Togo Food Sec Conference.Final Report.pdf

Coastal West Africa Conference on Food Security

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

This conference was made possible through the partnership of Peace Corps, IFDC Togo and INADES FORMATION in collaboration with other

Research Institutions and local organizations

Institut National de Formation Agricole (INFA) Tové-Kpalimé, Togo

June 1-5, 2009

Presented by: Hounkpati K. Bradock

Agronomist Engineer/Consultant

i

Executive summary

The Coastal West Africa Conference on Food Security was held from June 1 to 5, 2009 at

INFA de Tove (Institut National de Formation Agricole) near Kpalime, Togo. Sixty

participants included representatives from Peace Corps posts across West Africa (Togo,

Benin, Guinea, Cameroon, Mali, and Niger), USAID, ITRA, OADEL, University of

Lome, and additional local organizations of Togo (see list of participants in annex for

details). The teams of Peace Corps representatives from six West African countries in

addition to partner’s organizations and collaborators, each presented key concepts on

food security and shared experiences from their work about food security (see program in

annex). The presentations were followed by panel discussions regarding challenges of

food security. During the second day, conference participants set up stands sharing

experiences and a forum more intimate and frank discussion. The third day, conference

participants embarked on a day-long field trip to observe and discuss various farming

system and the work of local leading organizations promoting food security.

iii

Table of contents Executive summary.............................................................................................................. i Table of contents................................................................................................................. ii Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 1. Program Overview.......................................................................................................... 2 2. Daily activities ................................................................................................................ 2

2.1. Presentations and discussions on food security issues............................................. 3 2.1.1 Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps – Togo ................................... 3 2.1.2 Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps–Benin .................................... 4 2.1.3 Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps – Guinea ................................ 5 2.1.4 Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps – Cameroon........................... 5 2.1.5 Presentation and discussion led by USAID ....................................................... 6 2.1.6 Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps – Mali .................................... 7 2.1.7 Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps – Niger .................................. 7

2.2. Presentations and discussions on Review of theoretical and practical approaches for addressing food security in Coastal West Africa ...................................................... 8

2.2.1 Presentation led by OADEL (Organisation d’Appui a la Démocratie et au Développement Local)................................................................................................ 8 2.2.2 Presentation led by IFDC Togo (first presentation)........................................... 9 2.2.3 Presentation led by IFDC Togo (second presentation) .................................... 10 2.2.4 Presentation led by Faculty of Sciences, University of Lome (Togo)............. 12 2.2.5 Posters and Stands presentation led by participating conference attendees .... 12 2.2.6 Presentation led by INADES FORMATION Togo ......................................... 12 2.2.7 Presentation led by ITRA (Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique)..... 13 2.2.8 Panel discussion ............................................................................................... 14

2.3. Field trip................................................................................................................. 14 Conclusion and perspectives............................................................................................. 16 Annex................................................................................................................................ 17 Annex 1. Program and daily activity ................................................................................ 18 Annex 2: List of participants............................................................................................. 22 Annex 3: Posters and Stands presentation led by participating conference attendees...... 24 Annex 4: Selected photos during the conference.............................................................. 26 Annex 5: PowerPoint and presentation during the conference (in PDF).......................... 29

1

Introduction This document attempts to compile all available material regarding presentation during the course of the Conference. The conference activities comprise: powerpoint presentation, posters and stands animation, panel discussion and a field trip all of which was over three days.

The purpose of the conference was to enable Peace Corps posts across Coastal West Africa to better respond to the food security crisis in their respective countries under the goal and objectives as follows:

Goal: Empower Volunteers, counterparts and staff with new knowledge and practical skills to improve their village-level response to the food security crisis in Coastal West Africa.

Objectives: 1) Exchange information between posts on best practices to address village-level food security issues; 2) Review practical approaches for addressing food security in Coastal West Africa; 3) See first-hand examples of organizations effectively addressing food security in Togo.

Agricultural productivity and food security topics covered during the conference are:

1) Basic business planning techniques to increase profitable agricultural investment including organic and inorganic fertilizer, collective cultivation, and mechanized cultivation;

2) Basic feasibility analyses of food processing techniques to increase profits on production of fruit products, soy products and alternatives to wheat as a practice to reduce imports of non-indigenous products;

3) Improved permaculture methods; 4) Agroforestry systems, e.g. those involving coffee and coco production; 5) Additional topics depending on inputs from conference participating.

Creating to a Peace Corps response to the food security crisis cuts across many sectors but particularly impacts the training and support of volunteers in projects related to environment, agriculture, business, health & HIV/AIDS, youth, and education.

2

1. Program Overview

• Day 1: Information exchange between Peace Corps posts and other organizations

on best practices to address village-level food security issues

• Day 2: Review of theoretical and practical approaches for addressing food

security in Coastal West Africa

• Day 3: Field visits to see first-hand examples for effectively addressing food

security in Togo

2. Daily activities

Day 1: June 2, 2009: Information exchange between Peace Corps posts and others on

best practices to address village-level food security issues

Blandine Samani-Zozo, Training Manager (Peace Corps Togo) welcomed the

participants. Rebekah B. Lee, Country Director, Peace Corps–Togo, officially opened the

conference with the assistance of Atèwètchinè K. Beketi, General Director of INFA, who

presented an overview of his institution to the conference participants with a special

emphasis on the training opportunities for both national and international students. As

one of the major organizers, Ms. Lee hoped that it would result in a long lasting

collaborative development program between Peace Corps posts and regional partners.

She emphasized the importance of local language in combating food insecurity.

Opening discussions of conference objectives and expected outcomes were followed by a

series of presentations prepared by the conference participants. A brief summary of

presentations is discussed below.

3

2.1. Presentations and discussions on food security issues

2.1.1 Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps – Togo Gabriel Tucker, Associate Peace Corps Director for Natural Resource Management

(APCD NRM) first described the Agriculture Productivity and Food Security (AP/FS)

initiative. He discussed the causes of food security, highlighting the events of 2008.

Food Security Concerns in Togo:

• It is possible, and important to not compromise the integrity of the environment while pursuing food security.

• The extreme increase in the rate of population growth has exacerbated the problem, especially in underdeveloped countries that don’t have access to mechanized farming.

• The increase in the price of fuel/gas has contributed to the lack of mechanization in these countries and the high cost of imported food.

• Urban migration has decreased the amount of people working in agricultural areas, which has decreased production.

• Current farming practices, including the use of fertilizers and pesticides, are degrading the land and creating unsustainable yields. As these practices continue, harvests will decrease and reliance on fertilizers.

• The inundation of imported goods to local markets decreases the consumption of local goods, and makes it difficult for local farmers to make a living.

Peace Corps’ Role

• Address population growth through the promotion of family planning. Encourage investment in local goods and sustainable practices in farming and agribusiness through the promotion of farmers as entrepreneurs.

• Peace Corps Togo’s AP/FS initiative has three specific goals:

1. Investing in the production of field crops.

2. Reduce imports by increasing the processing of domestic food

3. Encourage sustainable vegetable gardening through permaculture.

His presentation was followed by questions and comments on animal traction as an income generation activity, the link between crop production and storage, and the promotion of gardening.

4

2.1.2 Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps–Benin APCDs Salomon Toudonou and Yves Matchoudo introduced Volunteers Kristen Olsen

and Kyle Harrar to present “Benin's food fight”. The presentation emphasized Benin

country profile and agricultural issues. Below is the sum up of their presentation.

• There are enough resources to produce food to feed the world, but a lack of

nutrition in what is being produced.

• Peace Corps Benin has three new programs encouraging the modernization of

equipment, use of improved seeds and the diversification of crops.

• The agroforestry program promotes Moringa plantations, tree grafting,

community gardens and improved agriculture techniques.

• Volunteers can teach people about the benefits of Moringa and encourage them to

incorporate it into their diet.Cross-sectoral cooperation within Peace Corps for the

promotion of agribusiness should be encouraged. The improved Moringa seed and

plant can be promoted.

In addition to Peace Corps’ programs, the Volunteers mentioned that the growing food

crisis in 2007 which prompted the Benin government to implement three new programs:

• Providing modern equipment, tractors and accessories, and seeds and

pesticides

• Food Crisis Prevention via ONASA (Nation Office of Food Security)

• Diversification of products and funding opportunities

After the presentation, conference participants commented on the importance of the

promoting and marketing improved Moringa, the role of soy in human well-being in

Cameroon, natural drying methods of Moringa leaves developed in Niger.

5

2.1.3 Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps – Guinea Guinea’s presentation was co-facilitated by two APCDs Kristine Schantz and Abdoul Khalighi Diallo and two Peace Corps Volunteers Teale Hawley-Wahleim and Erich Pacheco. They described their host country’s profile, the volunteer and partner activities and the opportunities for the future. Issues included:

• Food Security includes production, access, utilization and sustainability

• Advantages for West Africa: diverse climate, rich in water resources, fertile soil, availability of land

• Obstacles: Slash and burn agriculture, environmental degradation, monoculture, bad infrastructure and lack of market access

• Volunteer and partners activities :

- Training workshops and awareness-raising campaigns in harvest management, nutrition, family planning, experimentation with improved/diversified seed varieties, improved farming techniques, organization and development of associations

- Natural Resources Management including mud stoves and reforestation (each PCV should promote at least three useful and available tree species, environmental education, integrated pests management and natural fertilizers

- Food Conservation: through solar drying, canning and jam making

- Gardening and forestry product promotion such as shea butter, palm oil, fruit trees, and beekeeping

• Opportunities for the future

− Reinforcing organizational skills of local groups (use symbols in training)

− Networking and promoting collaboration between different structures − Animal husbandry and aquaculture − Seed production − Promoting improved/diversified crop varieties − Promoting improved agricultural techniques − Reinforcing SED and Agroforestry collaboration in marketing and

Village Savings and Loan (VSL)

2.1.4 Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps – Cameroon Théo Tiki Manga, Agro APCD, Théo Sobngwi, Community worker, Amadou Toukour,

PTA, Sahel region and Benjamin Doerr, Small Enterprise Development Volunteer

presented “Key Facts on Food Security in Cameroon”. In their presentation, they noted:

6

• 75% of the population is involved in agriculture but there are many problems in

the market infrastructure, like low access to credit, social and political unrest, and

a large refugee population.

• The Cameroon Government responded to riots by lifting import taxes on rice,

flour, and fish in response to riots. The government is also working to promote

improved seed varieties.

• Peace Corps Activities focus on: food conservation, nutrition projects, improved

agricultural techniques, “non conventional” animal husbandry and beekeeping,

community development projects and income generating activities.

• Collaboration across Peace Corps sectors in Cameroon enable Volunteers to

consolidate their activities in response to food security through business classes

with farmers and marketing opportunities.

2.1.5 Presentation and discussion led by USAID Sanath K. Reddy, West African Region Director of USAID, traveled from his office in

Ghana to contribute to the conference.

• There is no lack of agricultural production, but there is still food insecurity.

• The largest problem is population growth.

• CAADP (Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Program) is working

to increase the investment in agriculture by 10% in order to increase agricultural

production by 6%.

• We have learned that three elements are important to food security - sustained

production, market creation and enterprise creation.

• Cross Collaboration shows that an increase in agricultural production will lead to

an increase in income. To increase production, one must invest in small scale

irrigation, livestock development, market accessibility and water sanitation.

• There is a focus on private incentive as the only path to sustainability.

• In order to make regional trade more accessible, taxes and tariffs must be reduced.

7

At the end of his presentation, he informed the participants, especially Peace Corps

Volunteers about the potential funds available to non-USAID countries for

sustainable projects regarding food security.

2.1.6 Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps – Mali APCD Kristine Hoffer and the Program Assistant Yacouba Kone presented the

Environment Project Plan. They talked about the current status of food security in Mali

and the progress of Food Security PAPA (Participating Agency Program Agreement)

program with USAID.

• The strategy should focus on increasing income and improving techniques in

gardening and cereal crop farming.

• Collaboration between sectors was considered essential to any effort of

improving food security.

• Pertinent technical information at: http://kalanke.webofficelive.com

2.1.7 Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps – Niger Yacouba Sangare, APCD Agriculture presented and shared Niger’s experience related to

food security from 1960 to the present. The situation is similar all around, except for an

addition of information about pets and parasites. He described the starvation period and

the government strategies to respond to it with the collaboration of farmers, and herders.

Apart from that, other institutions and partners such Peace Corps have contributed

enormously to food security issues in Niger. Importantly, noting that Peace Corps

Volunteers use the participatory approach through the PACA. Volunteers from the Peace

Corps in agriculture have made contributions through the following activities:

• Agricultural Production: Legume production:

- Organization of community members in cooperatives, associations, and groups - Training community members in vegetable crop technology - Provision of vegetable seeds - Training and introduction of the da Kokari Niya pedal pump and system of

drip irrigation in rural communities

8

- Organizing visits to exchange experiences between community members - Monitoring and evaluation activities

Rainy season cultivation: - Introduction of improved varieties from research centers (ICRISAT and INRAN) through demonstration fields - Established inputs such as fertilizer - Land recuperation (CES / DRS) - Exchange visits to demonstration fields at agricultural research centers - Establishment of cereal banks

Fruit Tree: - Support the development of the fruit through the use of grafted plants - Training community members in grafting techniques - Introduction at community-level of the Apple of the Sahel • Livestock:

Animal health: (Training of Para-veterinary community members, extension work with pastoralists and agro pastoralists on animal health) and animal food He shared his almost fifty years experience in agriculture through diverse projects implemented in Niger relatively to food security. Note: For further details, see powerpoint presentation and hand-out in the Annex

Day 2: June 3, 2009

2.2. Presentations and discussions on Review of theoretical and practical approaches for addressing food security in Coastal West Africa

2.2.1 Presentation led by OADEL (Organisation d’Appui a la Démocratie et au Développement Local)

Tata Yawo Ametoenyenou, Director of OADEL, presented “Food Security and Local

Food Consumption in Africa”(La consommation locale en Afrique: entre doute et espoir).

According to him, food security should stand for food sovereignty. In West Africa, food

security has become a challenging issue because the population is relatively young and

growing but they are not interested in farming. Further, the Togolese government's

contribution of national budget to fight against food security is very low—only 1.85

percent of the government budget is allocated to the agriculture sector. In the mean time,

9

imported food stuffs have invaded the domestic market and population food habits have

changed due to their advertisements and promotion.

In one word, food sovereignty equals producing and consuming locally. Supporting the

production and processing of staple and cash crops is a cornerstone to ensure food

security in Africa. Local production and processing capacities should be strengthened in

order to satisfy the domestic demand.

Food insecurity persists because heads of states are not able to fulfill their promises.

MDG, NPAD and poverty release projects launched in Africa need to be realistic with

regard to agriculture sector development and locally produced foods. In this field,

OADEL has been campaigning on the topic Afrique nourricière since 2005 in Togo.

2.2.2 Presentation led by IFDC Togo (first presentation)

Francis Tamelokpo, Natural Resource Program, IFDC Togo, discussed their on-going

activities in their presentation: “Participatory Learning and Action Research Related to

Natural Resource Management” (L’Apprentissage Participatif et la Recherche d’Actions

Relatifs à la Gestion des Ressources Naturelles).

The focus of his presentation was on integrated soil fertility management (ISFM). This

requires solid knowledge and coherence from involved persons. The IFDC method of

promotion involves:

1. Exploratory visits and documentation. Appreciation of farmers’ knowledge of

their constraints and opportunities in agricultural production.Indentification

opportunities and entry-points for participatory learning on ISFM.

2. Contact potential team members and partners.

3. Organize teams of advisors for PLAR-ISFM implementation that come from

NARS and/or NGOs and specialize assoil scientist, social scientist, agronomist,

agro-economist, specialist in soil and water conservation, and extension agent.

10

4. Participatory learning and action research by holding farmers’ meetings with their

partners in planning of seasonal activities are some concepts to take into account.

5. Resource assessment by transect walking and restitution in local language using

symbols with which farmers are familiar. With these results obtained from

farmers’ observations, types of soil are described and an agricultural calendar is

made up accordingly.

6. Participatory nutrient omission tests:

Farmers are trained in fertilizers identification (especially single fertilizers) and their

application for soil nutrient diagnosis. Extension agents assist then in designing

diagnostic plots e.g.: Mucuna and without Mucuna plots are used.

Indicators of crop performance are recorded and harvest evaluated by farmer group.

Results of ISFM options are presented annually at rural workshop where ISFM team is

extended to input dealers, microfinance institutions and decision makers.

Mr Francis concluded his presentation with the importance of PLAR-ISFM:

− Facilitate dialogue between farmers, researchers, extension agents, input vendors and decision makers

− Train farmers and extension agents about soil nutrients that are limiting crop yields

− Empower farmers to understand and implement soil fertility diagnosis − Compare nutrient effects and take decision

2.2.3 Presentation led by IFDC Togo (second presentation) “Agricultural Cluster Development; example of the 1,000+ project in Togo” (Le

développement des Pôles d’Entreprises Agricoles (PEA) ; Exemple de plus de mille

projets au Togo) was presented by Rudiger Udo, Pool d’Entreprises/Cluster Advisor

Programme AGRIBUSINESS, IFDC, and collaborating extension agents. This project

focuses on linking the food supply chain to well organized markets for both raw and

processed agricultural products. Project implementation is lead by a board of directors

coming from the different sectors, such as: growers/farmers, bankers, input entrepreneurs,

agricultural products dealers, and agribusiness technical advisors.

11

In every economic region of the country, clusters are developed according the dominate

crops and farm products for that region's climate:

Region Enterprises Pool Maritime Corn, soy, rice, pineapple, Moringa, milk Plateaux Millet, ginger, soy, cassava, beans, honey Centrale Corn, pepper, soy, ginger, marrow, cashew Kara Tomato, yam, rice, pig Savannah Corn, tomato, peanut, guinea fowl, rice Activities depend on the region and the grown crop. For example: Soy

Business contract with AGRINOVA and Banque Régionale de Solidarité (BRS), AGROVET, FLUDOR and farmer organization

Market study on soy products Involvement of processing and cottage factories at international trade fair Establishment of four demonstration fields varying on fertilizer dosages Training of rowers/farmers in seed production and crop processing techniques

Pepper

Improving packaging Improving processing technique Certification Advertisement Contract with farmers organization and AGROCOMPLEX Company Introduction of improved seed Training of farmers in appropriate agricultural technique

Common obstacles encountered during project implementation include:

Non-professional organization and low performance at farmers level Lack of respect for commitment and terms of contracts Low involvement of financial institutions (cornerstone link) Failure in input supplying and marketing grown products Absence of community-based infrastructures

Areas for project improvement:

Strengthen organizational capacity of farmers groups Build the capacity of entrepreneurs and farmers organization with business

planning Strengthen the relationship with financial institutions Develop methods to approach risk management Encourage input supply systems

12

2.2.4 Presentation led by Faculty of Sciences, University of Lome (Togo) Professor Kouami Kokou, Lecturer at Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé presented:

“Indigenous Perennial Leafy Vegetables: An important “permaculture” resource for West

Africa”(Les plantes pérennes à feuilles alimentaires, spontanées ou adaptées à la flore

locale: une source importante de la « permaculture » en Afrique de l’Ouest ).

