: "'ndk. h .1", (I'''''' a .:looj~" in ,be:<W< y~ of ,I>< lib.. ,no, i.o p,ac,ical b<lt . 1", ,idl' and

.... icilly pl""iog.'

Fi~ l, TO.= mpkt, Toki .., n. m«!,• TolO_honihoni (Hl ll. 4)

h ToI< i ·~i'" (H l 13461< ToI<i_kolw (~EI I ~91

d Toki_uaiao(FEIl.\~l)

< ToI< ;-..""(FEl13~})f TolO·uaiao (FEI I}~2)

S Toki_hi'" (FElI J451~ ToI<i-hoo,;oooi (H ll.l<81

Tul<i-Iroko IfEl lWI)Toki_kolw IFEI I~71

T.IU_~on '~.'"

A ,m.1I ><I,. """" r","'....,"1\ d<w i<d of • ,.,u. .ucll .. ,II<flo..-"'" Iow.,...do.,j ,o. , iJ<, "f tlu' m g<......J~ diltirult'" ...do ..!tco u, inS,It, h'un' "," i w;,h long" honcl;" I, .. oJ",

....,J "' "' ..... ,,,,j 'fur< ,..., in,'i<o "h" lum.

Negot iating relationshipsA >ign'h e n' p.rt of th< 'oki_m.king pr<>«» w,. <h< "p_

ponu n;oy i, provid«! for K~p' and J><:k '0 wm. w,m ,h,i,

g..ndf..be, Fuli F.,; . Fuli w., wdJ ""1""'«1 . nd <njov<d

> pmmin, nt . nd inA", nriai rok in <ommunioy .rr';J>, dC'

'pi" livi,'IIin New z"a1and. Th, wkl« Tokd . u = mmunity

..-gul.dr = ",ul,«I him On, wkl<rang' of m.."n. Propl,

of"" "",11«1 from ,h,oughou' "<W z." h nd to ""k hi,

. " i......<""d .d.,«. Th.<y "",old <on,ult him on i" '1« of

land own",hip i" Tokd :w, ,it< con'Hoc,io.. of '" k.i , ' M

g<n<ra1 "p<"" of ToIrol. " <u"om ..,d ,,";it;" ....

101O·h ilaA I" . , . d>< w«l ro <"'" ,he body .. ~"II, of ,..., vili

TOIO_kokoAn ..h, ".i,h. cw =! bW< u=l 1m ot"P'. 8'""' .... munOed "of....,..j,n bowh . nd m, in",.., bo.... of ",uo<>.

1010_......

A longh. ndW ><lu u«<l foo- <>N'''8 <he . .... diffi<ul, ,••,,,,,..wi,It om",.d= fo, eumpk d.e.p ....,..j,n bowl•. "'" <he in""""'V ' ,;d.. of .......

!'>n . of ,...,,. 10,Kou mki (odu ~""d i<)

I~" <oki (.... 1>1..1<)

I~" ..b ("'''',ng!

Th,,,,'" Tokd.u ..,in~ 'H< " """na ko: nul'" i "muli vili' r"" rid" ,esi, at ,he " ern of ,I>< <>."",,') . This

" kJl<>"'kdg"" th< ...""' <ounsrl , nd rru"nJ guid,oc< of andd.. ..,d tho u'n~.. , ' "'PO"'''''' ofh"'ng.n old", p"""".. pro,,,,,,o,. In ,h ~ r<g. rd, hli "'" of"n <>lIed up"" n,

guide,"""r>«, ..,d " pr=nrTokd.u peopl, ond commun;·

t;"' ... It>al ...d n" ,,,nal k¥o:L 11""" """,ion, includnJtt>,ioruJsp""ing and atl ru,,] """nil, C..-wrt" <n<n' m""' mp.

. nd .ffoi" in ,ho: TokWu 1.1...& . f"I, w.. oJ","""'ll"i><d

.. , h"..1"..r phr~<.J illn"", ",ru ,u pheoom<tt>

In mony I'ol)'"<>i." I.ngu.!>"" ,he " rm , "f~g:J

,<>hung. «f"" ''' 'n <><po:n 0' >p<ei,li" " ;Ikd i.. > ,",k Of

"" of «1..,«1 ,asks. \,\-'j,h ln """in ",-~Ivi, i.., ",J. ..h~nti"g

. nJ G,h'n g..."ooing, ",J holl.>< .,.1 "'''0'' !>WIJi"g, h'ghJ~

,klll..d inJtvi<l ~,I, ' pr<I,h.. tn, nv"""",, ' M oon,roI "I""'''

of ,h< work. I" >Urn" i,I, nd· b=J culm"", , 'I""' jal ri"...I,

• nJ """"",oi", m." k J ilf"«,,, ,tag<' of ,h= at~I" ' ;C>'

Hc p""",,,,ioo, m.J. '0 ,Ii<", ""1""" 10, ,h"r work"'0

includ, ",I ~.bi<> ",J food ut aili, Thi, fo,m of f" r m,n '

'~-<rn , mount' '0 , m..,l", comml,men, of ,,,,,,urm from

,h, ""mmi,<tO"iog p,tty.'

Hi"",icaUr . In o'hor par" ~f ,he p<>ei fic, ,h< 0'

1I"" ""'io" of ,,~nr 'I"'-',1i...l tr..Je, r=mbkd 'Il< ror"",l

""tng,men" of ,he b,rope." .1'1'",,,,k, , nJ gould 'Y"rm(Goldm," 1'J70,2~~) . InJ i,idu.1s "" i,h , " .p,j,"Jr . "d

"kn' fo' , f"ITlrular KtMty wo"ld >luch ,h<m",!>'" 10 ,

' ufug' ..,.><i,,«1 v.i,h ,b" 'l""'",li" m it, I" ' h' ,pprrn,;«ml,. on indi, Klual lr.m' ,he nr<;""" 'J" .k ill, und" "" prrt

",rd ag<. In Tokel.u . ,h. kind of kn<>wkdg<p', .......d by ,h ,

j"d" idu, l, known '" [Ufu!\, 0' 'f"'C'.Ji" In ",h", pL...." i,

""koowkdg«l ., I>...h<u"", ~."c Iig~""

in ,heir mll\".n , conlmo"i,•• lOp....'" To.d.u cul,o« •• nd

' r< widd r prrc<iv<d ., gu, rdw., or cu",idi,n, of ruh,:oJ

kn<>wI«Ig<. According'~ H ~ n"m," and Hooper. ,ho", .n.

"""",, wl,h ·,,«rin~ ' the , i!l"f'< ' nd who.« ,..pon, 'bl<

fo, ,h<viII'!\", ..f"'}'.rr ,he """in. (elJmlold ""'"I ThO)'

«mark th",

An .1<1<,. If p"". ,n, . ~ ,h< <po>l«'pmon in n« n ,h, ""'" <>..

....J ~,,,I><,'n~ , h>t ""'mpl<, i, ,, aim<>« Imf""" bk '001,,;, .o~

infonm non .bou, ,ny "P"" ofTokol.~ iii;' (Of ,n~,Iu"l: , .. ,,~

,h" m,,,,,1from. )OUu~, 1"""0 ,f old<, """ '" p"",n', AJ I~ "",ion, '" .Imply «f"",,] ro d" o,-... Th< " .."'" , "f K'p"".....oi",. P'''"'" '"'''ingon<Id,,', 1"'''''''''. ro'1~'n>4<h ~"',~y,

to)~ ' k""" lIy .. i,h ,,,,,,,d I<p,. "J '" """ in, iko< u"il 'f"""nto .. .. fJd", . tT """iou"lI, bOOn,'l'P',i""] of i""'n' ....' hy Q'O"" who ' " >«ki n~ 'Pf'"",..l .nd"""" "'"' "f ,h", pI,n, (I """" -t6-~7),

In N.... i'-""I.,,,~, ,imil" I',orocol, , pl'ly, . nd ,hi, c""",,,, d if·

Gcu!<;" ~" th, p.... i n~ on "tkoowl,d~< ;n ,n <u";"'n",,,n,

whe« , hm i, Ij,d< reb. ncr for ,he ct.><nnury us. of ,b. ,

knowl«l g<, Du<in 1'''' to ,h<Imgu.gr N<ri<r, J""k ..I.. of

h i, l«-I'ngof """'Om"",,lt<>p«T wl><n , pl'rwchingdde""

e<p«"lly io fi>mul "'0""". I" f"". "' . )'-"Jog« p<f>On,)'O~

,rr""preted to "'y '''y li"k ., ,]1. E\"<O ioka-m,lIy. ,...'" i,

gr<" p"",urr '0 >Cl , ppropn...,dj< ~" ,I>< ro,,,,,,, 1" ,p"'I\'", nd find ,... l igh, voc. bob ty [0 ""P ro» J'OU"df. J.cl< "'}~'

'Th , ""prot 'hing j, g<>.:>d, i" impo<""'. )'OU can', ~'" ' 00

01",. ,Thi, w"" ' h< ", m, for my p" <nc, gen<mion.' Kuf"

' od J""k" ' r r",,,,,h ,~ Fu ll "'-" coodi ,;on<d by. hf<tim<

of living wi'hin ,h",,, c"I, ",,1 ""1'"",>'Oon'. hu' f..mily , ...