Plant biodiversity is not only essential to a thriving ecosystem but provides an important

resource to humans. Togo’s flora comprises great number of leafy vegetables or plants

known or not that population have been using.

Selected plants have multiple uses. Edible fruits and leaves or legumes can be found

growing wildly in the farmers' fields. When combined with staple foods, these plants

contribute enormously to local diets, especially during the dry season and other times of

shortage. These agro-ecological adjustments coupled with cultural values can solve food

security concerns in poor households.

Considering the Inventory of Indigenous Perennial Leafy Vegetables Plants (IPLVP),

many of these plants are already consumed by local population and are a part of food

habits. Examples include: baobab – Adansonia digitata, Parkia biglobosa, and Tamarind

–Tamarindus indica.

By increasing communication about the benefits of these plants, people can plan their

effect on their environment in order preserve their traditional resources or modify the

present ecosystem.

2.2.5 Posters and Stands presentation led by participating conference attendees Stands and posters presented during the conference are summarized in the table annexed

to this report (see annex 3.)

2.2.6 Presentation led by INADES FORMATION Togo Director of INADES FORMATION Togo, Sena Kossi Adufu presented: “Program for

the Development of a Farmer-based Supply Chain for Cereals in Togo” (Programme

13

d’appui a la construction d’un mouvement paysan autour de la filière des céréales au

Togo).

INADES activities focus on: supporting profitable agricultural products channel, local

fundraising, consolidation of rural civilian society for a sustainable development and

support to farmers’ initiatives towards a community based management of natural

resources.

The program aims to develop farmer-based supply chains because farming is a major

economic activity in Togo, but many small-scale operations are not profitable. The aim of

the project is to ensure efficiency and equity for small-scale grain growers.

The following methodology was adopted:

− Conduct exploratory studies and diagnostics of supply chain for cereals in 6

prefectures

− Organize a national-level workshop in order to launch the program

− Host restitution and validation workshops in 8 prefectures

The program has lead to the creation of the center of Supply Chain for Cereals (CPC).

The CPC is creating a farming campaign to store 3550 tons of maize at a cost of CFA

639,999,360 to assist population during shortage period.

2.2.7 Presentation led by ITRA (Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique) Angele Amouzou Djake presented the essentials of the ITRA's research on wheat-

alternatives, “Production and promotion of bread-making flours to increase food security

in Togo.”

Her work aims to find alternatives to wheat flour, the principle ingredient in baking. For

years, eating habits in Togo have undergone remarkable changes. The majority of

foodstuffs are served with bread and other wheat based products. However, the price of a

50kg sack of wheat has varied greatly between 1998 and 2008, going from as low as

12,500cfa to as high as 26,500cfa, before stabilizing at 24,000cfa in May 2009. This

14

increase has caused serious problems for consumers and distributors alike, particularly,

bakers and pastry chefs.

Confronted with these difficulties, the Togolese Institute of Agricultural Research

(ITRA) has been asked by distributors and consumers to research alternatives to wheat.

Therefore a team of researchers has managed to identify and create alternative flours

made from locally available grains and tubers that can be substituted in varying degrees

for wheat flour in various products. Their overall objective is to provide bakers, pastry

chefs, and restaurants with alternatives to wheat in order to improve food security. After

achieving promising results, ITRA has organized activities to inform target groups, such

as forums, fairs and public awareness events. During these events ITRA has announced

new alternatives to wheat and the processes for making them.

Note: For further details, see powerpoint presentation and hand-out in the Annex

2.2.8 Panel discussion The panel discussion followed the above presentations and addressed the following

topics:

− Biofuel production

− Local food consumption and food imports

− Agriculture productivity, transportation and market information

− The sustainability of enterprise pools after the release of their partnership with the

IFDC.

2.3. Field trip

June 4, 2009

A day long field trip enabled conference participants to observe and discuss various

farming systems and the functioning of local organizatiosn in the field of food security.

At CRAF (Centre Agronomique de la zone Forestière), we observed tree

nurseries, and the intercropping of Nitrogen Fixing Trees (NFTs) within coffee

and cocoa plantation as well as coffee propagation by cuttings. The guest speaker

15

Koudjega also shared his experience in associating four specific NFT species with

cocoa and coffee: Albizia lebbeck, Albizia adiantifolia, Erythrophleum guineense

and Samanea saman. A. lebbeck is even more efficient than chemical fertilizers.

In Kuma Tokpli, we visited an old agroforestry site owned by Martelo Techeyi.

This old, and wise man is a local expert in agroforestry. He has fifty years of

experience and presented the advantages of an agroforestry system as a

sustainable way of farming. He helps teach and promote environmental protection

with local communities, state authorities’ and even ministries. For example, he

was responsible for the tree nursery used for the reforestation project in

Missahohe’s classified forest (German Village about 5 km from Kpalime). It is

very important to underline the involvement of the youth in reforestation projects.

The group enjoyed his presentation and considered him to be a living library.

From Tokpli, we moved on to Kuma Dunyo to visit Café Kuma. Café Kuma is

owned by a group of coffee growers who began processing and packaging their

own brand of roasted coffee, using their own coffee crops as the raw material. The

profit is divided equally.

In Adeta, we visited two cooperatives. The first one was a group of women rice

producers in Kpele Tutu. The members presented their experience in group

management, rice seed production, and their difficulties especially in weeding the

field and bird pests. Conference participants asked more questions and shared

their experience with the group and gave them some suggestions for

improvement. During the discussion, the Volunteer counterpart from Guinea

expressed his will to establish a jumelage (pairing) between women rice

producers’ groupement and theirs’ for mutual, technical assistance regarding rice

production.

The second group represented maize seed growers and was assisted by an

extension agent of ICAT. They shared their experience as a team and all the

subsequent advantages in working together in association: social and economical

assistance.

16

Conclusion and perspectives

The present report is a record of activities accomplished during Coastal West Africa

Conference on Food Security, June 2009 at INFA Tove. Overall, the conference went

very well. Participant evaluations attested to it. Individual feedback, showed their

readiness to meet the challenges of food security issues. All participants learned a lot and

appreciated the experience of exchanging with other Peace Corps missions and other

local organizations.

All Peace Corps post program focus more or less on food security and it appears this

conference is an interesting meeting in terms of information and experience sharing on

the issue. Food security should be long term program for all Peace Corps post projects.

171

Annex

18�

Annex 1. Program and daily activity Coastal West Africa

Conference on Food Security: Held with the collaboration of Peace Corps, IFDC, and INADES

June 1- 5, 2009

Institut National de Formation Agricole (INFA), Tové – Kpalimé, Togo,

Conference Partners:

• Peace Corps – Togo, Benin, Cameroon, Guinea, Mali and Niger • IFDC – Africa (Un Centre International pour la Fertilité des Sols et le Development

Agricole) • INADES – Formation Togo (Institut African pour le Développement Economique et

Social Centre Africain de Formation) Collaborating organizations:

• INFA - Tové – Kpalimé (Institut National de Formation Agricole) • OADEL (Organization de’Appui a la Democratie et au developpement local) • Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Pauvreté et la Securité Alimentaire Durable (LARPSAD)

à Ecole Superieure d’Agronomie (ESA), Université de Lomé • Laboratoire Botanique ' Ecologie, Faculté des Sciences, Universite de Lomé • Centre de Recherche sur la Mecanisation de l’Agriculture au Togo à ESA, Université de

Lomé • ITRA (Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique) • ICAT (Institut de Conseil et d’Appui Technique) • CRA-F (Centre de Recherche Agronomique Zone Forestiere), Kpalimé • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization – United Nations)

Conference Participants: Each of the six participating Peace Corps (Togo, Benin, Guinea, Cameroon, Mali, and Niger) will send up to six-person delegation composed of two Peace Corps Volunteers, two Volunteer counterparts (e.g. model farmers, civil servants, or non-governmental organization (NGO) members), and two Peace Corps staff. Togolese participants will also include representatives from conference partners and collaborators. In addition, the Wednesday session, which will be conducted in French, will be open to the students of INFA where the conference is being held.

19�

Overview:

• Day 1: Information exchange between Peace Corps posts and others on best practices to address village-level food security issues;

• Day 2: Review of theoretical and practical approaches for addressing food security in Coastal West Africa;

• Day 3: Fieldtrip to see first-hand examples for effectively addressing food security in Togo

Monday June 1st: 15:00 – 17:00: Invited participants arrive at INFA and are installed into lodging 17:00 - 20:00: Dinner (“on your own”) in Kpalimé Tuesday June 2nd: 6:30 – 7:30: Breakfast INFA dining hall

Information Exchange Between Peace Corps Posts on Best Practices to Address Village-level Food Security Issues (this session will be conducted in English and efforts will be made to

translate to French, as necessary) Large Meeting Room: 8:00 – 8:30: Opening remarks by Rebekah “Brownie” Lee, Country Director, Peace Corps – Togo and Atèwètchinè K. BEKETI, Directeur General, INFA ; also, introductions by conference partners and participants 8:30 – 9:15: Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps – Togo on best practices for promoting food security 9:15 – 10:00: Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps – Benin on best practices for promoting food security 10:00 – 10:30: Pause Café 10:30 – 11:15: Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps – Guinea on best practices for promoting food security 11:15 – 12:00: Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps – Cameroon on best practices for promoting food security 12:00 – 13:00: Lunch in INFA dining hall 14:00 – 14:45: Presentation and discussion led by Sanath REDDY, West Africa USAID on projects for promoting food security

20�

14:45 – 15:30: Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps – Mali on best practices for promoting food security 15:30 – 16:00: Pause Café 16:00 – 16:45: Presentation and discussion led by Peace Corps – Niger on best practices for promoting food security 16:45 – 17:30: Final Discussion 18:00 – 19:00: Dinner (“on your own”) in Kpalimé 19:30 – 21:00: Poster Session in Large Meeting Room Wednesday June 3rd 6:30 – 7:30: Breakfast made from locally grown products (organized by OADEL) INFA dining hall Review of Theoretical and Practical Approaches for Addressing Food Security in Coastal West Africa (This session will be conducted in French and efforts will be made to translate to

English, as necessary) Large Lecture Hall: 8:30 – 9:10: Tata Yawo AMETOENYENOU, OADEL, La Consommation Locale en Afrique (Food Security and Local Food Consumption in Africa) 9:10 – 10:00: Presentation by Francis TAMELOKPO, Natural Resource Program, IFDC, and collaborating extension agents, titled: L’apprentissage participatif et la recherche d’actions relatifs à la gestion des ressources naturelles: (Participatory Learning and Action Research Related to Natural Resource Management) 10:00 – 10:30: Pause Café in large meeting room with posters and stands presented by participating conference attendees. 10:30 – 11:20: Presentation by RUDIGER Udo, Conseiller Pool d’Entreprises/Cluster Advisor Programme AGRIBUSINESS, IFDC, and collaborating extension agents, titled: Le développement des pôles d’entreprises agricoles (PEA) ; Exemple de plus de mille projets au Togo (Agricultural Cluster Development; example of the 1000s+ project in Togo) 11:20 – 12:00: Presentation by KOKOU Kouami, Maître de Conférences, Laboratoire de Botanique/Ecologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, titled:Les plantes pérennes à feuilles alimentaires, spontanées ou adaptées à la flore locale: une source importante de la « permiculture » en Afrique de l’Ouest (Indigenous Perennial Leafy Vegetables: An important “permaculture” resource for West Africa)

21�

12:00 – 13:00: Lunch (featuring sauces based on indigenous perennial leafy vegetables) INFA dining hall 13:00 – 14:00, Posters and stands presented by participating conference attendees, large meeting room 14:00 – 14:50: Presentation by Kossi Séna ADUFU, Directeur National INADES Formation TOGO, Programme d’appui a la construction d’un mouvement paysan autour de la filière des céréales au Togo (Program for the Development of a Farmer-based Supply Chain for Cereals in Togo) 14:50 – 15:30: Presentation by AMOUZOU DJAKE K.S. Angèle, ITRA, « Production et promotion de farines panifiables pour améliorer la sécurité alimentaire au Togo» (Production and Promotion of Wheat-alternatives to Improve Food Security in Togo) 15:30 – 16:00: Pause Café, large meeting room with posters and stands presented by participating conference attendees. 16: 00 – 17:00, Panel Discussion by selected guest speakers 18:00 – 19:30: Dinner (“on your own”) in Kpalimé 20:00 – 21:00: Film presentation Thursday June 4th. 6:30 – 7:30: Breakfast INFA dining hall Field Trip 8:00- 12:00: Sites in the Tové area (CRAF-Tové, Agroforestry Site APAF-Kuma, Café-Kuma) 12:00 - 13:00 Lunch in Kuma 13:00 – 17:00: Sites in the Adéta area (Women rice producers, grain seeds farms, and possibly Small Enterprise in Adeta) 18:00 – 19:00: Dinner (“on your own”) in Kpalimé Friday June 5th 7:00: Participants depart INFA Tové

22�

Annex 2: List of participants First name Last name Organization Email address # Phone Paul Sinandja ASPAD [email protected]/[email protected] 2289055756 Boniface Tchantague CEPAAD [email protected] Sena Adufu INADES FORMATION [email protected] 2289492131 Stella Djamah INADES FORMATION c/o Mr ADUFU 2289022758

Carolina Cardona Peace Corps Africa/Benin [email protected]

Peace Corps Africa/Benin PC Driver Yves Todounou Peace Corps Benin [email protected] Salomon Matchoudo Peace Corps Benin [email protected] Kristen Olsen Peace Corps Benin [email protected] Kyle Harrar Peace Corps Benin [email protected] Wahab Bakari Peace Corps Benin [email protected] Jules Adjimon Peace Corps Benin PC Driver Abdoulaye Djafarou Peace Corps Benin [email protected] Benjamin Doerr Peace Corps Cameroun [email protected] Theophile Tiki manga Peace Corps Cameroun [email protected] Theophile Sobngwi Peace Corps Cameroun [email protected] Toukour Amadou Peace Corps Cameroun [email protected] Dorothee Mrs Gaglo ICAT DDR Tsevie [email protected] 2289025264 Kristine Schantz Peace Corps Guinea [email protected] Abdoul Khalighi Diallo Peace Corps Guinea [email protected] Teale Hawley-Wahleim Peace Corps Guinea [email protected] Erich Pacheco Peace Corps Guinea [email protected] Mamadou Saliou Souare Peace Corps Guinea [email protected] Yabirou Sylla Peace Corps Guinea s/c Teale TBD Kristine Hoffer Peace Corps Mali [email protected] Yacouba Kone Peace Corps Mali [email protected] Yacouba Sangare Peace Corps Niger [email protected] Alexis Anani Peace Corps Togo [email protected] 2289171660

23�

First name Last name Organization Email address # Phone Gabriel Tucker Peace Corps Togo [email protected] 2289097554 Blandine Samani-Zozo Peace Corps Togo [email protected] 2289053531 Angela Zech Peace Corps Togo [email protected] 2280964639 Christine Remein Peace Corps Togo [email protected] 2289646034 Bradock K. Hounkpati Peace Corps Togo [email protected];[email protected] 2289181954 Rayan Koteiche Peace Corps Togo [email protected] 2289374417 Elizabeth Mott Peace Corps Togo [email protected] 2289861998 Rebekah Brownie Lee Peace Corps Togo [email protected] 2289043421 Joe Akoloh Peace Corps Togo PC Driver Zizing Nabede Peace Corps Togo PC Driver Simplice Dogble Peace Corps Togo PC Driver Komi Gadigbe Peace Corps Togo PC Driver Sanath K. Reddy USAID [email protected] Leonard Kwenzi Counterpart, Togo 2289366323 Atewetchine Beketi INFA Tove [email protected] 2289046386 Kouami Kokou FDS, University of Lome [email protected] 2289020411 Angele Mrs Amouzou Djake ITRA, Togo [email protected] 2289288034 Akuavi Mrs Anani IFDC Togo 2288609350 Theophile Atchou IFDC Togo 2289623646 Francis Tamelokpo IFDC Togo [email protected] 2289037899 Kodjo Gbetchi IFDC Togo 2289122047 Udo Rudiger IFDC Togo [email protected] 2289943019 Tata Ametoenyenou OADEL [email protected] Gaelle Pernet OADEL [email protected] Stagiaire Joelle Ms anani OADEL [email protected] 2280701532 Antoine Kodjo Amezian OADEL [email protected] 2289406921 Elliot Agbavon US Embassy GUEST SPEAKERS Tchimondjro Koudjega CRAF [email protected] 2280245566 Martelo Techeyi Agroforestry expert [email protected] 2289215808 Kudzo Kuma Café Kuma [email protected] 2280755941 Amah Mrs Djonevo Rice growers in Tutu see Alexis

Samuel Bosso (Extension Agent) Maize seeds growers in Adeta see Alexis

24�

Annex 3: Posters and Stands presentation led by participating conference attendees Posters and stands Organization Country

- Companion plants, eg: peanuts with corn and its benefits

- Culture attelée avec les ânes ? Pourquoi et comment la pratiquer? Les avantages/bénéfices de la culture attelée dans l’agriculture

- Transformation locale de cacao et la sécurité alimentaire au Togo

Nathan DUNCAN, Volontaire NRM Peace Corps

Togo

- Comment nourrir les hommes - La faim dans le monde - Afrique nourricière et l'alimentation et la santé - Des photos de la campagne ALIMENTERRE de

l'OADEL - Des livres et CD Vidéo sur l'agriculture

ANANI Joëlle, PERNET Gaëlle et AMEZIAN Antoine OADEL

Togo

- Graines de mucuna - Types d’engrais naturels minéraux - Compostage avec ordures ménagères - Calendrier agricole en langue locale (Ewe) - Fiche de transect - Carte du terroir - Parcelle diagnostic - Fiche d’appréciation par les symboles - Fiche d’observation - Fiche d’évaluation et résultats

ATCHOU Théophile, GBETCHI Kodjo et Mme ANANI Akuavi, Partenaires IFDC

Togo

- Présentation de l’ICAT comme structure de vulgarisation

Mme GAGLO Dorothée ICAT

Togo

- Echantillon de café moulu et conditionné dans la Préfecture de Kloto, Togo

-

KUMA Kudzo CAFE KUMA

Togo

- Stands de livres sur l’agriculture, l’élevage, les organisations professionnelles paysannes

Mme DJAMAH Stella INADES FORMATION

Togo

- Nuts where they fall. Strengthening supply chain links through improving parkland preservation (http://kalanke.web.officelive.com)

KOTEICHE Rayan, Volontaire SED Peace Corps

Mali

- Journal: Du Cham au Marché. Programme NRM et SED du Togo

Peace Corps Togo

25�

Posters and stands Organization Country - Organizational development with agricultural

cooperatives - Overview of Agro-Pêche project and Improved

rice variety production - ARSAMA (Appui a la Reforestation et a

la Sécurité Alimentaire à Mali) overview and food conservation initiative

Erich Pacheco, Volontaire SED Yabirou Sylla, Homologue de volontaire Teale Walheim, Volontaire Agroforesterie SOUARE Mamadou Saliou, Homologue de volontaire

Guinée

26�

Annex 4: Selected photos during the conference

Photo #1: Mr. TATA during the opening presentation

Photo #2: Mr. TAMELOKPO during his presentation

Photo #3: Poster Session

27�

Photo #4: Mr. Rudiger making his presentation

Photo #5: Dr. KOKOU making his presentation

Photo #6: Group photo

28�

Photo #7: Mr. ADUFU during his presentation

Photo #8: Mrs. Amouzou-Drake

Photo #9: Panel Discussion

29�

Annex 5: PowerPoint and presentation during the conference (in PDF)

Peace Corps – Togo Agricultural Productivity/Food Security (AP/FS) Initiative

Task Analysis (March 2009) Purpose: Assure local and national food security by increasing agricultural productivity leading to the reestablishment of food self-sufficiency at all levels within Togo.

Goal 1) Increase productivity of staple field crops such as corn, rice, and soy beans by encouraging entrepreneurial investments in agriculture and agricultural technology based on sound business plans financed by Village Savings and Loan or Micro-finance, as necessary. Objectives Volunteer and Partner Tasks Target Indicators of Change Objective 1.1) By the end of Fiscal Year (FY) 2010, eight PCVs working with community partners will have trained and otherwise empowered 24 cooperative groups of hand cultivators to work with a simplified business plan. As a result, approximately 80% of these groups had increased knowledge, 50% has improved skills and 20% had behavior change consistent with the objective

• Using Participatory Analysis for Community Action (PACA) techniques, identify existing groups of female or male farmers or organize new ones.

• Using a business plan template, calculate time investment necessary for group to cultivate each others field of a given size and charge for cultivating others’ fields.

• Work with group to implement the business plan throughout a growing season and, at the end, assess the results in terms of increased hectares cultivated or money raised.

• # existing cultivator groups knowledgeable, skilled, or organized with simple business plan

• # new cultivator groups knowledgeable, skilled, or organized with a simple business plan

• # self -starting cultivator groups using a simple business plan.

Objective 1.2) By the end of Fiscal Year (FY) 2010, eight PCVs working with community partners will have trained and otherwise empowered 36 groups to use organic and inorganic fertilizers by implementing a simple business plan. As a result, approximately 80% of these groups had increased knowledge, 50% has improved skills and 20% had behavior change consistent with the objective

• Using PACA or other Appreciative Inquiry (AI) techniques, identify female or male farmer groups or individuals struggling due to lack of soil fertility.

• Using a business plan template calculate financial investment necessary for group/individual to fertilize, using organic or inorganic fertilizer.

• Work with group/individuals to implement the business plan throughout a growing season and at the end assess the results in terms of increased productivity.

• # existing groups knowledgeable, skilled, or organized in using a simple business plan for applying organic or inorganic fertilizer.

• # new groups knowledgeable, skilled, or organized and using a business plan in using organic or inorganic fertilizer.

• # self- starting groups using a simple business plan to fertilize with organic or inorganic fertilizer.

Objective 1.3) By the end of Fiscal Year (FY) 2010, eight PCVs working with community partners will have trained and otherwise empowered 12 individuals or groups that will have invested in animal traction or mechanized cultivation, based on a simple business plan. As a result, approximately 80% of these groups had increased knowledge, 50% has improved skills and 20% had behavior change consistent with the objective.

• Using PACA or AI identify female or male farmer groups/individuals struggling due to lack grain productivity and interested in animal traction or mechanized cultivation

• Using a business plan template calculate financial investment necessary for group/individual to fertilize using organics or inorganic fertilizer.

• Work with group/individuals to implement the business plan throughout a growing season and at the end assess productivity

• # existing groups/individual families knowledgeable, skilled, or organized with a business plan for investing in animal traction or mechanized cultivation.

• # new groups/individual families knowledgeable, skilled, or organized with a business plan for investing in animal traction or mechanized cultivation.

• # self- starting groups/individual families using a business plan for investing in animal traction or mechanized cultivation.

Goal 2) Increase processing of locally produced food products to reduce importation Objectives Volunteer and Partner Tasks Target Indicators of Change

Objective 2.1 By the end of Fiscal Year (FY) 2010, , eight PCVs working with community partners will have trained and otherwise empowered 12 groups will in vest in local grain storage. based on a simple business plan. As a result, approximately 80% of these groups had increased knowledge, 50% has improved skills and 20% had behavior change consistent with the objective.

• Using PACA or other AI techniques, identify female or male farmer groups/individuals suffering from rising grain prices.

• Using a business plan template calculate financial investment necessary for group/individual to store grain until the next planting season

• Work with group/individuals to implement the business plan throughout a growing season and at the end assess the results in terms of increased family profit

• # existing farmer groups knowledgeable, skilled, or organized with a with a simple business plan and storing grain to the following planting season.

• # new farmer groups/individuals, knowledgeable, skilled, or organized with a with a simple business plan, and storing grain to the following planting season.

• # groups self- starting groups/individuals using a simple business plan to store grain to the following planting season.

Objective 2.2 By the end of Fiscal Year (FY) 2010, , eight PCVs working with community partners will have trained and otherwise empowered 72 groups or established individual baker’s in the use of substitutes or supplements to wheat in bread, based on a simple feasibility study. As a result, approximately 80% of these groups had increased knowledge, 50% has improved skills and 20% had behavior change consistent with the objective.

• Using PACA or other AI techniques, identify existing female or male groups/individuals baking bread with wheat flour or organize new ones.

• Using a feasibility study template calculate time and financial investment necessary for group/individual to use substitutes to wheat flour in bread

• Work with group/individuals to implement the feasibility study to produce bread using substitutes to wheat flour in bread

• # existing groups/individual families of bakers knowledgeable, skilled, or organized with a feasibility study and using alternatives to wheat flour.

• # new groups/individual families of bakers knowledgeable, skilled, or organized with a feasibility study and using alternatives to wheat flour.

• # self-starting groups/individual families using a feasibility study and using alternatives to wheat flour.

Objective 2.3 By the end of Fiscal Year (FY) 2010, , eight PCVs working with community partners will have trained and otherwise empowered 96 groups in the processing and consumption of soy products, based on a simple feasibility study. As a result, approximately 80% of these groups had increased knowledge, 50% has improved skills and 20% had behavior change consistent with the objective .

• Using PACA or other AI techniques, identify existing female or male groups/individuals interested in processing soy products.

• Using a feasibility study template calculate time and financial investment necessary for group/individual to process soy products

• Work with group/individuals to implement the feasibility study to process and sell soy products

• # existing groups/individual families knowledgeable, skilled, or organized in processing soy products, using a feasibility study.

• # new groups/individual families knowledgeable, skilled, or organized in processing soy products, using a feasibility study.

• # self-starting groups/individual families processing soy products, based on a feasibility study.

Objective 2.4 By the end of Fiscal Year (FY) 2010, eight PCVs working with community partners will have trained and otherwise empowered 84 groups in the production of preserved fruits and juices, based on a simple feasibility study. As a result, approximately 80% of these groups had increased knowledge, 50% has improved skills and 20% had behavior change consistent with the objective .

• Using PACA or other AI techniques, identify existing female or male groups/individuals interested in processing fruits (including tomatoes)

• Using a feasibility study template calculate time and financial investment necessary for group/individual to process fruits (including tomatoes).

• Work with group/individuals to implement the feasibility study process fruits (including tomatoes).

• # existing groups/individual families knowledgeable, skilled, or organized and processing fruits or tomatoes using a feasibility study.

• # new groups/individual families knowledgeable, skilled, or organized and processing fruits or tomatoes using a feasibility study.

• # self-starting groups/individual families processing fruits or tomatoes using a feasibility study.

Goal 3) Increase use of permaculture to promote sustainable gardening production in Togo Objectives Volunteer and Partner Tasks Target Indicators of Change Objective 3.1 By the end of Fiscal Year (FY) 2010, , eight PCVs working with community partners will have trained and otherwise empowered 72 groups in the use of perennial and biennial plants in gardening to reduce the need for cultivation. As a result, approximately 80% of these groups had increased knowledge, 50% has improved skills and 20% had behavior change consistent with the objective .

• Using PACA or other AI techniques, identify existing female or male groups/individuals interested in permaculture which emphasizes perennial and biennial plants

• Using a feasibility study template calculate time and financial investment necessary for group/individual to increase garden production using perennial and biennial plants

• Work with group/individuals to implement the feasibility study using perennial and biennial plants

• # existing groups/individual families knowledgeable, skilled, or organized using simple feasibility study for permaculture emphasizeing perennial and biennial plants.

• # new groups/individual families knowledgeable, skilled, or organized using simple feasibility study for permaculture emphasizeing perennial and biennial plants.

• # self-starting groups/individual families using a simple feasibility study for permaculture emphasizeing perennial and biennial plants.

Objective 3.2 By the end of Fiscal Year (FY) 2010, , eight PCVs working with community partners will have trained and otherwise empowered 48 groups will composting and use of natural pesticides to increase productivity of gardening. As a result, approximately 80% of these groups had increased knowledge, 50% has improved skills and 20% had behavior change consistent with the objective .

• Using PACA or other AI techniques, identify existing female or male groups/individuals interested in composting and use of natural pesticides to increase productivity of gardening

• Using a feasibility study template calculate time and financial investment necessary for group/individual to use composting and natural pesticides to increase productivity of gardening

• Work with group/individuals to implement the feasibility study using composting and natural pesticides to increase productivity of gardening

• # existing groups/individual families knowledgeable, skilled, or organized and using a simple feasibility study for composting or natural pesticides to increase productivity of gardening.

• # new groups/individual families knowledgeable, skilled, or organized and using a simple feasibility study for composting or natural pesticides to increase productivity of gardening.

• # self-starting groups/individual families using a simple feasibility study for composting or natural pesticides to increase productivity of gardening.

Objective 3.3 By the end of Fiscal Year (FY) 2010, , eight PCVs working with community partners will have trained and otherwise empowered 60 groups will soil conservation measures in gardening. As a result, approximately 80% of these groups had increased knowledge, 50% has improved skills and 20% had behavior change consistent with the objective .

• Using PACA or other AI techniques, identify existing female or male groups/individuals interested in soil conservation measures in gardening to increase productivity of gardening

• Using a feasibility study template calculate time necessary for group/individual to use soil conservation measures to increase productivity of gardening

• Work with group/individuals to implement the feasibility study using soil conservation measures to increase productivity of gardening

• # existing groups/individual families knowledgeable, skilled, or organized in using soil conservation measures to increase productivity of gardening, based on a simple feasibility study.

• # new groups/individual families knowledgeable, skilled, or organized in using soil conservation measures to increase productivity of gardening, based on a simple feasibility study.

• # self-starting groups/individual families using soil conservation measures to increase productivity of gardening, based on a simple feasibility study.

Goal 1) Raise Environ. awareness Goal 2)

Nat. Res. Manage-ment

Goal 3) Feasible Gardening & Perma.

Goal 1) Planned invest-ments Goal 2)

Analyzed food processing

2.2) Agro-forestry

1.2) Compost & fertilizer 2.1) Grain

storage 2.2) Alternatives to wheat

3.2) Nat. pesticides & composting

3.1) Multi-year plants - (perennials)

Peace Corps Togo PCV Activities Flowchart for Natural Resource Management and Agricultural Productivity/ Food Security (START HERE: Is the activity teaching or extension regarding long-term natural resource based environmental objectives (see NRM – left) or is the activity addressing immediate need to increase productivity and use of field and garden crops to better assure short-term food security for the family and the greater community (see AP/FS - below)?)

Natural Resource Management (NRM) Project - Project Purpose: ‘Sustainable natural resource management using forestry and agroforestry to improve the standard of living of present and future generations’ (Is the activity awareness raising via Environmental Education (EE) with teachers, students, community leaders, ecotourists etc. (Goal 1) or is it extension outreach regarding actual natural resource planning and hands-on natural resource management (Goal 2))

Agricultural Productivity/ Food Security (AP/FS) Purpose: “Assure local and national food security by increasing agricultural productivity leading to the reestablishment of food self-sufficiency at all levels within Togo.” (Is the activity promoting sound investments in field crop production such as corn, rice, soybeans, yams etc. (see Goal 1); is it concerning profitable post-harvest food processing (see Goal 2) or is it concerning feasible gardening/permaculture (see Goal 3))

2.4) Fruits and juice processing

2.3) Soy product processing

3.3) Soil conserva-tion

1.2) Students EE

1.3) Comm. Leaders & ecotourism

2.5) Model farmer exchanges2.4) Forest

products and stoves

2.3) Soil Conserva-tion

2.1) Sp. diversity & beekeeping

1.1) Teachers EE

1.3) Oxen, plows, & tractors

1.1)Groups of hand-cultivators

1

Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Initiative:

Peace Corps – Togo’s Environment Program Response to the

Food Security Crisis

By G. TuckerAssociate Peace Corps Director –

Natural Resource Management

Problem addressed in “concept paper”, June 2008 Farm to Market article

(see handout)• Togolese subsistence farmers under

short-term food security pressure plus long-term soil fertility and natural resource lose

• Given 3% population growth, agricultural productivity must double each 20 years with human population growth

Related Factors:

• Raising fuel prices• Urban migration is evident • Primary and secondary school attendance

increasing• Population density is not as high as many

Asian countries• Little evidence of mechanized cultivation • Shifting agriculture appears to be

decreasing - fertile land at a premium

Impact of Food Imports:

• Asian rice and North American wheat imported in large quantities

• “Baguette” or French white bread a significant Togolese dietary component

• Cotton, coffee, and coco are exported raw• Many products including dairy and

processed fruit are imported, e.g. “Fan Milk” imported as powder

Peace Corps – Togo’s options:

• All Volunteers can address food security, like HIV/AIDS, using secondary projects

• Health project can increase family planning, addressing long-tem population growth

• Clear goals and objectives seen as best to address any serious problem (see handout)

• Environment project (NRM) outreach ongoing to farmers via agroforestry etc.

Agricultural Productivity – Food Security Initiative

Purpose (admittedly ambitious):“Assure local and national food security by increasing agricultural productivity leading to the reestablishment of food self sufficiency at all levels within Togo.”

Approach:Injecting investment and entrepreneurial planning into agriculture and food processing

2

Approaches of Initiative Goals

1. Encourage planned investment that increases production of staple field crops

2. To reduce imported products, promote food processing that is shown to be profitable

3. Encourage profitable and sustainable vegetable production via the “permaculture” aspects of gardening

Flowchart to NRM Project versus AP-FS InitiativeGoals and Objectives

“START HERE” Decision Tree to AP-FS Goals and Objectives

To Goal #1 &objectives



Flowchart to AP-FS Goals and Objectives(see handout for details)

THE END

• Thanks Very Much

• Questions ?

• Discussion ?

BENIN’S FOOD FIGHTBrought to you by:PC BENIN

A Little Bit About Benin

Population: Approx 8 million in 2008Population Growth: 3.4% (2008)70% of population is in the Agricultural Sector making up 33.2% of the GDP19% of Population undernourished (2003-05), down form 28%(1990-92)1

22.6% of undernourished children are moderately underweight, 4.7% are severely*1

38.3% of undernourished children have moderately stunting, 18.3have sever stunting*1

7.1% of undernourished children exhibit moderate wasting*1

*For children 0-59 months1 wwww.FAO.org

Current Agricultural Food Products of Benin

Highest Produced ProductsCassava (Manioc), 360kg/person/yearYams, 257kg/person/yearMaize 101kg/person/yearVegetables 25kg/person/year

What This Means to VolunteersOpportunity for Growth and expansion of variety in GardeningOpportunities for Nutritional Training

Identifying and Addressing the Problem

Benin’s Food Security IssuesAdequate Food SuppliesNutritional Value of FoodVariations in DietAffordable Foods

Addressing These ProblemsIncreasing Existing Product YieldDiversifying the Type of Products GrownCreating a Better Balanced MealsSupplying Foods at Lower Costs

What Our Government Is Doing

The Growing Food Crisis In 2007 Prompted the Benin Government to Implement 3 New Programs

Providing Modern EquipmentTractors and AccessoriesSeeds and Pesticides

Food Crisis PreventionONASA (Nation Office of Food Security)

Diversification of ProductsFunding

What Our Volunteers are Doing

Agro-ForestryMoringa Fruit Trees and Tree Grafting

Community/Group GardeningBusiness ClubsWomen's GroupsSchool Groups

Improving Agricultural/Gardening TechniquesComposting Crop RotationNatural Insecticides

SoyBee Keeping

Moringa: Why We Like It

Easy to GrowDrought Resistant Cost Effective Affordable to Low Income FamiliesSource of Vitamins and Nutrients not Present In Generally Available FoodsDoesn't Ruin the FLAVOR of Dishes

Moringa: What We’re Doing

Volunteers from All Four Sectors are InvolvedGrowthTransformationUtilization in Food Preparation Creating MarketsProduct Quality

Bike TourWhy We Did ItWhat We Did

Talk to over 3000 people in remote villagesPlanted 100s of trees throughout 12 villages

Various Other Secondary Projects

Community/Group Gardening

Various Volunteers Have Created Groups With Schools and Small GroupsWomen’s Groups

Preexisting Target GroupsWhy Women’s Groups

In charge of household nutritionYear round gardenersExisting individual local practicePromotes women’s stake hold in nation problems

How its HelpingDiversifying Local Food StockIncreasing Nutrition

Other Efforts

General Improvement on Agricultural PracticesComposting Soil Conservation/Soil Fertilization Crop RotationNatural Insecticides

How They Effect CropsIncrease Nutritional Content in ProductIncrease Product YieldHealthier Practices

Smaller Projects

SoyRCH and SEDEA

BeekeepingEASED

Cross-Sector Cooperation and The Future

Making Agricultural Projects Profitable and SustainableWorking together to make good nutrition a priorityBuilding upon current and previous projectsFocusing attention at the community level

Thanks

1

Peace Corps GuineaFood Security Initiatives

“Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and

nutritious food for a healthy and active life.” — World Food Summit 1996

Food Security Conference - Togo June 2009

Presentation OverviewAdvantages and Obstacles in Guinea

Volunteer and Partner Activities

Opportunities for the Future

Discussion

Defining Food SecurityProductionAccessUtilizationSustainability

AdvantagesClimate

Diversity between regionsLong rainy season

Natural ResourcesGood soilNatural water sources/riversPlenty of land

Geographic SituationBordered by 6 countries and coast

AdvantagesWorking together

Existence of local groups and cooperativesCultural acceptance

Implication of womenStrongly represented in groups and cooperativesLeadership rolesInvolved in agricultural production

AdvantagesPartnership

Willingness to collaborateOpenness to improved techniques and ideas

KnowledgeBroad range of activitiesExperience and history

2

ObstaclesSlash & burn agriculture

Bush fires and field burningEnvironmental degradation (erosion, deforestation, drought, etc.)