,,,<,,,«1 , n>d"l link ""= ,h< ~"'r<,";~o ~'l' .

Kuf" fi'" ,pproKhrd F~l i .l>ou, of the f"'" ihiliry

of m, linS " ,k;,Th< ;clr••nd Impi,.. ion a"", whon K~r'

...... ,;,i ,jog f uli md , ,,~i«d 'hot 1><",.. wo' king on. I'rg<

't" l ~ma' I"ok!eho>l wi,h, '"ki, carving i, fmm. """ ~"

~f pi" ", Kuf" h.d n<>"" ""n. ",k; h"ioS~...J bd'm-. ,b.,

<Loy. 'nd w., f'!<i",,,«1 on thi ' ,",c", ion. p"",i~,,Jy, Kup,

h.d ~ ndert.h,., I<.ming ",,~~ n, with f~ li ,b., h>dfoeu,""

m>inly on g<ouJosr ,n~ f, mily hi." ory. Prio' to m. kiog

,h< ' oki. K~p' ioun d him",lf!><w,o;ng re"I"" , "J ««d

iog ",,,,,,,hiog morr 'h""a' on' . oJ p, ,,,,,ical '" work 0 0.

S«:;ng 'h< ,~ki bel"g U><d in,p;t<d him", pur",e th< ,It

" f ,oki m,k;ng

It ...., conl'r" I",,, ,hot Fuli w.. Kupi. ~"naf..h".

How<=. Kuf" ron,'Jrtrd ... .. ju" brc,w< Ii< w 0 0" of

m."y mokopun' {g"ndch ildrcnl " a ia no, mo"' h;,

g"nM....., wo"k l ->g= '" ","ch him Ih< m.klng of told.

A> ",.II .. 'h< pK""""I , ",1..«1 "'.-..p«t.in'r<g"n"" ,;onal

d ill'rrrncc> 'oJ """ ic, ion' rrl>",,~ '" """"" w, ,od ",,,,roI" r. knowl«l g< "n oft<n c...." communi",'on bmirh.

How=r. ;0 ,hi, <;l>e, Kup• • nd J...,k did no, <Xl'<';<tl«

,hi, diffi""lty.

T he politics of knowledgeOv<, m,or)'<''' ,in", hi, ch ildhood, K~p, h.J bru.n"

f.mil i" ", i,h F~l i', ",;,ucl...od prrwnali,y, 1[< m,d< i,

knowo '" Fuli f" ,m. very wly ' g<( II l""") ,h.. h< h,d.n imm .., in Tokel.~ hi>tury•.,,, , .oa c,.f,~ Afr., " J".,I•

K~l" WQ~kJ ,;,i , Fuli', hoo"', knowing th" he woulJ b<,i"i "~ "~,,id< ",,,,k ing on , n .., 0' ctalt I'roj<C,. AIt"

,i"i"S "' i,h Ful; "'l\"I><lr. i, ""m"a '0 Kuf" th .. F"li

g,>d~,lIy nr«,,,J him to ho ,h"", "",-h J,y, Ini' i,lIy• K~p"

io" .... tch<d Fuli working on m.king "'m«hing, bm .f«l

",m. ';m< h, ,,~,...lIy "k<d ifh" c~"ld hoiI" Kuf" "",n

roood h< w .. I".. , 'prCl"'" ,b.n , pup'!. liW,h", ""'" ,prriodof20 J'=" ,hey oompleted,,,i,,,,, pro""",. jod ucljng

,h< m.king of ltah", Imo,h<rof p""rl, hdl pr"""m,). h, u

I"-""P n"',). k~prgo (fi,hing n",,). ,nd .f. (",,,i"g 8'''g<,1

. na hjk, (o"" iog ,,«db) .'

Th", ogh hi",hjldhood 'od in'" hi, '<rn" Kuf" " m,

w b m , oa ."om~l.« • weohh of ;nfo, m"ion ' oo~, S,...

neal"lO'>oa f. m;ly hi" ,,')'. \Vheo Kul" ..k«l Fuli '0 ',,"ch

T"ki Niu Hit.: MakingTo kd . u . d"" .nd id,n,i<y in Now Z""bnd 17

hi", h"w to m."" wki,hi> g=>df"her ..... mol'< [I.." .. i ll in~

' 0 ,how him, Due ro ,I., long ~I>:ionship <hoy h>deu;oy.,.J

""" the yc-m. !Cup;> lOund him",lf in • pri"il~ po,i ,~,"

of'm,,, Tni, .....to impotLmt »r<'" of ,I., ""><i"",h ip

h<au,"" ac«lN ing to Kup>, F"li ..."uk! " f'en "'y 'h>< m,ny

of <he ,hio!" he w., .I.ou' n, ,,,,,I. h,m w<'" 'hing< ,I... fewo,herTokd......,'" koow.Ku!" """,11, ,hal, . I,hough Fuli w.,

• "'Y I""og S"'0df"h"" I., ,."" co.-.ful .hau, tho ,h,oS

th., h, would ,,,,,, h 'nd to whom. Ku!" w'" ""der ,I.,,n,p"",;,,,, ,h., """in koowlod~ _ (Q be kept wi,hin

,he hm ;ly, if "", "I" '0 h,m"lf,

S«rcq i• • famili.. mmud ,I." often oboeuml ,I.,",'Ck of <ul'" r" produ"", in tho p",ific I'm amlpl,. i"

Tokd.u fi,h,og, knnwkd~ "I><,ng '0 ,he nner poin" of

,o:hniqu" dJ< "h'ion of bai" ....d <he IundJing of_",,,n,,

..... ""'Y <101<0/ g"mlod 'nd ",,,,,l lyonl)' ,"ugh, .1 .... in •

'han", 00' oon=, (I-loopc, 198~ , 19), tn Mior, ""d Sam",n

ruh",,,, me work-';"" of' ufuga>r< oftco "'<uiaro in""'''

of 'W'" '0 ,I>< work·,i«" wd l .. d.. knowlodge, Sp«iric

d",.ih of ,h. work.,.., pro,<c,ro, In ,I>< ca>< of"'.king the

lOki ""d wo,king wi'h Fuli. ,1.,« W«< ><v<,:ol """",n, fo'

,h i, kind of~f<'Cy. One r<aw n, !Cu!" <>pt.in. , i< dw FulL

d'''>lro . pc''''n ..ho..... 'f:olc.u,,.uolup'. li,er.1ly"""ro,,e

m.king ou, '0 be gr<>-"" ,I.", <h<y "",uolly ""'. FuJi, io

hi. '0"''' ""I.", , ,,d "'0'0' 6gut<. ,"ugh, hu",ili,) .nd

""1',,,,!O.11 hi, child"o .od mok"l'un" H. knew w<J1,ha,

k,~",,'IOOge coutd be LI<O<l ' " ,,,m,,,,,,,,, .d"n,"P' ,n ,1<1'"",h""..,k.. '0 • h,gh" wei'" .. " .... wi,hou' having ""n..l

,h" rhn,o~ ,he 'W'''I',ia" .h..",,],. 1< .. f,....,led "IK'"

,.. .", 'f. kam.."lu!\,' and "'0>' Tokelau.n !""pl<a", '<ry'

f ili" witli ,I.. ' o"i.l "Wo' """,,;.,..1 wi'h ,hi> 'Y!" cf

b<h t . Fuli",...."'ful.bour fU",og 00 hi< 'gif,,' , 1';0<,1>'

b<u.u" h, did,, ', w'"", '" ~,k 1""1'1, boing "'i'inf"'mod

N,""" did k w.,,' _nr 1''''''''' "'iog inf",m"xm r", ,n.:i,

p'<><m" ga'n. Ac""tdiog ,n Ku!" . FuJ,', «plan.""o fo'

m",' ,h ing> .... I.nnl on Ch,j"'.,, belid' . K"I" " Y' ,,,,",

F"tibd~ ,h" <V<'Y pc<><m ""'"=. ~if, fR>m Crt><! ,ha'

'h<y m.y "" n, k ip ",h,,,. Tnu' FulL w" "p'n '0 'h, id""'ho< hi, g;ft. of kROWblge could""~ on to <nm<on<

n, nu,,«I. jack ",m i"d> '" ,h., I>toio:" _od ",lier ,imil..

= ivi,,,, '" o~,n kq>< ><art uo,; I,hoy.", "m,," compi«<

' Vou knew how i, i>" ,: n.:"')"< R<."i""m, '0:p'" io 1'1"""

pm ly to '=1' ,po;;i.li" k""wkdg< .nJ ,odooi~"", =0: '. nd ,oohn,d '0 ",,, .in P"'P"' nx mb liu' also '0 1'''''«'

,h, P'Of,I'''' .nd dir«'",n of ><:,ivi,,,, (""d 'hoso: i"voh--cd)

fmm ou"ido inrrrl<,co",.

Whit, w<><li,,~on 1" ..;0: '" Fuliwould =<fuJlyoc,o"

,ini'" K"r• ."d j;o;k; "',"'......,,"' ir ...d """'Id cri'iq"" <hei,

'",hn>quo ,nd . tti ,ud<. H, ,n"''''''g<d 'pc<d with bm_

ing, .nd '"'I'Ii"i,oJ ,<p<t i' ioo fc, iofcrm.,ion "",o,i..o .

j><k «m,m.... 11.. "",iom ",,,,,,l',,g ",,,,, . mnxoing '"

, ft,m""n, 10."",,,IhOIl." 0"« 0' [Wi"" wed< 10."",,'"

mon,h Futi d<m. nd«l .bsolut, focu, 00 ,1.0 ,,,k at h. od

1-...;""" b, k""" ,Ii" learning m uld be ho,h ,n e-ro""g,r<W.nJiog " pc",o", ' nd • hoI'ing on, if ,he ,,,,It> we"

,",0 I<n&thy. F" li """,Id of,,,, ' 101' , nom in ,hoi, wo'" . od

in',,, ,hoy "k, , b""k, l;"doally, Fuli <Xpn;:,OO d,,,il 'od

,,"uracy from hi, .prrco,ic<> '" ,ho,. Whal<Y<' ,I., proj<c,.

,I., wo,k don, conformro [0 'n, .1.0 k"" b . _ ,he old

....y,,, h, had learn<J. Fuli mad< i, cl"" <ha, while ,Ii.r<

' " m"", d.krs ,I.., I.." ,pn;:w,>«! ""....kd""'. [he" .",1>0 ' h"", ,I.., ... '",.. i"" " ",no. _ ju« elJe,ly ..i,h ,..'"

much '0 off« in ,.,m, of k""",t.dge, Ku!" "y' Fuli ....

,ym!",h,, ", ,owa.d 1""1'1, of m, yOunger gen«.. ioo who

soughr '. nci, o,· kr.owl<dge. Th i. .... p",ly b,." " ,,, h, h>d

'1".'''' • lif.,in", >=mul><ing th i' ""owIOO!\" ,Thi. w" nul

b<ca= h, w",,,,d '0 know «<"in ,hml\'. b", b<u.u,", i,

y.." 1"-" of~y li'iog .od. ""'.... of ' u",ival. Kupa1'«.11.,h., Fuli w.. impi" d ,o,L", hi> knuwlnlj;< b<u."",

I., f,1< • ""'" of 10<>. ..i,h ,h, I'=ing .w.y of SO m.oy

T,,""!.u old"" >rnl ,I" ap':<'<o"'" .nd m<",.,n", ,hoy '"ok

".i,h ,h,,,,- I" m;g"'" . "d dLo'I''''k "'''''"''uni, ...... ,. ,,""

,of"'" can fud ,I>< <b,t< '" dong '" ""bur.1 ' tlnl"" ,", ,hat

.t< di" ;"",i,,. Th,,,, .. , dog=: of >t\'ocy in what 1""1'1,

di,.,...,d .nd ,,,n,f,,,m, .od I.".. 'licr g" .hou' d"iog ,hi. ,

A.,h, r mj=' f'<O'--=d<ol, fuli ,"""""ol hi,.pp""'_

,",,",on ,Ii, funrt;"" . nd po'!"'" of,he ' oki. H, 'old ,roI''''

",pt.in ing how '0 oh" in and "" ,n.: m.',~". in Tokd,,,,

doK,-ihiogth,i, ."..,i<y, . nd d,><;u,~ ng wha, <ompmmi""

can I>< m>d, iu ,n.: m, ,,,,f,,, ,u.ing pn.>«». ]-1, ~'"gll1 '0

d"""""we ,he pia<:< of ,he ;«m ..." hin ,he T"kd." ",I,ul'<,

and '0 00« ,n.: oh jo:' io . , ul, ,,,.. <on"" or ""' .. wihk .nd 01"" '0 oow id<..>,

.nd ,11"",«1 hi. " ud,n" '0 "I'''''' ,1i"" ",1..-.:> in ,hoi, work

and ionov,t<. I',rt of ,he pme«' of m,n"fac'unng ,It< 'oki

"... ru" omi' ing 'od m'king "'" or ,Ii, m. " ,-i, 1> 'hal wer<

!C>dily availahl" Folkn wilt"w n= n,.,. local ""am

I""'"d<d wood fnx ,he h.od"" . nd ,,«I <h i,,1> .nd pip<

wor, u><d ro m.k, m, hlu:l",. Th,,, we", . 1", .,«mp" '"

innov, t< 'nd ,ignify ""ati" """''''iiiI' io ' h, making of

18 Tuh,nf,U, ~u ",b<, 14 12(0) )

Fig j , f ol, h", h k>Ofu. TOOl>n <. 19700, l'!>u'cw>p/1 ,u.u"'yKoi"t K"i"t,

,he toki, Jock d...... om • .,<nt;"n to ,h< inco"",,,tion of

,moll dew"ti"" de men" ,ud> as n,,,<h", or a=nru,t«I

<u...'" in rh< ...,xod<n I.ondl"" '" tl.o, """h <oki i, .t iw.t1y

p<=ruJi>«l ,nd ,h< id<n,it~ "f th, m,k" di"ingui. l.ohk.

Thi.> "l'ro"onitjl for inn""",;"n hi~hgh .. Fuli', . "i,wl<

ro innoYou ;"n n", only in tho m"ro..I, 0>«1 bur,j", in in·

'«p"'''' '''n of the ,nl<i', form. H<>w<v<', it """,I>. "" os<

, on" adio;tioo, b<u""" whil, Foli <>pe<tod h~ 'ppf<oti=

to ""nfo,m '" rl>< 'n, >110 k... I",. ,I>< o>kl ""'-yO a> h< hod

brn<'<!, I>< p<m,p<"w rho o>kl "" f' a>""ns n", ,j"W,h".oour """, twa> bring mod<, bo, "-i, ..... bring mode,Thi>

lUgg<>" th" Fuli h.d b; conc<m with ' rying ro IiI'< up m

, n ,m'goof ' 0 <b],..,j P" ' , which a n = ;1, I..: o«n "'.""'f< l.p,im>l<..,d ',u,h<n,ic' ....y m b.,

H..ing compi"" d , lOki <><h, conforming ro 'n,

>ho ku, I"",,', Kupa , nd J1Ck oftm dilCu=d , dd ing , n,i,

of <=lrivitjl m , h< ",,,,," n ing ,oki ,hey h,d)'<l ro mm,

withoot compromi, ing ,I>< dfeaM:n= of tho: <oki .. . tool,

1hry prrx=d<-d ' u incn'l"""l< ""'pie d....igm in", ,h, ,,,ki

thoy~, .. thoy ..... tk m..,uf",-,,,,io~ p""''''' a> ." ..,

form, nor jWlr ... .., a<rili< in nuking' rool. Kupa Uld

Jock <>jJI.intd ' 0 fuJi dur thry W>-Jlt<d to 'tt" (<1<00,,,<)

til<,oki '" thor it would I..:,n objoo:;t p l= ing 10look or. nd

admi"" Fnli', ""PO"'" to thi, ..... , imple,'<"'.",;. (i, '"ok>

ni«) , Fuli', "'''''''''' ."d conhok<>c< i" IU, l<ochinS ..,d ,p

proach r<infotwl hi> rol< .. , "''''<l a.fu""" lIld d da ."d

drmo n"",,,, hi> .bilitjl10,pply hi> wH, lIld lrn...i<dg< in

'Of'W ,;"",;"n. fo, Fuli, th.r ",,«riol, . "" ilabk to him in

tl>< p~' """Id b<.h< id<.J , nd jill' as , o' l><:n' io; .. ,Ix>..,

of tho 1"-'" H<..... k .. in«t«,<d in ochi<'Vins 'cul' u...1' n

th<n,icitjl' io """"i,J, b<e",x ,h.. , o, l><:nticitjl "'.. more

'isnifu;.ntly <mlu:<Jded in "th<r~<pea, of th< work,

£>1"'''' ,k illod in "".. building. fi,h ing. , ,,d ",.r.ning ...ill h.vc limil<d "l'port" niti" ro <mploy rhtit .xiII, in

, Nrw Zcilind Utb... ronr...,' Whik m,ny TokeJ..u m<n

could . pply rhtit koowkd ll' of mhing in l oktbu "'Iu, lIy

well in~ Zr.o!."d , "'" ooci,j "'P"i»,;"o Ix,hind .nc h

Illhingap<di, ..,...."' Oy no' 1><.. ~,muli"",,0,,,,,,,,.«<1 ..m Tok io" . li kw;x, rl..:v.l ,,,,, .nd ~g" ifiuno: of"'" 'hlh

i.,S ..-ip' m, y not b< tl><: " m<', H<>w<v<', thi, d""n't m",n

thot 'pe<i,li" knowkdgc from i,land , ir...,ion. CUlnor Ix,

r...n,po rted , "d "I'plitd <1><Where, ro,a,mpl<,ind i. iduili

' pe<wi. ing in ", Ott I""r.bl< f<,rm. of knowltdg< lUch ..

indig<t>OU> m<dlei... .00 heoling ""oIl<nro.....l!<dfu, ,Ix;,advKoe ...d <>1""';'" oul,iokth<";I~ con' '''t. Cmnp>f'-bl<

do.. , ,,,-, ""P""" in o<h", (,doh ><f "'d y ""Xking . hroad

."d io",,"",,,,,o1ly'

P "ll'lIll''''~ ~ fs ~ ~ - fil1 3 3:

i J n f t · d · ~ l r lB ~l ~ t 1 tl1tjJ l" ~. . 1. n o~H uu 'i~~ l" f. •- !tloP.d!d aIti: qt'j~llf!q~r l ~ .~ ' tl f l [ ~ ~ l l f ~ ',. ~ II. If]L" "rtf .'ll· p~" ;t r. 'l ,.. r , .~ aL~ 3~ ::J"- i' _. if (f<:ld, ddhdn~ "

" ' I ' l l l t t ' I " "":s ~ e- • :j "l~If ,,"~

"' ~ ' J ,. - ,•. ,.if$:." 5 f! - .. a i r .... ~

~ q • 1~nH}.h!'d1Qd ' r tf~h !. I ' i [ l l '; l ~ t ', <", rf•. i:t11. r . ,q , . q .[. ~ ,. uu u8i.,!l ~ i,t i.i! ~L"

it ! lll ~iH Jnin"p t rH h ; l 'p l:<~Jl . ttl' tfl l It ll ~ tIr t t ' t ' l , f l ![ JIJ .