ObstaclesMonoculture

Cultural habits/preferencesLack of improved techniquesLack of inputs

Cultural and social factorsIlliteracyTraditional practices and taboosFood habits and preferences

Insufficient technical supportLack of outreach/cooperation by research centersLack of support from state agenciesLack of financial services for agriculture

ObstaclesMining Industry

Environmental degradation Youth drawn away from agricultural activities

Political FactorsGeneral instability in governmentLack of strong state support and structuresCorruption

Lack of InfrastructureLimited commercialization/access to marketsLack of conservation techniquesPoor roads and lack of transportation

Volunteer and Partner ActivitiesTrainings and sensitizations

Harvest managementNutritionFamily planningExperimentation with improved/diversified seed varietiesImproved agricultural techniques


Natural Resources Management

Mud stovesTree nurseries/reforestationEnvironmental educationIPMNatural fertilizers

Food ConservationSolar dryingCanningJam making


GardeningCompostingFencingAlternative products

Forestry product promotion

Shea butterPalm oilFruit trees and graftingBeekeeping

3

Volunteer and Partner ActivitiesOrganizational Development with local groups

Strategic planningAction planningMoney managementLand managementLeadership training

Economic DevelopmentMicrofinance promotionVillage Savings and Loans AssociationsCommercialization of agricultural productsIncome Generating Activities

Opportunities for the FutureReinforcing organizational skills of local groupsNetworking and promoting collaboration between different structuresAnimal husbandry and aquacultureSeed production Promoting improved/diversified crop varietiesPromoting improved agricultural techniquesReinforcing SED and Agroforestry collaboration

DiscussionSuggestions?

Questions?

Thank you!

Presented by:Théo TIKI MANGA, Agro APCDThéo SOBNGWI, Community workerAmadou TOUKOUR, PTA, Sahel regionBenjamin Doerr, Small Enterprise Development PCV

Peace Corps Cameroon

IntroductionProfile of CameroonAgro ecological ZonesFood Security ConcernsResponse to Food Security ConcernsPCVs Activities

Profile of Cameroon Profile of Cameroon

Profile of CameroonAfrique en Miniature Approx. 15mil Inhabitants250 Languages spoken2.9% GNP Growth (2008)2.0% Pop Growth (2007)Cameroon is a Low-Income, Food Deficit Country (UNDP)19.7% Arable Land Used for Agriculture39.9% are poor (govt stats)

Agroecological ZonesSemi AridGuinee Savanna ZoneHumid Rain Forest (Low and High Land)

Food Security ConcernsHigh Risk Areas, EN and North (Chronic Food Shortage, pests, disease, desertification, cultural factors)Moderate Risk Areas, East and Adamaoua Low Risk Areas, South, SW, NW, Centre, Littoral, South, West, East Urban Areas, Yaounde, Douala, Bafoussam, Garoua

Other Contributing FactorsLack of Access to CreditPoor Roads Corruption Refugees and social unrest in CAR and Chad

60 000 refugees from CAR100 000 refugees from CHAD

Other Contributing FactorsHIV/AIDS (5% Average Infection Rate)Cameroun is a food source for Gabon, Nigeria, and Sudan, Equatorial Guinea

Production (en millier de tonnes)

2001 Estimation 2005

Projection 2015

Céréales 1341 1686 3294Racines et tubercules 3517 3836 6319Légumineuses 263 300 538Oléagineux 209 239 430Légumes 1278 1405 2400Fruits 2019 2282 4076Huile de palme 140 177 350Cacao 123 140 280

Café arabica 10 10 15Café robusta 50 50 93

Coton 220 270 400

Response to Food Security Concerns

Access to Improved Seed Varieties National Program for Food Security Government Lifted Import Taxes (Rice, Flour, Fish) in response to riots (120 billion FCFA spent on imported cereals in 2008)Nation Specific Programs, supported by International Organizations (FAO, World Bank, IDRC, WFP)

Response to Food Security Concerns

Appui aux Organisations Paysannes (Credit, Training, Tech Support) Limitation on Exportation of Certain Agricultural ProductsReinforcing international parternships (World Bank, FAO, WFP)

School Feeding ProgamsCrisis ResponseResearch

Volunteer ActivitiesFood Stuff Conservation using Appropriate TechnologiesIntroduction of High Nutrients Crops (Moringa, Soy, Fruit Trees)Improved Animal Husbandry TechniquesCommunity Mobilization

Volunteer ActivitiesCapacity BuildingExtension of Agroforestry TechniquesIntroduction of improved planting materials (Grafting, Marcotting, Improved Seed Varieties)Improved Food Storage Facilities

Cross Collaboration Across PC Sectors

Business Class for farmersResearch into new markets for goods/opportunitiesNetworking/Resource SharingHIV/AIDS education and sensitizationNutritionMedicinal Plants

Cross Collaboration Across PC Sectors

Food Security Initiatives

Agro/Env

Component

SED Component

Comm. Health Components

Merci!pour Votre Attention

Questions?

1

Nyeta Food Security in Mali

Coastal West Africa Conference on Food Security1-5 June, 2009

ProgramEnvironment Project Plan

Past Role of Peace Corps Mali Current activities by Environment PCVsTraining

Current Status of Food Security in MaliOverview Causes of Food InsecurityKey actors in Food Security

PAPA in Progress with USAIDImplementation of PAPAHighlights of the process

Questions and answers

Environment Project PlanIn 2008,Mali combined the Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Sectors, initiated a new project plan

Project Purpose: Increase food security for communities and increase income through adoption of appropriate, sustainable, agricultural practices.

Goal 1 – Production of non-timber forest resources: Communities will identify, develop, and implement strategies for improving the sustainability and profitability of their current forest resource exploitation practices.

Goal 2 - Food Security: Communities will improve their food security status through better gardening techniques and improved crop cultivation techniques.

Goal 3 - Communities will determine the current state of their natural resources and implement strategies for achieving their future vision for a sustainable environment and improve their living conditions.

Past Role of Peace Corps Mali in FSCollaboration with the Commissariat á la SécuritéAlimentaire

Test plots with ICRISAT

Cereal Bank projects – Millet Grinders

Small Animal Husbandry- chickens, rabbits and beekeeping, aquaculture

Gardening Projects

Promotion of Cash Crops- sesame, soy, rice

Cross-training with IER and CAA

Volunteers’ Primary ActivitiesGoal 1: Shea, moringa, jatropha, fruit trees, product transformation, Gomme Arabique, PLASA Method, reforestation and tree nurseries and agroforestry, grafting, food banks w/moringa and baobab

Goal 2: Gardening training, garden infrastructure, irrigation, natural pesticides, urine fertilizer, improved seed trials, soil fertility and conservation, marketing of products, farmer’s field schools

Goal 3: Environmental Action Clubs, Conventions Locales, biodiversity protection, ecotourism

Volunteers’ Primary Activities

30%

39%

13%

5%7%

3% 3% 1%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%1.1 Commercializing NTFP

1.2 Silvicultural Techniques

2.1 Gardening Techniques

2.2Gardening Planning

2.3 Improved nutrition

2.4 FFS

3.1 Training on NRM Planning

3.2 Implementing NRM plans

2008 PSR Report- Environment Sector

2

Training – PST, IST and BeyondGoal of PST

Competent in gardening and community assessmentIntro. to agroforestry and FFS, understand value chainFocus on doing hands-on activities in CBT

Goal of ISTCompetent in NTFP production

Supporting Associations and organizational development

Techniques to use with FFS extension methodLink state-of-the-art research with farmers

Regional MeetingsBuild counterpart capacity and networksRegion-specific technical trainingIdentify and meet local partners

Statistics

Annual growth of the agricultural sector in Mali – corn production grewfrom 1,568,890t in 1996 to 2,605 191t in 2006 – an increase of 1,036,301t over 10 yrs =6%/year

Population growth rate over the same period: 3%

32% of the population was under nourished from 96-98 according to the FAO

In 90-92, food availability fell by 20 cal, from 2,220 cal/day/person to 2,200 cal/day/person

In 2006, 68.6% of Malians consumed less than the recomended 2,450 cal/day

Diversity in the diet dropped by 30% between 1979-81, and 28% between 2000-2002

Statistics

Acute and chronic malnutrition:

33.9% of infants 0-35 mos. have chronic malnutrition, 13.3% of infants have acute malnutrition, and 31.7% have insufficient weight gains (EDS 95-96)

The mortality rate of infants less than 5 - 191/1000 (EDS 2006)

The percentage of infants with low weights grew from 31% in 1987 to 32% in 2006

These figures show that Mali is far from winning the battle againsthunger in spite of increasing food production!

3

Environment•Pattern of increasingly unpredictable rainfall (global warming)•Deforestation increases erosion and decreasing soil fertility•Natural disasters- crickets, cyclic drought, floods•Disease- AIDS, Malaria, Dysentery•high incidence of striga and bird damage •high density of grazing animals•reduce fallow periods

Society•Population increase•competition for arable land•weakening of traditionalcommunity support system •poor knoweldge about nutrition•low literacy and numeracyrates

Economics •80% of Malians are rural poor•limited access to credit for farmers•limited access to improved seeds•expensive fertilizer•limited irrigation •Cash crops increase debt, underperform, and decrease subsistence crops•accessing markets for cash crops•ability to store cereals and produce in quantity while preserving quality•limited availability of animal traction

Causes of Food Insecurity Key Actors in Food Security Producers, buyers, sellers, transformers and transporters of agricultural products, Chambre d’Agriculture, Unions, Coops, Associations

Service providers-Credit, banks, equipment and material suppliers

Mayor’s offices, Commandants, Prefets, Chiefs

National Services- Agriculture, Forestry, Fish and Livestock, Meteorological Services, OMA-tracking agricultural commodities, System Alert Precoce(SAP), Office du Riz, OHVN, CMDT,

Commissariat á la Sécurité Alimentaire

National, Intl. Research institutions and Programs: IER, ICRISAT, ICRAF, AVRDC, INSAH, SAP, FEWS, CRSPs, Universities

Multilateral Aid -WFP/PAM, UNICEF, UNDP, FAO, GEF, UNHCR

Unilateral Aid - USAID, GTZ, CECI

National and International NGOs- World Vision, Plan, Save the Children, CARE, Oxfam, SECODEVI, ACOD

Voluntary organizations- SNV, AFVP, JIRCAS, Peace Corps

Sister city programs, other donor groups

Key Actors in Food Security

Producers, buyers, sellers, transformers and transporters of agricultural products, Chambred’Agriculture, Unions, Coops, Associations

Service providers-Credit, banks, equipment and material suppliers

Mayor’s offices, Prefets,Sous-PrefetsChiefs

National Services-Agriculture, Forestry, Fish and Livestock, Meteorological Services, OMA-tracking agricultural commodities, System Alert Precoce (SAP), Office du Riz, OHVN, CMDT, OPAM

Commissariat á la Sécurité AlimentaireNational, Intl. Research institutions and Programs: IER, ICRISAT, ICRAF, AVRDC, INSAH, SAP, FEWS, CRSPs, Universities

Multilateral Aid -WFP/PAM, UNICEF, UNDP, FAO, GEF, UNHCR

Unilateral Aid - USAID, GTZ, CECI, MCA

National and International NGOs-World Vision, Plan, Save the Children, CARE, Oxfam, SECODEVI, ACOD

Volunteer organizations- SNV, AFVP, JIRCAS, Peace Corps

Sister city programs, other donor groups

Food Security PAPAParticipating Agency Program Agreement

Program Objectives

Raise the capacity of communities to respond strategically to food price increases through improved organization, planning and coordination

Improved natural resource management

Enhance access to locally available resources and training for improved agricultural technologies


There are “Food Security Plans” and Food Security Assurance Committees (FSAC) in all communes in Mali (USAID-MSU-PROMISAM Project)

PCVs will help committees develop skills and strategies to evaluate progress towards implementation of plans


PCVs will help implement low-hanging fruit – types of projects that are already core to PC Mali Project Plans for all sectors

Regional Workshops and annual TOT events will provide focused training on Food Security topics

PCVs will develop training kits (20 themes, 2 sets per region)

PC Mali will hire 3 new staff- 1 FS Program Assistant and 2 trainers (specializing in community assessment and technical areas)

PC Mali will recruit 3rd year or Peace Corps Response volunteersto assist with organization of the Regional Food Security Summits

Funding will also purchase electronic equipment to support

training and motorcycles for staff transport in the field.

4


USAID/Mali will provide a total of $1,106,899 over a four-year period

$100,000/year in additional SPA funds

This PAPA is to be financed through Development Assistance (DA) funds through the economic growth team


Built on successful collaboration with USAID/AEG office on Shea Project

Funding enhances our ability to achieve our (and USAID) shared goals sustainably

Planned activities encompass volunteers from all sectors

Volunteers focused on community training and building organizations –not funding bigger projects

Builds on work funded by USAID in Mali and strengthens connections with current projects

Began collaborating with HQ early in PAPA process

Thanks!Questions

Answers

Suggestions

1

PEACE CORPS NIGER AGRICULTURE SECTOR

FOOD CRISIS NIGER EXPERIENCE Food crisis conference Lomé 2009

(June 1-4-2009)

Yacouba Sangaré APCD/AG

2 SUMMARY TABLE

1. DEFINITION: …………………………………………………………………3 2. CAUSES AND DEFINITIONS: ……………………………………………...3 3. TYPOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONS: ……………………………………….. 3 4. HISTORY: …………………………………………………………………….3 4.1 IMPORTANT FOOD CRISIS IN NIGER SINCE 1960 …………..….3 4. 2 GENERAL FOOD CRISES HISTORY IN NIGER………..……..... .4 4. 3 FARMERS / HERDERS/ GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES DEVELOPED…………………………………………………………….…6 4. 3. 1 FARMERS………………………………………………….

4. 3. 2 HERDERS: …………………………………………………..7 4. 3. 3 GOVERNMENT…………………………………………….7

5. REGULATORY ORGANS FOR FOOD CRISIS AND NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN NIGER…………………………………8 5. 1 NATIONAL FOOD CRISIS PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT (DNPGCA)…………………………………………………………..8 5. 1. 1 STRATEGIC FOCUS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF FOOD

CRISIS…………………..…………………………………………..8 5, 1. 2 OPERATION OF THE NATIONAL PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOOD CRISIS……………………………..8 5. 1. 3 ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF NATIONAL PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOOD CRISIS …...8 5. 1. 4 OPERATIONAL TECHNICAL STRUCTURES OF THE NATIONAL PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOOD CRISIS ……………………..………………………………………9 5. 1. 4. 1 TOOLS FOR INTERVENTION OF NATIONAL PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOOD CRISIS………………… ………………………………………….9 5. 1. 5 THE NATIONAL INFORMATION AND WARNING…9 6. CONTRIBUTION OF OTHER PARTNERS IN DEVELOPMENT (Projects, NGOs, Etc) ……………………………………………………………………10 6.1 PROJECTS ……………………………...………………………...10 6. 2 PEACE CORPS……………………………………………………10

3 1. DEFINITION: The food crisis is triggered by the occurrence of one of several risk factors (basic causes) affecting vulnerable population groups directly as well as their defense capabilities. 2. CAUSES AND DEFINITIONS: The main factors causing food crises are: • Drought historically regarded as the primary cause of famine; • Locust invasions; • Flooding (rain, flooding rivers and ponds); • Disease outbreaks (Generally prevalent in the dry season): o Smallpox; o Measles; o Meningitis • Epizootics; • Armed conflicts, particularly if they cause mass population movements; • Bush fires and habitat/community fires. 3. TYPOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONS: They can be distinguished by: • their immediate cause (main factors triggering the shock); • the spatial extent: local to regional or national crisis; • their intensity: low, moderate, high; acute, or extreme severity crisis; catastrophic; • the length. 4. HISTORY: 4.1 IMPORTANT FOOD CRISIS IN NIGER SINCE 1960 During the past 50 years, Niger has experienced two (2) crisis of great magnitude: • 1973-1974; • 1984-1985; and a major crisis in 2004/5. Three characteristics characterize the first two crises: • they have been caused by successive years of drought; • they lasted more than one year; • Food aid was not effective for the following reasons: o the late arrival of food; o failure to prevent the initiation and progression of the crisis.

4 4.1 GENERAL FOOD CRISES HISTORY IN NIGER

CRISES INTENSITY CAUSATIVE FACTORS

CONSEQUENCES & COMMENTS

1966- 1967 Called

« Bandabari » named for a district of Niamey

- Average intensity

- Succession of droughts during locust attacks; - Cumulative effect of 3 years of average crop yields

- Cereal deficits

1973-1974 Called

« Dan Koussou » Hausa for “little

mouse”

- Major Sahelian

Succession of significant rainfall deficits (1968-1972) + locust and rodent attacks

- Important cereal deficit (411,600 tons in 1973 and 414. 000 tons in 1974); - Important deficit of fodder (Not estimated.), loss of human life, loss of more than half of animal numbers, large herder migration flows to major urban centers (created “Lazaret” district in Niamey) ; - This crisis marked the true beginning of international food aid in Niger: 200. 000 tons in 1973 and 195,000 tons in 1974;

1984- 1985 Called

« El Bohari » in Hausa

- Major Sahelian

- successive rainfall deficits; - Massive locust and rodent attacks; - Intensifying factor: closing the Nigerian border by Nigeria’s’ President Mohamed Bohari, hence the name

- Cereal deficit of 621,600 tons in 1984 and 218,000 tons in 1985; - Important human migration to the major centers including Niamey.

1990-1991 - National major

- Lack of and poor temporal and spatial rainfall distribution; - The existence of an armed rebellion in northern Niger.

- Cereal deficit of 666,200 gross tons in 1990 (the largest since 43 years); - Mistrust with international partners, due to the National Conference and the political context meant that this crisis attracted less attention.