.r,l'J'~

UUptt~th!jfIIIf~j:

d~p~~ fr f~ (

~

{~

rf

• l ,

',. r( l \ \-. " . . "' ' I ' , .. ..f :. ..... t .\ ' .' .( _.~, ,;,..

\

~7e

f<.tftlt,e

f(•

10 !;,},;nf!'. Nu ml><, 14 (2003)

' ~"""'ty'. H""'C'V<,, ,hi , di", ppoi",m"", ...., tr""s<en.kd

whe" 'h, prO<e<> "f , .. "uf.nu"", • .nJ ,he "-'.,io',), ;p .M

",h" bm,fi" ,hi, en<.>i l, d, bea"" m,," , ign ifi",m ,h,n

,he m,,,, i,l, u...J '0 m,l« ,ft< " ,IU, In m,l. in~ ,I., !Uki, ,he

,ig, ificao" of ,h. m.r .,. iili .... no' in '"n,ic '0,hem hu'

"'.. >s<,ihod by ,h. m. k<r'. Y",:m", fi!.",) iu" ..d uf

,ymh« i, fi ,h i ll~ Ii,\< "ff....,J. ",,* ihl. , ,,.I ,...,;;" , ul,u' "

conn«''''o ,h" ",meh"... brough, l " kel>" ,,".I T"k<l,",

""''' d"se, '" ,he 1'''''''''1.Th, 1'" of ","'i,,~ ,,, ki ulf"",J ,I", 10""<1;,, "f

rel"",n<h ;p ,,1<1 k ledll" , eq" " i,i" " . Fo' Kup. ,,,.I J""k.

1"",..leds<.hun, Tokd.u lifew, ,.. ",.I n lo<' !:"nmted.

sense ofh<l"" ging ,,>d,n ide" ,I!i<" k,n ..i,h ,heTnkd ....n

ruh"", Ii"m which they d"tived. A, K" f"- .M luck ",,,,led

",i,h ,I., m""i,],..,J ""me t o ' I'p= ;" e ,he .kilL.'9u i,,,,]

'" m.ke '"ki. ,hey al", 1<,,",.oou' ,heTukd,u enn«" f,,,

;u u>< , ,,J m,u"fac'u",. fu, tillp' , ,,.I J.el., '0 u'"'. ,hins.

m in ,hi,~ m,"' , 'hinS- in H ul' u,ally ' p!"0l'n." '''ybeam<, w. y ,>f " p<,;eo<;;"I' cul'u« d,t«dy _ he<"m;ns

p" t of ,I>< medium of , ign' ,I." mm, i,u"" ,I." LUi,u«

IC';h",,"m ilc.dyl .M R.",hi>"'l:-H.i,,,,, 1981, SO. TI,i,

r t" '" '' h•• " ",1, 1t..""Ii" fnc K" "", . od J.,k. he<.u>< p"' _..., inS ,hi, k"" wl<dge d, m",o1<> ,h,m (... m. ke,,) Imm

,h"", ,h" do not. I, Imhu., ,h em ..i,h. f",m of",ltu..1

"""i' >I ,h" gi"" ,h"m POW" "t<! leve,'ll" IBouulieu 1994,114_ 11j, L...h 1993, i97). Th i''''pit>l Iuo.,,, ,hem ..·i,hin

, «>ci" p'"irion .M "'" ,I><m "n • «>cial ".i<c""y ,hOI

uh ihU,d y 1= m"", mum"l' ",.I v" ue ,!un m,,,,ly!,,,,_

"""ins . ",ki " " il> 0"'''.In <hi, ....y. ,he ' oki c.>o t.. undel>'ood ... bo,h . "",e

tial..,J ,ymboli< r wduer i"". In !he ",n',,' d""'it..J I.,,,,.rhe fUllerio,," val"" of ,he "'ki .... ,,,,, I i> b. i"'I" " = '

,h." II< ,yn,ooli< Iu,. TI>< 'oki he..""",. ,)"',oollc of . ""

uf ", ["",".1. ,1'" <11... ,he """"" ,.i,," " f knuw[.,Jg<.

Fuli', ", 1"'-'i"l\ of hi> 'l'1'",n ,"<>.......<11" hi> ,,,..h;,,~

m<,hod,. >dd,d v.loe '0 ,he knowledge "f lOki ",.kin !\- A

",me "f id"" ,I,y fo' Ku!", . "J J"'k w .. !l"n""",j ' hruut:h

,he ..:qui'i'i"" "f ,h i, kno...l<dg" till"", .nJ J",k we", "'"

.......king '" nuke ,he 00:1"", '" bu;;J • v>k.or . ,ulum• . IUrh«

,I.., ""'''' i" "",ed in 'ni' i" ing . <d" ", n"'i!, wi,h u« ,"",<I".funt"". ,hei' gnnJr.,h". ,00 in m:'iving knowIedl« rl..,

""'uld iof" ' m ' nJ >110... ,h.rn ro " "" . ,e' l<e " f« If o, ...ho' h<y ,hough, ,h<y "'"uIJ h<. In ili< "qui,i,ion of !hi> lu,,,,,_ledge. ,hey ..~'" ""'king ro b.xom' mor< d o' d y ",nn«:rro

'" !h,I , he'i"-ll" . " d v>l ues [hey"'''' ider<dm"re T" l«lau, n

,I.," ooo_T""'bu''' . io ,h i, ,I,u.,i"n. c" lm,al knowleds<

" ,"I'll'" ,he baoi, fo, <11.,,", I't'<ogni, ioo . 0J ..10..., r", ,he

p","",,'1[ioo of",lm,>I hounJ.ui e< 'nJ (in !hi'e»<) f. mil;"

",I" ioo,hip" !u Kup, " id of ,he <xp<nence'

I h.J go ;n..!. "ro"~ >en'" of id< nr;'y" 'i,;,;" ,h;".... ... . "..len,.n;" ;,,bee,,,,,, f uli ",.-.«I". " al~, link in my'<l'fnm '"" " 01,'" b en "'I""-" ofTokd.u .,." . <1<1 "" f", lim . 1.. ;" my ",,,,I.'" ull<l<" "roj " I-., I .. .. '" .10. ....... " Ii';"g in N<v. 7.<ilinJ.My k-.. ni"~ ••",ion, ~ i ,h I'uli h,,~ In'<a!eJ nun , ,hi"~ . hou,h;m... f'<1'U ", hut al"". hout mJ""'lf. 110.,,,, ",,,io", ..,i,lied m)lungin~ '" I""n . hou,"ho I......oJ ~ h"", I originaliy"""" from,F.J; h.J • n."Ul,] " nJe....y ro eo TI p..,,,, m, " i,h ~",,,,I<dg, th.,

~.. 'pc;Ul "'=~'" i, "", 1..."" kJ!,," ,J,.,"'" "'''y "" he, T,>ke!, u

F"" .", hod ,t.. pO,i1'1'>' '0 l"' '''

\'"" "'" bm '" """ ,he," Io. 00, ,h'l><"" " l"'<J b rn ITom ""-"<>, 4,1)""""". ,10< ",b'iolt.I!l;p "'i~' h< d;ff<f<"" II .... . h"mbl;"~

~,-", ,,oJ ,h< "'I",ri<",~ ~." ,h< ...."C<, Bymokin~ ,I>< «>IU

I h"", """" '" ' f'I' '''''''' ""'''' ,h, ,h;"!<,, ,h.. [ wo. 1mg" meJ_ ,he h.nl ,hip. of o u, 1""""- h ~., , H'p h.<k lor me, ",",,;ng''''y imm ,h, '" =e, i' .... . ,....,,«d "me,

Finding a role - reclaiming the pastTh e m.nub",u", "f '"ki '0 f.cl!i,><, ,he ".nd'e, of know_

ledse . ".1 ,he «plo,.,i"" "f culru,,1 id, nt i,y ;, "0' . n

i",b '"d <><:CU'''''"''', A, o",n, i",'I<d "",Ii". Ri,o,I, ;". Ole rt<-

go';".,.] ' h'ougb u,her fo,m."r<ul,u' " p",d"",io" ""o,,~

I'"ilic blo"J prop l' in N"", Zt.J."d, m"" lI",.bly ;" , he

vi, u,1 .m. p<,f"rm,n"". r.... i" n. ' nJ jc...d lcry. CI"..,ly

,>,ed '0, he Tokd.u 'o';'r< developm,nt>. mong <orne

"" m" " I" ''''YNew l.<:.d.."JMin'; .n"'" who Iuvehe<omeI<""g"i",d f", ,h.", ,\.ill . ,n ,he m•• ,ng " fM.on t"k ; 'nJ

",her ...·ood...."rking ,001, .' W, ....n ' 10"",,,,io" un< Moo"

[Oki m.k" her< '0 highhgh, ,I., ,ignlfi,.."e "f ,he ,,,.;_

n,.klng pr= ,n ' no,h", cult",,1comox' . Lik< till"", ,nd

Jock.",m, M""ti toki m.k...re "'" n"""", , i1y ,nre"",ed ;n

""'kins ,he 'ol.i f'Kl>u i ld in~, hu' ," h", ' 0=r 'P""wi>«!

kno'i>'l<dge ,".I ,kill, ,hrough "'"""'<hng , hem.

Mao,1 'oki o"k." ....,,'" Rondo'" in . ",fe=L< to

hi> inr',," i " ,hinp of ,I., ""''', I... h<cn J""" ih<J .. I;v_

ins 'I><twern ' h, """Id, of Y" ,m:l,y .nd ,od,y' (l,-m, ,, p'

2002, 154). !u ",meone I;,,;"g '" ,I." I"""olo"ial I'''''''n' ,

R.",dun ul;"n k it he .lid n", h' ;n ,o ,he m" "",n m N""

l.nI.M 'Y." n, "".I ,I... he ..... <ul' u" IJy i",l"ed from

,he Mao,i 'l' " e", . Th,ough "" king ,<>I.i 'nJ aoll.ho",ing

wilh othe-, .ni". «p<rim"" ting in ,he- " mo .d,~-m.king

l<d oology. Ronooo h.. Mn .hl, '0 = on",,,« Will< "'''''''

of culm,,] ideolily ",d bel<>IIl'.ing. In h i, interview. Rondon

ref.... 10 ,h. psychologic," "peas in"ol.".,j in m.king tokio

H, ,(,<ill uf lh< phy,i<:>! ch.l1<n~.. of lhe p'o" " , . 00 ,he

"""'g 'l' jrj, 0' w.i,u. ,h" .. 1"''' of ' he I. oou, jOlen, ive

""k. d..;m;ng th., "" 'mohr 1_ ,],) ' 00 the nmori. h "",d

.re imh"ed wi,h ,h;, ,pi Ti, (T.IT1.1r4" 2002: (58). In rwnlro ",b'ion,f- ips. Rondon '1""'''' of ,h< 'fae< '0 f."i n" Ur<

of ,ho IT1.n uf.lClu,ing p'oc"", <I", .. i" 'I"'",,,t when he

i, 1<:o:h;ng 011><" [><Upl•. In I">-, in~ ,m hi. kn",vl.J~" he

<mph"i"" ,he ·phyu..">.I.•p,ri,u';. ' ''0 in,ellec' u.J "el""," _

, h;p' of ,he =:h.ng< he""«n " .che< . nd " \ld, ,,t (Ole P"'P"" or moking . ,oki i. [0 e'o'Cnt\lnly

".« i, to , h,pc " mhe,. ,hm ,here'r< Ie.. " duo", . nd k<,'imN:oo,um ing mell><>d, of " ,q ui, ioS ' . ui" bl<.Ju 0'

,00] . So ",ho, Ii.. hehind ,he mo,i""ion 'u O1ok< ,uk; . nd

<fIl'i'S" in , uch • I>hou' _;n«n ,i"" . ,," oifficult ,..k' The

proc<" of """lUng wi,h m" .,;. I, .u<,h .. "one, wood,

. nJ fi b" , ",d und<,,,.noing ,hoi, '1uolili". , " "nglh,. "'0

"'., ....."'.'" on,,, "",i" "'0 ,ul lU'ol be""fi" . P:." of Ihe . 1_

"", ,,,,, ""d in" "''' li",,; n wo,k;ng wilh lhe ,.,.«,;. 1, ,h.,

l""'I'l< from lhe 1"-" lin , hi, """, ,oki_m.king '0=1",,)

would ho"" "",<ked w;tli. Knowledge "f, ""0 ""''''1 """ ,

the.. ,.,.« ri. 1, b,ing, the P"' t . nd . mo", '. " ,hem K' w.y

of lif, eli"" to the p""""t. I" ",m< "'''''. eon«mpo.-..'1

a" i,,, h.ve o<v<lopcd a high ""d of >lull in m.king Ihe><

too~. and in ,im, 'h<y ,hcm>d= ho"" hcmmc "'P rescnt;>·

ti"" " f a ·, .-.dio"o.I ' , kill .... _ m."'" of the too , . nd ,hti,

""nuf" , u« in ,h,~ own , ight.The """"ofm= mc.n;n!\'

.nd tho p,oce" of ,ho knowledge =hongo i. gi""" vi.ihil;'}'

wh,,, ,11< ,oki ;, rompl«e.

In mi, W'y, ,he n"'Ic"i. I" "d maouf",u,,;ng p" ' '''' '

hccom< ,ym bolic of '" id«ll i.oo 1'''', • ""'y of Iif, oi,u n'

l\""W4'hK.lly u,. ;" ,he """ of M,u,i, ",,,,idem! I"" , ..

I"'tl of Ihe p""",,,of",Ion''''[iuo. 10m.. 1" ""'''of"""""''Y,

,hey ",,,,,. " ngibl, link '0 ,he p'" .nd.« . hl, '" t<di,_

euv< ' 0' by d..;m '" • "uJrn,n 0' ",h ,,;<, ;.j,,"tity.

In ,he m. king .,f Tok<l. u . nd M10n ,nk;, ,ho a<

'1n;. it;oo of new , kill, <"'.,... 'pol;,;", of knowledg< '"0

~,,,,,,ne,:' ,hot reinfo ,«> ' p«;f>c ",I" ion,h;ps . nd rol",

betw«n those who po=>< ' oowl<>lg<.nd tho.« woo do

no, (App.oJ,,,ai 19l1& S7).Th , inJ <v,oual beeom", ",,1'ur.1

producc[, «pen. !U f"!\,, ,"d ", i" .1lJc m"""in g . no ,ignifi-

<'. n,:<" f making m ki r<oonfigu", i, (, h<",ki) in • ' ymool;<

ONe!, . nd ,he pn><= of mak;ng of tho roki rcprodue<> .

"",ial ordering of ", ""ionm ip>, 'f'CCifi",Jly [ho>< of IX""""

. od h"",,,,hy " I,,;ng '" knowl<dg,.· In ,h i, <''''' of moking

", ki, know~ ;,,,If.nd th, « [,';onmips IUrmro.. p"" of

,h<<"ho "g<. ... more iml"'mOl ,h , " , h"oki. , , n oh;":'

In «f<r<nc< '0 ,h" iml"' ''' '''''' of ,he "J.t"""hip between

n""" . nO 'l'P"'" ' ;O:, j.d " id of F"li ,h.. 'It could ho,..

beeo . n)'thing. bul no' ."ybody.' Thil indi",,,, ,har "h<

chuice of f'm",uw ..b;a.~ 0 ' thing lU be ",...l< ;, " b;,m y.

C onclusionByd<iL7;b; ng the nuking ofTokd.u toki; n NowZeal. nO.

W< hop<'0 J" " a"emio" !O how "'" ,,[.. p rod" "io", "'"

m<di"c soci.1 >c,ion and f" ili""" p,oce,,,,, of""Jr",.. "'_<,hong< . nd ,he f..tm" '~n of <"Itu'" . 01"", uul ;oen" ' '''

(C"k<'~"I",ih, lyi ano Rochberg-H."on )981. C, ik=n'

ooihaly; 1993. l\e<n"" 1997, Moreu, .od Myc" )995: 31,

Myw 1994). Ir ;, widdy undwlOootha, ;d"" "y " .Im""t

LllIfi"bl<. Ind«<!, ,11<<< ... no "n'''''....I. ,""",,'ed en ,on.

fo, wh" <o"'ti,,, ... . ,ucc""iu! =Oleh 1m ;oo",ity (N""i"

1989: 286). Howov<1, socj,j >C1"r'> often «mporn-ily >e<k

On'. boch o n romd c«.,,"'If....p...siom ofid<mity i" 0'''''''" ",:ok< """", uf th<I""I Kul", <';t<um. "" ...., ....1 "",;.1uul

cnl,o," .""" ...." •. ,h<y hnd thom", I. " ;0.

lo'pit<d by <on'cm l"' '''1 unoor'>"noin8' of g<<>dc,

."d "" id,mi,y (Bud" 1990, lk,n K' (997), whKh io,~,

,h" ident iry" I"S' i. <onmue led by. """"y of 1"""""".,odudi ng "",j,j , nu,..;,], ""d cul,,,,oln:1"",,,,,h;p, , hie",

ch;"" "'P''''n''' ;on', .no ,,,n,,,,,,io,,, - W< horc to ho'o'C

. 1gU<d th" idemiry"""'1l'" ".n 0 " ,<orne of. p<rto"">.<i""

p'OC<'J', '" I'fOCC''''' of miliog and/ o, doing thinS' . Th<

,oki m.k",' "'n'" of ,h<ir own « hnK id<n,i,y 00<> n<lt

p= «k ,h,;, p'''''''''. II i, t""..gh wh" ,hey 00 ,h., 'hoy

<re.t< ,hcrmd ve>. Th;," no' ' 0 privit<g< loki roiling .. ,he

only p"""" ,h,""td>"";ch ;d,,,,i'YGinbe<:onmucr«!, b..,

,,,h« 10"" j,,, <>IIe ",. mple of. pro<... ('"0 H On"..)