5 CRISES INTENSITY CAUSATIVE

FACTORS CONSEQUENCES &

COMMENTS 1993-1994 - Average - Massive locust

attacks in north and west of Niger; - Intensifying factor: cholera and meningitis epidemics throughout Niger. FCFA Devaluation in Jan 1994.

- Shortfall of 395,000 tons; - Devaluation of the CFA franc dramatically reduced adjustment capacity of the population.

1996-1997 Called

“ Matché mai tchiki or El Barré » Hausa for “Pregnant women” or El Barré – for the president killed in military coup

- Major - Two successive drought years and locust attack; - Intensifying factors cholera, measles and meningitis epidemics and the military coup.

- Deficit of 455,000 tons in 1996; - Deficit of 393,000 tons in 1997; - Slow or complete absence of assistance from several partners in Niger because of the military coup.

2000- 2001 - Sub regional average (particularly in Tillaberi, Zinder, and Diffa Regions)

- Drought plus locust invasion or floods depending on the area. - Aggravating factor: Wage arrears of 12 months (increase the vulnerability)

- Gross national cereal deficit 516,300 tons, for over 36% of the population. - Government request for subsidized selling prices; - Farmers stocks totally exhausted in some areas. - Nutritional status of children less than 5 years degraded in certain areas; - First crisis after establishment of national food crisis prevention & management system in Niger. - National security stock lowest level since 1991 (less than 20.000 tons). - Subsidized selling prices, mitigation measures carried out on a large scale for first time.

6

CRISES INTENSITY CAUSATIVE FACTORS

CONSEQUENCES & COMMENTS

2004- 2005 Called

« Wa zaka gaya ma » in Hausa or “Who are you informing?”

- Major - Combination of national and regional factors - Internal drought + locust attacks; - Factors aggravating regional production Regional uncontrolled borders; political crises in Ivory Cost and Togo; and religious unrest in the Northern States of Nigeria - factors aggravating internal situation - crisis of production systems; increasing farmers’ indebtedness, several bad crop years; weakened resiliency due to increasing impoverishment; deteriorated nutritional and health status - Regional Structural factors: grain flows increasingly out of Sahel to coastal countries, attracted by purchasing power higher.

- Cereal deficit of 223.000 tons; - Forage record deficit of more than 4.000.000 tons; - Large increase in grain prices; - Accessibility major contributing factor in crisis (different from conventional production crises). Despite only an average yield deficit, grain prices made food inaccessible - Over 3. 800.000 people designated as food insecure; - structural food crisis of great magnitude, with multiple causes, resulting in increased rates of acute malnutrition and mortality of children under 5 years of age. - More than 320.000 malnourished children participated in feeding centers.

4. 3 FARMERS / HERDERS/ GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES DEVELOPED 4. 3. 1 FARMERS They are: • The practice of solidarity and welfare between parents, relatives and friends, which is not usually long term, given the lack of available resources at all levels; • Develop cassava cultivation, which is practiced during the rainy season (late July-August). The farmers of forecasting indicators of poor harvests are monitoring and observations of vegetative growth of crops; • Initiate, the traditional “Kornaka trap” against rodents observed in the northern part of the arable zone (Dakoro). This practice had more success than the techniques provided by the Plant Protection services because it is adapted to the local rodents who are very intelligent; • Consumption and marketing (see export to the sub-region) of locusts recovered during their invasion; • Increase intercropping cultivation practice;

7 • Develop large-scale gardening where there are water points; • Diversify the diet through the consumption of other foods such as: o Cassava flour; o Combination of Moringa and other fresh and tender leaves; o Combination of cassava flour with cowpea grains. Normal practice in coastal countries, but new for the Niger people; o Increased consumption of cowpeas. • Exodus o In large urban centers (Men, women and children) o prostitution cases grow around large centers for additional income; o Rural girls become maids, always in the interest of helping the family; o Migration of fit youths within sub-region for economic gain. During these difficult times we also observe the following practices: • Women give as a loan to their husbands their animals consisting of small ruminants. Loan which often husbands do not repay; • Consumption of tender leaves of the trees by community members (Leptadenia arborea; Leptadenia Hastata (H: yadya); Tapinanthus Globiferus & T. Dodoneifolius (H: Kwashyi) • Recycling millet pounding leavings in order to recover small quantities of millet grains. • Consumption of pulp-nut berries (fruit of Boscia senegalensis (H: Anza) are boiled and washed, kernels are boiled to be eaten); • Excavation of ant hills in order to recover their stocks of millet grains. This phase occurs only in the most severe famines 4. 3. 2 HERDERS: In general and by definition for the herders, their animals are an integral part of their family. In case of death of one of their animals Fulani herders do not eat meat, but leave the place, for another. The strategies are to: • Reduce animal numbers; • Search for more accessible and productive grazing areas in the sub region like: Benin, Togo, Burkina Faso, Mali, Cameroon, Nigeria, etc. 4. 3. 3 GOVERNMENT It organizes and implements a wide range of programs: • International aid support in both human food and livestock • Free distribution of human food (cereals) and livestock inputs (cotton seed, grain husks, etc.). • Diversify farmers and herders production and conservation techniques (i.e. consumption of cowpea was a success, because while Nigerien produced them they consumed little); • Extension of the "Kornaka trap” against rodents at the national level; • Providing farmers with inputs such as vegetable seeds and cassava cuttings, commonly known as "Cassava cuttings operation”, which has been very successful; • Livestock herd recovery through the creation of animals’ multiplication centers; • Community support through grain banks and livestock supply shops; • Income generating organizations through loans to men and women. The High Labor Intensity Organization is an example. They do communitarian work such as: o Land restoration and management (CES / DRS);

8 o Rural road construction; o Implementation of fire breaks in pastoral areas; • Health/nutrition Support 5. REGULATORY ORGANS FOR FOOD CRISIS AND NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN NIGER 5. 1 NATIONAL FOOD CRISIS PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT (DNPGCA) 5. 1. 1 STRATEGIC FOCUS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF FOOD CRISIS. The objective is to reduce the prevalence and impact of food crises by preserving the physical and economic accessibility of households to food commodities and safeguarding their capacity (production and prevention) through a better coordination and better management of operations by the various stakeholders. The general objective comprises two parts which are mutually reinforcing: • reduce the hazards and their consequences on economic activities; • reduce the impact of the crisis on the net household food security. The strategy for the prevention and management of food crises obeys the following principles: • Articulation of the emergency and actions to reduce the structural vulnerability; • Designing a continuum between the strategy of households and public; • Reduce duplication between different public sector actions; • Provide information explaining the response implementation strategy; • Evolutionary approach using contingency plan 5. 1. 2 OPERATION OF THE NATIONAL PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOOD CRISIS It was designed to improve consultation and coordination between the government and its main partners, but it is also involved in the initial emergency actions in case of major crises, until the arrival of international aid. 5. 1. 3 ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF NATIONAL PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOOD CRISIS Given the increasing number of food crises and the increased risk of food crisis, the Government has established the following structures: • A committee of the Early Warning System (CNSA), (1989); • A Permanent Secretariat (SP / CNSA) (1990); • A national prevention and management of food crises (DNPGCA) (1998) in collaboration with key development partners including a national system for coordination and supervision as well as a policy advisory structure called the National Committee to prevent and manage food crises (CNPGCA). 5. 1. 4 OPERATIONAL TECHNICAL STRUCTURES OF THE NATIONAL PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOOD CRISIS The coordination of early warning system (CC/ SAP) produces, collects, processes, analyzes and disseminates information relating to food safety, risk areas, and actions to prevent and mitigate food and nutritional crises. It is responsible for assessing the actions

9 undertaken by the food crisis cell. • The crisis cell is the executive body whose role is to assist the Director of the Office of the Prime Minister as coordinator of emergency food aid. It is responsible for assessing aid needs, request formulation and proper coordination of aid. • The National Office of the Niger food (OPVN) is responsible for maintaining the national security stock and for the logistical management of food aid. • The regional and sub regional committees for prevention and management of food crises ensure strategic and operational crisis prevention and management on the ground. They collect, validate, and analyze information on the situation. 5. 1. 4. 1 TOOLS FOR INTERVENTION OF NATIONAL PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOOD CRISIS • National Reserve Stock (SNR) to be used only in case of a major crisis to provide immediate aid until the arrival of international aid optimally 110,000 tons divided into: o National security stock (SNS) or the physical stock (80.000 tons). o Food security fund (FSF) (equivalent to 30.000 tons) also called the financial stock because it’s comprised of funds available for buying grain. • Intervention fund (FI) consisting of two components: o Common donors fund (FCD) is a bank account managed under the supervision of the Joint Government /Donor Committee (CMC) optimally 20 billion CFA francs; o Bilateral funds managed on a bilateral basis and used in coordination with the other tools of the device. The intervention fund is used as the first step to mitigate crises (cereal banks; subsidized sales, work-intensive labor/HIMO; purchasing cattle feed, free emergency seed distribution). 5. 1. 5 THE NATIONAL INFORMATION AND WARNING The national information and warning instrument is arranged from the local to the national level and is integrated with the regional mechanism for the prevention and management of crises against drought in the Sahel (CILSS). It includes: • Yield forecasting and estimation (EPER) under the Ministry of Agricultural Development (MDA) coupled with continuous monitoring from the installation of planting until harvest. It provides information for the national cereal balance; • Agricultural markets Monitoring (SIMA) under the Ministry of Trade collects and monitors of grain and other food prices across the country in collaboration with the World Food Program (WFP) and FEW net; • Livestock markets monitoring (SIMB) by the Ministry of Livestock and Animal Industries gathers and monitors livestock prices in markets throughout the country; • The Ministry of Livestock and Animal Industries also monitors the condition of pastoral areas throughout the country; • Monitoring of food and nutrition situation (EWS). All this information is sent to the CC / SAP who annually identifies areas at risk (so-

10 called "sensitive areas") and the monthly monitoring of the nutritional status in these vulnerable zones, throughout the period of hunger season. 6. CONTRIBUTION OF OTHER PARTNERS IN DEVELOPMENT (Projects, NGOs, Etc) 6.1 PROJECTS I worked in a land management project “Projet Gestion des Terroirs Filingué”, which used a participatory analysis approach to develop the village development plan. The village development plan contains the entire history of the village and its development. Through the community’s history we are made aware of the difficult events that they had to cross. Thus they speak of the various food crises and droughts they have experienced and the survival strategies they developed. The advantage of this exercise is to recognize that any project approach must be participatory and must empower the community. 6. 2 PEACE CORPS The Peace Corps uses the participatory approach through the PACA. Volunteers from the Peace Corps in agriculture have made contributions through the following activities: • Agricultural Production: o Legume production: - Organization of community members in cooperatives, associations, and groups; - Training community members vegetable crop technology; - Provisions of vegetable seeds; - Training and introduction of the da Kokari Niya pedal pump and system of drip irrigation in rural communities - Organizing visits to exchange experiences between community members; - Monitoring and evaluation activities. O Rainy season cultivation: - Introduction of improved varieties from research centers (ICRISAT and INRAN) through demonstration fields; - Established inputs such as fertilizer; - Land recuperation (CES / DRS); - Exchange visits to demonstration fields at agricultural research centers. - Establishment of cereal banks. O Fruit Tree: - Support the development of the fruit through the use of grafted plants - Training community members in grafting techniques; - Introduction at community-level of the Apple of the Sahel.

• Livestock: o Animal health: - Training of Para-veterinary community members; - Extension work with pastoralists and agro pastoralists on animal health; o Animal food: - Extension work with pastoralists and agro pastoralists on animal feed; - Training community members in the manufacture and use salt licks and treatment of straw with urea.

THANK YOU

11

1

La consommation locale La consommation locale en Afriqueen Afrique

Entre doute et espoirEntre doute et espoir

Connaître le contexte Connaître le contexte en Afrique de l’Ouesten Afrique de l’Ouest

Ce contexte est marqué parCe contexte est marqué par ::

Une situation alimentaire encore précaireUne situation alimentaire encore précaire

Une autosuffisance et une sécurité alimentaires Une autosuffisance et une sécurité alimentaires mises à mal par les crises récurrentesmises à mal par les crises récurrentes

Une souveraineté alimentaire à construire:Une souveraineté alimentaire à construire:

En Afrique de l’Ouest 19% des importations En Afrique de l’Ouest 19% des importations totales sont constituées de produits totales sont constituées de produits alimentaires. alimentaires.

le déficit commercial alimentaire de la le déficit commercial alimentaire de la CEDEAO, hors échanges de produits CEDEAO, hors échanges de produits tropicaux, a été multiplié par 3 de 1995 à tropicaux, a été multiplié par 3 de 1995 à 2003, passant de 1,6 à 4,3 milliards de $.2003, passant de 1,6 à 4,3 milliards de $.

Les principaux déficits en 2003 portent sur le Les principaux déficits en 2003 portent sur le riz (772 M$), le blé et la farine (734 M$), les riz (772 M$), le blé et la farine (734 M$), les produits laitiers (520 M$), le sucre (560 M$), produits laitiers (520 M$), le sucre (560 M$), les huiles (300 M$)les huiles (300 M$) ».».

l’Afrique de l’Ouest doit aussi l’Afrique de l’Ouest doit aussi répondre à un défirépondre à un défi

De 1960 à 2005De 1960 à 2005, la population en Afrique de , la population en Afrique de l’Ouest est passée de l’Ouest est passée de 78 à 260 millions78 à 260 millions, soit , soit un un TriplementTriplement, et vers les , et vers les années 2020années 2020, cette , cette partie du globe comptera partie du globe comptera 400 millions400 millions d’âmed’âme !!La population est très jeuneLa population est très jeune : Plus de 55% : Plus de 55% ont un âge inférieur à 20 ansont un âge inférieur à 20 ans !!

Comment satisfaire les besoins alimentaires Comment satisfaire les besoins alimentaires d’une population en forte croissance et de plus d’une population en forte croissance et de plus

en plus urbaine?en plus urbaine?

En plus, la région est en forte En plus, la région est en forte urbanisation:urbanisation:

13% en 196013% en 196040% en 200040% en 200065% en 202065% en 2020

Comment alors nourrir toute cette Comment alors nourrir toute cette population des villes lorsqu’il y aura population des villes lorsqu’il y aura moins de paysansmoins de paysans ??

Au Togo, selon le DSRP IntérimaireAu Togo, selon le DSRP Intérimairele secteur agricole occupe les 2/3 de la le secteur agricole occupe les 2/3 de la population active. Les productions vivrières population active. Les productions vivrières [seules] représentent ces dix dernières années [seules] représentent ces dix dernières années les 2/3 du PIB. les 2/3 du PIB.

Malheureusement, les dépenses publiques Malheureusement, les dépenses publiques affectées à l’agriculture ont connu un véritable affectées à l’agriculture ont connu un véritable effondrement. Elles sont passées de 13% du effondrement. Elles sont passées de 13% du budget national dans les années 80 à 1, 85% budget national dans les années 80 à 1, 85% en 2007en 2007 !!

79,7% de la population en milieu rural est 79,7% de la population en milieu rural est pauvrepauvre !!

2

D’après la thèse de doctorat en D’après la thèse de doctorat en 2005 de M. 2005 de M. VinyiVinyi AmouzouAmouzou

Les conditions de vie des populations Les conditions de vie des populations rurales sont devenues très médiocres. rurales sont devenues très médiocres.

L'alimentation journalière est le problème L'alimentation journalière est le problème fondamental. fondamental.

La préparation des repas n'est pas La préparation des repas n'est pas régulière, faute d'approvisionnement. régulière, faute d'approvisionnement.

Même si les membres du ménage arrivent à Même si les membres du ménage arrivent à s'offrir un repas, il est souvent déséquilibré. s'offrir un repas, il est souvent déséquilibré.

Le régime alimentaire est essentiellement lié aux Le régime alimentaire est essentiellement lié aux habitudes alimentaires et est constitué habitudes alimentaires et est constitué d'ingrédients les moins chers. d'ingrédients les moins chers.

Ainsi, certaines familles ne préparent qu'un seul Ainsi, certaines familles ne préparent qu'un seul repas par jour avec des denrées repas par jour avec des denrées à la portée de à la portée de leur pouvoirleur pouvoir d'achatd'achat et plus faciles à trouver sur et plus faciles à trouver sur les marchés.les marchés.

Pourquoi une telle situation?Pourquoi une telle situation?

La baisse constante du prix des produits La baisse constante du prix des produits agricoles sur les marchés internationauxagricoles sur les marchés internationauxLa libéralisation des échanges La libéralisation des échanges internationaux et l’ouverture des marchés internationaux et l’ouverture des marchés à la concurrenceà la concurrenceLe difficile accès aux moyens de Le difficile accès aux moyens de production par les paysans dans les pays production par les paysans dans les pays du Suddu Sud

A cela il faut ajouterA cela il faut ajouter

L’absence au niveau des États des pays du L’absence au niveau des États des pays du Sud, d’une véritable politique agricole Sud, d’une véritable politique agricole souverainesouveraine

Et au sein de la population desdits pays, Et au sein de la population desdits pays, l’extériorisation de leur mode de l’extériorisation de leur mode de consommation consommation

Pour sortir de cette situation : Pour sortir de cette situation :

la souveraineté alimentairela souveraineté alimentaire..

Définie comme:Définie comme:

«« Le droit des peuples et des États à Le droit des peuples et des États à définir leurs propres politiques en matière définir leurs propres politiques en matière d’agriculture, de pêche et d’alimentation d’agriculture, de pêche et d’alimentation qui leur sont appropriés aux niveaux qui leur sont appropriés aux niveaux environnemental, social, économique et environnemental, social, économique et culturel. culturel.

La souveraineté alimentaire promeut le La souveraineté alimentaire promeut le droit à l’alimentation pour toute la droit à l’alimentation pour toute la population sur la base de la production population sur la base de la production locale des petits et moyens producteurs, locale des petits et moyens producteurs,

3

en respectant ainsi la culture et en respectant ainsi la culture et la diversité des communautés la diversité des communautés paysannes, de pêcheurs et des paysannes, de pêcheurs et des Peuples Autochtones, leurs Peuples Autochtones, leurs modes et moyens de production, modes et moyens de production,

de distribution et de de distribution et de commercialisation ainsi que leur commercialisation ainsi que leur gestion des zones rurales, dans gestion des zones rurales, dans lesquelles les femmes jouent un lesquelles les femmes jouent un rôle fondamental.rôle fondamental. »»

La consommation locale comme La consommation locale comme remèderemède

Si c’est la production locale qui doit satisfaire la Si c’est la production locale qui doit satisfaire la demande locale, il faut que les consommateurs demande locale, il faut que les consommateurs soient prêts à consommer ce qui est localement soient prêts à consommer ce qui est localement produit.produit.