,ho, i, b puhlK!)' """""ibl< '"0 "n <i<,-<locum... ,ed.

If rth n;< ;d,nt;'y Gin he do" "" ined hy a eon·

fO""iry '0 0' wi,h , m, t<d "" of culm'" id=, ,hen euft

m. king like o,ho, eulru.... produe,io", 'lKh " d'ne< ,"d

p<rto,m""", help n"i,,,,;" . nd g;v< .hop< !o tli"", """.

!'<opl, ",od '" w.n,!O hold on '0 o,,, ;n,, ,,,,, <,"h ",,1 ,,_

,ribu'"" hec.""e ' h<y"'" what O"''''GI' '''' , h,m from <><hm.nd m.... ,hem di"incti"",. Cultu," produ«",,,, oft", bind

n T"hi"t~, ~u ml..f 14 (2003)

,im,w I'e"pl, "'8",...",..;,1" m ll«.,iY< vo"",,, ,, in""'''. , od

<an ",A= , ><0'" of , roll« ,i" hiswry 0' "'f'<' '''"''''Pm "",« i. 1 "" lou", " udi<> .nd rd . ",d di", iplin<>

im..e""d in ,h. social p"""'s." ,1,,, hd p ,hape..,d "'''''l<kn,i,y, I, I, """,I, ",n,;dering ,..., w. y m"e,;.1 "' 1'...."'0"

,io n. no< ooly ,ymboli« ,I,... id"" hu, f, cili",e ,nd cr..",

,1,,, p m..,,,,.., , in whl, h • ",m" of iden,i,y i, , n oU'«>me. In

,hi, 'p<cin, co",,,,,,, ,he func"on of ,I,... ",ki i, 00' ju" to

c.>"'" ",.I .h.p" ,imbe" hot'" help e""< . nd .hap< ,,,,n,,,

of Idon, i')', one ,h" ron"c"", and cmpowCf> mc Individu. 1

wci ally. In ,1,,, ...mc w.y ,0., Full d=dopod hi, ," ill, .h ' p

ing ..... hull• • nJ maki"ll fishi"g 00,<> .nJ O'Oel ,,,,,I• ..,

• young m.n.•nd mh;cqucn,iy =Y<d fo, him", lf . tolc ;n

h ~ 1,l.nd romm uni')', hi, lI'.ndllO'" Kup" and Jock hovc

Jcv" l<>p<d ,""i, ,", II! f.,hioning ,o kl ,,><Icm i,l<> fo, mcm""",, i" ' nCiT mig",", com muni,),.

The ,,,,,,ion of ,he ,oloiand ,he , ignin",,,,,,, ,hey at<

given by ,he m, k", """,I ol",m"i,.". fo, inlerprcting ,he

<ull"'.1 pruJ""'''''"uf P... ilK I""'pb in r-;..-w h .J..,,J (<Urn'

p"rr" Ani.. Kerl. 2002, 246), Thl , i, p"nl«! aero» • ' ,..n,no

,Ional rom"" , anrhropol<>gi.... mU""-lm<OI,tot>,.nd orile,

",,,,.,,het> , h" uld he mo", .w . ", of,he m",oing, ,h.. don',

n«<,,,, ,ilyclreul"" 10 ,ile more publi, ",m"", anJ media,

Venu<> 1,011,puhli<..,.I p,i,,,,, requl", ",.,id"...""" .. ,1,<>

",ile" pro ple m= and nego,;,,,e ,hci, diifmoee" ,'m' l.ri·

,;"" ...d mu'ual in' mlependencc (0 ' Ne;o) 1 ~9<)' 22..). In

,hc mu",u m ",noex" i, I, ",,,vcnlcm fo, cu,:"o" worl<log

...i,h r""llie "",rtlal cuhu'" to he guided i" ,hel , inl<rp"'_

,,, ,,,n, by « co" m, of how <ohurol prod unio", were used

In o,her 1'1><<< ,nd ,im"" I, I, o f,,,,, ron",,,ienr lO piek up

. 0 i';'od-ha>ed « hn<>gl, phi<: re,,,. To wh.. ""en, ,hould

we ccly on m,«, ial cul,u" ,rodl", o.sed in ,he i>h nd, ro

unde" ..nd ,he , is''ifi,,,, ,,,,,,of ,1,0 " me m>rori.J I"OO l.>Ced

10 ro",cmpo"'')' New Zcliand? Vrhll e th= """"" "ub·h,h . be"d'm,rl< fi" cnmp. ri",,,, we 1" ", ,,, be ", ,,, fu] to

gcom !C local c,hoographl< 0" .1 d<Kumcn",y ,"OU"" of

,he m"an, ng of ,h ing~ If an ob i""'" ....1"" i, d"p"n<len' nn

<on,,,,,', we "'0"'" .,," mc homogcoe iry In ' 0 ilK" "iogly

" ••",na, ional world. In ,he . b","ee " f Ioc.aI « hnogr'phy,

' 0"'''''' haY< '0 he ",W'i"o, ~ot on~ of ,hc ro<lne<:rlon,

hu'.Iso me di'iu" , ';o,,, oo","",n th" 'f"'-'" when: ubi"""

orlgin,te . nd ci"" I"" . nd ,h" mra ninl>' prople gi", '0 . nd

mal<e ,h rough ,hem In ncw 10<>.,10",.

PostscriptSil><'< m:lklng ,he lOki, Kup. ..,J j,,:k h",c joined mooTokd""n m"n and Iu", beg"n ",,,, ',,"c,ioo of.n O"lng _

S" ...1... In ,hi, "nde..~Ul ,hey h. ", ,= i.«l , S""" .leal

of ",mmun iry "'ppoff, ..pe;:i.ally .•Inee Fuli p" ,sed ' W'y io

2001. Fld<r men from ,ile communiry h.Y< been I" vi,ed

lO .i,i, ,he "'orl< ,, '" ,nd w;,h ,~ hrt yo uoge' "",,,,ber> of

,hc Tokel.u communi')' h,,'e offered wo,d. of encouragc

men'. The Pr<>g"'" i, . 00 helog monl'ored by pro plc in ,hc

Tokelau i,land, i,,J i«<., ly ...d mtuugh won! 01'"",u,h.Th"",

;" ,egu!., J i.lug"c ooween Tokd ,""" In Scw Zciliod

. nd ,Iw"" in 'Ii",cl." , Worrlnfeven" or pm;.cr" p",,,,,i. <d

" being "fI,en,,", 10 Tokel. u leoJ '" d"w wiJ"p"'..J at·

ten''''n. Thc "'qui,; ,ion of ,he ,okl by me mu", um . nd 'nc

>Ub""luen' in i ,~io n nf. pm;.cr to huiid 0 vaka c",.r«! .

bro..J er Imer"" and .",~ren"" in the worl< ,I." Kup" .nd

J><Io: Iud hc<:" doing. The """",;on of ,he ;, In,c",," ."d... hl""'R,on" wi,bin ,I", puhlic dom';n c",,, «I . new rol"

and ;deo,iryfo, K" I" wi,hlo ,he l<KaI 'Jokela" ro<llmuoiry,

Kul'O1,,,,, ,,!<en on • 10...I;ng role in ,hc ...... building pro j

«,. He "Y' ,hat ",h il" he c, n """'" "'1'1= hi<gt.ncif.,..."

he "'0 "'" .. ,hc f. , ill,,,o, '" enablc ,ile &lOUP '" o,>i",';n

, h"i, ';';"m.

I h"" ,j rcady ,ornml""d " "",If to ,h"ing ,he ~"""Iodg< ,har

woo ",!rod'0 mo. I Ira", ....... """ by",m"''';og ..-i," ,he 'Ok,

pmj«" Thi, I, in ,he r"" of..,,,,",o.m,,"''''' ,, ;,h '"e I'''''"g

00 of fnli fo ,i, The T"kd,u culn"" ~ "" dnubr n"[q"" , ""'I""variow m:",,,,,,,, '0our rul"", "e;"ll ~",;L" '" "'"" r.of.::hlandcui""" "I"'i~?- ho m ,In"e ;,j",d. ,h,, :u< do=r to ",. "'-",

.. :>'moa, 'I" valu , . n<! ,he Nonhern c,,"~ l~",d., When I rdJ""

00 ,he . m ,h.. I 0,,,, "",0 " """ i ""II>< ,har al,hou", do",:on:

~mil"i, ,,,, ";,h o,her I~.nd g'oup>, ,hen:"" . 1", >it;nlli,,", dif_

f""no:> ,0.,"" ... 'P" ev<n from ou, ,10,.", n,lghhoun,

AcknowledgmentsMo Iroe '< IUpun, pde koFuli Fo ci. Ehc h ni "upo ke f...·

:uJi " u ai '" falcafm,;Uhl mo.u alto...og:o "" ..unuku

oj 1< "" ..umaf.lig:o. The . " ,hut> would aI", like '" dun k

1'0""" T""iw.. r.ndo.. Pulim.lo """"", J. nel DavidIDn,

S,eplunie (;Ibso", A..-hlo. Tam=p", Vi,h,'aji, PandY" fo,

di>co,,' ng tho 1.1", i" ,1,;' 1" 1"" . Amony HOOf""', Judi ,h

Hun " n..n,.nd K,,,,,, Ncto l'"lVidod , fin.1eri,i,," rc..Jiog

a" d we arc g,,«fuJ fo, rheir helpful ,uw";'"" ,

End no tes11>< ulu ' m"",um "'10"""" n " um"''' ' ''' FEOI !}" to

FEo1l3H1 11>< l .. u u u"'0'l"'''''' p'oc=d f" n.un.. fmmT,ok l"" ..

"",U '" 'j'"' '''''' nw, n" from"," I"" 0illf; ...... h ,... mod,b,.- ....n'b<n of KuF"u 1\o,P"P.f", At"ni Lap..... ."d ..... lh<wio"" of th,

" mt<mfX>'M)'lu..J i6"n,] GO'~" 'h, fi "'.m Tokd."f..h" n <V, m, l..hi Tn'd.". h<Jd ,n Pori,.. ;n N.,..<rnoo

1000 IM,,""m "lI~""'"'" numb<, f~O II ~9811).

j T"" " f 'h , ,,,ki u,]",, ;n <hi. '" m 1..1=1 "';,1> do" 'j'",l><o<fi 'h mg It",.

" In:>a"""" """"' anJ ,....,. bwkli"g;n I"rt"-uL" h..v< hi>to,,,,01group-''" g,,;kb h.., ng ,h" , ,,,.on , .-.dom.<I<, . ""nV<n"n"~

, rw:t".oda"" IT, lUng> H,,", 1~3Q _" 0) In","", ;n...o=

;n " """-, tho. pp",n' i«!m..,., ",L.t;o",/' ip ""n';nu" ,od. y,,]"'-h ;, u much b !Ocm.I;",J. 'in "", <pte;.Ii" O>lt> ",n·

,in.. to find , """""'1' ,,>1 t<'f"'"d~ ;n "'m' P.< in,ooci<t;". with tofus- wry;ng t;d" '" bring """,;,,«1 wi,hI"n""'" ..mil.... How"",. ,. .."'" "",,""m,.OO i", .oo,,,,,d

prod",... "''''' t<nJ.".d "'"'" 'uful\' roln .OO ''' ~, obool<t<... ' "" o"u '1' roo" ",.I """,il• •«"nw ",;Iy ,,,,l.c<d by;n' F"',,«I .nd """-p..-.doc<d .I" " ",, i..... T,,!up wlln h."m"..-d from ,I.. ';11'1.'" rom",' '" ...-=<.. 10<..,",", ..... kound"'" roln n, «I i"'l,,;,h«l ,hoi, rob .hog" h" .

j A ",mpl«<d """p"" ..... p"",," ',," to T. Pap> dW;"l\ ;"ofh<;.J op<ni' g<!.yon I. Fd>ru.<')' I<J?~ b,.- th. Tok<i. u 1'<,.fmm;nss"''' p M. Ull; Mi f"", IMu"urn ..pm"'io" numb<,H.O I II~8) .

6 Th e« ««n ' n h. b" ilding proj<ct' iodwk on< . mong ,b<N oku",, " u """,m.oiryof , I>< lI" n V.JI<y in Wd l;ngron"

;m. 1I ""'" <If"" ,n A",' I.n';'.od . pmj«' «<,m~ ;" i"",db,.- Kuf'" K"p. ""d b~ y "UP;" (\" im. d,,;ng ,n. J".' k>f>""m of ,hi, _,.

7 "''''''''n ,.f"g>.~, ....."p1,.""V< 1\>000' d<mand fn' ,!><;,,,,~om• ..,. ",, ~,,;fi "''"''''" '-"m muni'i<' "" ~... S>.mo•.In N<>< z.,....-.l, . ",fuga fu f", {"I'<" hou>< huild" ) Iwhu~, twn So""" n f.le {O"' of ' ho f,le ;, ,he PI.N", 1'»;6..

"""d1 W< ho;l, i" ' hoMu" um of NowZ<. l>..... I '>l7) .....

;, b<;ns ""'do' by. thiN Un;,<dS......b....l '"""' ... b"ilil

""o,h,,. SimiWty. s.m.",n <ufup "".."' " (''''nning" 1'<"').".00 "lI"wlvworkmg ;" NowZ<>I.noi Aus,,~ ia, H.".i·i.,II< Un;,,," SU!o..mi Eutt>p< ..' '''''in~ I.m nonun<! non·s._""""". And Mw6 w.... """"np. m huiJd i"!: ~..... (un",,1

'" 11..... i'; .nd ,h",in& ,hei, k "nwI<d~ ,n """"""on. ,",h.. th<Ny",'i." VOY"l\'"!< Soci<t-,-.

, Th". individu . l. ;" d .d, Wi"m u p" " . nd W",.nW"rn,i, .

9 In «pN IO po".,.oJ kno...~. i , ~ ' ;8n,"0." , "' """ ,h.""'"0';'1' ' nd 00;«';';'1' of K,f"" ",,,,,,,n' of h"", ,II< rokii, m""". I< i,. ""Y 1;',,,,,1 oemunt "",1 pm><, i~,iv< in i ~

,,.

References~pp..J."i . A, (<<I.) 19i«J, In,,.,,j,,,,,io" in Tl><s«..II,ji -r,m'T__

,," --",in i. ""n",,1 p'f«'i~. u mbr;dg<, lJ";,«IKmp>om, u nMOdg< Un,,,,,~rv P.....,

11<0"",. N , 19"17 , SI." '00 " '1'<"',(''''' ''' 'I'll< IW"", nfl;"n<J<,

li n"".I,<\, '" U"",,," T""S". f-tlm« 61 (I . )), S·}I11<>,. S, 19"". T,""I•• A",",,~,- • p"lim;".'Y "'1"''' of .n

;0,,;,1 '""''Y. nd ....." ..... Iok-"""ji<~?k",""". /loll.,,', ~, 1 0'I- 18. u n"""" ANLI

Ilounl;"" P. \ ~M. [);,,".a"'" II S«;.d o,"i<[o" f ,Iv fod""",",

.rT",,, hw " la" d b,.- Rkhanl Ni ), c.ml>,"~. M...

""h"""b' H"'''"d U",""'i,!, P, .Bml<r. J. 19"10,~ T...",-: """,.,,," " oJ <Iv SO<b<Jmwo-r

..... ,,'J' I"ndn" : Ro.Jrl«.I~"

U;1=<n<mil-..lJ' , M.•nd R." " ht 'S.H.h,,n, F.. 19RI, Tiv ,""",,

"'t of tf,'''P' 0._,'" 'l'"boI. . "" <Iv «Ifc.","'kil\"'",m","~ tln;",,,'<\'~'

c.;"',,'mih.lri. M. 19"13. Wh, we n«I~) !/~~" fro'" ,.i,p.. _Y' ,.

_"""I ".}n" , . W"h'n1''''' '00 I","",,", Sml,"",O'."

l"~""""" F'l=Dr.ke. M.1001. 1'1\"'" I'<P" MooingTonl\"n "'f" in N", m ·

Iond. on M,II"". S. • nd f'<";". foP. I,,"~ ) /,.:<tfi<.,., ' '"<iI., ,h. /'.~ji< J,.....~.•, of"'"'''''f''''M'I ,,,,", h . ,,=, .,.,.

Wdli"""n, T, r.p. Pr=

F,;Nd. R. 1'1'13. So"" M",,,, nf S"",=«, "' lu.... S. .....

Kin/;, ')'. W.D. 1«1<·) /I"~,,fro"' ,hi"(.',...." •• ...-.J",[,.". W..hingwn ..... l..rui"", In,i ,""",;'" I"wi,., ,,.-c,; nd>u.-g, F. 1991. InJigonow M<J;", F...., .." Co n..." 0< GIoh.J

V~I>g<' C..u....J Antf,,,,,",,,,,__ 1-."",]-,", ,Iv .1«"", ofCol,.,", A.",,,,..."'v I\{I)

( ;"k!man. L 1970.11";"-",~.,\oc"'J. U"'ll" . nd l.ondon'Un;"",;<\, of Cb;,,~o 1'«" .

H<rl<,A.J002, Objoru ogoncyanJ m""","" romi " lli"l!~

b«w«n ,b< Tom' s,.-.;, . ndc.m~, I..· I-k,k, A.