Or dans nombre de pays en Afrique, en tout cas Or dans nombre de pays en Afrique, en tout cas en Afrique de l’ouest, tel n’est pas encore le cas.en Afrique de l’ouest, tel n’est pas encore le cas.

Voir le film Afrique en dangerVoir le film Afrique en danger

La consommation locale,La consommation locale,les doutes……….les doutes……….

La mentalité des consommateurs:La mentalité des consommateurs:consommer ce qui vient de l’extérieur est consommer ce qui vient de l’extérieur est valorisant pour eux (esprit snob)valorisant pour eux (esprit snob)

Ce qui vient de l’extérieur est mieux que Ce qui vient de l’extérieur est mieux que ce qui vient de chez soice qui vient de chez soi

Les séquelles du colonialisme: ce que Les séquelles du colonialisme: ce que fabrique ‘le blanc’ est mieux (le complexe fabrique ‘le blanc’ est mieux (le complexe d’infériorité)d’infériorité)

Le réflexe d’acheter toujours moins cherLe réflexe d’acheter toujours moins cher

Le rôle des médiasLe rôle des médias

La publicité à outrance des produits La publicité à outrance des produits importés (pour faire des recettes)importés (pour faire des recettes)

La quasi absence de publicité sur les La quasi absence de publicité sur les produits locauxproduits locaux

La dominance des productions extérieures La dominance des productions extérieures sur les télévisions nationales et privées sur les télévisions nationales et privées promouvant ainsi un mode de vie calqué promouvant ainsi un mode de vie calqué plus sur l’occidentplus sur l’occident

Du côté des producteurs/Du côté des producteurs/tricestrices

Leur faible capacité à innover, à Leur faible capacité à innover, à s’organiser et à satisfaire la demandes’organiser et à satisfaire la demande

Le cas du riz Délice au TogoLe cas du riz Délice au Togo

Leur difficile accès aux ressources de Leur difficile accès aux ressources de productionproduction

4

Quant aux transformateurs/Quant aux transformateurs/tricestrices

Leurs plus gros problèmes sont:Leurs plus gros problèmes sont:

Où trouver l’argent pour investir (recherche, Où trouver l’argent pour investir (recherche, équipements, emballages, publicité…)? équipements, emballages, publicité…)?

Le cas de SOCMEL au TogoLe cas de SOCMEL au TogoLe cas des pains au manioc au BéninLe cas des pains au manioc au Bénin

Comment mettre en place et développer un Comment mettre en place et développer un circuit de distribution? circuit de distribution?

Le cas de GAFIES au TogoLe cas de GAFIES au Togo

Le rôle de l’ÉtatLe rôle de l’ÉtatC’est là où le doute est le plus gros:C’est là où le doute est le plus gros:

Absence de politique agricole dans une Absence de politique agricole dans une vision de souveraineté alimentaire ou si vision de souveraineté alimentaire ou si elle existe (Mali, Sénégal), elle n’est pas elle existe (Mali, Sénégal), elle n’est pas effectivement appliquéeeffectivement appliquée

Contradiction entre politiques nationale et Contradiction entre politiques nationale et communautairescommunautaires

Cas de la CEDAO et de l’Cas de la CEDAO et de l’UEMOAUEMOA

Absence de volonté politique de faire Absence de volonté politique de faire de l’agriculture une priorité tant des de l’agriculture une priorité tant des bailleurs de fonds….bailleurs de fonds….

Regardons le graphique suivant produit Regardons le graphique suivant produit FAO:FAO:

Évolution à long terme de l’aide extérieure à l’agriculture, Évolution à long terme de l’aide extérieure à l’agriculture, 19751975--2003 (en prix constants de 2000)2003 (en prix constants de 2000)

…que des États…que des ÉtatsExemple de la décision des chefs d’État à Maputo en Exemple de la décision des chefs d’État à Maputo en

20032003

Poursuite de plusieurs lièvres à la fois: Poursuite de plusieurs lièvres à la fois: OMD, NEPAD, DSRP, APE…OMD, NEPAD, DSRP, APE…

Il y a un grand travail à faire:Il y a un grand travail à faire:Au niveau des consommateursAu niveau des consommateursAu niveau des transformateursAu niveau des transformateursAu niveau des producteursAu niveau des producteursAu niveau des bailleurs de fondsAu niveau des bailleurs de fondsAu niveau des États et des organisations Au niveau des États et des organisations internationalesinternationales

En conclusion pour les doutesEn conclusion pour les doutes

5

……les espoirsles espoirs Une prise de conscience naissanteUne prise de conscience naissanteMon exemple personnelMon exemple personnel

Gandhi: ’’Soyons nousGandhi: ’’Soyons nous--mêmes le changement que nous mêmes le changement que nous voulons dans le monde’’voulons dans le monde’’

Une éducation populaire des Une éducation populaire des consommateurs en marche sur le consommateurs en marche sur le continent et dans de nombreux pays avec continent et dans de nombreux pays avec plusieurs acteurs différents:plusieurs acteurs différents:La campagne Afrique nourricière du La campagne Afrique nourricière du ROPPAROPPALe forum de la SA du ROPPA à Niamey en Le forum de la SA du ROPPA à Niamey en novembre 2006novembre 2006

La sensibilisation des consommateursLa sensibilisation des consommateursCas de la Ligue pour la Défense des Cas de la Ligue pour la Défense des Consommateurs Consommateurs au Bénin au Bénin (LDCB) (LDCB) www.ldcb.orgwww.ldcb.org

NyéléniNyéléni 20072007Réaffirmer la souveraineté alimentaire Réaffirmer la souveraineté alimentaire Renforcer la construction d'un rapport de forces pour conquérir Renforcer la construction d'un rapport de forces pour conquérir la la souveraineté alimentaire souveraineté alimentaire Obtenir la reconnaissance du droit à la souveraineté alimentaireObtenir la reconnaissance du droit à la souveraineté alimentaire

Le séminaire sous régional en octobre 2007 de l’Le séminaire sous régional en octobre 2007 de l’UPAUPADI avec le ROPPA et les leaders des organisations DI avec le ROPPA et les leaders des organisations paysannes de l’Afrique de l’Ouest sur comment rendre paysannes de l’Afrique de l’Ouest sur comment rendre concret le concept de la SAconcret le concept de la SA

La mobilisation citoyenne contre les APELa mobilisation citoyenne contre les APE

La décision des pays de l’La décision des pays de l’UEMOAUEMOA de porter la de porter la part du budget national consacrée à part du budget national consacrée à l’agriculture à 14% suite à la récente crise l’agriculture à 14% suite à la récente crise alimentaire due à la flambée des prixalimentaire due à la flambée des prix

La transformation de plus en plus de produits La transformation de plus en plus de produits variés, mieux hygiéniques et mieux présentésvariés, mieux hygiéniques et mieux présentés

Cas de GAFIES, Cas de GAFIES, dede RIMOUSKY, de SOCMEL, RIMOUSKY, de SOCMEL, dede BOMACOBOMACOLes exemples des étudiants en Technologie Alimentaire de l’UnivLes exemples des étudiants en Technologie Alimentaire de l’Université ersité

de Lomé (Jus de maïs ensaché, la boisson de Gingembre en bouteilde Lomé (Jus de maïs ensaché, la boisson de Gingembre en bouteille le gazéifiéegazéifiée))

La recherche La recherche locale par des locale par des institutsinstituts

Exemples du Exemples du pain à base pain à base de manioc au de manioc au Togo et au Togo et au BéninBénin

Les récentes crises financières et Les récentes crises financières et alimentaire qui confirment les échecs des alimentaire qui confirment les échecs des politiques néo libérales et rappellent la politiques néo libérales et rappellent la nécessité d’accorder une attention nécessité d’accorder une attention particulière à la question agricoleparticulière à la question agricole

Le service traiteur des femmes de la plate Le service traiteur des femmes de la plate forme paysanne du Nigerforme paysanne du Niger

Les kiosques à base de repas locaux, Les kiosques à base de repas locaux, exemple du Maliexemple du Mali

6

L’édition de livres de cuisine sur les plats L’édition de livres de cuisine sur les plats typiquement africains (Burkina, Niger)typiquement africains (Burkina, Niger)

La campagne La campagne AlimenTerreAlimenTerre de de l’l’OADELOADEL depuis 2005depuis 2005

Voir le reportage de la campagne Voir le reportage de la campagne AlimenTerreAlimenTerre de 2006de 2006

‘Nous ‘Nous sommessommes notre remède’notre remède’

Merci de votre aimable attention!Merci de votre aimable attention!

1

www.ifdc.org

Conférence sur la Sécurité Alimentaire en Afrique Occidentale CôConférence sur la Sécurité Alimentaire en Afrique Occidentale CôtièretièrePEACE Corps, IFDC et INADES FORMATIONPEACE Corps, IFDC et INADES FORMATIONDu 1er au 5 juin 2009 à l’Du 1er au 5 juin 2009 à l’INFAINFA de de TovéTové, Togo, Togo

www.ifdc.org

Participatory learning and Action Research applied to

Integrated Soil Fertility Management

Adonko F. TAMELOKPOAdonko F. TAMELOKPO

www.ifdc.org

ContentContent

Exploratory Visits & Documentation Team for PLAR-ISFM implementationSome conceptsResource assessmentParticipatory nutrient omission testsISFM options dissemination

www.ifdc.org

1. Exploratory visits and documentation

To get a better appreciation of farmers’ knowledge of their constraints and opportunities in agricultural production

To identify opportunities and entry-points for participatory learning on ISFM

To contact potential team members and partners

www.ifdc.org

2. Multidisciplinary Team2. Multidisciplinary Team

Soil scientistSoil scientistSocialSocial scientistscientistAgronomistAgronomistAgroAgro--economisteconomistSpecialist in soil and water Specialist in soil and water conservationconservationExtension agentExtension agent

Team members come from NARS and/or NGOsTeam members come from NARS and/or NGOs

www.ifdc.org

3. General concepts3. General concepts

www.ifdc.org

2

www.ifdc.org

Participatory learning and action researchParticipatory learning and action research

ANALYSE

TAKE DECISIONSfor action and experimentation

OBSERVE ANALYSE

TAKE DECISIONSfor action and experimentation

OBSERVE

www.ifdc.org

Meetings : Farmers and their partners are Meetings : Farmers and their partners are planning seasonal activitiesplanning seasonal activities

www.ifdc.org

4. RESOURCE ASSESSMENT4. RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

www.ifdc.org

a. Resource mapping by women groupa. Resource mapping by women group

c. Restitution c. Restitution

b. Transect walkingb. Transect walking

www.ifdc.org

Soil components AnygbamenuwoSoil Content Anyigbame nuwoPores EdoviwoSoil animals Lanviwo

KpetseGravelsSand EkéRoots Atikèkple gbevovoCrystalsConcretions AhlihakpéClay Etu, AdéAir Aya

Kpetsè

Farmer’s list of soil componentsFarmer’s list of soil components

www.ifdc.org

A farmer with the restitution of soil description results

Indicators (ewe) Symbols Translation

Eke sand

GbevovowoOrganic matter

Ahlikakpétsè concretions

Ahlihakpé LateritAtiké Roots

Nugbagbéwo AnimalsAmadédé Color

Toyiyi deepnessAdé Clay

Fafa MoistureBliwo pe koko Plant height

Bliwo pe amadédé Color of leaves

Bliwo pe Vidzedze CobsBliwo pe soso Density

Photo 1

Photo 2

3

www.ifdc.org

Results of farmer observations and description of tree types of soil

Layer2 concertinos (5-20 cm)

Layer1 rich in OM (5-7 cm)

Cuirass

Layer plus clay(5-20cm)

Layer of sand riche en MO (5 cm)

Cuirass

Couche avec beaucoup de concrétions (20-80 cm)

Layer clear(15 - 45cm)

Layer of sand dark(15 cm)

Layer very claire(45 - 80 cm)

Layer clay

www.ifdc.org

Agricultural calendarAgricultural calendar

www.ifdc.org

5. Participatory nutrient omission 5. Participatory nutrient omission teststests

www.ifdc.org

Learning on single fertilizers and their Learning on single fertilizers and their application for soil nutrient diagnosisapplication for soil nutrient diagnosis

4 3 2 1N

K

P

www.ifdc.org

Diagnostic plots designed by farmersDiagnostic plots designed by farmers

www.ifdc.org

Mucuna and without mucuna plots Mucuna and without mucuna plots was usedwas used

4

www.ifdc.org

K deficiency P deficiency N deficiency

Some Indicators of maize performance

Good fieldGood field

www.ifdc.org

Farmers are describing their crops ResultsResults

Crop observationsCrop observations

www.ifdc.org

Maize harvest evaluation by the Maize harvest evaluation by the farmer group of Djaka Kopefarmer group of Djaka Kope

www.ifdc.org

Rural Rural worksopworksop

www.ifdc.org

Farmers evaluating options during a rural workshop

Good cassava field Bad cassava field

www.ifdc.org

Results of farmer evaluation

5

www.ifdc.org

Woman farmer presenting annual ISFM options Woman farmer presenting annual ISFM options at the rural workshop at the rural workshop -- Southern Togo 2008Southern Togo 2008

www.ifdc.org

Who is participating?Who is participating?Farmer organizationsFarmer organizationsIndividual farmers from other villagesIndividual farmers from other villagesLocal opinion makersLocal opinion makersResearch institutions agentsResearch institutions agentsExtension institutions agentsExtension institutions agentsNGOs (INADES …)NGOs (INADES …)Input dealers Input dealers Credit institutionsCredit institutionsDecision makersDecision makers

www.ifdc.org

ConclusionPLAR – ISFM allows :

Facilitate dialogue between farmers, researchers, extension agents, input vendors and decision makers

Train farmers and extension agents about soil nutrients that are limiting crop yields

Empower farmers to understand and implement soil fertility diagnosis

Compare nutrient effects and take decision

www.ifdc.org

Thank youThank you

Projet 1000 s +Projet 1000 s +

TogoTogo

2008 / 20092008 / 2009

www.ifdc.org

KpalimKpaliméé, Juin 2009, Juin 2009PrPréésentsentéé par Udo Rpar Udo Rüüdigerdiger

Conseiller Agribusiness / IFDCConseiller Agribusiness / IFDC

PLANPLAN

11-- LL’’approcheapproche22-- Le comitLe comitéé du pilotagedu pilotage33-- Zones dZones d’’intervention et les PEA intervention et les PEA 44-- ActivitActivitéés et rs et réésultats en 2008sultats en 200855-- ProblProblèèmes rencontrmes rencontrééss66-- PerspectivesPerspectives

www.ifdc.org

Environnement Institutionnel

CA

SE

Chaîne de Valeur – produits agricoles

Services d’Appui - Agrobusiness

Entrepreneurs –produits agricoles

Entrepreneurs -Intrants Producteurs

Banquiers

1- L’Approche 11-- Le comitLe comitéé de pilotagede pilotage

Conseil dans lConseil dans l’’orientation du projetorientation du projetAppui dans la mobilistaion des idAppui dans la mobilistaion des idéées es àà la basela baseSSéélection des nouvelles idlection des nouvelles idéées de PEAes de PEASuivi des activitSuivi des activitéés sur le terrains sur le terrainLobbying de la CTOPLobbying de la CTOP

ATC ATTC ITRA ICAT Ch. Agric

MAPTO

Nbre 1 1 1 1 1 1

CTOP ROESAO BRS RAFIA RENOP FOPAS

Nbre 2 1 1 1 1 1

3- Zones d’intervention et les PEA en 2009RRéégion des Savanesgion des Savanes---- PEA MaPEA Maïïss---- PEA TomatePEA Tomate---- PAE ArachidePAE Arachide---- PEA Pintade et RizPEA Pintade et Riz

RRéégion des Plateauxgion des Plateaux

-- PEA FonioPEA Fonio-- PEA GingembrePEA Gingembre---- PEA SojaPEA Soja---- PEA ManiocPEA Manioc---- PEA Niebe et MielPEA Niebe et Miel

RRéégion Centralegion Centrale

-- PEA MaisPEA Mais-- PEA PimentPEA Piment-- PEA SojaPEA Soja-- PEA GingembrePEA Gingembre-- PEA CourgePEA Courge----PEA CajouPEA Cajou

Region MaritimeRegion Maritime---- PEA MaisPEA Mais---- PEA SojaPEA Soja---- PEA RizPEA Riz---- PEA AnanasPEA Ananas---- PEA MoringaPEA Moringa---- PEA LaitPEA Lait

________ = PEA depuis 2006________ = PEA depuis 2007________ = PEA depuis 2008

RRéégion des Karagion des Kara

---- PAE TomatePAE Tomate---- PEA IgnamePEA Igname---- PEA RizPEA Riz---- PEA PorcPEA Porc

Les partenaires du projetLes partenaires du projetRRéégionsgions PEAPEA PartenairesPartenaires RRéégionsgions PEAPEA PartenairesPartenaires

MaritimeMaritime RizRiz ICAT, ITRA, ICAT, ITRA, PADIV, ONG PADIV, ONG PVD, ONG AVE,PVD, ONG AVE,Agrinova, ATTC, Agrinova, ATTC, Consultant ADA Consultant ADA et LMDE, unions et LMDE, unions OP,OP,ANPAT; BRSANPAT; BRS

CentraleCentrale MaisMais DRAEP / RC, DRAEP / RC, ICAT ICAT –– RC,RC,ONG MVCP; ONG MVCP; OP; URCLECOP; URCLEC

SojaSoja SojaSoja

MaisMais GingerGingerAnanasAnanas CourgeCourge

PlateauxPlateaux FonioFonio UARUAR--P, RENOP,P, RENOP,Ets.Mesifa, GVF Ets.Mesifa, GVF Hezou, Ets. Hezou, Ets. Maman JusMaman Jus

PimentPiment Agrocomplex, Agrocomplex, CASADDCASADD--VRVR

GingerGinger SavaneSavane MaisMais ONG Rafia,ONG Rafia,RECAP; RECAP; UCMECUCMEC

SojaSoja TomateTomate

ArachideArachide

PEA SojaPEA Soja

Contractualisation entre Agrinova et Contractualisation entre Agrinova et BRS, Agrovet, Fludor et OPBRS, Agrovet, Fludor et OPRRééalisation dalisation d’’une une éétude de marchtude de marchéésur les produits de sojasur les produits de sojaParticipation des Ets de transf. Participation des Ets de transf. àà la la foire internationale foire internationale àà LomLoméé4 parcelles d4 parcelles d’’apprentissage avec apprentissage avec differentes doses ddifferentes doses d’’engraisengraisFormation des producteurs en Formation des producteurs en technique de production de technique de production de semence et la transformationsemence et la transformation