".1, (,J..) ""'if« "".. !<"u.-"", '''""K' ' oJ .....", ,"t ·Hindm"," , ","'h A"~," i... C",,,,,,,nl H"",,,.

I-k«l. . ~ 2002 Cook hL.n.b liv...."", MiJI"'t" n ..... tit< Diopblj- ofc.,] t"'" in~N", Z<.t.nd, 1•.-H"l<, A.,,",- (<dIJ

f'<I<i~ ,,'" !",<i"",,, ""'''P'.«d " '""'''t. Hind"""",s.-:..,h A".,,,I,,,, C",wfutJ H""""

Ho,'I'<" A. 19~~. To"l." Fi,hi"g; n ,,,,d ;,,,,n" ••d MoJ,,,,

<0'''..", ,,,.- RodJi<, K . tId J""""""" RE. (..h.) Th<T"""""..If<".~."J_ _ !'""",-r"",..I '7'''"'' , •

.{,..~"J<Iv ""'iji<.-,..,...!"""""'" U_ROSTSEA"1:..",,1""',.,,, ""'" '" <Iv 1_ "'t.i4"'" Offiafr>' Sri·"",""(T~'" s",,,",,,,, h .... 5-9D«<ml>tr. 198JJ.h,,,,.lodon<o..: Uni,<Xl N",,,O' f.d""" " naJ, S<i<mifi<,

..... Culm",) 0.1\"";"'''.' !l.<yon" 00« fo' S<i<n«,nd l«hnnlogy fo, Srn,th<.., A<;•.

Hoop<" A. 2000 .T<>kd..u.I... U1. BY and Iill, rom",,,, K- (,J,.)

n", PMifK I'/". ,{" .~ ""J'f.t<Ji.,. lIo"," ul", l'n,,,,,"y

of fl,w." """'-

flnn" m,n , J. ,nd Iloo!"" , A. 1996. T_"!"• .' ~ ),i"..,,~1

,th~ . A"dJ..n.J, ......1J.o,j lJoi",,'.,- r....Hun"oun. J. n.d, I',.,""'U_oJ .,;"" -fT," "'.' '""" "'"".,../

"''"t'. Vnp"b!" h<.J P-'f"t, Vni.",,!)' of Andol""l hn

P"''''''''''' of Mollo"),Hu,,,,,n,G, 2OJOJ1.Tn-_ Cook 1<1>0<1< (i-HI",'8 '" N<w Z,..brol,

I. .. M, II"", S. , 04 1'<-'; .. , FP ltd ,,) p~ft< "".i.,iJ" ."'" F..a!, J".,.,i.. of,_ " ..,...., ,v"" 7,,J,,,,,j ' ' ',W, lI i.l'm n, T, P'l" Pr"".

Kinch, P.Y. 19B• . T'" "",I. ,i•• of'''' 1'01,..",. ''' ;'fJ._.Ct.mb,idg<. Vn,,«1 Kinl'dom, N"", Yo, k.' C...mb,id~,

Un,,,,';')' l'ro" ,

Koch. G. 19B4. T'" _"""''''''''" ofTn",,", Sun Un''''''.,- 01,o. S.-""h 1'><,"<, I,,,,,",,, ofl'",,", S<uJifi.

Koch. G. 1 ~B6. 1....-.mdI""'""'.fAm..... EngI,,,, ,..",lo, io"hy (;"~ .<1" ,,,, ~... .- lI n", ,, ,t)' of ,h, S<>u,h 1'><-,"",In",,",,, of Pa<ili<",.j,,,.

I...h. S. 19'1l Pi""" Bo.."I"u, C"I,u,~ F-<""" ",y ,n" Sod.1Chang', I., C,lhoun , C. f.dw"d IjP" m' , F... ,nJPo.ro=. M. (<<I~) &0"",", (;~IWI_f"''"'" Ch"'w>'Th< Vru.....,t)' ofChicogo Pr=-

Loy. G. 1'1%. r..ifK IV""7.L~f.,"" A"dol, n<!, o...id ling

Lo,. G, 200Z. f<.,o .oJ ""0""".' , «k/,,.~••f !'onfi' bf.,,.JC. I,. " i. IV,,,, b.I••i , Aud J 'n" , N"w floB ,.d,,"b li>h<n.

M, ho". M, 2(1<. ', Tht V~,"" h od' I\(' of C"hu,,1 Prod"" ",A...... R,.,.., o/A" Iwo~29, 467·n,

M><g"W" . (;. 1937. F.rl".o.'IO'ofT"'...., 1...."'"'- ""-,,, I' BikpM"".,. &./"". 146, Ho,.,lulu. H....-.;' L

M..pI>,.,,,n ,C. 1984. On ,h, f",""ofS""",n F.<hni.'.,- in S",,'

z"..Jond, in Spoonl<y. ~ M"P""""" ' C P""", n, D . ond

s..!g<wO<k, C. {,.k) I...iwi, 11M,,",.";f.l> ,'J i. N.",

luh"", f'..I" ..",on I<o"h.- lJunmo", f' .

M,II""""ki . B. 19ZZ. A'P....o oftit< l&>..... !l<cift< " . """"'"

_{"""'" ""'<pi" ,"".oJ"",,",, i. ,J" ' '''''f'/oP'' orM,"'""",,, !Vnu ( ;",,,,,, ..i ,h. p", ",,< l>y S" Jo ,,,,{;,o~

h>.=. l.on_:~,b11\" '" K<vn Poul.

M,IIo... 5, . ... I~,,' ''' ' ~h 1«1.,) z002. """fic," ni. ,ik ""

l1Ki", ",._ ... •f """"'1""''' Nnu 7'"""''''' ,,,. W,l.

I">g<'"'' T"P..p" r.....M,,,,,,,, c. E. and MY"". FR. 19')S, Tht T..ffio. ;nArt..... CuI",,,,,

An In,rod,,...,ion. In, M..",", G . .md M .I''''' F 1«1..) T'"

T,.fJ;, '" Colt..... Rr!is-,;"! A" """ A."""f<'/<v. u"AOI'I'I<> ..n<! LonJon, (;";""n''l' ofc.Jil,,,n" "'=.

M)"'n, F 1'1'/.; . Cuhu..,.n,..I. ; ,~ p",fo,mi''l< Al>o'itti"" li'y .. ,o.A>i.. S<.Ott., G..J I..,-, An<ffl<~" Ftlmolorm, 11 , 679-99

N, i<h. Rog<,. 1932. A , ..II.,,""? ' ""'7 of P.Mfi< "f.,"'" "",.",1

"'''''''Ii.Nn.-b,J"oJ '""'".." . Wollington , N... w _L<od N" ....... Cnmm'''''n fo1 V"""" A~ G"" ,'" . ,dM,"" um, !\ssoc",ioo ofN<w z,,1..d

N<"',tt, D. 1989 . On <uJ", ,,, '''" cu l," ..1 od"''' t)', I.,Nov", D,, "" 'I);-';lIn,o", B. {td,.) C./"," • .,f""""}" 1'1... Zho_

"''''' Wdl i'gron: \;P R.-.-.k•.

O'!'>",I. c.r;. I'H). It.<>-i,.,. ",""'" f'O",b,I;"" r", m;g.""n,n ,hrol"'losr. A,...m•• FII"",~"26(1), 111_21S

S,II;,,,,,, p l 'IRR. M.J< '. N;-p. ,.. """oi.v ,. ,h. .'gM..,J, .fr"""" N,., G.i.... London , I'ub l~W fo, ,h, T,,,,,,..of ,h, B,i,;.h M..,....", 0, B,;,,," Mn"nm ""01.....' 00.

,n """",,ion w'd. ,k VO''''''''- of Dm""" !'ubI...·,ion, 1Io,.J,

S'"",n"," , K. 19%. Co hu", .md i<k",,<JC Coo"'"I"''''l' 1'>.£;",

An;'" in N.-w 7....."". """'"'. -fN"" ZNJ."oJ A" H....'" 17, W _6l!

Tun",p'. A. 10011. A...." 1l<,"""n I" "', ..."",..... w" h Awhi",T,,,,,,,,I"" I., Son;," __ H. {<d.). 7~;".- Co."""" ..""",i,' com,""."", M"",i ~"'m. Wdlin~",", T< p,P'

"-T, RonII' H,,,,, {I',,,,,, B""<I. 1930. "......"'n M""I,1 Cul,u""

"""",1' /li"'-p M"",,", fhdJ,,,. n,T, R>.ng' Hi"" {I'=< B",<I. 19l4. M.."p "' n Soc><.,-, ""-,,, P

Bi',"" M.",,,. ""lko. lZZ .

Thoma>. N, 1'I%.t. 'n,.d...." of)co<ph,<kb>.k> Wou'Okm,.,-to

r..if>; ,,,. no, e.-..,...., F'a<ifi< S, Z?I _ .1 17.

Th"m... ~ , I? %b, h u m b" ib" +-.\S,

Documents

Toki Niu Hila: Making Tokelau adzes and identity in … Niu Hila: Making Tokelau adzes and identity in New Zealand Sean Mallon1 with Kupa Kupa?and Jack Ki rifi" Mo