2007 2008 Ecart

Quantité vendue 241 T 819T 240%

Chiffre d’affaire (CFA)

40 millions 135 millions 237%

Soja brut Huile de soja Tourteaux de soja

Prod Interm. Distrib. Interm. Distrib. Interm.Coût de production (CFA/Kg)

78

Prix d’achat (CFA/Kg) - 120 424 347,2 230 200Prix de vente (CFA / Kg) 120 155 444 424 255 230Coûts de distribution (CFA / Kg)

- 20,6 63,4 14

Marge nette (CFA / Kg) 42 14,4 20 13,4 25 16

PEA MaPEA Maïïs (Maritime)s (Maritime)

3 parcelles d3 parcelles d’’apprentissage avec nouvelle variapprentissage avec nouvelle variééttéé mamaïïs jaune s jaune (QPM)(QPM)Multiplication de la semence de cette variMultiplication de la semence de cette variééttéé Pool 18 QPMPool 18 QPMConstitution dConstitution d’’une faitiune faitièère mare maïïs (UROPCs (UROPC--M)M)Contractualisation ANPAT/UROPC Contractualisation ANPAT/UROPC -- MMAppui et accompagnement dans lAppui et accompagnement dans l’é’élaboration de plan dlaboration de plan d’’affaireaffaireImplication dImplication d’’un un éétudiant dtudiant d’’Agronomie, recherche sur le maAgronomie, recherche sur le maïïs s jaunejaune

Maïs blanc Maïs jaune

Quantité vendue (T) 120 40

Prix (FCFA/Kg) 140 120

CA (FCFA) 16.800.000 4.800.000

PEA MaPEA Maïïs (Nord)s (Nord)

RechercheRecherche--action sur la fabrication action sur la fabrication de provende et de spaghettide provende et de spaghettiProduction de semence maProduction de semence maïïs jaune s jaune pour les aviculteurspour les aviculteursExperimentation de la technique de Experimentation de la technique de warrantagewarrantageEquiper les centres dEquiper les centres d’’apprentissage apprentissage (poster,etc)(poster,etc)Animation du cadre de concertation Animation du cadre de concertation des acteursdes acteurs

PEA Tomate (Savanes)PEA Tomate (Savanes)

Recherche Recherche ––action sur la action sur la technique de transformationtechnique de transformationCrCrééation dation d’’une OP des une OP des femmes transformatricesfemmes transformatricesFormation sur la technique de Formation sur la technique de sechage et fabrication de pâtesechage et fabrication de pâteSensibilisation des Sensibilisation des producteurs sur les aspects producteurs sur les aspects agronomiqueagronomique

Tomate fraîche

Quantité vendue (T) 6.602

Prix (FCFA/T) 72.000

CA (FCFA) 475.344.000

PEA Fonio (Plateaux)PEA Fonio (Plateaux)

Mise en place des comitMise en place des comitéés de s de producteurs producteurs Formation sur lFormation sur l’’amelioration postamelioration post--recolte (vannage, triage, recolte (vannage, triage, ddéécortigage)cortigage)Un atelier de commercialisation, Un atelier de commercialisation, nnéégociation avec Ets Mesifa gociation avec Ets Mesifa (transformation)(transformation)Participation Participation àà la foire la foire internationaleinternationaleAmAméélioration de llioration de l’’emballage du emballage du Fodio (glace du fonioFodio (glace du fonio))

Les activitLes activitéés du PEA piments du PEA piment

AmAméélioration de llioration de l’’emballageemballageAmAméélioration des mlioration des mééthodes de thodes de transformation transformation Obtention dObtention d’’un certificatun certificatRRééalisation des publicitalisation des publicitéés s audiovisuellesaudiovisuellesContractualisation entre OP et Contractualisation entre OP et Ets AgrocomplexEts AgrocomplexIntroduction de la semence Introduction de la semence amamééliorliorééFormation des producteurs sur Formation des producteurs sur ll’’itinitinééraire techniqueraire technique

ActivitActivitéés principales PEA ananas RMs principales PEA ananas RMIdentifier la dose de fertilisation Identifier la dose de fertilisation rentablerentableRevision du contrat dRevision du contrat d’’achatachatObtention dObtention d’’agragréément des OPment des OPÉÉlaborer cahier de charge laborer cahier de charge production bioproduction bioÉÉlaborer des plan dlaborer des plan d’’affaires des affaires des OPOPMise en place dMise en place d’’un systun systèème de me de contrôle internecontrôle interneFormation techniques de Formation techniques de transformationtransformation

Faible niveau dFaible niveau d’’organisation et de organisation et de mobilisation des OPmobilisation des OPNon respect des engagements et des clauses Non respect des engagements et des clauses contractuellescontractuellesFaible implication des institutions financiFaible implication des institutions financièères res (maillon manquant)(maillon manquant)DDééfaillance de la politique faillance de la politique dd’’approvisionnement en intrants et de approvisionnement en intrants et de commercialisation des produits agricolescommercialisation des produits agricolesAbsence dAbsence d’’infrastructures de baseinfrastructures de base

66-- DifficultDifficultéés s 77-- PerspectivesPerspectives

Renforcement de lRenforcement de l’’appui appui àà la structuration la structuration des OP des OP Renforcement des capacitRenforcement des capacitéés des s des entrepreneurs et OP en gestion dentrepreneurs et OP en gestion d’’affaireaffaireRenforcement des relations avec les Renforcement des relations avec les institutions financiinstitutions financièèresresDDééveloppement des instruments de gestion veloppement des instruments de gestion de risquesde risquesAppui Appui àà ll’’amaméélioration du systlioration du systèème me dd’’approvisionnement en intrantsapprovisionnement en intrants

OPRiz

OPSoja

OPMaïs

Agrinova

SarlFludor

SarlAgrovet

ANPATBRSATTC

(6 PME)

EtsM&Ass.

MarchéLomé

PEA riz, soja et maïs, région maritime

RizPaddy

Riz emballé

Riz décortiquébrissure

Soja et mais

Farine bébé

huile De soja

crédit

crédit

Soja brut

Tourtaux et huile

tourtaux

provende

Mais jaune

Mais blancsoja

poulets et oeufs

Merci beaucouppour votre attention

Conférence sur la sécurité alimentaire en Afrique occidentale côtière 1-5 juin 2009 à l’Institut National de Formation Agricole (INFA) Tové – Kpalimé (Togo)

Communication : Les plantes pérennes à feuilles alimentaires, spontanées ou adaptées à la flore locale: une source importante de la «permaculture » en Afrique de l’Ouest

ParKouami KOKOU, Maître de Conférences à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université de Lomé(Togo)

Introduction (1)

•La biodiversité se réfère à la variabilité des formes de vie et de nombre d’espèces, à la diversité des écosystèmes, aux variations génétiques au sein des espèces mais aussi aux formes d’usages des espèces par l’homme.

Introduction (1)En termes d’usages des plantes on peut distinguer celles

répondant :• aux besoins en bois (bois d’œuvre, bois de service, bois

énergie); • aux besoins d’appoints agronomiques (eg. parcs à Faidherbia

albida, Parkia biglobosa etc), • aux besoins «vestimentaires» (Coton, Mûriers), • aux besoins «vignobles» (dominés par les espèces

fournissant du vin de palme), • aux besoins en huile (Karité – Vitellaria paradoxa), • aux besoins d’appoints alimentaires (fournissant divers

aliments provenant d’espèces comme le baobab – Adansoniadigitata, le néré – Parkia biglobosa, etc.) ou encore aux besoins de famine, offrant des produits susceptibles de modérer l’acuité de l’insécurité alimentaire.

Introduction (1)

• Cette communication porte sur le denier groupe de plantes.

• Ces plantes fournissent d’importantes sources de nourriture, aussi bien en milieu rural qu’urbain (protéines végétales, vitamines et sels minéraux), permettant aux populations les plus démunies de lutter contre la malnutrition et d’équilibrer leur régime alimentaire.

Introduction (1)• En période de soudure,

surtout durant les longues périodes de sécheresse en zone soudanienne, les Plantes Pérennes àFeuilles Alimentaires (PPFA), souvent disponibles à côté des villages et des concessions interviennent pour la sécurité alimentaire des populations

Introduction (1)• Dans certains pays

comme le Cameroun et l’Ouganda, les PPFA, commencent par apporter des revenues importantes aux familles productrices, surtout que les investissements de départ dans la production et dans la vente ne demandent des moyens faibles.

Introduction (1)

•Malheureusement, ces plantes sont considérées de façon négative (nourriture de pauvre), comme un pis aller auquel on a recourt en période de crise. •Certaines espèces remplissent certainement cette fonction mais toutes les PPFA ne sont pas des plantes de famine.

Introduction (1)

• Malgré Le rôle important des PPFA en Afrique Sub-Saharienne, les études sont plus rares sur les perceptions et les savoirs paysans qui sous-tendent la mise en place des arbres, et surtout, sur les usages réels qui sont faits des produits qu’ils fournissent, notamment dans le domaine de crise alimentaire ou de la sécurité alimentaire, souvent liées aux changements climatiques ou tout simplement aux troubles socio-politiques.

Introduction (1)

• Et c’est le lieu de saluer cette initiative des Corps de la Paix, à se pencher sur ces plantes mineures mais d’intérêt capital pour les populations, surtout de la région sahélo-soudanienne.

Objectifs de la communication

• présenter les PPFA très utilisées dans la sous région ouest africaine ;

• parler de l’évolution actuelle de la culture, de la conservation, de la transformation et de la commercialisation de ces plantes;

• parler des pistes éventuelles de production et de valorisation des produits (culture bio/labellisation).

Plan pour la suite de la présentation

• Les brèdes• Les PPFA• La domestication• Le changement dans l’échelle de

production des PPFA– Cas du Baobab au Burkina– Cas de Moringa dans le Yoto (Togo)

• Valorisation des brèdes (culture bio/labellisation)

Les brèdes spontanées ou cultivées

Famille Nom scientifique Ecologie Port généralAcanthaceae Barleria opaca Forêt Liane

Hypoestes verticillaris RudéraleHerbeJusticia flava Forêt/zone

dégradéeJ. Insularis RudéraleBombacaceae Adansonia digitata Savane, village Arbres

Bombax buononozense ForêtBombax costatum SavaneCeiba pentadra Forêt, village

Caesalpiniaceae

Tamaridus indica Savane Arbres


Famille Nom scientifique Ecologie Port généralCaparidaceae Gynandropsis gynandra Rudérale/cultivé

eHerbes

Cleome viscosa RudéraleCommelinaceae

Commelinaschweinfurthii

Rudérale HerbeEuphorbiaceae Bridelia ferruginea Savane Arbuste

Microdesmis puberula Forêt ArbusteAsteraceae Bidens pilosa Savane/rudérale Herbes

Emilia coccinea SavaneVernonia amygdalina Cultivée Arbuste


Famille Nom scientifique Ecologie Port général

Fabaceae

Arachis hypogea Cultivée HerbeVigna unguiculata Cultivée LianeV. subterranea Cultivée HerbeV. mungo Cultivée HerbeCajanus cajan Cultivée ArbusteKerstingiella geocarpa Cultivée HerbePhaseolus lunatus Cultivée LianeCanavalia ensiformis Sauvage/Cultivé

eLiane

Glycine max Cultivée HerbeLablab purpurea Cultivée Liane


Famille Nom scientifique Ecologie Port général

Lamiaceae

Solenostemonmonostachyus

Forêt/savane

HerbesS. rotundifolus ForêtOccimum gratissimum Rudérale/cultivé

eO. basilicum CultivéeO. canum Jachère/rudéral

eMalvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus(gombo)

Cultivée

H. sabdariffa CultivéeH. cannabinus Cultivée

Melastomaceae Dissotis grandifolia Endroit humide


Famille Nom scientifique Ecologie Port généralMimosaceae Parkia bliglobosa Savane/Parc

agroforestierArbre

P. filicoidea ArbreMenispermaceae Dioscoreophyllum

cumminsiiForêt Herbe

Moraceae Ficus capensis Savane HerbeMoringaceae Moringa oleifera Cultivée ArbusteNyctagynaceae Boerhavia diffusa Rudérale HerbeNympheaceae Nymphea lotus Mare, Rivière Herbe

PiperaceaePiper nigrum Cultivée LianeP. umbelatum Forêt LianeP. guineensis Forêt/cultivée Liane


Famille Nom scientifique Ecologie Port généralPolygonaceae Polygonum

senegalensisMare Herbe

Portulaceae Portulaca oleracea Rudérale HerbeRutaceae Afraegle paniculata Forêt sèche ArbreRubiaceae Geophila abvallata Prairie Herbe

Oldenlandia lancifolia PrairieCoffea sp Forêt/Cultivée Arbuste

Sterculiaceae Theobroma cacao Cultivée Arbuste

Cola nitida Cultivée ArbreC. acuminata Cultivée ArbreSterculia tragacantha Arbre


Famille Nom scientifique Ecologie Port généralTiliaceae Corchorus olitorius Cultivée Herbe

Corchorus tridens Jachère HerbeGrewia carpinifolia Savane ArbusteG. mollis Savane Arbuste

Ulmaceae Celtis integrifolia Forêt galerie ArbreUrticaceae Laportea aestuans Rudérale Herbe

Trema guineensis Forêt secondaire

ArbusteVerbenaceae Vitex doniana Forêt/Savane ArbreZingiberaceae Aframomum

meleguetaForêt/Cultivée Herbe

Zingiber officinale Cultivée Herbe28 66

Les PPFA

• Plantes ligneuses entretenues dans les champs ou autour des villages afin de pallier à la perte de diversité biologique;

• Ce sont toujours les jeunes feuilles des arbres qui sont consommées;

• D’autres les maintiennent dans les jardins de case qui présentent un réservoir important de plantes, devenues rares dans les champs, mais toujours valorisées dans l’alimentation.

• Ces espèces avoisinent celles traditionnellement utilisées en haie (Commiphora spp., Moringa oleifera, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia spp.).

•La sauce préparée avec les feuilles de Adansonia digitata et de Ceibapentandra est très appréciée. •Les feuilles de baobabs ont l’avantage de constituer un produit vendable une fois séchées et pilées.•Les fleurs mucilagineuses des Bombax sont aussi très recherchées.

•Le tamarinier (Tamarindus indica) fournit pas que des fruits (mangeables crus, utilisés dans la confection de bouillies de farine de mil ou vendus), mais ses feuilles et ses fleurs constituent aussi une brède

•L’usage comme brèdes de Moringaoleifera est aussi connu, en général plantée au plus près des concessions, voire comme support de clôture

•Des figuiers (Ficus thonningii, Ficus ovata, ) généralement bouturés comme clôture et piquets vivants, donnent des feuilles comestibles.

•Parmi les espèces spontanées, certaines ont des goûts marqués et des usages spécifiques. Les feuilles acides d’Hymenocardia acida peuvent accompagner les sauces à base de poisson frais.

•Les feuilles amères de Vernonia spp. Sont cuisinées localement partout en Afrique (célèbre Ndolé au Cameroun)

•Les brèdes de « second choix » Haematostaphisbarterii, Ficus sur Pterocarpus lucens, Celtis integrifolia, Ficus dicranostyla et Ficus vallis-choudae, sont des ingrédients de sauces

Vendables Consommation locale (premier choix)

Consommation locale (deuxième choix )

Espèces systématiquement protégées dans la zone habitée

Adansonia digitata

Moringa oleifera

Ceiba pentandra,

Manihot glaziovii

Ficus ovata,

Tamarindus indica (jeune feuilles et fleurs)

Espèces toujours spontanées

Celtis integrifolia,

Ficus dicranostyla,

Ficus vallis-choudae,

Hymenocardia acida,

Pterocarpus lucens,

Vernonia amygdalina

Vernonia colorata,

Ficus ingens,

Ficus gnaphalocarpa,

Ficus glumosa,

Bombax costatum,

Grewia venusta

Haematostaphis barterii,

Ficus sur,

Vers la domestication des PPFA

Changement dans l’échelle de production des PPFA

Cas du Baobab (Burkina)

•Planche de 40 jours •Techniques de récolte consistant à prélever les feuilles tout épargnant les les bourgeons terminaux

Changement dans l’échelle de production des PPFA

• Cas de Moringa oleiferaVers l’intensification de la culture au Togo, Cas de APPEF dans le Yoto, Togo

Cas de Moringa oleifera

•Organisation d’une vie associative autour de la production de la ressource;•Chacun à son rôle.

Récolte et séchage des feuilles

Cas de Moringa oleifera

•Transformation et conditionnement •Dépôt des boîtes de poudre dans des pharmacie à Lomé

Quelle valorisation des brèdes (culture bio/labellisation)

• On parle de plus en plus:– De la standarisation des produits cie les

normes de production (qualité-prix);– de la traçabilité de la production cie contrôle

des quantités des produits qui sont vendues(gouvernance dans la production et la gestion).

On peut donc s’attendre à une labellisationcomme c’est le cas déjà pour certainsproduits (Karité, et bientôt la noix de Cajou) dans la sous-région.

Conclusion

•Les brèdes en général et les PPFA en particulier ne constituent pas des aliments de famine; •Les arbres ne fournissent aucun produit que l’on pourrait considérer dans cette catégorie;•Si les sauces préparées avec les feuilles des arbres ne sont pas les plus appréciées de toutes, elles ne sont pas non plus les plus décriées et beaucoup les consomment avec plaisir à un moment de l’année où il est normal de le faire.

Conclusion• Ce sont des produits de substitution adaptés qui

assurent la sécurité alimentaire à des milliers de personnes à travers l’Afrique et les pays en développement ;

• On peut considérer que les usages des PPFA témoigne d’un équilibre agroécologique subtil oùles ressources spontanées se combinent aux espèces cultivées pour offrir la gamme de produits alimentaires nécessaires à l’équilibre du régime, et au plaisir que procure sa diversité…pour quelques temps encore.

Merci aux organisateurs !!!MERCI AUX CORPS DE LA PAIX!!!MERCI À TOUS

Conférence Internationale sur la Sécurité Alimentaire en Afrique Occidentale Côtière

Collaboration : Peace Corps – IFDC - INADES Formation

1er au 5 juin 2009

Institut National de Formation Agricole (INFA)

Tové – Kpalimé, Togo,

1

COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION DD’’INADESINADES--FORMATION TOGOFORMATION TOGO

PROGRAMME D’APPUI A LA CONSTRUCTION

D’UN MOUVEMENT PAYSAN AUTOUR DE LA FILIERE DES

CEREALES AU TOGO

2

PrPréésentsentéé par :par :Kossi Sena ADUFUKossi Sena ADUFU

Directeur INADES-Formation Togo Tél . + 00228 225 92 16Mobile : + 949 21 31Elico : + 233 45 93 Email : [email protected] côté de GTA/C2A Lomé

Plan de lPlan de l’’exposexposéé0. Présentation sommaire d’INADES-

Formation Togo• Introduction : pourquoi ce

programme ?• Brève présentation du programme• Conception et mise en œuvre du

programme• Quelques résultats enregistrés• Perspectives

4

INADESINADES--Formation TogoFormation TogoInstitut Africain pour le DInstitut Africain pour le Dééveloppement Economique et veloppement Economique et

Social Social –– Centre Africain de FormationCentre Africain de Formation

Contact: Contact: TTéél. +228 225 92 16l. +228 225 92 16

Fax. 225 92 17Fax. 225 92 17Email: inadesformation@ifEmail: [email protected]

5

Quatre axes de travailQuatre axes de travail

1. Appui aux filières agricoles porteuses2. Appui à la mobilisation des ressources

financières endogènes3. Consolidation de la Société civile rurale

pour un développement durable4. Appuyer les initiatives paysannes de

lutte pour la reconnaissance et l’exercice de leurs droits sur les ressources naturelles

6

Plan quinquennal Plan quinquennal 20102010--2014 : 42014 : 4 programmes programmes

• Programme d’accompagnement des paysans autour de la filière céréalière ;

• Programme de mobilisation et de valorisation des ressources financières endogènes

• Programme d’appui à la citoyenneté et la gouvernance locale ;

• Programme d’appui à la gestion durable des ressources naturelles

7

Pourquoi ce programme dPourquoi ce programme d’’appui appui àà la la filifilièère cre céérrééale?ale?

1. Importance de l’agriculture dans l’économie nationale

• La production agricole occupe plus de 2/3 de la population active

• Les céréales et en particulier le maïs constituent la base de l’alimentation de la population.

• Le maïs et le sorgho sont utilisés pour la fabrication de la bière locale et des aliments pour les animaux.

• Depuis longtemps le maïs est devenu une culture commerciale et de rente au Togo.

8

Pourquoi ce programme?Pourquoi ce programme?2. La filière rencontre d’énormes difficultés :

• Les aléas climatiques

• Le faible niveau d’équipement et de technicité des

producteurs,

• L’insécurité foncière et la dégradation des terres

cultivées,

• L’accès difficiles des producteurs aux intrants agricoles

• La commercialisation des produits, etc.

• La politique agricole nationale peu favorable aux cultures

vivrières (céréales) comparées aux cultures de rente

(Coton, café, cacao) 9

Pourquoi ce programme?Pourquoi ce programme?

3. Les efforts des petits producteurs non rémunérés.

• Faibles revenus dus surtout aux prix de vente non rémunérateurs des produits agricoles

• La politique d'importation/exportation des vivriers va parfois à l’encontre de la survie des petits exploitants agricoles et risque de mettre en péril la sécurité alimentaire au Togo.

10

11

Paysans

faiblement organisés

FINALITFINALITÉÉ DU PROGRAMMEDU PROGRAMME

Le programme de construction d’un mouvement paysan a pour finalité le renforcement de la sécurité et de la souveraineté alimentaire au Togo et une rémunération juste et équitable du travail des petits producteurs des céréales qui sont les pionniers de la production agricole.

12

2. Br2. Brèève prve préésentation du sentation du programmeprogramme

2.1. Objectifs du programme

• Susciter et soutenir la création des conditions nécessaires pour une plus grande productivitédes petits producteurs, leur compétitivité sur le marché et une rémunération juste et équitable de leur travail.

• Appuyer l’organisation des petits producteurs céréaliers en entités socioprofessionnelles pour la production, la collecte et la mise en marché des céréales

13


2.2. Public cible

• Le programme s’adresse aux petits producteurs ou ménages agricoles qui pratiquent une agriculture familiale et qui prennent des initiatives d’organisation à la base.

• Les acteurs à la base sont les organisations de base des petits producteurs qui évoluent vers des faîtières de deuxième et troisième niveau sur le plan national.

14


2.3. Localisation du programme • Le programme couvre l’ensemble du

territoire national avec des zones de concentration réparties dans les cinq régions économiques du Togo.

Ce positionnement est justifié par :• L’importance de la production

céréalière dans les zones ciblées et aux enjeux liés à la commercialisation des céréales au Togo ; 15


• L’émergence des dynamiques organisationnelles des producteurs des petits producteurs ;

• La possibilité de partenariat avec l’ICAT et d’autres structures qui partage l’approche d’IF Togo.

16


2.4. Stratégie du programme

Le programme a adopté une démarche participative centrée sur :

1. Le renforcement de l’organisation des petits producteurs en entités socioprofessionnelles à la base et leur consolidation en une faîtière nationale

2. La recherche –action - formation et la responsabilisation des acteurs à la base

3. L’appui de la faîtière nationale au développement de services autogérés en faveur de ses membres

17


2.4. Stratégie du programme

4. Le développement du partenariat autour des actions pour plus de synergie et de résultats

5. La mise en place d’un dispositif de suivi évaluation des actions et de capitalisation des expériences

18


2.5. Durée du programme

Le programme couvre sept (7) ans dont :

• Une phase préliminaire d’un an (2004) consacrée à sa conception/élaboration.

• Une phase d’organisation des producteurs et de renforcement de leurs capacités institutionnelles et techniques (2005 - 2007).

• Une phase de renforcement des services autogérés, de consolidation des acquis et leur extension à d’autres zones (2008 – 2010).

19


2.6. Partenaire du programme

• Les petits producteurs qui sont les acteurs à la base (porteurs du programme)

• Les structures d’appui de proximité (ONG locales)

• L’ICAT : partenaire technique national• INADES-Formation Togo : Coordinateur du

programme• L’ONG canadienne Développement et Paix

(partenaire financier)• VSF CICDA• IFDC Afrique

20

3. Conception et mise 3. Conception et mise œœuvre du programmeuvre du programme

3.1. Principes de base

Le programme repose sur le renforcement du pouvoir des paysans et s’appuie sur 4 principes fondamentaux :

1. La représentativité : le mouvement paysan doit avoir un ancrage réel à la base

2. La légitimité : c’est d’abord la reconnaissance du mouvement par ses membres qui désignent librement leurs leaders et non une minorité de ’’paysan sans mandat’.

21


3.1. Principes de base

3. La performance : le mouvement doit développer des stratégies qui lui permettent de réaliser ses objectifs de façon efficace et efficiente.

4. L’équité : les retombés du mouvement doivent profiter à tous les membres (producteurs de céréales) au prorata des activités menées dans le cadre du mouvement

22


3.2. Démarche méthodologique

• La démarche suivie repose sur l’Accompagnement des Dynamiques Organisationnelles Paysannes (ADOP) qui est l’approche d’intervention d’INADES-Formation.

• C’est une démarche participative qui part des dynamiques existantes et inclut entre autres, le diagnostic participatif et l’analyse de contexte, la RAF, l’élaboration de plans d’action, le partenariat.

23


3.2.1. Les étapes de la démarche suivie

1. Etude/diagnostic exploratoire sur la filière des céréales dans 6 préfectures

2. Organisation d’un atelier national de lancement du programme

3. Organisation des ateliers préfectoraux de restitution/validation des résultats de l’étude/ diagnostic dans 8 préfectures

24


3.2. Les étapes de la démarche suivie

4. Organisation de 2 ateliers régionaux (Maritime et Plateaux) pour l’harmonisation de la stratégie du programme

5. Appui du Secrétariat Général du réseau INADES-Formation au BN pour le montage du dossier du programme

6. Elaboration et validation du schéma d’organisation des producteurs de céréales

7. Accompagnement de l’organisation des producteurs suivant le modèle adopté.

25


3.2. 2. Les étapes de l’accompagnement des producteurs

1. Diagnostic organisationnel de quelques OP existantes

2. Recensement des producteurs de céréales

3. Appui à l’élaboration de textes organiques

4. Appui à l’initiation/consolidation des OPC/UOPC5. Appui a la mise en place des unions régionales6. Appui a la mise en place de la Centrale des

Producteurs de Céréales du Togo (CPC – Togo) 26

RRéésultats attendussultats attendus• R1 Les petits producteurs de céréales

sont mobilisés au sein de leur mouvement qui est implanté sur toute l’étendue du territoire national : La Centrale des Producteurs de Céréales du Togo (CPC Togo) ;

27

R2 La production nationale des cR2 La production nationale des céérrééales a ales a augmentaugmentéé en quantiten quantitéé et en qualitet en qualitéé et est et est

stablestable

• (i) l’accès des petits producteurs au foncier est sécurisé ;

• (ii) les exploitants agricoles ont adopté des systèmes de gestion durable de leurs exploitations ;

• (iii) la majorité des petits producteurs ont accès régulièrement aux intrants et aux petits équipements agricoles.

28

R3 La commercialisation des cR3 La commercialisation des céérrééales est ales est facilitfacilitéée par la CPC Togoe par la CPC Togo

• (i) la collecte et la mise en marchégroupée des céréales sont assurées ;

• (ii) les unités de mesure des céréales sont harmonisées sur toute l’étendue du territoire national ;

• (iii) la CPC Togo maîtrise le circuit de commercialisation des céréales au niveau national et sous régional (CEDEAO, UEMOA)

29

R4 LR4 L’’accaccèès aux services financiers s aux services financiers appropriappropriéés par les petits producteurs s par les petits producteurs

et leurs organisations est facilitet leurs organisations est facilitéé

(i) les producteurs assurent la mobilisation endogène des ressources financières à travers l’initiation de fonds de solidarité pour le développement villageois autogérés (Fonsdev)

(ii) la CPC a mobilisé les ressources financières complémentaires pour soutenir ses activités en faveur des membres.

30

R5 La CPC sR5 La CPC s’’est dotest dotéée de d’’une Gune Géérance rance qui assure des services efficaces qui assure des services efficaces

• (i) la Cellule Technique d’Appui (CTA) s’est désengagé au profit de la gérance de la CPC ;

• (ii) la composante entreprise de la CPC Togo est coordonnée par un Gérant qualifié et une équipe exécutive;

• (iii) la vie associative du mouvement est animée par Le un d’administration qui assure le contrôle des activités et des ressources.

31

SchSchééma dma d’’organisationorganisation

32

• Voici comment se présente l’organisation de la CPC Togo

4. Quelques r4. Quelques réésultats sultats enregistrenregistrééss

4.1. Un modèle de mouvement paysan en cours de construction : la CPC Togo

• Une OP faîtière nationale est créée par les producteurs : la Centrale des Producteurs de Céréales du Togo (CPC- Togo)

5 unions régionales opérationnelles

• Les Unions des producteurs de céréales (UOPC) au niveau cantonal : plus de 41 UOPC constituées

33

Quelques rQuelques réésultats sultats enregistrenregistrééss

• Les Organisations des Producteurs de Céréales (OPC) à la base : plus de 898 dans les villages

• Près de 21.151 producteurs (dont 8.563 femmes) mobilisés au sein des OPC/UOPC

34

StatistiqueStatistique

35

Unions régionales

Nombre d’OPC

Nombre d’UOPC

Effectif des producteurs membres

Hommes Femmes Total

UROPC Maritime 89 10 1 004 816 1820 UROPC Plateaux 41 7 1 233 547 1780 UROPC Centrale 29 7 2 003 614 2617 UROPC Kara 72 4 2 686 728 3414 UROPC Savanes 667 13 5 662 5858 11520 Total 898 41 12 588 8563 21151

RRéésultats : Partenariat de la sultats : Partenariat de la CPC TogoCPC Togo

• Au cours de cette campagne, la CPC Togo a collecté pour l’ANSAT au total 3550 Tonnes de maïs soit l’équivalent de 639.999.360 F CFA

• Signature d’une convention avec IDH/BRS pour la promotion de des activités de la CPC.

• Participation à plusieurs réunions de définition de la politique agricole du Togo 36

Confiance de lConfiance de l’’Etat visEtat vis--àà--vis vis de la CPC Togode la CPC Togo

• La CPC - Togo bien que jeune constitue un acteur important dans la gestion des questions agricoles au Togo et est sollicité par nombre d’acteurs.

• En effet, les responsables de la CPC Togo sont pressentis pour représenter le monde rural au sein des conseils d’administration des structures étatiques que sont :

• l’ICAT (Institut de Conseil et d’Appui Technique), l’ANSAT (Agence National pour la SécuritéAlimentaire au Togo), l’ITRA (Institut Technique de Recherche Agronomique), CAGIA (Centrale d’Achat et de Gestion des Intrants Agricoles).

37

5. Perspectives5. Perspectives1. Renforcement du partenariat entre les acteurs

2. Appui à la consolidation de la CPC Togo suite à la tenue de l’AGC.

3. Appui à l’élaboration d’une stratégie de commercialisation des produits agricoles (céréales) à travers la CPC Togo

4. Recherche de ressources pour le financement direct des actions de la CPC Togo

5. Appui en matière de recherche de partenariat38

INADESINADES--FORMATION TOGOFORMATION TOGO

InInstitut stitut AAfricain pour le fricain pour le DDééveloppement Economique et veloppement Economique et

SocialSocial__________________

Centre africain de formationCentre africain de formation

Kossi Sena ADUFUKossi Sena ADUFU

40

1

PRODUCTION ET PROMOTION DE FARINES PANIFIABLES POUR AMELIORER LA SECURITE ALIMENTAIRE AU TOGO

INFA-TOVE, Kpalime / Togo Du 1er au 5 juin 2009

Présenté Par:

Mme AMOUZOU D. K. Angèle,Ingénieur Agro-alimentaire

ITRA, Lomé / Togo

CONFERENCE SUR LA SECURITE ALIMENTAIRE

THEMEPLAN DE PRESENTATION

Introduction/Problématique

Actions de l’ITRA

Résultats

Information et diffusion des résultats

Conclusion & Recommandation


Dans ce contexte précis, « Production et promotion de farines panifiables » visent les alternatives de la farine de blé, principale matière 1ère en boulangerie-pâtisserie

Depuis quelques années, les habitudes alimentaires du togolais connaissent des changements remarquables, la majorité des aliments s’accompagne du pain et d’autres dérivés du blé

Le prix du sac de 50 kg de blé est passé de 12 500 en 1998 à26 500 en 2008 pour revenir à 24 000 FCFA en mai 2009

L’ITRA a été interpellé par des opérateurs économiques et les consommateurs, pour la recherche des alternatives du blé d’oùl’importance de ce sujet.


Introduction

Contribuer à la définition et à la mise en œuvre des politiques de recherche et d’étude au service du développement agricole ;

Produire l’information scientifique en vue d’améliorer durablement la productivité des systèmes agricoles ;

Contribuer à l’accroissement durable de la productivité et de la production agricole à travers l’élaboration et la mise en oeuvre des programmes de recherche et la mise au point des techniques agricoles et agroalimentaires adaptées ;

Transférer les technologies générées et autres acquis scientifiques aux partenaires (vulgarisateurs, producteurs, enseignants, scientifiques etc…)

Contribuer à la formation et à l’information scientifique et technique des partenaires.


La mission de l’ITRA

Introduction (suite)

Qu’est-ce qui a été fait ????????En stations de recherches

agronomiqueInvestigation des l’ITRA dans la création, l’amélioration, la sélection et la caractérisation des variétés de céréales, de tubercules et de légumineuses performants, riches en protéines et bien farineuses.

Dans les laboratoires de la DNTAChoix de variétés, la fabrication, l’amélioration, la conservation, et l’incorporation des farines panifiables à base des denrées locales issues de la recherche dans divers produits de la pâtisserie/boulangerie


Action de l’ITRA

Création de variétés plus performantes de maïs de sorgho et de manioc (plus productives, à cycles courts, très farineuses et riches en protéines Maïs: Ikenne, Obatanpa, Amen, Pool 18… )

Sorgho: Sorvato 1 & Sorvato 2


Résultats (1/4)

2

Farine panifiable à base de :o Maïso Sorghoo Manioc…


Résultats (2/4)


PainIncorporation des farines panifiables à base de produits locaux au blé de 10 à 100%

• Pain de maïs• Pain de sorgho• Pain de manioc• Pain de soja

Résultats (3/4)


100% Maïs

• Biscuits

• Gâteaux divers

• Pizza….

Résultats (4/4)


Édition et publication de documents sur la technologie: Mets à base de sorgho

Participations à des forums, foires, ateliers, journées scientifiques avec démonstration des acquis de la recherche.

Partages des résultats avec des collègues nationaux, et internationaux

Informations sur lesacquis de la recherche

Formations

• Boulangers• Groupements et association de femmes• Des volontaires des institutions

internationales• Des collègues et ONG d’autres pays

Diffusion des technologies


• Compétitivité des farines panifiables: prix de revient actuel d’1 sac 50 kg de farine est d’environ:

– Céréales: 19.000 FCFA;

– Manioc: 16.700 FCFA

Une différence de + 5.000 à 7.000 FCFA se dégage par rapport au blé (24.000 FCFA).

• L’utilisation du blé pour la production des biocarburants est unfacteur incitatif de l’utilisations des farines panifiables à base de produits agricoles locaux

La valorisation des produits locaux devient une réalité et une nécessite.


Les atouts

3

L’absence du gluten dans les farines panifiables locales nécessite l’incorporation du blé dans les produits de boulangerie et de pâtisserie.

La mie du pain à base de céréales locales un peu plus lourde, impose un changement des habitudes alimentaires des consommateurs, ce qui nécessiterait un travail de sensibilisation.

La non disponibilité de surplus remarquables de la production decéréales et tubercules tend à rendre chères ces farines dans l’avenir.

Aspect toujours nouveau du sujet;

L’absence de lois sur l’utilisation des farines composées au Togo (comme au Bourkina, au bénin…).

Les faiblesses


La substitution partielle ou totale de la farine de blé par celle provenant des produits locaux dans la fabrication des produits de boulangerie, de pâtisserie et autres est devenue un acquis et un atout incontournable.

Le pain, les biscuits, les gâteaux, le pizza et divers produits de boulangerie et de pâtisserie sont aujourd’hui dans les rayons des super marchés


Certaines actions seront nécessaires pour pérenniser les innovations :

Conclusion

Amener la population à accepter les nouveaux produits (publicités)

Accroître la production agricole (crédits, subventions, mécanisation, etc.)

Créer des variétés locales comportant le gluten (protéine à pouvoirgonflant) serait une préoccupation des générations futures

Amener les opérateurs économiques à adopter les innovations (élaboration des textes ou lois juridiques pour la qualité des produits et la protection du marché).

Bien organiser le système (production, distribution, etc.).

Recommandations


Documents

Togo Food Sec Conference.Final Report.pdf